Monitoring the Species of Elateridae Family in the Nursery of Gurghiu Forestry High School

*

1 ) 1) 2) 1) 2) Mircea Ioan VARGA , Ion OLTEAN , Valentin MUNTEAN , Teodora FLORIAN , Marcel MÂNDRU 1) . , Romania. Department of Environment2) and Plant Protection. University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Romania Gurghiu Forestry High School [email protected] Print ISSN 1843-5254, Electronic ISSN 1843-5394 Bulletin UASVM Horticulture 71(1) / 2014

Abstract

In the forestry nurseries, biological material is often heavily damaged by a rich complex of pests that attack in the soil, or at the level of soil. The purpose of this research was the monitoring of the population structure of click (wireworms). The monitoring of the wireworms in the larval stage was done by the method of catching the worms with baited traps. For the bait have been used plastic cups with wheat and barley seeds in the ratio of 1:1 to which was addedElateridae 15% coniferous sawdust. The larvae captured were identified after some aspectsAgriotes of external lineatus morphology.Agriotes In 2011 sputator with theAgriotes help of obscurus 20 traps duringAgriotes the ustulatusmonitoring Schall., period Selatosomus have been aneuscapturedAthous 69 larvae niger of haemorrhoisdalis family which is an Athousaverage subfuscus of 3.45 larvae /Prosternon trap. The speciestesselatum captured wereLacon murinum L.,Agriotes lineatus L., L., Selatosomus L., aneus L., F., Elateridae Mull., L. and L. but L. was the dominant specie.Elateridae The next dominant specie was L., which participated with 18.9% in the fauna structure (13 specimens were caught). In 2012 in the nursery were captured Agriotes93 larvae lineatus of family (with 24 larvae more than the previous year, representing an increase by 34.8 captures). In both experimentalKeywords: years Elateridae, in the both forestry monitoring nursery, locations, wireworms, the baited dominant traps, species monitoring was . L.

INTRODUCTION

Elateridae wide range of soil types, finding optimal conditionsAgriotes ElateroideaClick beetles, suborder are systematicallyPolyphaga and classified order for growth and development especially on Agrioteswet and Coleopterawithin the family , super family lineatusheavy soils. AgriotesThe main obscurus species of theAgriotes genus sputator Elateridae Esch.,Agriotes reported ustulatus as pest to our countryet are: al (Parker and Howard, 2001). Larvae of L., L., family, well known under the name of L. Schäll. (Roşca ., 2011). wire worms are a very important group of pestset Conversion of cropland to grassland beetles may increaseis quite alin agricultural crops and not only (Parker, 2000; the occurrence of wire worms (Parker, 2000). Rotrekl, 2000; Parker and Howard 2001; Parker Life cycle of species of click ., 2002). similar to, they spend a long period of time in ElateridaeWire worms are spread are spread all over the larval life stage in soil from 2 to 5 years depending world, globally are known about 8000 species of on the species,et al larvaeBlot are et polyphagousal feeding on Agriotes . In Europe are found over 250 species, underground parts of plants preferring cereals the most widespread and damaging being genus (Roşca ., 2011; . 1999; Furlan, 2004), Esch. In our country wire worms are sugar beets, carrots and other vegetables (Miles, reported everywhere, with a great adaptability to a 1942 cited by Sufian, 2012). Adults are found on 94 et al

VARGA flowers, on the plants and under the bark of trees (Oltean, 2005). These pests can affect both seed or fruit trees (Parker and Howard, 2001), they do during germination and just emerged plants or in plantsnot cause damage,et al they feed on the inflorescences the early years of life, to which attack theOrthoptera root, the, and floral elements of cultivated or spontaneous Coleopterabase of the, stemHymenoptera or the entire stemand etc.Lepidoptera The most (Roşca ., 2011). Presence of adult click dangerouset species al belong to the order is the indicator of biological reserve of wireworms in the soil (Parker and Howard, 2001), (Holonec ., 2007). The economic damage Adults can be easy collected from the vegetation caused by these pests etare al very high, becauseet theal., and it is known that they are attracted to the light value of planting material is very high (Holonec, therefore you can harvest relatively easy from 2004, 2008; Holonec ., 2007; Oltean the bright spots. Many species of wireworms 2004; Oltean, 2005). are feeding on the roots system of plants and on According to Kula and Švarc (2012), the abun­ freshlyet scattered al. seed, adults emerge in late spring dance of wire worms is quite-higher in forest and early summer (Cohen, 1942) or according to stands of pine and larch and reduced in the stands Roşca (2011) they occur in the months of of alder and spruce, increased pH affects the April - May when the temperature reaches around development of wire worms. 15 °C and are active for 5 months and do not live for Regarding the monitoring of these wireworms longer than 1 year; males appear before females in forestry nurseries there have been little studies. and die very quickly after they had mated (Cohen, Any approach of controlling these pests has to 1942). Immediately after mating the females lay be based on knowledge on the biology of click their eggs singlyet al. or in clusters just below the soil beetles which can be obtained by monitoring their surface in the superficial layerElateridae of soil, or adults in soil it population structure. On that consideration the cracks (Roşca , 2011; Fox, 1973). main purpose of our work was the monitoring of Regarding the migrationAgriotes ofobscurus click beetles (wireworms) population structure in seems that they spread by walking short distances, a forestryMATERIALS nursery. AND METHODS Agriotesas some species like L. that does not seem to fly easily (Parker and Howard, 2001). species seems to fly for short distances, Monitoring the complex of wire worms was searching for food, to search for partners for performed in the didactic nursery of the Gurghiu oviposition flights, flights to escape from predators Forestry High School, which has an area of 1 ha. and harsh environmental conditions (Chapman, Nursery land is divided into seven crop 1975 cited by Sufian, 2012), however a larger sections actually cultivated, totalling an area of scale flight can occur in the field.Agriotes males in one material6.300 m² is and obtained. a culture section with an area of 900 StudiesAgriotes show lineatus that there are interspecific diffe­ m² covered with two solariums where planting rences regardingA. obscurus the speed and of A. sputator day, is considered as the fastest Also in the nursery perimeter is located a followedAgriotes by lineatus Agriotes obscurus (Hicks and greenhouse with a surface of 70 m² where are AgriotesBlackshaw, sputator 2008). sown seeds of different forestry species and silver L., L., and spruces are grafted. In the nursery are grown both L. often cause damageet al. both in the coniferous species and deciduous species. natural and agricultural ecosystems (Burghause Monitoring of wire worms was made in the and Schmitt, 2011). Grădinariu (2012) shows larval stage. that the most damaging species of in forest is toThrough use baited international traps. literature study we nurseries are those that Melolontha attack the root system considered that the best way to catch wire worms (87.20% of all harmful insects) of whichElateridae they have To monitor the wire worms, the highest percentage larvae with have been successfully used the baited traps, 70.87% followed by larvae of the with proved to be more effective in determining this pest 13.20%. in the larval stage in culture than by inspecting the In the forestry nurseries, biological material etsoil al. samples (Parker, 1996). Also the wire worms is often heavily damaged by a rich complex of can be monitored with pheromone traps (Milevoj Bulletinpests UASVMthat Horticultureattack in 71(1) the / 2014soil, or at the level of soil , 2005). Elateridae 95

Monitoring the Species of Family in the Nursery of Gurghiu Forestry High School Lacon murinum Selatosomus aneus Agriotes sputator Athous subfuscus Trap with corn andet wheat, al. compared to other ( L., L., types of baits give the best results to monitoring of L. and Agriotes lineatus Mull.). Agriotes wire worms (Simmons , 1998). sputatorIn this locationAgriotes inobscurus 2011 wereAgriotes captured ustulatus larvae There is a high probability of attack if thereet al. Schall.,from 10 Selatosomus species: aneus Athous L., niger is average of one larva per trap per week (Rice Athous haemorrhoisdalis L., Athous L., subfuscus and Simmons, 1999). According to Bechinski Prosternon tesselatum Lacon L., murinum L., (1994) average of four larvae per bait is economic F., Mull., damage to potato crops, capturing can be affected L. andElateridae species L. is by soil moisture and temperature. From the data presented, it can be observed Thus, to catch wire worms we used plastic that the structure of bottles, containers of yogurt (large glasses). In the highly diversified on the monitored surface and Vial walls were made. six equidistant holes with speciespopulation Agriotes density lineatus varies from one species to a drill of Ø4mm. The base of the bottle was also another. Out of 69 larvae captured 27 belonging to pierced in two places Elateridae L., so it is the dominant For the bait have been used this plastic cups species, this species contributingSelatosomus with 39.1%aenus in with wheat and barley seeds in the ratio of 1:1 to the structure of fauna. which was added 15% coniferous sawdust. With ElateridaeThe next species is L. this mixture the bottles have been half filled, given whoAgriotes participates sputator with 18.9% in the structure of that the germinated seed increase their volume. Agriotes obscurus fauna (13 exemplary were captured).Agriotes Prepared traps were placed in water for 72 ustulatus L. participate by 11.6% hours for moisturizing. After moistening the traps, L. participate by 10.1% they were buried at a depth of 15 cm. The distance Schall.Elateridae participates by 7.2% and the between traps was 10 m, both on row and between other five species participates with percentage rows. The distance between the edges of the plot under 5% in fauna structure. and the edge traps was 7.5 m. In this way, for In Table 2 are presented the results of moni­ each trap is an area of 10x10 m, therefore 100 sq toring­ the wire worms the year 2011 on the meters. In every year the bottles were buried both grasslands outside the forest nursery. in nursery land and in the land from outside the In this area were captured a total of 120 larvae, nursery. For every variant were placed 20 glasses. returning an average of six larvae / trap. After 20 days, the traps were removed from If we compare the situation in the two the ground and transported to the laboratory. Each control locations, we find that outside the nursery bottle was open, sprouted seed mass was removed population is higher by 73.9% compared to the and wire worms were collected and identified. reserves of nursery. The reason for this consists in Identification was performed using Identification two cases: Manual (Rogojanu and Perju, 1979). The larvae • grassy land always favours wire worm popu­ are identified by some aspects of the external lation, and is also a land where soil moisture is morphology.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS better maintained; • measures.on the lands outside the nursery, which are privately owned, there are no pest control Table 1 presents the results obtained in 2011 in the nursery of Gurghiu ForestryElateridae high school.larvae, This is however unfavourable to the nursery With the help of 20 traps during the period of the whereas it is a continuous source of re-infestation monitoring were captured 69 in theIn nurserythis location because all for the this traps location had wecaptures. apply which mean an average of 3.45 larvae / trap. measures of preventing and control of pests. In the trap 13 and 17 no catches were recorded. Most of the captures were in trap 10 numberNumber 18.of trap records ranged between 2 catches and in trap number 15 which was about 10 larvae. (traps 2, 3 and 19) and 13 catches, as it is the trap Regarding the species caught in a trap were four traps which have been identified as larvae of a If we follow the number of individuals of a single species, and many of the species are in the specie caught by one trap, this it is between one trap 10, in which were 4 different species of larvae Bulletin UASVM Horticulture 71(1) / 2014 96 et al

VARGA riparius Athous subfuscus Agriotes lineatus Ectinus ateririmus Prosternon tesselatum and six members (as it is in trap number 18 which Lacon murinum Fab., Mull., recorded six individuals of L.) L., Elateridae L. and Regarding the species caught in a trap, L. The data presented in table 2 have been 10 traps in which the larvae of both it can be observed that the structure of species have been identified (found very diverse species is highly diversified onAgriotes monitored lineatus surface combinations),Agriotes and lineatus most speciesAgriotes were sputator in the trap and population density varies from one species to Agriotes10, the trap obscurus in whichAgriotes the larvae ustulatus of 5 species Schall. andare another. Also at this location L. is Selatosomusfound ( latus L., L., the dominant Elateridaespecies, of the 120 larvae captured, L., 42 belong to this species, this species contributing L.). Agriotes lineatus Agriotes by 35% in the fauna structure (closest to sputatorIn this Agriotes location obscurus in 2011 wereAgriotes captured ustulatus the the situation of the nursery where the percentage larvaeSchall., ofSelatosomus 13 species: latus Selatosomus L., aneus Selatosomusis 39.1%). aeneus Athous L., niger Athous L.,haemorrhoisdalis in ElateridaeOn the second place as population level is L., L. who participate with 15% L.,Tab. 1 Elateridae L., F., fauna structure (18 specimens were

species captured in the nursery in year 2011 No. No. No. No. Species Species trap larvae trap larvae 1 Agriotes sputator 1 Athous niger 1 2 Agriotes obscurus 11 L 1 Agriotes lineatus L. 1 Prosternon tesselatumL 2 1 L. 2 L. 12 1 4 Selastomus aenus L Agriotes lineatussputator L 1 3 Agriotes sputator L 13 - - L. 4 Agriotes lineatussputator L 1 3 Agriotes lineatus 4 L. 14 3 2 Agriotes lineatussputator L Agriotes obscurus L. 1 L. Athous haemorrhoisdalis L. 5 1 15 4 F. 2 Schall. Athous niger L. SelastomusAgriotes ustulatus aenus L 1 1 2 Schall. 5 SelatosomusAgriotes ustulatus aenus L. Agriotes lineatussputator L 6 3 16 - - Agriotes obscurus L. 2 7 Agriotes lineatus L. 17 8 1 18 1 Athous niger L. Lacon murinum 2 Selatosomus aneusL. L. 2 Agriotes lineatus 9 1 Agriotes ustulatus Schall. L. 19 1 Selatosomus aneus L. 1 1 Lacon murinum Athous haemorrhoisdalis L. 3 Selastomus aenus L. F. 2 3 Agriotes sputator L. Agriotes lineatus 10 1 20 Athous subfuscus L. L. Mull. Bulletin UASVM Horticulture 71(1) / 2014 Elateridae 97

Monitoring the Species of Family in the Nursery of Gurghiu Forestry High School Tab. 2 Elateridae

species caught outside the nursery in 2011 No. No. No. No. Species Species trap larvae trap larvae 1 Ectinus ateririmus 1 Agriotes ustulatus Schall. 2 Agriotes obscurus 2 1 L. 11 1 Agriotes obscurus 3 Agriotes lineatus L. Fab. 2 Agriotes sputator L. 1 Selatosomus latus L. 1 Agriotes sputator L. 1 Lacon murinum 2 L. 12 L. 1 Agriotes obscurus 4 Agriotes lineatus L. 1 Ectinus ateririmus L. L. 1 Prosternon tesselatum 3 Agriotes lineatus L. 3 13 2 Athous subfuscus 1 Ectinus ateririmus L. L. 2 Selatosomus aneus Mull. 1 Selatosomus latus L. 2 Agriotes sputator L. 1 Agriotes sputator 3 Agriotes ustulatus Schall. 4 L. 14 L. 1 Ectinus ateririmus 2 Athous niger L. 4 Agriotes lineatus L. 2 Hypnoidus riparius L. 3 Agriotes lineatus 5 15 L. 1 Agriotes obscurus 2 Selatosomus latus Fab. L. 3 Agriotes ustulatus Schall. 1 Athous haemorrhoisdalis L. L. 1 Agriotes ustulatus Schall. F. 2 Lacon murinum 3 Agriotes lineatus 6 16 2 Selatosomus latus L. L. 1 Athous subfuscus 1 Lacon murinum L. 4 Agriotes lineatus 5 Agriotes lineatus Mull. L. 3 Selatosomus latus 7 17 L. 2 Agriotes ustulatus L. Schall. 3 Selatosomus latus L. 1 Selatosomus aneus 8 18 L. 4 Selatosomus latus Agriotes lineatus L. 3 Agriotes obscurus L. 6 L. 2 Athous niger 1 Hypnoidus riparius 9 19 L. 2 Ectinus ateririmus 1 Prosternon tesselatum L. Fab. 2 Selatosomus latus 3 Agriotes sputator L. L. 1 Agriotes ustulatus Schall. 2 Athous haemorrhoisdalis L. L. 1 Agriotes obscurus F. 3 Agriotes sputator 4 Agriotes lineatus 10 L. 20 3 Agriotes lineatus L. L. L. Agriotes sputator Prosternon tesselatum Agriotes ustulatus captured).Agriotes obscurus L participates with L. (there were two captures). Ectinus10%; ateririmus Schall. participates with Table 3 presents the results obtained in 2012 in 9.2% L. participates with 7.5%; the nursery of Gurghiu ForestryElateridae High School. Elateridae L. participates with. 5%, and In this year during the monitoring period the other 7 species participates with percentage were captured 93 larvae of (by 24 Selatosomusunder 5% on aneus fauna structure larvae more than the previous year, an increase in The species with the fewest capture were the number of captures by 34.8%), which means L. (only one capture) and an average of 4.65 larvae/trapBulletin UASVM (by Horticulture 1.4 larvae 71(1) more / 2014 98 et al

VARGA Tab. 3 Elateridae

species captured in the nursery the year 2012 No. No. No. No. Species Species trap larvae trap larvae 4 Agriotes obscurus 11 1 Selatosomus latus 1 1 Athous subfuscus 1 Athous subfuscus L. L. 3 Agriotes obscurus Mull. 2 Agriotes lineatus Mull. 2 12 3 Agriotes lineatus L. 3 Selatosomus aneus L. 1 Prosternon tesselatum L. L. 3 1 Selatosomus latus 13 2 Athous haemorrhoisdalis L. 3 Agriotes lineatus L. F. 1 Selatosomus aneus L. 4 2 Lacon murinum 14 2 Lacon murinum L. 4 Agriotes lineatus L. L. 2 Agriotes obscurus 5 15 - - L. 2 Selatosomus latus L. 1 Athous subfuscus L. 3 Agriotes lineatus Mull. 3 Selatosomus latus 3 Selatosomus latus L. 6 1 Selatosomus aneus 16 L. L. 2 Athous niger 4 Athous niger L. Agriotes lineatus L. 7 1 Lacon murinum L. 17 8 18 73 Agriotes obscurus L. 5 Agriotes lineatus L. 2 Agriotes obscurus 3 Prosternon tesselatum L. L. 9 3 Athous subfuscus 19 L. 2 Agriotes obscurus L. 3 Selatosomus latus Mull. 3 Agriotes lineatus L. L. 1 Lacon murinum 2 Selatosomus aneus L. 2 Selatosomus latus L. 10 L. 20 1 Athous niger L. L. latus Selatosomus aneus Athous subfuscus than the previous year). This year only in the trap L., Agriotes L. and lineatus Lacon 15, were not recorded captures. murinumMull., in trap numberSelatosomus six, andlatus in the trap AthousNo. 20 Most of the captures have been achieved in nigerwere captured larvae of L., the trap number 17 where they were 9 larvae and L., L. and in trap six and nine were reported eight larvae. If L.). In this location in 2012 were capturedAgriotes we follow the number of individuals of an specie lineatuslarvae of 9Agriotes species obscurus compared Selatosomus to 10 species latus as caught by one trap, this it isAgriotes between lineatus one and wereSelatosomus in 2011. The aneus speciesAthous caught niger were: Athous seven members (as it is in trap number 17 which haemorrhoisdalis L., Athous L., subfuscus recorded seven individuals of L.). ProsternonL., tesselatum L., Lacon murinum L., . Regarding the species caught into a trap, there F., Mull., were 7 traps the larvae were identified by a single L. and Agriotes sputator species (more of such traps than the previous WeAgriotes observed ustulatus that compared to last year were year), while theAgriotes most specieslineatus have Selatosomus been in the speciesnot reported Selatosomus larvae oflatus species trap 6 and 20, traps which have been with larvae L. and Schall., but larvae of the

Bulletinof 4 UASVM species: Horticulture ( 71(1) / 2014 L., L were occurring in a Elateridae 99

Monitoring the Species of Family in the Nursery of Gurghiu Forestry High School Agriotes obscurus Elateridae large number. From the data presented it can be ElateridaeThe following species is observed again that the structure of L., participating withSelatosomus 17.2% inlatus the structure of anotherspecies isAgriotes highly diversifiedlineatus on monitored surface fauna (16 specimensElateridae were captured), and population density varies from one species to followed closely by Athous haemorrhoisdalis L. participating L., also in this year is the with 16.1% in the structure ofAthous subfuscus fauna (were dominant speciesElateridae of 93 larvae captured,. 30 belong andcaught Lacon 15 murinum specimens). to this species, this species contributing with F. participating by 7.5%; Mull., 32.3% in the structure fauna L., participate each with 6.5% Tab. 4 Elateridae (were caught 6 larvae), and the other two species

species caught outside the nursery in 2012 No. No. No. No. Species Species trap larvae trap larvae 1 Selatosomus aneus 1 Athous subfuscus 1 Ectinus ateririmus 3 Agriotes ustulatus Schall. L. Mull. 1 2 Athous niger 11 L. 1 Agriotes ustulatus Schall. L. 5 Agriotes lineatus 3 Agriotes lineatus 2 Agriotes sputator L. L. 2 3 Agriotes lineatus 12 5 Agriotes lineatus L. 4 Selatosomus latus L. L. 2 Lacon murinum 1 Hypnoidus riparius 3 13 L. 3 Agriotes sputator 2 Agriotes ustulatus Schall. L. Fab. 4 Agriotes lineatus 2 Athous subfuscus L. 1 Hypnoidus riparius 4 L. 14 Mull. 3 Agriotes obscurus 3 Selatosomus latus Fab. 1 Ectinus ateririmus L. L. 3 Agriotes lineatus 2 Lacon murinum L. 5 2 Prosternon tesselatum 15 4 Agriotes sputator L. L. 2 Athous niger 1 Athous haemorrhoisdalis L. L. 1 Selatosomus aneus 2 Selatosomus aneus L. F. 1 Athous subfuscus 5 Agriotes lineatus L. L. 4 Agriotes sputator Mull. 3 Selatosomus latus L. 6 2 Agriotes ustulatus Schall. 16 L. 3 Agriotes lineatus 1 Ectinus ateririmus L. 2 Selatosomus latus 4 Agriotes lineatus L. L. 3 Athous niger 2 Athous haemorrhoisdalis 7 L. 17 L. 2 Agriotes sputator 2 Selatosomus aneus L. F. 8 18 3 Agriotes ustulatus Schall. 2 Hypnoidus riparius L. L. 1 Lacon murinum 4 Agriotes lineatus Fab. 5 Agriotes lineatus L. 9 19 1 Prosternon tesselatum 2 Athous subfuscus L. L. 3 Agriotes sputator L. 3 Agriotes lineatus Mull. 2 Agriotes sputator L. 2 Selatosomus aneus L. L. 1 Lacon murinum 1 Athous subfuscus L. 10 20 4 Agriotes lineatus L. Mull. L. Bulletin UASVM Horticulture 71(1) / 2014 100 et al

VARGA Hypnoidus riparius Elateridae involved, with percentages of 2.1% in the structure Agriotes4.3%; obscurus Athous Fab. haemorrhoisdalis participates with of fauna. and2.9%; Ectinus the species ateririmus with the fewest capture were: Table 4 shows the results of monitoring of wire L., F. worms on grassland outside the forest nursery L. each participatinget al with conducted in 2012. In this area were captured a 2.2%. Agriotes lineatus total of 138 larvae, returning an average of 6.9 InAgriotes a similar obscurus study SufianAgriotes sputator (2013) has larvae / trap (from the previous year the number Agriotesfound the ustulatus following species: Agriotes sordidus of seizures increased by 18 larvae, an increase of (L.), (L.), (L.), 15%). If we compare the situation in these two (Schaller) and control locations this year, we find that outside the (Illiger) as they are the most common species nursery population is higher by 48.4% compared in western Germany (Burghause and Schmitt, to the reserves from nursery. In this location and 2011) andet reported al, them in natural ecosystems, in this year all the traps recorded capture. The especially in agro-ecosystems (Platia, 1994 cited number of captures from one trap has oscillated by Sufian 2013). from 3 captures (traps 2 and 19) and 11 captures Using sex pheromones et for al controlling wire­ as it is the trap number 12. If we follow the number thatworms A. lineatus in one organic farm in North Rhine- of individuals of specie caught by one trap, this it Westphalia, Germany, Sufian (2013)A. concludes obscurus is between oneAgriotes and five lineatusexemplars (as it is in trap was the dominant specieA. sputator with number 11, 12, 16 and 19 which recorded five 4005 males captured, followed by individuals of L.)Agriotes Referring lineatus to with 3045 males captured and last species caught into a trap, one trap has been with with 1213 captures. Also these authors found that one species (trap number two, mass capture of males using pheromones traps did L.Agriotes larvae only),lineatus and mostAgriotes of the ustulatus species wereSchall., in not decrease the population of larvae in the soil, Selatosomustrap 1 trap in aneus which theyEctinus were larvae ateririmus of 5 species because of the migration of fecundated females in Athous( niger L., the plots or the males in the pheromone traps were L., Agriotes lineatus L. and capturedCONCLUSION after they had mated. Agriotes sputator L.). In thisAgriotes location obscurus in 2012 haveAgriotes been ustulatuscaptured 13Schall., species Selatosomus of larvae: latus Selatosomus L., aneus Athous niger L., Athous haemorrhoisdalis L., On lands of the Forestry nursery, in 2011 Hypnoidus riparius Athous subfuscus L., with the 20 baited traps have been captured 69 of Ectinus L., ateririmus Prosternon L., tesselatum larvae belonging to 10 species, and in 2012 have LaconF., murinum Fab., Mull., been captured 93 larvae, belonging to 9 species. L., Elateridae L. and On the lands outside the forest nursery in 2011 L. The data presented in table 4 with the 20 baited food traps have been captured show that the structure of is very much 120 larvae, and in 2012 have been captured 136 thisdiversified location in Agriotesthe monitored lineatus area and population larvae in both years have been captured larvae density varies from one species to another. Also in from 13 species of wire worms. L. is the dominant AgriotesIn both lineatus experimental years and also in both inspecies, Elateridae from the 138 larvae captured, 51 belong monitoring locations, the dominant species is to this species, this species contributing by 37% L. Elateridae In the second fauna place structure as the (the population situation level is the is From the researches, carried out in terms Agriotessame in allsputator locations monitored in both years). of larvae density of the family can say Elateridae with certainty that uncultivated lands are more L., participating with 14.5% in favourable to populations, also the the structureSelatosomus of latus fauna (20 specimens maintenance and protection works applied inside Agrioteswere caught). ustulatus the nursery reduce the number density of wire Selatosomus aneus L. participates withAthous 8.7%; worms, but always from nearby lands we have niger Athous Schall. subfuscus participates with 8%; biological reserve of Elateridaethis wire worms. Lacon L. murinum participates with 5.8%; From the data presented, regarding to this L. and Mull. participates harm­ful pests, from family, we can con­ withBulletin UASVM 5%, Horticulture 71(1) / 2014 L. participates with clude that in the area investigated these species Elateridae 101

Monitoring the Species of Family in the Nursery of Gurghiu Forestry High School 15. Lumbricidae Elateridae are a real threat to didactic nursery, as well as for Kula, E. and P. Švarc (2012). Earthworms ( ) from a surface layer and wireworms ( ) of forest. agriculturalREFERENCES terrains in the area. stands in the anthropogenically-disturbed area of the 1. Děčínská vrchovina Upland (Czech Republic). – Beskydy 5 (1): 43–54. Bechinski, E.J., L.E. Sandvol, G.P. Carpenter and H.W. 16. Milevoj,Agriotes L., S. Gomboc,Coleoptera A. Bobnar, T. Smodiš, N. Valič and Homan (1994). Integrated pest management guide to T. Mikuš (2005). The monitoring of five species of the 2. wireworms in potatoes. Publication EXT 760. University genus ( : Elateridae) with the use of of Idaho cooperative extension system. pheromone traps in the vicinity of Ljubljana. In: Lectures Blot,Agriotes Y., E. Brunel and Athous and R. CourbonColeoptera (1999). Survey: Elateridae on the and papers presented at the 7th Slovenian Conference on infection of wheat and maize by larvae of wireworms Plant Protection, Zreče, Slovenia. 254-262. of genera ( ) 18.17. Oltean, I. (2005).. Specific Entomology - Forest Pests. 3. in some areas of west France. Annales de la Societe AcademicPres Publishing House, 266 p. Entomologique de France. 35: 453-457. Agriotes 19. Oltean, I., M Porca and I. Ghizdavu (2004). General Burghause, F. and M. Schmitt (2011). Monitoringergebnisse Entomology. Digital Data Publishing House, 430 p. der Schnellkäfergattung (Coleoptera: Elateridae) in den Jahren 2008 bis 2010 in Rheinland-Pfalz. Gesunde Parker W.E., L. Furlan and M. Tóth (2002). Future European 4. Agriotes Pflanzen: DOI 10. 1007/s10343-011-0239-9. priorities for wireworm research. IWGO Newsletter XXIII. obscurus 1: 18–19. Cohen, M. (1942). Observations on the biology of Agriotes spp., Coleoptera: 20. ElateridaeParker, W.E. (1996). The development of baiting techni­ 5. L. I. The adult . Annals of Applied Biology. 29 (2): 181‐196. ques to detect wireworms ( Agriotes ) in the field, and the relationship between obscurusFox, C.J.S. (1973).Coleoptera Influence: Elateridae of vegetation on the distribution. 54: 21. bait-trap catches and wireworm damage to potato. Crop of wireworms in grassland: Observations on Protection. 15: 521-527. ( ). Phytoprotection Agriotes sordidus 69-71. Parker, W.E. (2000). Recent developments in wireworm Coleoptera: Elateridae 22. management in the U.K. In: Kornosor S. (ed.), Prooceedings 6. Furlan, L. (2004). The biology of Illiger of the XXth Symposium of the IWGO, Adana, Turkey. ( ). Journal of Applied Entomology. 128: 696-706. Parker, W.E. and Howard J.J. (2001). The biology and management of wireworms (Agriotes spp.) on potato with 7. Grădinariu F., Mirela Elena Mutu and Iuliana Jaluba 23. particular reference to the U.K. Agric. Forest Entomol. 3: (2012). Aspects regarding the dynamics of pests found in 85–98. forest nurseries in North-East of Moldova during 2009- Rice, M. and C. Simmons (1999). Wireworm baits and 8. 2011. Journal of Horticulture, Forestry and Biotechnology. 16(4): 1-9. preplant corn decisions. Integrated Crop Management Agriotes 24. News. Online. Available at: http://www.ipm.iastate.edu/ Hicks, H. and R.P. Blackshaw (2008). Differential responses ipm/icm/1999/4-12-1999/wirewormbait.html. 9. of three click beetle species to pheromone traps. Agri Forest Entomol. 10: 443-448. Rogojanu V. and T. Perju (1979). Book for determination 25. and recognition of cultivated plant pests. Ceres Publishing Holonec, L. (2004). Modern technologies regarding inte­ House. 506 p. grated forest protection în Cluj. Publisher AcademicPres, . . . Cluj Napoca. Roșca, I., I. Oltean, I. Mitrea, M. Tălmaciu, D. Petanec, H. Bunescu, R Istrate, N Tălmaciu, C. Stan, L Micu (2011). 10. Holonec, L. (2008). Modern technologies regarding Enthomology treaty. Alpha MDN Publishing House. Coleoptera, Elateridae 11. integrated forest protection în Cluj. AcademicPres Publishing House, Cluj Napoca, 208 p. 26. Rotrekl, J. (2000). Hodnocení vlivu žíru drátovců ( ) na vývoj kukuřice a slunečnice z Holonec, L., M. Cristina, Ghe. Mazăre, Cristina Deac mořeného a nemořeného osiva. Agro. 2: 26–28. and V. Ceuca (2007). The place and role of preventive Coleoptera: 27. ElateridaeSimmons, C.L., L.P. Pedigo and M.E. Rice (1998), Evaluation 12. measures in the context of integrated protection of forest ecosystems. The journal of Plant Protection, 65:62-66. 28. of seven sampling techniques for wireworms ( ). Environmental Entomology. 27(5): 1062-1068. Holonec, L., V. Florian, I. Oroian, .Al. The Todea Journal and Alina of Vîlcan Sufian, M. (2012). Biology, Monitoring and Management of (2007). Economic. : aspects of the control methods in Economically Important Wireworm Species (Coleoptera: 13. nurseries and forest stands Plant Protection 66 41-44. Elateridae) in Organic Farming., Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades Doktor der Agrarwissenschaften theHolonec, nurseries L., V. Florian,and the I. protective Oroian, Al. andTodea curative and Oana measures Viman 29. (Dr. agr.) der Hohen Landwirtschaftlichen Fakultät der (2007). Aspects concerning phytosanitary condition of Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Bonn. Agriotes Sufian, M., D. Neuhoff and L. Furlan (2013). Effect of 14. regarding crop protection. The Journal of Plant Protection. 65: 11-16. male mass . trapping of species on wireworm Coleoptera, Elateridae abundance and potato tuber damage. Bulletin of Jedlička, P. and J. Frouz (2007). Population dynamics of Insectology 66(1):135-142. wireworms ( ) in arable land after abandonment. Biologia, Bratislava. Section Zoology. 62 (1): 103—111. Bulletin UASVM Horticulture 71(1) / 2014