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Natural Disturbance Bibliography for British Columbia

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Natural Disturbance Bibliography for British Columbia Natural disturbance bibliography for British Columbia This bibliography consists of journal articles, reports, conference papers and theses that address natural disturbance regimes in British Columbia. The emphasis is on wildfire but wind, insects and diseases are also included to some extent. Many entries describe general disturbance history, landscape characteristics and/or vegetation succession. Others are more detailed and provide disturbance dates or frequencies – especially for wildfire. Paleoecological studies go back thousands of years while dendrochronological studies go back hundreds of years. The entries are organized by biogeoclimatic zone and where more than one zone is addressed by an entry it is repeated for each zone. Where the author(s) provided an abstract it is usually reproduced verbatim (in quotes). Otherwise, text extracts (in quotes) are given or the pertinent information summarized (not in quotes). In cases of multiple entries such summary content may vary for a specific work depending on the biogeoclimatic zone for which it is entered. A few documents were not seen and so only basic citations are available. Hyperlinks are included for online material. Internal hyperlinks permit easier navigation within the document. Where old biogeoclimatic codes are given the current equivalent follows in brackets. Tree species codes are also translated into common names. Hopefully this bibliography includes the majority of material existing up to late 2011 or early 2012. John Parminter Researcher Emeritus BC Forest Service Victoria BC April 11, 2012 Index Alpine Biogeoclimatic Zones 2 Boreal White and Black Spruce Biogeoclimatic Zone 2 Bunchgrass Biogeoclimatic Zone 8 Coastal Douglas-fir Biogeoclimatic Zone 9 Coastal Western Hemlock Biogeoclimatic Zone 14 Engelmann Spruce – Subalpine Fir Biogeoclimatic Zone 33 Interior Cedar – Hemlock Biogeoclimatic Zone 52 Interior Douglas-fir and Ponderosa Pine Biogeoclimatic Zones 60 Montane Spruce Biogeoclimatic Zone 83 Mountain Hemlock Biogeoclimatic Zone 96 Spruce – Willow – Birch Biogeoclimatic Zone 102 Sub-Boreal Pine – Spruce Biogeoclimatic Zone 105 Sub-Boreal Spruce Biogeoclimatic Zone 108 2 Alpine Biogeoclimatic Zones Parminter, J. 1993. Fire history of Bowron Lake Park. Research Branch, Ministry of Forests. Victoria, B.C. 19 p. + map http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfd/library/documents/bib4291.pdf “Fires can burn into the AT zone, usually originating at the lower elevations. An old burn on McCabe Ridge (between Bowron Lake and Isaac Lake) burned very high on the slopes and left evidence in the form of charred snags in the avalanche tracks.” “The 1898 burn at the west end of Tediko Ridge also burned high and its movement up the Bowron River valley was halted by an avalanche track which acted as a fuelbreak. Others such as the 1961 fire in Moxley Creek (the Wol fire) and the 1971 fire above Harold Creek (the Top fire) also burned to high elevations, as have a few other older fires as well. Depending on the type of alpine vegetation present, it may have a long recovery time.” Index Boreal White and Black Spruce Biogeoclimatic Zone Annas, R.M. 1977. Boreal ecosystems of the Fort Nelson area of northeastern British Columbia. Ph.D. thesis, Department of Botany, University of British Columbia. Vancouver, B.C. 409 p. https://circle.ubc.ca/handle/2429/20578 “It is concluded that the cold boreal climate, flatness of the terrain, prevailingly fine textured soil parent material, and fairly frequent forest fires are the dominant environmental factors influencing ecosystem structure and dynamics in the study area.” “All the [aspen – white spruce] stands studied originated after fire. This association can thus be considered as a ‘pulsating’ climatic fire climax which, in the Clementsian sense, is a sub-climax. Without fire, there are strong indications that the structure and composition of this association would change to one dominated by spruce....” “It is thought that periodic forest fires (in the order of magnitude of one every 70 – 120 years) have helped to maintain the fine textured soils of upland sites in a highly productive state.” Banner, A., W. MacKenzie, S. Haeussler, S. Thomson, J. Pojar and R. Trowbridge. 1993. A field guide to site identification and interpretation for the Prince Rupert Forest Region. Land Management Handbook 26. Research Branch, Ministry of Forests. Victoria, B.C. xiv + 266 p. http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfd/pubs/Docs/Lmh/Lmh26/Lmh26part1.pdf “Forests predominate in the BWBS. Forest fires are frequent throughout, maintaining a variety of stand age classes and successional stages. ‘Climax’ forest is dominated by white spruce, sometimes with subalpine fir and minor black spruce. Most older stands have at least a few trembling aspen and lodgepole pine remaining. Seral stands of lodgepole pine, trembling aspen, and mixed white spruce – aspen are common. With severe, repeated fires, forests give way to a persistent scrub of willow and aspen.” “Grassland/scrub is locally common on south-facing slopes with coarse-textured soils. This site series is maintained by a combination of dry and nutrient-rich edaphic conditions and frequent fire. Stunted At [trembling aspen] and Pl [lodgepole pine], prickly rose, saskatoon, common juniper, Rocky Mountain juniper, kinnikinnick, pasture sage, and a mix of grasses (slender wheatgrass, purple reedgrass, and glaucous bluegrass) are typical.” 3 Bartemucci, P., K.D. Coates, K.A. Harper and E.F. Wright. 2002. Gap dynamics in old-growth sub-boreal and boreal forests of northwestern British Columbia. In: Workshop program and abstracts, Disturbance processes and their ecological effects. 4th International workshop on disturbance dynamics in boreal forests. August 9-14, 2002. Prince George, B.C. p. 26. “Old-growth stands comprise 33 and 42% of the forest land-base in the sub-boreal and boreal forests of northwestern BC, respectively. Wildfire is the major catastrophic disturbance in this landscape; however, the extent and importance of small-scale disturbances in older stands are not well described. We characterized the abundance, size and spatial patterning of canopy gaps, as well as the major gap-forming processes. The proportion of area in canopy gaps was 57 and 50% in sub-boreal and boreal forests, respectively. Gap sizes ranged from 19 to 830 m2 in sub- boreal forests and 9 to 542 m2 in boreal forests. Gaps were characterized as developmental, shrub, combination (developmental and shrub) or edaphic. Developmental canopy gaps were the most common in both forest types. Shrub gaps, dominated by Sitka alder (Alnus sinuata) were common in sub-boreal forests. The abundance of gaps, the large gap sizes, the high numbers of gap makers per gap, and the frequency of gap expansion events suggest that gaps have long tenure in these forests. Snapped stems and standing dead mortality were the most common modes of mortality, resulting in little forest floor disturbance. We found little difference between non-gap and gap light environments (18 – 27% full sun).” Bartemucci, P., K.D. Coates, K.A. Harper and E.F. Wright. 2002. Gap disturbances in northern old-growth forests of British Columbia, Canada. Journal of Vegetation Science 13(5):685-696. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1654-1103.2002.tb02096.x/abstract “We characterized the abundance, size and spatial patterning of canopy gaps, as well as gap- forming processes and light availability in boreal, sub-boreal, northern temperate and subalpine old-growth forests of northwestern British Columbia. The proportion of area in canopy gaps ranged from 32% in northern temperate forests to 73% in subalpine forests. Evenly distributed developmental gaps were dominant but permanent openings created by edaphic components and by shrub communities were also common, particularly in sub-boreal forests. Abundant gaps, large gap sizes, high numbers of gap makers per gap and frequent gap expansion events suggest that gaps have long tenure in these forests. Snapped stems and standing dead mortality were the most common modes of mortality in all forest types resulting in little forest floor disturbance, creating few germination sites for seedling establishment. We found high mean light levels (16 – 27% full sun) and little difference between non-gap and gap light environments. Our results suggest that gap dynamics in these forests differ fundamentally from those in temperate and tropical forest ecosystems.” DeLong, S.C. 1998. Natural disturbance rate and patch size distribution of forests in northern British Columbia: implications for forest management. Northwest Science 72(Special Issue No. 1):35-48. http://www.vetmed.wsu.edu/org_nws/NWSci%20journal%20articles/1998%20files/Special%20ad dition%201/v72%20p35%20DeLong.PDF “A common theme in current forest management policy is that harvesting should be designed to achieve the landscape patterns and habitat conditions that are maintained in nature by natural disturbance regimes. This study was undertaken to determine the influence of climate and topography on disturbance rate and patch size associated with stand replacement wildfire. The purpose was to provide new information to improve forest management guidelines based on approximating natural disturbances currently being implemented in British Columbia. I modified stand age-class data from inventory records within a geographic information system in order to determine annual disturbance rate and patch size distribution for 9 areas differing in regional climate and topography (plateau vs. montane). Regression
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