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View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE Page 1 of 57 Journal of Morphology provided by Archivio della Ricerca - Università di Pisa 1 2 3 Title: The locomotion of Babakotia radofilai inferred from epiphyseal and diaphyseal 4 5 6 morphology of the humerus and femur. 7 8 9 Damiano Marchi1,2*, Christopher B. Ruff3, Alessio Capobianco, 1,4, Katherine L. Rafferty5, 10 11 Michael B. Habib6, Biren A. Patel2,6 12 13 14 1 15 Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy, 56126 16 17 2 18 Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South 19 20 Africa, WITS 2050 For Peer Review 21 22 23 3 Center for Functional Anatomy and Evolution, Johns Hopkins University School of 24 25 26 Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21111 27 28 4 29 Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy, 56126 30 31 5 32 Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 33 34 35 98195 36 37 6 38 Department of Cell and Neurobiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern 39 40 California, Los Angeles, CA 90033 41 42 43 Text pages: 28; Bibliography pages: 9; Figures: 6; Tables: 6 Appendices: 1 44 45 46 Running title: Babakotia radofilai postcranial suspensory adaptations 47 48 49 *Corresponding author: 50 51 52 Damiano Marchi 53 54 55 56 Address: Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Pisa, Via Derna, 1 - ZIP 56126, Pisa - Italy 57 58 59 Ph: +39 050 2211350; Fax: +39 050 2211475 60 1 John Wiley & Sons Journal of Morphology Page 2 of 57 1 2 3 Email: [email protected] -
Orangutan Positional Behavior and the Nature of Arboreal Locomotion in Hominoidea Susannah K.S
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 000:000–000 (2006) Orangutan Positional Behavior and the Nature of Arboreal Locomotion in Hominoidea Susannah K.S. Thorpe1* and Robin H. Crompton2 1School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK 2Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK KEY WORDS Pongo pygmaeus; posture; orthograde clamber; forelimb suspend ABSTRACT The Asian apes, more than any other, are and orthograde compressive locomotor modes are ob- restricted to an arboreal habitat. They are consequently an served more frequently. Given the complexity of orangu- important model in the interpretation of the morphological tan positional behavior demonstrated by this study, it is commonalities of the apes, which are locomotor features likely that differences in positional behavior between associated with arboreal living. This paper presents a de- studies reflect differences in the interplay between the tailed analysis of orangutan positional behavior for all age- complex array of variables, which were shown to influence sex categories and during a complete range of behavioral orangutan positional behavior (Thorpe and Crompton [2005] contexts, following standardized positional mode descrip- Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 127:58–78). With the exception tions proposed by Hunt et al. ([1996] Primates 37:363–387). of pronograde suspensory posture and locomotion, orang- This paper shows that orangutan positional behavior is utan positional behavior is similar to that of the African highly complex, representing a diverse spectrum of posi- apes, and in particular, lowland gorillas. This study sug- tional modes. Overall, all orthograde and pronograde sus- gests that it is orthogrady in general, rather than fore- pensory postures are exhibited less frequently in the pres- limb suspend specifically, that characterizes the posi- ent study than previously reported. -
Why Trot When You Can Walk? an Investigation of the Walk-Trot Transition in the Horse
Why trot when you can walk? An Investigation of the Walk-Trot Transition in the Horse A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of California State Polytechnic University, Pomona In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science In Biological Sciences By Devin A. J. Johnsen 2003 SIGNATURE PAGE THESIS: Why trot when you can walk? An investigation of the Walk-Trot Transition in the Horse AUTHOR: Devin A. J. Johnsen DATE SUBMITTED: __________________________________________ Department of Biological Sciences Dr. Donald F. Hoyt __________________________________________ Thesis Committee Chair Biological Sciences Dr. Steven J. Wickler __________________________________________ Animal & Veterinary Sciences Dr. Edward A. Cogger __________________________________________ Animal & Veterinary Sciences Dr. Sepehr Eskandari __________________________________________ Biological Sciences ii Abstract Parameters ranging from energetics to kinematics, from muscle function to ground reaction force, have been theorized as triggers for a variety of terrestrial gait transitions. The walk-trot transition represents a change between gaits governed by very different mechanics, as the walk is modeled by the inverted pendulum, while the trot is modeled by the spring-mass model. A set of five criteria was established in order to determine a parameter as a trigger of the walk-trot transition in the horse. In addition, these mechanical models can provide specific predictions about the change in leg length during the stride. Six horses walked and trotted over a range of speeds on a high-speed treadmill. Stride parameters were measured using accelerometers, while sonomicrometry and electromyography measured muscle function of the vastus lateralis. Kinematics of the coxofemoral, femorotibial, tarsal, and metatarsophalangeal joints as well as leg length were determined using a high-speed (125 Hz) camera. -
Linking Gait Dynamics to Mechanical Cost of Legged Locomotion
REVIEW published: 17 October 2018 doi: 10.3389/frobt.2018.00111 Linking Gait Dynamics to Mechanical Cost of Legged Locomotion David V. Lee 1* and Sarah L. Harris 2 1 School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States, 2 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States For millenia, legged locomotion has been of central importance to humans for hunting, agriculture, transportation, sport, and warfare. Today, the same principal considerations of locomotor performance and economy apply to legged systems designed to serve, assist, or be worn by humans in urban and natural environments. Energy comes at a premium not only for animals, wherein suitably fast and economical gaits are selected through organic evolution, but also for legged robots that must carry sufficient energy in their batteries. Although a robot’s energy is spent at many levels, from control systems to actuators, we suggest that the mechanical cost of transport is an integral energy expenditure for any legged system—and measuring this cost permits the most direct comparison between gaits of legged animals and robots. Although legged robots have matched or even improved upon total cost of transport of animals, this is typically achieved by choosing extremely slow speeds or by using regenerative mechanisms. Legged robots have not yet reached the low mechanical cost of transport achieved at speeds used by bipedal and quadrupedal animals. Here we consider approaches Edited by: used to analyze gaits and discuss a framework, termed mechanical cost analysis, that Monica A. Daley, can be used to evaluate the economy of legged systems. -
Point-Mass Model of Brachiation
The Journal of Experimental Biology 202, 2609–2617 (1999) 2609 Printed in Great Britain © The Company of Biologists Limited 1999 JEB1788 A POINT-MASS MODEL OF GIBBON LOCOMOTION JOHN E. A. BERTRAM1,*, ANDY RUINA2, C. E. CANNON3, YOUNG HUI CHANG4 AND MICHAEL J. COLEMAN5 1College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, USA, 2Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, Cornell University, USA, 3Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, USA, 4Department of Integrative Biology, University of California-Berkeley, USA and 5Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, USA *Author for correspondence at Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, 436 Sandels Building, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA (e-mail: [email protected]) Accepted 10 June; published on WWW 13 September 1999 Summary In brachiation, an animal uses alternating bimanual losses due to inelastic collisions of the animal with the support to move beneath an overhead support. Past support are avoided, either because the collisions occur at brachiation models have been based on the oscillations of zero velocity (continuous-contact brachiation) or by a a simple pendulum over half of a full cycle of oscillation. smooth matching of the circular and parabolic trajectories These models have been unsatisfying because the natural at the point of contact (ricochetal brachiation). This model behavior of gibbons and siamangs appears to be far less predicts that brachiation is possible over a large range restricted than so predicted. Cursorial mammals use an of speeds, handhold spacings and gait frequencies with inverted pendulum-like energy exchange in walking, but (theoretically) no mechanical energy cost. -
Functional Integration of the Hominin Forelimb by Marisa Elena Macias
Functional Integration of the Hominin Forelimb by Marisa Elena Macias Department of Evolutionary Anthropology Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Steven E. Churchill, Supervisor ___________________________ Katherine R. Saul ___________________________ Daniel O. Schmitt ___________________________ Christine E. Wall Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Evolutionary Anthropology in the Graduate School of Duke University 2015 ABSTRACT Functional Integration of the Hominin Forelimb by Marisa Elena Macias Department of Evolutionary Anthropology Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Steven E. Churchill, Supervisor ___________________________ Katherine R. Saul ___________________________ Daniel O. Schmitt ___________________________ Christine E. Wall An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Evolutionary Anthropology in the Graduate School of Duke University 2015 Copyright by Marisa Elena Macias 2015 Abstract During the last six million years, humans shifted from a primarily arboreal lifestyle to a habitually bipedal, terrestrial lifestyle. Australopithecus had a significant bipedal component to its locomotion; whether suspensory and climbing behaviors were also important has remained unclear. Morphological features of the forelimb have been linked to locomotor differences among primates, but the interpretation of human fossils has remained problematic. This dissertation examines the total morphological pattern of the forelimb, specifically the functional integration of the musculature and joint systems. This approach employs both geometric morphometrics and a biomechanical modeling approach to study how and how well the forelimb morphology of living suspensory and quadrupedal primates, as well as humans and fossil hominins, accommodates climbing and suspensory locomotion. -
Fleagle and Lieberman 2015F.Pdf
15 Major Transformations in the Evolution of Primate Locomotion John G. Fleagle* and Daniel E. Lieberman† Introduction Compared to other mammalian orders, Primates use an extraordinary diversity of locomotor behaviors, which are made possible by a complementary diversity of musculoskeletal adaptations. Primate locomotor repertoires include various kinds of suspension, bipedalism, leaping, and quadrupedalism using multiple pronograde and orthograde postures and employing numerous gaits such as walking, trotting, galloping, and brachiation. In addition to using different locomotor modes, pri- mates regularly climb, leap, run, swing, and more in extremely diverse ways. As one might expect, the expansion of the field of primatology in the 1960s stimulated efforts to make sense of this diversity by classifying the locomotor behavior of living primates and identifying major evolutionary trends in primate locomotion. The most notable and enduring of these efforts were by the British physician and comparative anatomist John Napier (e.g., Napier 1963, 1967b; Napier and Napier 1967; Napier and Walker 1967). Napier’s seminal 1967 paper, “Evolutionary Aspects of Primate Locomotion,” drew on the work of earlier comparative anatomists such as LeGros Clark, Wood Jones, Straus, and Washburn. By synthesizing the anatomy and behavior of extant primates with the primate fossil record, Napier argued that * Department of Anatomical Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Stony Brook University † Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University 257 You are reading copyrighted material published by University of Chicago Press. Unauthorized posting, copying, or distributing of this work except as permitted under U.S. copyright law is illegal and injures the author and publisher. fig. 15.1 Trends in the evolution of primate locomotion. -
SOCIAL BEHAVIOURS of CAPTIVE Hylobates Moloch (PRIMATES: HYLOBATIDAE) in the JAVAN GIBBON RESCUE and REHABILITATION CENTER, GEDE-PANGRANGO NATIONAL PARK, INDONESIA
TAPROBANICA , ISSN 1800-427X. October, 2010. Vol. 02, No. 02: pp. 97-103. © Taprobanica Nature Conservation Society, 146, Kendalanda, Homagama, Sri Lanka. SOCIAL BEHAVIOURS OF CAPTIVE Hylobates moloch (PRIMATES: HYLOBATIDAE) IN THE JAVAN GIBBON RESCUE AND REHABILITATION CENTER, GEDE-PANGRANGO NATIONAL PARK, INDONESIA Sectional Editor: Colin Groves Submitted: 14 February 2011, Accepted: 08 March 2011 Niki K. Amarasinghe1,2 and A. A. Thasun Amarasinghe1,3 1 Taprobanica Nature Conservation Society, 146, Kendalanda, Homagama, Sri Lanka E-mails: 2 [email protected], 3 [email protected] Abstract Hylobates moloch, Silvery Gibbon occure on the Java island (in the western half of Java), Indonesia. This study presents preliminary data on social behaviours for Silvery Gibbon in captivity. All the individuals had an average active period from 6:30 hr to 16:00 hr (total 9.5 hours). Resting behaviour had the highest percentage (57.05% ± 0.45), followed by movement (21.99% ± 0.14), feeding ( 15.73% ± 0.34), courtship (5.16% ± 0.03), calling (2.35% ± 0.02), social behaviours (1.6% ± 0.09), agonistic behaviours (0.37 % ± 0.01), and copulation (0.05% ± 0.01). Gibbons showed two peaks of feeding, from 06:35 to 07:30 and from 14:35 to 15:30. Gibbons in the JGC made two types of calls: male solo and female solo calls. Males had a lower time budget for calling behaviour than females. All the gibbons showed four types of locomotor behaviours: brachiating, climbing, jumping (including ricocheting) and bipedal. The most frequent locomotor behaviour was brachiation type. All individuals in the study groups showed autogrooming. -
A Brachiating Robot Controller
University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Departmental Papers (ESE) Department of Electrical & Systems Engineering 4-1-2000 A Brachiating Robot Controller Jun Nakanishi University of Michigan Toshio Fukuda Nagoya University Daniel E. Koditschek University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/ese_papers Part of the Electrical and Computer Engineering Commons, and the Systems Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Jun Nakanishi, Toshio Fukuda, and Daniel E. Koditschek, "A Brachiating Robot Controller", . April 2000. Copyright 2000 IEEE. Reprinted from IEEE Transactions on Robotics and Automation, Volume 16, Issue 2, April 2000, pages 109-123. This material is posted here with permission of the IEEE. Such permission of the IEEE does not in any way imply IEEE endorsement of any of the University of Pennsylvania's products or services. Internal or personal use of this material is permitted. However, permission to reprint/republish this material for advertising or promotional purposes or for creating new collective works for resale or redistribution must be obtained from the IEEE by writing to [email protected]. By choosing to view this document, you agree to all provisions of the copyright laws protecting it. NOTE: At the time of public, Daniel Koditschek was affiliated with the University of Michigan. Currently, he is a faculty member of the School of Engineering at the University of Pennsylvania. This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/ese_papers/327 For more information, please contact [email protected]. A Brachiating Robot Controller Abstract We report on our empirical studies of a new controller for a two-link brachiating robot. -
Final Report on Environment Enhancement to Promote the Psychological Well-Being of Nonhuman Primates
Enviromental enhancement -- Non -Human Primates FINAL REPORT ON ENVIRONMENT ENHANCEMENT TO PROMOTE THE PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING OF NONHUMAN PRIMATES U. S. Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Animal Care Riverdale, MD July 15, 1999 This Final Report contains the scientific basis for the Draft Policy and the methods we used in developing the Draft Policy. To view the Draft Policy and request for comments that was published in the Federal Register on July 15, 1999, click on Pdf TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION AND PROJECT HISTORY A. Background on Evaluation of the Performance-Based Standard for Nonhuman Primates B. Team Methods C. Results of Surveys and Interviews II. PROMOTING PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING A. Intent and Language of the Animal Welfare Act B. Community Response C. Other Nations and Societies D. Difficulties Inherent in Measuring Psychological Well-being E. Species-Typical Behavior (STB) III. CRITICAL ELEMENT CONCEPT IV. LITERATURE REVIEW AND DISCUSSION A. Social Grouping B. Social Needs of Infants C. Structure and Substrate D. Foraging Opportunities E. Manipulanda F. Consideration of Sensory Stimulation G. Consideration of Novelty and Control V. REFERENCES AND OTHER SOURCES http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/enrichment/Enviromental_Enhancement_NonHuman_Primates.htm[8/6/2015 1:02:44 PM] Enviromental enhancement -- Non -Human Primates A. References B. Other Sources APPENDIX A. 9 CFR Section 3. Environment Enhancement to Promote Psychological Well-Being of Nonhuman Primates APPENDIX B. Glossary APPENDIX C. Sample Species Information Sheets I. INTRODUCTION AND PROJECT HISTORY This report provides Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) Animal Care employees, the facilities they regulate, and the public with a policy on environment enhancement to promote the psychological well-being of nonhuman primates. -
Locomotion and Postural Behaviour Drinking Water
History of Geo- and Space Open Access Open Sciences EUROPEAN PRIMATE NETWORK – Primate Biology Adv. Sci. Res., 5, 23–39, 2010 www.adv-sci-res.net/5/23/2010/ Advances in doi:10.5194/asr-5-23-2010 Science & Research © Author(s) 2010. CC Attribution 3.0 License. Open Access Proceedings Locomotion and postural behaviour Drinking Water M. Schmidt Engineering Institut fur¨ Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie, Friedrich-Schiller-UniversitAccess Open at¨ and Jena, Science Erbertstr. 1, 07743 Jena, Germany Received: 22 January 2010 – Revised: 10 October 2010 – Accepted: 20 March 2011 – Published: 30 May 2011 Earth System Abstract. The purpose of this article is to provide a survey of the diversity of primate locomotor Science behaviour for people who are involved in research using laboratory primates. The main locomotor modes displayed by primates are introduced with reference to some general morphological adaptations. The relationships between locomotor behaviour and body size, habitat structure and behavioural context will be illustratedAccess Open Data because these factors are important determinants of the evolutionary diversity of primate locomotor activities. They also induce the high individual plasticity of the locomotor behaviour for which primates are well known. The article also provides a short overview of the preferred locomotor activities in the various primate families. A more detailed description of locomotor preferences for some of the most common laboratory primates is included which also contains information about substrate preferences and daily locomotor activities which might useful for laboratory practice. Finally, practical implications for primate husbandry and cage design are provided emphasizing the positive impact of physical activity on health and psychological well-being of primates in captivity. -
Anthropology Activity, Grade 11
Anthropology Activity, Grade 11 Anthropology for for Grade 11 Students at the Toronto Zoo PAGE 1 Anthropology Activity, Grade 11 Curriculum Connections Introduction to Anthropology, Psychology, and Sociology, Grade 11, University/College Preparation (HSP3M) Self and Others Foundations of Anthropological, Psychological, and Sociological Thought • demonstrate an understanding of the major questions related to “self and others” that are posed by anthropologists (e.g., What are the cultural patterns that help to define the self?), Forces That Influence and Shape Behaviour • identify and assess the major influences that contribute to an individual’s personal and social development (e.g., heredity, environment, race, gender); • explain why behaviour varies depending on context and on the individuals involved (e.g., at work, within a family, in sports, in a crowd, in a large city or small town). Research and Inquiry Skills Overall Expectations • use appropriate social science research methods effectively and ethically; • effectively communicate the results of their inquiries. Understanding the Foundations of Inquiry in Anthropology, Psychology, and Sociology • correctly use the terminology of anthropology, psychology, and sociology (e.g., functionalism, behaviouralism, feminism ); • define the concepts that are central to anthropology (e.g., evolution, diffusion, culture); Using Research Skills • describe the steps involved in social science research and inquiry, including developing and testing a hypothesis; • demonstrate an understanding of various research methodologies for conducting primary research (e.g., interviews, surveys and questionnaires, observations); demonstrate an ability to locate and select relevant information from a variety of print and electronic sources (e.g., books, periodicals, television, Internet sites, CD-ROMs); • evaluate the relevance and validity of information gathered through research; • demonstrate an ability to organize, interpret, and analyse information gathered from a variety of sources.