DOCSLIB.ORG

The Crystal Structure of Stronalsite and a Redetermination of the Structure of Banalsite

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Crystal Structure of Stronalsite and a Redetermination of the Structure of Banalsite 533 The Canadian Mineralogist Vol. 44, pp. 533-546 (2006) THE CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF STRONALSITE AND A REDETERMINATION OF THE STRUCTURE OF BANALSITE RUSLAN P. LIFEROVICH Department of Geology, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario P7B 5E1, Canada ANDREW J. LOCOCK Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E3, Canada ROGER H. MITCHELL§ Department of Geology, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario P7B 5E1, Canada ARKADIY K. SHPACHENKO Geological Institute, Kola Science Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, 14 Fersman Street, Apatity 184200, Russia ABSTRACT The structures of stronalsite, SrNa2Al4Si4O16, and banalsite, BaNa2Al4Si4O16, have been determined by direct methods using single-crystal X-ray diffractometry with a CCD area detector. The structures are topologically identical and adopt the non-centro- symmetric space-group Iba2 rather than the centrosymmetric space-group Ibam previously ascribed to banalsite. Unit-cell param- 3 3 eters are: a 8.4080(9), b 9.8699(11), c 16.7083(18) Å, V 1386.6(3) Å , Z = 4, Dcalc. 2.92 g/cm for stronalsite (Khibina massif, 3 3 Kola, Russia); a 8.5400(7), b 10.0127(9), c 16.7897(14) Å, V 1435.7(2) Å , Dcalc. 3.05 g/cm for banalsite from Wales (Benallt 3 3 mine, UK), and a 8.5068(16), b 9.9811(18), c 16.7485(31) Å, V 1422.1(5) Å , Dcalc. 3.08 g/cm for banalsite from Långban (Sweden). The structures are built on an infi nite framework of corner-sharing tetrahedra, with Si and Al being completely ordered at four independent sites. Alternately pointing up (U) and down (D) Si(1)–Al(1) and Si(2)–Al(2) tetrahedra form four- and eight-fold rings parallel to the (001) plane, resulting in a –UDUD– framework, which differs from the –UUDD– framework of feldspars. The stacking results in six-fold rings parallel to the (100) plane. The interstices of the framework are occupied by large Sr or Ba atoms (XA2+), and smaller VINa+, ordered at alternate levels parallel to (001), and separated by ¼ c. The isostructural character of banalsite and stronalsite accords well with the complete solid-solution Ba1–xSrxNa2Al4Si4O16 occurring in nature. Keywords: tectosilicate, stronalsite, banalsite, crystal structure, lisetite, solid solution, feldspar. SOMMAIRE Nous avons déterminé la structure de la stronalsite, SrNa2Al4Si4O16, et celle de la banalsite, BaNa2Al4Si4O16, par méthodes directes au moyen de données en diffraction X prélevées sur monocristaux et d’un détecteur à aire CCD. Les structures sont topologiquement identiques; elles adoptent le groupe d’espace non centrosymétrique Iba2 plutôt que le groupe centrosymé- trique Ibam attribué antérieurement à la banalsite. Les paramètres réticulaires sont: a 8.4080(9), b 9.8699(11), c 16.7083(18) 3 3 Å, V 1386.6(3) Å , Z = 4, Dcalc 2.92 g/cm pour la stronalsite (complexe de Khibina, péninsule de Kola, Russie); a 8.5400(7), 3 3 b 10.0127(9), c 16.7897(14) Å, V 1435.7(2) Å , Dcalc 3.05 g/cm pour la banalsite provenant du Pays de Galles (mine Benallt, 3 3 UK), et a 8.5068(16), b 9.9811(18), c 16.7485(31) Å, V 1422.1(5) Å , Dcalc 3.08 g/cm pour la banalsite de Långban (Suède). Les structures contiennent une trame infi nie de tétraèdres partageant leurs coins, avec Si et Al complètement ordonnés sur quatre sites indépendants. Les tétraèdres Si(1)–Al(1) et Si(2)–Al(2) pointent en alternance vers le haut (U) et vers le bas (D) pour former des anneaux à quatre et huit membres parallèles à (001), ce qui mène à une trame –UDUD–, distincte de la trame –UUDD– des feldspaths. L’empilement mène à des anneaux à six membres parallèles au plan (100). Les interstices de cette trame contiennent les gros atomes Sr ou Ba (XA2+) et les atomes plus petits de VINa+, ordonnés à des niveaux alternants parallèles à (001), avec une séparation de ¼ c. Le caractère isostructural de la banalsite et de la stronalsite explique la solution solide complète Ba1–xSrx- Na2Al4Si4O16 observée dans la nature. (Traduit par la Rédaction) Mots-clés: tectosilicate, stronalsite, banalsite, structure cristalline, lisetite, solution solide, feldspath. § E-mail address: [email protected] 534 THE CANADIAN MINERALOGIST INTRODUCTION structure. Stronalsite occurs as crystals measuring up to 4 mm in size in drill-core material collected from the Tectosilicates with the stoichiometry ANa2Al4Si4O16 Khibina peralkaline complex, Kola alkaline province, include banalsite, stronalsite, and lisetite, where A = Russia. The remarkable compositional homogeneity Ba, Sr, and Ca, respectively (Deer et al. 2001). Only of these crystals (Fig. 1b) permitted us to undertake limited crystallochemical data for these rare minerals the fi rst single-crystal determination of the structure are available. In common with feldspars, their structures of stronalsite. are built on an infi nite framework of four- and eightfold As expected on the basis of the aluminum-avoidance irregular rings of corner-shared tetrahedra. Apical atoms rule (Loewenstein 1954), the results of the refi nement of of oxygen of the rings point alternately up (U) and the structure of stronalsite is consistent with an ordered down (D) with respect to the (001) plane in banalsite, distribution of Si and Al in independent tetrahedral sites [the (100) plane in lisetite, nonstandard space-group (see below). We considered that ordering of Si and Pbc21], giving rise to a –UDUD– framework, which is Al, similar to that found in stronalsite and lisetite on one of the four possible ways to built up rings of tetra- the basis of the 1:1 Si to Al ratio, should also occur in hedra (Smith & Rinaldi 1962). This arrangement differs banalsite. The extensive banalsite–stronalsite solid solu- from the –UUDD– framework of feldspars (Haga 1973, tion that is known to exist in nature (Matsubara 1985, Rossi et al. 1986), and is similar to the framework in Koneva 1996, Liferovich et al. 2006) also suggests their nepheline, which consists of regular and irregular six- close structural similarity. In this context, we have used membered –UDUD– rings (Tait et al. 2003). single-crystal X-ray methods for the determination of In this paper, we present the results of the crystal- the structure of stronalsite from Khibina and a redeter- structure study of single crystals of stronalsite and mination of the structure of banalsite from two locali- banalsite. Discussion of the crystal chemistry, genesis ties; the type locality in Wales (Benallt mine, Rhiw, and parageneses of stronalsite, banalsite and their Lleyn Peninsula, UK) and from Långban, (Värmland, naturally occurring complete solid-solution series are Filipstadt, Sweden) (Figs. 1c and 1d, respectively) and presented in Liferovich et al. (2006). have confi rmed that these sodic tectosilicates of Sr and Ba are isostructural. BACKGROUND INFORMATION EXPERIMENTAL In the structure model presented for lisetite in space group Pbc21 (nonstandard setting of Pca21) and The sample containing stronalsite was collected nonstandard origin, offset by [¼, ¼, 0], Si and Al are from a drill core derived from a depth of 182 m in the fully ordered at the tetrahedral positions of the frame- tectonomagmatic contact zone between a semicircular work, and the intraframework VIICa and VINa cations are ijolite–urtite body and nepheline syenite in the north- distributed throughout common Ca + 2Na layers (Rossi eastern segment of the Khibina peralkaline complex, et al. 1986). This structural model is in accord with the Kola alkaline province, Russia. The sample represents composition of lisetite and the aluminum-avoidance an altered xenolith of cuspidine–melilitolite rock, principle (Loewenstein 1954) for tectosilicates with a which is unusual for this sodic peralkaline complex. A Si-to-Al ratio of unity (Smith et al. 1986). In contrast, detailed description of this rock and of its metasomatic the structure of banalsite was originally described as a alteration is given by Khomyakov et al. (1990). On the framework of tetrahedra with a disordered distribution basis of textural relationships, stronalsite is interpreted of Si and Al but with ordering of XBa and VINa cations as a late phase formed by alteration of nepheline or an into alternate layers owing to “the large difference in unusual Sr-rich melilite (or both). In turn, stronalsite their ionic radii” (Rossi et al. 1986). The structure was is commonly subjected to low-temperature alteration. considered in the centrosymmetric space-group Ibam by Slightly altered stronalsite shows anomalous interfer- Haga (1973). This structural model does not seem to be ence-colors and cloudy extinction in transmitted light, reasonable given that the same Si-to-Al ratio occurs in as a result of changes in composition and signifi cant both banalsite and lisetite. deviations from the theoretical stoichiometry due to Stronalsite has an X-ray powder-diffraction pattern leaching of Na. Further alteration results in replacement very similar to that of banalsite (Matsubara 1985). In of stronalsite by a fi ne-grained mixture of strontianite the absence of a structure refi nement, stronalsite has and unidentified zeolites. Unaltered stronalsite is been assumed to be isostructural with Ibam banalsite, preserved only where mantled by andradite or clino- although the possibility of complete ordering of Si and pyroxene (Fig. 1b). The paragenesis of the Khibina Al, resulting in an Iba2 polymorph, was also considered stronalsite is similar to that described in melilitolite by Matsubara (1985) and Hori et al. (1987). from the Turiy Mys peralkaline complex, Kola alkaline The small grain-size and compositional heteroge- province, Russia (Dunworth & Bell 2003). neity of stronalsite from previously known occurrences Descriptions of the banalsite occurrences in Mn- (e.g. Fig. 1a) have precluded a determination of the rich ores from the Benallt mine (Wales, UK) and THE CRYSTAL STRUCTURES OF STRONALSITE AND BANALSITE 535 FIG.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Mineral Processing
    Mineral Processing Foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy 1st English edition JAN DRZYMALA, C. Eng., Ph.D., D.Sc. Member of the Polish Mineral Processing Society Wroclaw University of Technology 2007 Translation: J. Drzymala, A. Swatek Reviewer: A. Luszczkiewicz Published as supplied by the author ©Copyright by Jan Drzymala, Wroclaw 2007 Computer typesetting: Danuta Szyszka Cover design: Danuta Szyszka Cover photo: Sebastian Bożek Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27 50-370 Wroclaw Any part of this publication can be used in any form by any means provided that the usage is acknowledged by the citation: Drzymala, J., Mineral Processing, Foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy, Oficyna Wydawnicza PWr., 2007, www.ig.pwr.wroc.pl/minproc ISBN 978-83-7493-362-9 Contents Introduction ....................................................................................................................9 Part I Introduction to mineral processing .....................................................................13 1. From the Big Bang to mineral processing................................................................14 1.1. The formation of matter ...................................................................................14 1.2. Elementary particles.........................................................................................16 1.3. Molecules .........................................................................................................18 1.4. Solids................................................................................................................19
    [Show full text]
  • Download the Scanned
    THE AMERICAN MINERAIOGIST, VOL.51 AUGUST' 1966 TABLE 3 These concentrationranges were arbitrarily selected' Ag Antimonpearceite Empressite Novakite Aramayoite Fizelyite Owyheeite Argentojarosite Jalpaite Pavonite Arsenopolybasite Marrite Ramdohrite Benjaminite Moschellandsbergite see also Unnamed Minerals 30-32 AI Abukumalite Calcium ferri-phosphate Ferrocarpholite Ajoite Carbonate-cyanotrichite Fersmite Akaganeite Chalcoalumite Fraipontite Aluminocopiapite Chukhrovite Galarite Alumohydrocalcite Clinoptilolite Garronite Alvanite Coeruleolactite Glaucokerinite Aminoffite Cofrnite Goldmanite Anthoinite Combeite Gordonite Arandisite Corrensite Giitzenite Armenite Crandallite Grovesite Ashcroftine Creedite Guildite Ba:ralsite Cryptomelane Gutsevichite Barbertonite Cymrite Harkerite Basaluminite Cyrilovite Ilibonite Bayerite Davisonite Hidalgoite Bearsite Deerite H6gbomite Beidellite Delhayelite Hydrobasaluminite Beryllite Dickite Hydrocalumite Bialite Doloresite flydrogrossular Bikitaite Eardleyite Hydroscarbroite Boehmite Elpasolite Hydrougrandite Blggildite Endellite Indialite Bolivarite Englishite Iron cordierite Brammallite Ephesite Jarlite Brazilianire Erionite Johachidolite Brownmillerite Falkenstenite Juanite Buddingtonite Faustite Jusite Cadwaladerite Ferrazite Kalsilite Cafetite Ferrierite Karnasurtite 1336 GROUPSBY E.LEM\:,NTS 1337 Karpinskyite Orlite Stenonite Katoptrite Orthochamosite Sudoite Kehoeite Osarizawaite Sursassite Kennedyite Osumilite Swedenborgite Kimzeyite Overite Taaffeite Kingite Painite Tacharanite Knipovichite
    [Show full text]
  • Download the Scanned
    NEW MINERAL NAMES 85 and also by the great quantity of rolled quartz pebbles found in the Cretaceous sedimentary beds. The relation of the quartz veins to the veins of lead, copper, zinc, and mercury in the Ouachita and Ozark Mountains was described, and a Pennsylvanian age was shown for these, and a similar age was suggested for the lead-zinc deposits of the Tri-State area and similar deposits in the Mississippi Valley. A remarkable group of milky quartz crystals from Berkeley Springs, West Virginia, and weighing several hundred pounds, had been presented to the Academy by Mr. George D. Cope, and was exhibited. Dr. Joseph D. H. Donnay suggested that a committee be appointed to help replace the collection of minerals destroyed at the University oI Li6ge by the retreating Germans. J. S. Fn,rrrrNrrELD, Secretary ABSTRACTS OF TIIE MINUTES OF THE NEW YORK MINERAIOGICAI, CLUB I[eeting oJ October 19, 1944 The president, Mr. Taylor, announced the appointment of the curators' committee and committees in charge of excursions, membership, auditing, programs, education and publications. The meeting was open for accounts cf summer collecting by the members. A five-inch scalenohedral calcite crystal from the Prospect Park quarry at Faterson, N. J., was exhibited by Mr. Leonard Morgan who had collected it. Other exhibits included agates from the north shore of Long Island and from streams near Summit, N. J., and corundum sent by a member of the armed forces on duty in South AJrica. Meeting oJ Noaember 15, 1911 The Vice-president, Dr. R. B. Sosman,reviewed the first volumeof the neweditionof Dana's System oJ Mineralogy and the president called attention to Bulleti.ns 50 and 57 of the New Jersey State Department of Conservation.
    [Show full text]
  • Guidebook 2019 Small.Pdf
    1 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction.......................................................................................................................... 3 Geology of the Khibiny massif............................................................................................ 5 Mineralogical excursions in the Khibiny massif…………………………………………. 8 Day 1: Pegmatites within rischorrite at the Marchenko Peak........................................ 8 Stop 1-1A. Sodalite-aegirine-microcline vein in rischorrite...................................... 8 Stop 1-1B. Aegirine-microcline vein in rischorrite................................................... 9 Stop 1-2. Microcline vein in rischorrite..................................................................... 9 Stop 1-3. Microcline-aegirine-natrolite vein in rischorrite........................................ 10 Stop 1-4. Aegirine-nepheline-natrolite-microcline vein in rischorrite...................... 11 Stop 1-5. Apatite-titanite veinlets in rischorrite........................................................ 12 Day 2: Pegmatites within rischorrite and foyaite at the Eveslogchorr Mountain.......... 12 Stop 2-1. The Koashva Deposit................................................................................ 13 Stop 2-2. Natrolite-microcline vein in gneissose rischorrite.................................... 13 Stop 2-3. Astrophyllite deposit.................................................................................. 14 Stop 2-4. Eudialyte-nepheline-aegirine-microcline vein in gneissose
    [Show full text]
  • Geology, Age and Geochemical Constraints on the Origin of the Late Archaean Mikkelvik Alkaline Stock, West Troms Basement Complex in Northern Norway
    NORWEGIAN JOURNAL OF GEOLOGY Geology, age and geochemical constraints, Late Archaean Mikkelvik alkaline stock 327 Geology, age and geochemical constraints on the origin of the Late Archaean Mikkelvik alkaline stock, West Troms Basement Complex in Northern Norway Dmitry Zozulya, Kåre Kullerud, Erling K. Ravna, Fernando Corfu & Yevgeny Savchenko Zozulya, D., Kullerud, K., Ravna, E. K., Corfu, F. & Savchenko, Y.: Geology, age and geochemical constraints on the origin of the Late Archaean Mikkelvik alkaline stock, West Troms Basement Complex in Northern Norway. Norwegian Journal of Geology, vol. 89, pp 327-340, Trondheim 2009, ISSN 029-196X. The Late Archaean Mikkelvik alkaline stock (30x50 m) is located in the West Troms Basement Complex (WTBC), northern Norway, intruding a tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite (TTG) complex. U-Pb dating of titanite yielded an age of 2695±15 Ma. The stock is composed of a differentia- ted rock series including nepheline syenite (first and major magmatic phase), cancrinite syenite (minor dykes), and alkali (aegirine-augite) syenite (latest magmatic phase). The rocks are characterized by depletion in some HFS elements (Zr, Nb, Y), enrichment in some LIL elements (Sr, Ba) and strong REE fractionation. Geochemical data suggest that that the rocks developed from an OIB-like magma. Differentiation from alkali basalt was principally controlled by fractionation of pyroxene and amphibole. Isotopic data for Nd yield εNd(t) = 3.0 - 3.6, which is characteristic of depleted mantle, but with εSr(t) = 5 – 19 indicating some enrichment or crustal input. Among all known Archaean alkaline complexes, the Skjoldungen pro- vince (eastern Nain craton, Greenland) is most similar to the rocks studied here in terms of age, isotopic and geochemical signatures, indicating a similar geodynamic evolution of Greenland and WTBC in the Late Archaean.
    [Show full text]
  • Densitie @F Minerals , and ~Ela I Ed
    Selecte,d , ~-ray . ( I Crystallo ~raphic Data Molar· v~ lumes,.and ~ Densitie @f Minerals , and ~ela i ed. Substances , GEO ,LOGICAL ~"l!JRVEY BULLETIN 1248 I ' " \ f • . J ( \ ' ' Se Iecte d .L\.-ray~~~T Crystallo:~~raphic Data Molar v·olumes, and Densities of Minerals and Related Substances By RICHARD A. ROBIE, PHILIP M. BETHKE, and KEITH M. BEARDSLEY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1248 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1967 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR STEWART L. UDALL, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY William T. Pecora, Director Library of Congress catalog-card No. 67-276 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 3 5 cents (paper cover) OC)NTENTS Page Acknowledgments ________ ·-·· ·- _____________ -· ___ __ __ __ __ __ _ _ __ __ __ _ _ _ IV Abstract___________________________________________________________ 1 Introduction______________________________________________________ 1 Arrangement of data _______ .. ________________________________________ 2 X-ray crystallographic data of minerals________________________________ 4 Molar volumes and densities. of minerals_______________________________ 42 References_________________________________________________________ 73 III ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We wish to acknowledge the help given in the preparation of these tables by our colleagues at the U.S. Geological Survey, particularly Mrs. Martha S. Toulmin who aided greatly in compiling and checking the unit-cell parameters of the sulfides and related minerals and Jerry L. Edwards who checked most of the other data and prepared the bibliography. Wayne Buehrer wrote the computer program for the calculation of the cell volumes, molar volumes, and densities. We especially wish to thank Ernest L. Dixon who wrote the control programs for the photo composing machine. IV SELECTED X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC DATA, MOLAR VOLUMES, AND DENSITIES OF !'.IINERALS AND RELATED SUBSTANCES By RICHARD A.
    [Show full text]
  • New Occurrences from the Postmasburg Manganese Field, Northern Cape Province, South Africa
    981 The Canadian Mineralogist Vol. 53, pp. 981-990 (2015) DOI: 10.3749/canmin.1500063 TOKYOITE, As-RICH TOKYOITE, AND NOÉLBENSONITE: NEW OCCURRENCES FROM THE POSTMASBURG MANGANESE FIELD, NORTHERN CAPE PROVINCE, SOUTH AFRICA GELU COSTIN Department of Geology, Rhodes University, P.O. Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa Department of Earth Science, MS-126 Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, USA § BRENTON FAIREY AND HARILAOS TSIKOS Department of Geology, Rhodes University, P.O. Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa ARNOLD GUCSIK Department of Geology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa ABSTRACT Samples of manganese-rich rock containing two compositional varieties of tokyoite in association with noélbensonite were retrieved from a drill core obtained from the Postmasburg area in the Northern Cape Province of South Africa. The samples consist of fine-grained braunite, hematite, and hausmannite. Within this material abundant vugs are observed that are filled with witherite, baryte, and barytocalcite. In addition, As-rich tokyoite, tokyoite, and noélbensonite occur in the center of the vugs, in fine aggregates 0.1 to 1 mm in size. Individual As-rich tokyoite grains are typically 20–200 mm in size. The outer walls of the vugs are lined with microcrystalline K-feldspar, witherite, and/or sérandite. Textural evidence of the Ba-rich mineral phases in association with As-rich tokyoite suggest an epigenetic mode of formation of the observed assemblages, caused by V- and As-bearing alkali-rich fluids interacting with pre-existing Mn-rich minerals. Electron microprobe analysis (EMPA), electron backscatter diffraction analysis (EBSD), and Raman spectroscopy show that the As-rich tokyoite is a mineral belonging to the brackebuschite mineral group.
    [Show full text]
  • The Mineralogical Magazine A.~D Journal of the Mineralogical Society
    THE MINERALOGICAL MAGAZINE A.~D JOURNAL OF THE MINERALOGICAL SOCIETY No. 186 September, 1944 Vol. XXVII Banalsite, a new barium-felspar from Wales. By W. CA.~fPRELLSMITH, M.C., T.D., M.A., Sc.D., F. A. BAN~'ISTER, M.A., F.Inst.P., and MAx H. HEY, M.A., D.Sc. Department of Mineralogy, British Museum. With an appendix by A. W. GROVES, D.Sc., Ph.D., M.I.M.M., F.G.S. (With Plate IV.) [Read November 4, 1943, and June 8, 1944.] N 1941 the Home Ore Department of Iron and Steel Control, Ministry of I Supply, took over the old Benallt manganese mine at Rhiw in the Lleyn Peninsula, Carnarvonshire. A new shaft was sunk and a new mine was developed among and mainly below the old workings. It was in one of the old workings of Benallt that Mr. (now Sir) Arthur Russell discovered in 1911 the well-crystallized specimens of celsian and paracelsian recently described by Dr. L. J. Spencer) Dr. A. W. Groves of the Mineral Resources Department of the Imperial Insti- tute and geologist to the Home Ore Department had had a sharp look-out kept for the reappearance of the barium-felspars in the new workings, and when thin bands of coarsely crystallized but compact, white 'sparry' minerals were found in one of the ore-bodies he sent specimens to the Department of Mineralogy of the British Museum for investigation. His watchfulness for the rare minerals was well " rewarded, for the bulk of the white mineral in the specimens he sent proved to be indeed a barium-felspar, but differing quite definitely from any known barium- felspar, and it is in fact a new mineral of very considerable interest.
    [Show full text]
  • Acid Neutralization by Mining Waste Dissolution Under Conditions Relevant for Agricultural Applications
    geosciences Article Acid Neutralization by Mining Waste Dissolution under Conditions Relevant for Agricultural Applications Reinier van Noort 1,* , Pål Tore Mørkved 2 and Siv Hjorth Dundas 2 1 Department of Environmental Analysis, Institute for Energy Technology, Instituttveien 18, 2007 Kjeller, Norway 2 Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, Postboks 7803, 5020 Bergen, Norway; [email protected] (P.T.M.); [email protected] (S.H.D.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +47-9243-0032 Received: 20 September 2018; Accepted: 10 October 2018; Published: 16 October 2018 Abstract: The acidification of agricultural soils in high rainfall regions is usually countered by the application of finely ground calcite or dolomite. As this carbonate dissolves, soil pH is raised, but CO2 is released. Mining activities often produce large quantities of very fine silicate rock-derived powders that are commonly deposited in stockpiles. However, the dissolution of such powders can also result in an increase in pH, without any direct release of CO2. Of particular interest are those silicate powders that have a high reactivity and higher capacity for raising pH. In this contribution, we report experimental work addressing the dissolution of various silicate rock-derived powders that were produced during mining activities in Norway under conditions that were representative of weathering in agricultural soils. Three different powders—derived from Åheim dunite, Stjernøya nepheline syenite, or Tellnes ilmenite norite—were exposed to different acids at pH 4 in unstirred flow cells, and dissolution or leaching kinetics were determined from the changes in the fluid composition. Based on these kinetics, pH neutralization rates were determined for the individual powders and compared to expected values for carbonates.
    [Show full text]
  • Rings, Topology, and the Density of Tectosilicates
    American Mineralogist, Volume 75, pages 1159-1169, 1990 Rings, topology, and the density of tectosilicates LARS STIXRUDE, M.S.T. BUKOWINSKI Departmentof Geologyand Geophysics,Universityof Californiaat Berkeley,Berkeley,California94720,U.S.A. ABSTRACT A review of density data for tecto silicates shows that variations in density within a single framework type are typically an order of magnitude smaller than the twofold variations among different framework types. To help explain this large range of densities, we have analyzed the geometric and topologic properties of different frameworks. We used the geometry and statistics of clusters to construct a predictive model for the framework density of tectosilicates. Ring statistics and geometries, together with a simple theory of the effects of ring formation on framework density, lead to the definition of a framework- specific characteristic ring size. We show that this characteristic ring size increases with increasing framework density. INTRODUCTION ometry and topology of framework structures that can explain this remarkable variation in density. Tectosilicates, including the ubiquitous silica poly- The fact that local geometries [as measured by (Si,Al)-O morphs and feldspars as well as feldspathoids, scapolites, and (Si,AI)-(Si,Al) distances and coordination numbers] and the technologically important zeolites, are the most in different framework structures are nearly identical abundant minerals in the Earth's crust (see, e.g., Hurlbut makes the wide range of observed densities even more and Klein, 1977). Although the few hundred distinct spe- remarkable. This has led several authors to examine the cies vary widely in color, habit, composition, and other relationship between density and topological elements of physical properties, we focus here on how variations in frameworks such as clusters and rings.
    [Show full text]
  • Manganese-Deficient Soils That Manganese-Deficient Soils Can Be Identified by This Method
    336 NATURE SEPTEMBER 9, 1944, VoL. 154 Manganese-deficient Soils that manganese-deficient soils can be identified by this method. IN 1942, Sherman, McHargue and Hodgkiss1 2 A survey of soils is of course necessary to establish described a modification of Leepez 's method which this method, but should it prove to give results con­ would identify: (a) manganese-deficient neutral and sistent .with those of Sherman, McHargue and alkaline soils; (b) strongly acid soils that will become Hodgkiss and those mentioned here, the method manganese-deficient when limed to near neutrality ; would cartainly prove to be useful in advisory work. and (c) soils that are likely to contain such excessive E. s. TWYMAN. quantities of available manganese as to be toxic to Botanical Department, plants. There is evidence from analyses of English The University, soils that their method may be useful at any rate in Birmingham. identifying the first two classes of soils. Aug. 3. The method described by the above-mentioned 1 Sherman, McHargue and Hodgkiss, Soil &i., M, 253 (11HZ}. authors was slightly modified to ensure easy manipula­ 1 Leeper, Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria, f7 (ll), 225 (1935). tion and to save time by the use of separate 20-gm. samples of air-dried soil for the three extractions, namely: (1) water-soluble manganese, (2) exchange­ able manganese, and (3) easily reducible manganese. Science and the Fisheries This procedure was adopted instead of the single THis is truly a subject for the jortnidable specula­ sample used successively for the three extractions. tion with which Prof. .James Ritchie has treated itl.
    [Show full text]
  • Stronalsite, Srnll:!Al4si4016, a New Mineral from Rendai, Kochi City
    MINER.I\LOG!CAL JOURNAL, VOL. 13, NO.6, PP. 368-375, APRIL 1987 Stronalsite, SrNll:!Al4Si40 16, a new mineral from Rendai, Kochi City, Japan 1 Hidemichi HORI*, Izumi NAKAI**, Kozo NAGASHIMA** , Satoshi MATSUBARA*** and Akira KATO*** *Hori l'rlinera/ogy Ltd., 4-13 Toyotamonaka, Nerima, Tokyo 176 **DeparJment of Chemistry, The University of Tsukuba, Sakura-mura, Niihari~gun, Ibaraki 305 ***Department of Geology, National Science Museum, 3-23·1 Hyakunin-cho, Sl!injuku, Tokyo 160 Abstract A new mineral stronalsite, SrNa 2 Al4 Si 4 0 16 , is the strontium analogue of banalsite and named after the chemical composition. It is orthorhombic, lbam orlba2,a"8.415(4), b=9.901(4), c=l6.729(9)A, Z=4. Average of five microprobe analyses is Si02 39.13, Al 0 32.70, CaO 0.17, SrO 15.72, BaO 2.29, Na 9.99, 2 3 2 0 tota199.91 %, corresponding to {Sr0 • 94 Ba 0 • 09 Cao,a 2 )t 1 • 05 Na 1 • 99 A~. 95 Si 4 • 01 0 16 on the basis of 0=16. 1t is white .in colour with a vitreous luster and white streak. H. (Mohs)=6V2. No cleavage. Density (g/cm 3): 2.95(meas,), 2.95(calc.), It is optically biaxial and positive, 2V=32°(meas.), dispersion indiscernible. Refractive indices: o:=l.563(2), fl=L564(calc.), '¥=1.574(2). Optic orientation: a=Y, b=Z, c"'X. Colourless in thin section. Non-fluorescent under short and long wave ultraviolet lights. It occurs as veinlets cutting meta basic tuff xenolith enclosed in serpentinite quar­ ried at Rendai, Kochi Ctty, Japan, in association with slawsonite and pectolite.
    [Show full text]