Makna Ungkapan Pantangan

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Makna Ungkapan Pantangan MAKNA UNGKAPAN PANTANGAN (FALIA) PADA UPACARA ADAT KARIA DI KECAMATAN SANGIA WAMBULU, KABUPATEN BUTON TENGAH, PROVINSI SULAWESI TENGGARA THE MEANING OF TABOO EXPRESSIONS (FALIA) IN CUSTOM CEREMONY OF KARIA IN SANGIA WAMBULU, CENTRAL BUTON REGENCY, SOUTHEAST SULAWESI PROVINCE Hasmah Balai Pelestarian Nilai Budaya Sulawesi Selatan Jalan Sultan Alauddin / Tala Salapang Km. 7 Makassar, 90221 Telepon (0411) 885119, 883743, Faksimile (0411) 865116 Pos-el: [email protected] Handphone: 085255902370 Diterima: 2 Agustus 2016; Direvisi: 5 Oktober 2016; Disetujui: 30 November 2016 ABSTRACT The Baruta society who live in Sangia Wambulu, Central Buton Regency is a society with self-character of customs, one of them is the seclusion custom ceremony (Karia). In custom ceremony of Karia, it is believed that there are restrictions that should be avoided, like taboo, and then referred to call falia expressions. The falia expressions contain moral teachings which refer to the discipline, the formation of character and self- control for women who are considered ready to marry. This study uses a qualitative approach with the data collection techniques of observation, in depth interview, and documentation. This study reveals the meaning of the falia expressions on the implementation of the Karia Custom Ceremony in Sangia Wambulu, Central Buton Regency. The implementation of the Karia Custom Ceremony aims to provide advices to participants of karia through the falia expression, either when getting in or out of confinement (kaghombo). In falia expressions, there are restrictions that must not be done by the participants of karia. According to the beliefs of the Baruta society, the participants of karia will get hazards or obstacles in his life in the future if violates the falia expressions, such as difficult to get a mate or other dangers. Keywords: the falia expressions, meaning, the Baruta society. ABSTRAK Masyarakat Baruta yang bermukim di Kecamatan Sangia Wambulu, Buton Tengah merupakan masyarakat yang memiliki adat tersendiri, salah satu di antaranya adalah upacara adat pingitan (karia). Dalam upacara adat karia, dipercayai bahwa ada pantangan yang harus dihindari, berupa ungkapan, yang disebut ungkapan falia. Ungkapan falia mengandung ajaran moral yang mengacu pada kedisiplinan, pembentukan karakter, dan pengendalian diri bagi perempuan yang dianggap sudah siap berumah tangga. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan teknik pengumpulan data, berupa observasi, wawancara mendalam, dan dokumentasi. Penelitian ini mengungkap makna ungkapan falia pada pelaksanaan upacara adat karia di Kecamatan Sangia Wambulu, Kabupaten Buton Tengah. Pelaksanaan upacara adat karia bertujuan untuk memberikan nasehat bagi peserta karia melalui ungkapan falia, baik pada saat masuk maupun keluar dari kurungan (kaghombo). Dalam ungkapan falia, terkandung makna pantangan/larangan yang tidak boleh dilakukan oleh peserta karia. Menurut kepercayaan masyarakat Baruta, peserta karia akan mendapat bahaya atau rintangan dalam menjalani hidupnya kelak apabila melanggar ungkapan falia tersebut, berupa kesulitan mendapatkan jodoh dan bahaya-bahaya yang lain. Kata kunci: ungkapan falia, makna, masyarakat Baruta. 491 PB PENDAHULUAN falia yang dikumpulkan sebagai temuan dalam Suku bangsa Buton merupakan salah satu penelitian. suku bangsa di Indonesia yang memiliki karakter Inisiasi adalah suatu tindakan pengenalan, budaya tersendiri, dengan berbagai macam tindakan pengenalan dalam soal-soal yang sistem yang terkandung dalam adat istiadat sebelumnya tidak diketahuinya dan yang harus yang dipercaya memiliki nilai-nilai luhur, baik diketahui oleh orang-orang dewasa. Masalah- berupa sistem nilai, sistem norma, dan sistem masalah inisiasi dalam hubungan yang lebih luas hukum. Salah satu dari sistem nilai-nilai budaya adalah soal peralihan dari satu status ke status Buton adalah karia (pingitan). Nilai-nilai budaya yang lain, dimana status diartikan sebagai tempat dalam karia (pingitan) mengandung ungkapan- dari suatu posisi sosial dalam tingkat tatanan ungkapan yang bentuknya bermacam-macam, posisi-posisi social (J. van Baal,1988:18). diantaranya ungkapan pemali atau lebih dikenal Hertz dalam Koentjaraningrat (1992:101- dengan falia. 107) menunjukkan anggapan bahwa upacara Makna yang terkandung di dalam inisiasi harus mempunyai tahapan yaitu tahap ungkapan falia (pantangan) berbentuk nasehat yang melepaskan obyek dari hubungannya atau larangan yang diungkapkan secara wajar. dengan masyarakatnya yang lama, tingkat yang Bila dipelajari secara seksama akan dapat mempersiapkannya bagi kedudukan yang baru. memberikan informasi yang berguna bagi Dalam tingkat persiapan masa inisiasi, si obyek kehidupan social pemiliknya mengenai norma merupakan seorang mahluk yang lemah sehingga social dan nilai etik moral. Namun demikian harus dikuatkan dengan berbagai upacara ilmu tidak mudah melakukan pembinaan ungkapan gaib. falia terhadap anggota masyarakat yang Gennep dalam Koentjaraningrat sedang mengalami pergeseran nilai kehidupan (1992:110) menyatakan bahwa dalam kegiatan yang dewasa ini dipenuhi oleh modernisasi upacara inisiasi sering ada acara di mana individu sehingga mengakibatkan munculnya seseorang yang bersangkutan secara para lambang seakan- kehilangan pandangan dalam menentukan sikap akan dilahirkan kembali, dan mengukuhkan serta tingkah lakunya. Disamping itu, karena integrasinya ke dalam lingkungan sosial yang pesatnya perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan baru. teknologi dewasa ini sehingga menyebabkan Upacara adat dalam hal ini upacara pemahaman akan nilai-nilai norma pendidikan tradisional merupakan perayaan atas pesta apakah yang bersumber dari nilai-nilai budaya kurang sifatnya keagamaan yang bersifat tradisional mendapat perhatian dari kalangan generasi maupun sifatnya nasional biasanya disebut muda. upacara. Upacara lebih banyak dihubungkan Ungkapan falia mengandung suatu dengan kegiatan-kegiatan yang bersifat sakral ajaran moral yang mengacu kepada tatanan atau suci. Upacara adat yang bersifat tradisional kedisiplinan baik moral pribadi maupun moral dikenal dengan penampilan berbagai macam masyarakat atau kelompok sosial khususnya benda-benda suci yang turut memberi makna diperuntukkan bagi kalangan perempuan. Untuk terhadap upacara tersebut. Upacara ini sendiri itulah peneliti mencoba mengangkat masalah ini merupakan pernyataan cara berpikir dan dengan harapan selain untuk tujuan sosialisasi cara merasa dari kelompok masyarakat yang juga untuk tujuan pengenalan perkembangan, berfungsi mengukuhkan tata tertib yang sedang serta pengungkapan kembali dalam rangka tetap berlaku, di samping memberi peringatan dan (lestarinya) kebudayaan bangsa pada umumnya sosialisasi bagi kehidupan masyarakat (Daradjat, dan kebudayaan Buton pada khususnya. 1996). Pantangan pada umumnya diidentikkan Sehingga peneliti berusaha memberikan dengan tabu, dalam hal ini tabu digunakan dalam deskripsi terhadap masukan dari setiap ungkapan pengertian yang diterapkan adanyan larangan- 492 PB Makna Ungkapan Pantangan ... Hasmah larangan tertentu pada orang, barang, atau khusus dan diisyaratkan kepada wanita yang obyek tertentu dan juga makanan tertentu karena menjelang usia dewasa (kriteria wanita yang akan menimbulkan ketakutan dan bahaya. Bagi menjelang dewasa yang ditandai dengan adanya masyarakat Baruta, pantangan ini disebut falia. haid). Secara umum, beliau memberikan batasan Pantangan ini biasanya diterapkan sebagai lawan pingitan yaitu suatu upacara adat tradisional adat kebiasaan yang diwariskan oleh leluhur yang dilaksanakan oleh orang tua kepada (Daradjat, 1996:52). anak gadisnya yang sudah memasuki alam Falia atau pemali inilah yang dianggap dewasa untuk mendapatkan gemblengan fisik sebagai petunjuk-petunjuk tentang adanya dan mentalnya sehingga kelak matang dalam bahaya-bahaya dalam perjalanan hidup manusia. menghadapi kehidupan rumah tangga. Falia atau pemali ini diterapkan sebagai lawan Tradisi upacara ritual karia terkandung adat kebiasaan yang diwariskan oleh leluhur nilai-nilai luhur dan simbol-simbol bagi (Daradjat, 1992:52). Lebih lanjut dijelaskan masyarakat Muna, nilai-nilai tersebut bahwa tabu dapat dilihat bermacam-macam kelas mengungkapkan aspek-aspek terdalam dari yang dalam pengertian luas dapat dibedakan kenyataan yang tidak terjangkau oleh alat-alat dalam: pengenalan yang lain. Rupa simbol-simbol 1. Natural, alami dan langsung yaitu akibat dapat berubah tetapi fungsi dan maknanya sama. dari “mana” atau karena sesuatu kekuatan Simbol, mitos dan ritus selalu mengungkapkan misterius yang ada pada seseorang maupun suatu situasi batas manusia dan bukan hanya suatu benda. suatu situasi historis, (Daeng dalam Abdul Asis, 2. Tidak alami dan tidak langsung sebagai 2014:107). akibat dari “mana” tetapi lebih dikarenakan Dasar-dasar pelaksanaan upacara adat pada yang didapat atau yang diadakan, karia dalam masyarakat Baruta, menurut Engku dibuat dan ditentukan oleh Syaman. (1982, 10-12) adalah dengan memperhatikan 3. Bersifat “perantara atau menengah” ini adanya tanda-tanda bahwa sang gadis telah gabungan antara yang alami (kekuatan menginjak usia dewasa baik secara biologis, misterius) dan langsung dan tidak alami maupun psikologis. Ungkapan falia atau (buatan yang dilakukan oleh manusia itu pantangan dalam upacara karia dianggap oleh sendiri) atau tidak langsung. masyarakat baruta sebagai wujud aturan yang mengikat gadis agar menjadi disiplin, memiliki Pada upacara adat karia terutama untuk karakter luhur dan mampu mengendalikan diri pertama kalinya, terdapat beberapa hal
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