COOPERATIVE RESEARCH REPORT
RAPPORT DES RECHERCHES COLLECTIVES
NO. 179
PART 2
REPORTS OF THE ICES ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON FISHERY MANAGEMENT 1991
Copenhagen, 14-22 May 1991 Copenhagen, 29 October - 6 November 1991
Recommended format for purposes of citation: ICES. 1992. Reports of the ICES Advisory Committee on Fishery Management, 1991, Part 2. ICES Cooperative Research Report No. 179(2). pp. 72. https://doi.org/10.17895/ices.pub.5313
International Council for the Exploration of the Sea Palregade 2-4, DK-1261, Copenhagen K, Denmark
February 1992 ISSN 2707-7144 ISBN 978-87-7482-477-0
Part 2
Table of Contents
Page
REPORT TO THE INTERNATIONAL BALTIC SEA FISHERY COMMISSION
Chart of Baltic Fishing Areas
1. GENERAL ADVICE TO THE INTERNATIONAL BALTIC SEA FISHERY COMMISSION. . 1
1.1 Review of Nominal Catches in the Baltic Area .•.•••....••••...••....••.•.. 1
2. BALTIC PELAGIC STOCKS ...... 2
2.1 Herring 2
2.1.1 Herring in Sub-divisions 22-24 and Division ITIa . 2 2.1.2 Herring in Sub-divisions 25-29 (incl. Gulf of Riga) and 32 . 5 2.1.3 Herring in Sub-division 3D, Bothnian Sea . 6 2.1.4 Herring in Sub-division 31, Bothnian Bay ...... 7
2.2 Sprat 8
2.2.1 Sprat in Sub-division 22-32 . 8
3. BALTIC DEMERSAL STOCKS 9
3.1 Cod 9
3.1.1 Environmental conditions ...... 9 3.1.2 Management guidelines . 9 3.1.3 Cod in Sub-divisions 22 and 24 . 10 3.1.4 Cod in Sub-divisions 25-32 . 11 3.1.5 Square mesh ...... 12 3.1.6 Closure of cod fishery in the Baltic during March and April ...... 12
3.2 Flounder...... 12
3.2.1 By-eatch rate for flounder in Sub-division 26 . 12 3.2.2 Trawl ban on the Oderbank Plateau ...... 12
4. BALTIC SALMON STOCKS 13
4.1 Baltic Salmon in the Main Basin and the Gulf of Bothnia (Sub-divisions 24-31) ...... 13 4.2 Salmon in the Gulf of Finland (Sub-division 32) 16 4.3 Sea Trout ...... 17
Tables 1.1 - 4.3 18 Figures 2.1.2 - 4.1 35 REPORT TO THE NORTH ATLANTIC SALMON CONSERVATION ORGANIZATION COUNCIL
1. INFORMATION OF INTEREST TO ALL COMMISSIONS OF NASCO ...... 43
1.1 Catches of North Atlantic Salmon ...... 43 1.2 Advances in Modelling Approaches to Describe Fishery Interactions and Effects of Management 43 1.2.1 Index rivers 43 1.2.2 Regional run reconstruction models ...... 44 1.2.2.1 Introduction 44 1. 2. 2. 2 Catch trends in fisheries and homewaters 44 1.2.2.3 Constraints on exploitation rates in West Greenland ...... 44 1.2.2.4 Prediction of national contributions, use of indicator stock data ...... 45 1.3 Distribution of Parasites and Diseases ...... 45 1.4 Workshop on Identification of Fish Farm Escapees and Wild Salmon 45 1.5 Study Group on Genetic Risks to Atlantic Salmon Stocks...... 45 1.6 Compilation of Tag Releases and Fin-elip Data for 1990 45 1.7 Recommendations...... 46
2. INFORMATION OF INTEREST TO THE WEST GREENLAND COMMISSION ..•...... 46
2.1 Catches 46 2.2 Composition and Origin of Catch 46 2.3 Biological Characteristics of the Harvest ...... 47 2.4 Carlin Tag Reporting Rates ...... 48 2.5 Exploitation at West Greenland...... 48 2.6 Effects of Management Measures in the Fishery at West Greenland 49 2.7 Quantitative Estimates of the Effects of Fish Farm Escapees...... 49
3. INFORMATION OF INTEREST TO THE NORTH-EAST ATLANTIC COMMISSION ..... 49
3.1 Description of the Fishery in the North-East Atlantic 49 3.2 Catch at Faroes in 1989/90 and 1990/91 Seasons ...... 49 3.3 Catch per Unit Effort in the Faroes Fishery ...... 50 3.4 Biological Characteristics of the Catch at Faroes 50 3.5 Origin of Salmon in the Faroes Fishery...... 50 3.6 Exploitation Rates in the Faroes Fishery 50 3.7 Effects of Fish Farm Escapees on Catches at Faroes ...... 51 3.8 Effects of Management Measures at Faroes 51 3.9 Homewaters Fisheries 51 3.9.1 Catches...... 51 3.9.2 Exploitation rates ...... 51 3.9.3 Status of stocks 52 3.10 Effects of Fish Farm Escapees on Stocks and Catches in Homewaters ...... 52 3.11 Effects of Regulations Introduced in Norwegian Salmon Fisheries in 1989 52
4. INFORMATION OF INTEREST TO THE NORTH AMERICAN COMMISSION ...... 53
4.1 Description of the Fishery in Canada, 1990 53 4.2 Composition and Origin of the Catch ...... 54 4.3 Exploitation Rates in Canadian Fisheries ...... 54 4.4 Status of Canadian Stocks ...... 55 4.5 Harvest Estimates of USA-Origin Salmon in Canada ...... 55 4.6 Evaluation of the Effects of the 1990 Quota on the Commercial Salmon Fishery of Newfoundland and Labrador ...... 55 4.7 Description of the Fishery in the USA, 1990 56 4.8 Status of the USA Stocks 56
11 4.9 Description of the Fishery in the Islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon (France) 56 4.10 Quantitative Estimates of the Effects of Fish Farm Escapees ...... 57
Table 1.1 58 Figures 1.2.2.3 - 3.3 60
REPORT TO THE COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES ...... 65
European Eel 65
1. Basis for Assessment 65
2. Test of Assessment Methods ...... 65
3. ACFM Comments 65
REPORT TO THE GOVERNMENT OF NORWAY ...... 66
1. HARP SEALS IN THE WHITE AND BARENTS SEAS ...... 66
1.1 Catches 66 1.2 Distribution...... 66 1.3 Population Size and Pup Production ...... 66 1.4 Management Advice 66
2. HARP SEALS IN THE GREENLAND SEA (JAN MAYEN) 66
2.1 Catches 66 2.2 Distribution ...... 67 2.3 Population Size and Pup Production ...... 67 2.4 Management Advice 68
3. HOODED SEALS IN THE GREENLAND SEA (JAN MAYEN) ...... 68
3.1 Catches 68 3.2 Distribution :...... 68 3.3 Population Size and Pup Production ...... 68 3.4 Management Advice 68
4. ECOLOGY OF SEALS ...... 68
Tables I.I - 3.1 69 Figures I.I and 3.1 72
iii 10· 12' 14' 16' 18· 20· 22' 24' 26' 28' 30' 66• -~ • •• J '- 60 '( 59 65• 31 58 ) 57 64 • - /" . 56 ~'t'"~ 55 • If' - 63 rJ ( 54 53 62• '-- 30 - 52 51 61" , /I 50 . .-r '" ~ 6t>. ;" ~ 49 60" ,- 'Xi • .r ~2 ~""'P 48 ~ / 29 " .....,. ) r 47 59" ... :::. n..5° - ..- _/1 rv >- 46 '"t>] "I 27 ~/ \. 45 58' ~ '; h. 44 f-- 28 J1~/ 43 57' }21-f\ "- tt.~'J . III V 42 ~ ~ ~r-vf 41 56" 23 1/ - ~ ~u·t'· ~ 2~ 40 . 25 j 39 55" ~ 22~~,:4 v-~ b 38 -~ IV "G, ...... '" 'Co/" 37 54" - ! '....r" 'l~ - . , .. , , .. . • 36 F9 GO Gl G2 G3 G4 G5 G6 G7 G8 G9 HO HI H2 H3 H4 H5 H6 H7 H8 H9 J 0
Baltic Fishing Areas REPORT TO THE INTERNATIONAL BALTIC SEA FISHERY COMMISSION
I GENERAL ADVICE TO THE INTERNATIONAL BALTIC SEA FISHERY COMMISSION
Advice on the appropriate units for management of herring was provided in Section 3.1.1 of the 1990 ACFM Report. Advice on appropriate management units for cod is given in Sections 3.1.3 and 3.1.4 of the 1991 ACFM Report.
1.1 REVIEW OF NOMINAL CATCHES IN THE BALTIC AREA
A general review of officially-reported catches in the Baltic is given in Tables 1.1.-1.5. These are the catches officially reported to ICES by national statistical offices for publication in the ICES Fishery Statistics.
In the assessments, the working groups try to estimate discards and slipped fish, landings which are not officially reported, and the composition of by-catches. These amounts are included in the estimates of total catch for each stock and are used in the assessments; thus, they appear in the tables and figures produced by working groups. These estimates vary considerably between different stocks and fisheries, being negligible in some cases and constituting important parts of the total removals from other stocks. Further, the catches used by the working groups are broken down into sub-divisions, whereas the officially-reported figures are reported by the larger Divisions llIb,c and d.
The trends in Tables 1.1-1.5 may not, therefore, correspond with those on which assessments have been based, and are presented for information only, without any comment from ACFM.
The 1990 catches listed under the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic refer to catches taken by vessels from the respective former territories during the whole of 1990, before and after political union. Thus catches taken by vessels registered in the former German Democratic Republic in the months after unification are included in the German Democratic Republic figures.
The catch data used in the assessments are given in other tables.
1 2 BALTIC PELAGIC STOCKS
Advice for 1992 and 1993
For most stocks of pelagic fish in the Baltic, the estimated levels of exploitation (I.e., fishing mortalities) are very low compared to natural mortality. As a consequence, variability in the VPA results (fishing mortality and stock size estimates) may not be related to actual changes in the condition of the stocks. To minimize the impact of this variability on management advice, ACFM finds it unnecessary to repeat the full analysis every year and will, therefore, give its advice for a two-year period. This year, the advice for the stocks of herring in Sub-divisions 25-32, 30 and 31 and sprat in Sub-divisions 22-32 will be for 1992 and 1993. However, the monitoring of the stocks will continue and any major changes will be evaluated at the May 1992 ACFM meeting.
2.1 Herring
2.1.1 Herring in Sub-divisions 22-24 and Division fila
Source of information: Report of the Working Group on Assessment of Pelagic Stocks in the Baltic, April 1991 (C.M. 19911Assess: 18). Report of the Herring Assessment Working Group for the Area South of62°N, April 1991 (C.M.19911Assess: 15).
Year 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 Max' Min' Mean' Rec. TAC 22-24 97 90 64 87 Rec. TAC Illa 40' 80' 132' 112' 99' 84' 67 91 Agreed TAC lIIa 58 117 46 138 138 138 120 104 Rec. TAC mixed clupeoids 80 80 80 60 0 Agreed • . • 80 80 80 80 65 50 Catches: Total in IlIa 233 244 217 234 334 192 202 Autumn spawners in IlIa 89 124 146 177 210 101 107' Spring spawners in IlIa 144 120 71 57 124 91 95' Spring spawners in NSea 7 17 20 14 23 20 8 Spring spawners in 22-24 110 110 95 102 99 95 78 Total spring spawners 261 247 186 173 246 206 181' Sp. stock biomass 229 267 226 176 204 224 207' 267 79 167 Recruitment (age 2) 3500 2860 1621 3307 5345 2209 2715' 2812' 5345 916 2378 Mean F(2-6,u) 0.79 0.80 0.74 0.74 0.84 0.81 ? 1.19 0.62 0.83 'Over period 1974-1989. 'Predicted or assumed. 'Adult berring fishery in Division lIla ouly. 'TAC for 1 Sep - 31 Aug. 'Estimated, see Special Comments. Weights in '000 t, recruitment in millions.
Catches: In Sub-divisions 22-24, the 1990 catches in 1990 decreased due to reduced effort (fables 2.1.1.1 2.1.1.2). The total catches in Division IlIa (spring and autumn spawners) increased slightly (fable 2.1.1.3). Insufficient sampling in Division IlIa made the split of catches into spring and autumn spawners uncertain.
Data and assessment: Lack of catch-at-age data for 1990 from part of the landings in Division lIla prevented an update to the analytical assessment made in 1990. The estimates of stock, recruitment and fishing mortality in the table above are taken from the 1990 assessment.
Recruitment: The Young Fish Surveys indicate that the year classes 1988, 1989 and 1990 are all slightly above average.
2 State of stock: The stock is still at a high level compared to the level in the 1970s and is, with the present level of recruitment, expected to remain so in the next few years.
Forecast for 1992: Due to the lack of catch-at-age data for 1990, the prediction for 1992 is based on the 1990 assessment, but it could indicate the likely development of the stock.
Assuming F(91) = 0.81, Basis: F~9)' Catch(91) = 199, Landings(91) = 199. Predicted Option Basis F(9Z) -S-S-B-(9-Z)--C-a-tc-h-(9-Z)-I-..-nd-g-s(-9Z-)--SS-B-(9-3-) Consequences/implications A F" 0.81 1M IE IE Apparently stable SSB .and landings Weights in '000 t.
Recommendation: ACFM prefers that fishing mortality be below the present level. The prediction indicates that this could be achieved with a catch of about 180,000 t in both 1991 and 1992. Assuming the same relative area distribution ofcatches as was observed in 1989, 80,000 t ofthe TAC will be taken in Sub-divisions 22-24, 90,000 t in Division IlIa, and 10,000 t in the northeastern part of the North Sea.
ACFM recommends that on biological grounds the TAC for the mixed c1upeoid fishery in Division IlIa should be reduced to zero, as long as the catches taken under this TAC consist mainly ofjuvenile herring.
Special comments: The assumed spring-spawning herring stock in Division IlIa and Sub-divisions 22-24 consists of a group of spring- and winter-spawning populations that cannot be separated and thus are treated as unit stock from an assessment point of view. The spring-spawning populations are the major part of this stock.
Numerous spawning sites are located in inshore shallow waters along the coast and at shallow banks in the open Kattegat. The distribution of O-group herring, however, indicates that at present the main spawning areas are located in the Baltic.
The juvenile herring appear to concentrate mainly in the Baltic-Belt Sea area and gradually, with increasing age, move into Division IlIa. As 2-group herring, the spring spawners are distributed over a large area and some join the adult population on feeding migration to the eastern parts of the North Sea and are found during the summer mainly in the Norwegian Deeps. The migrating spring spawners seem to appear in this area early in May. The time of the migration back to Division IlIa varies from year to year, but it normally begins in late September.
The main overwintering areas for the spring spawners are known to be in shallow waters in the southern Kattegat and particularly in Sub-divisions 22-24. The peak spawning occurs in March-April but components are known to spawn in February and in May.
The migration pattern ofthe spring-spawning stock in Division IlIa-southwestern Baltic has resulted in exploitation of the stock in three different management units: a) In the eastern North Sea, catches are taken in the second and third quarters. The yearly transferred catches of spring spawners have varied between 7,000 and 23,000 t, with a mean of 16,000 tin 1983-1990.
3 b) Division IlIa catches are taken all through the year, but the main catches are in the second half. The catches in the period 1983-1989 varied between 51,000 and 144,000 t, with a mean of 102,000 t. The catches are taken mainly in two fisheries: A trawl fishery using 32 mm mesh size directed at large herring, and a mixed c1upeoid trawl fishery using 16 mm mesh. The catches in the small-meshed fishery are dominated by juvenile autumn spawners, while the spring-spawners are mainly caught in the 32 mm fishery.
c) Southwestern Baltic, Sub-divisions 22-24, where the adult stock is exploited predominantly in the first half of the year. The total catches in 1983-1989 have been very stable with a mean of 104,000 t.
The assessment of the combined Division ITIa and Sub-divisions 22-24 herring only includes catches of spring spawners in the areas listed above. Catches of autumn spawners in the transfer area and in Division IlIa are not included. Prior to the 1990 assessment, only catches of 2-group and older herring were used in the Division IlIa-southwestern Baltic assessment, but in the 1990 assessment, catches at age of all age groups were included. The fisheries-independent data series used to estimate recruitment and tune the VPA are based on spring spawners only. The assessment, the recommended TAC and prognosis apply to the total distribution area of the spring spawning stock, Le., eastern North Sea, Division IlIa and Sub-divisions 22-24.
The level of the 1990 catches of spring spawners is known only from Sub-divisions 22-24 (78,000 t) and from the NE North Sea (8,000 t). The total 1990 catch was estimated from the prediction ofthe 1990 catches made last year (217,000 t). The proportion of the total catches which was taken in Division IlIa in 1989 was 44%. With the same proportion, the 1990 catch of spring spawners in Division IlIa would then be 95,000 t, making a total of 181,000 t. The 1990 catch of autumn spawners in Division IlIa would then by subtraction be 107,000 t. To calculate an area TAC for herring in Division ITIa, it would be appropriate to add to the TAC of spring spawners an allowance for the quantity of I-ringed and older North Sea herring expected to be taken in Division lIla.
The percentage of the total catch for different age groups of North Sea autumn spawners taken in Division IlIa has varied in different years. Using the average percentages per age group from 1983-1989, the expected catches of autumn spawners in Division lIla in 1991 and 1992 are 80,000 t and 41,000 t, respectively (corresponding to a total catch of North Sea autumn spawners in all areas of 503,000 t and 447,000 t). (See Section 3.1.2 of report ofNEAFC.)
4 2.1.2 Herring in Sub-divisions 25-29 (incl. Gulf of Riga) and 32
Source of information: Report of the Working Group on Assessment of Pelagic Stocks in the Baltic, April 1991 (C.M.1991/Assess: 18).
Year 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 Max' Min' Mean' Recommended TAC 293 Caleh as used by WG 290 289 268 252 286 290 246 329 252 300 Sp. stock biomass 1432 1431 1419 1375 1564 1444 1460 1785' 1637 1340 1493 Recruitment (age 1) 46.4 34.5 16.8 40.9 13.3 27.7 36.1' 32.2' 46.4 13.3 32.2 Mean F(3 -8,u) .24 .24 .26 .22 .19 .22 .19 .26 .16 .21 'Over period 1974-1988. 'Predicted or assumed. Weights in '000 t, recruitment in 10'.
Catches: Stable over the whole period 1974-1990 (250,000-300,000 t) (Table 2.1.2). The decrease in 1990 is mostly due to marketing problems.
Data and assessment: Stock estimates from the international acoustic surveys performed in October 1982-1990 in Sub-divisions 25-29 were used to tune the assessment. As fish immigrating from Sub-division 32 and the Gulf of Riga are included in acoustic stock estimates, they are also included in the assessment. Natural mortality was this year obtained from the multispecies VPA and thus reflected the changes in stock size of the main predator, cod.
Fishing mortality: Has been very stable (around 0.2) for the whole period 1974-1990 (Figure 2.1.2). It reached its highest values (0.25) during 1984-1986.
Recruitment: The inclusion of predation mortality in the assessment reveals a much more dramatic picture ofthe recruitment than seen in earlier assessments. The average of the six largest year classes is 43.4 billion compared to 24.8 for the other year classes. The 1989 year class estimate derived from the acoustic survey index is above average.
State of stock: Both the size of the spawning stock and the level of exploitation show a remarkable degree of stability at about the Fo., level.
Forecast for 1992:
Assuming F(91) = .19, Basis: F(91) = F(90), Catch(91) = 312, Landings (91) = 312. Predicted Option Basis F(92) SSB(92) Caleh(92) SSB(93) F(93) Catch(93) SSB(94) A 0.9 = F(90) .17 2,010 311 2,214 .17 341 2,379
B FO.I = F(90) .19 1,999 343 2,172 .19 371 2,310 C 1.10 = F(90) .21 1,989 394 2,132 .21 400 2,243 Weights in '000 t.
Continued fishing at current levels of fishing mortality will lead to an increase in catches and in stock size due to improved recruitment.
Recommendation: ACFM prefers that fishing mortality in 1992 and 1993 remains near the present level.
Special comments: Separate assessments on the stock components in the Gulf of Riga and of coastal herring in Sub-divisions 25-26 indicate that no increase of the catches for these areas is justifiable.
5 2.1.3 Herring in Sub-division 30, Bothnian Sea
Source of information: Report of the Working Group on Assessment of Pelagic Stocks in the Baltic, April 1991 (C.M.19911Assess: 18).
Year 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 Max' MinI Mean' Recommended TAC 32 Catch as used by WG 26 26 26 25 28 29 31 29 25 27 Sp. stock biomass 203 211 235 266 257 315 375 452' 375 164 227 Recruitment (age 1) 5890 4861 1136 3284 1070 7549 5324 5044' 7549 744 3124 Mean F(2-6,u) 0.12 0.11 0.11 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.08 0.13 0.07 0.10 'Over period 1974-1990. 'Predicted or assumed. Weights in '000 t, recruitment in millions.
Catches: In recent years catches have slightly increased (Table 2.1.2).
Data and assessment: Analytical assessment using catch-in-number data and VPA tuned with effort data.
F1shing mortality: Present F below FO•1 (= .19) (Figure 2.1.3).
Recruitment: Varied without trend.
State of stock: Increased SSB in 1990 due to the strong 1988 year class.
Forecast for 1992:
Assuming F(91) = 0.08, Basis: F(90), Catch(91) = 36, Landings (91) = 36.
Predicted Option Basis F(92) SSB(92) Calch(92) SSB(93) F(93) Catch(93) SSB(94)
A 0.9 F90 0.07 497 35 516 .07 36 506
BF90 0.08 497 39 512 .08 39 499
C 1.1xF90 0.09 496 46 503 .09 43 491 Weights in '000 l.
Continued fishing at current levels of fishing mortality will lead to increased catches and SSB.
Recommendation: ACFM prefers that fishing mortality in 1992 and 1993 remains near the present level.
Special comments: The area ofthe analytical assessment is enlarged compared to last year's assessment, and now includes catches from the western part of Sub-division 30.
6 2.1.4 Herring in Sub-division 31, Bothnian Bay
Source or information: Report of the Working Group on Assessment of Pelagic Stocks in the Baltic, April 1991 (C.M.199lfAssess:18).
Year 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 Max' Min' Mean' Recommended TAC 9 9 .' 9 13 ,,;,7 9 9 13 7 9 Catch as used by WG 8.9 9.3 9.1 8.1 8.8 4.4 7.8 9.3 4.4 8.1 Sp. stock biomass 67 80 89 93 95 98 100 1322 100 54 73 Recruitment (age 1) 1171 566 543 819 302 2323 932 3032 2323 270 855 Mean F(2-6,u) 0.10 0.11 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.05 0.06 0.13 0.05 0.09 'Over period 1974-1990. 2Predicted or assumed. 'Precautionary TAC based on recent catch levels. Weights in '000 t, recruitment in millions.
Catches: After the decline in 1989 the catches increased to close to the former level (fable 2.1.2).
Data and assessment: Analytical assessment using catch-in-number data and VPA tuned with effort data.
Fishing mortality: Below Fo.t (= .17) (Figure 2.1.4).
Recruitment: The yearly variation is great. The year class of 1988 is strong and that of 1990 is estimated to be below average.
State or stock: SSB increasing due to the strong 1988 year class.
Forecast ror 1992:
Assuming F(91) = 0.06, Basis: F(90), Catch(91) = 8.3, Landings (91) = 8.3.
Predicted Option Basis F(92) SSB(92) Catch(92) SSB(93) F(93) Catch(93) SSB(94) A 0.40 F., 0.05 136 7 132 0.05 7 133 B F., 0.06 136 8 131 0.06 8 131 C 1.1 F., 0.07 135 9 130 0.07 9 130 Weights in '000 t.
Continued fishing at current levels of fishing mortality will lead to stable catches and increased SSB.
Recommendation: ACFM prefers that fishing mortality in 1992 and 1993 remains near the present level.
Special comments: The area of the analytical assessment is enlarged compared to last year's assessment, and now includes catches from the western part of Sub-division 31.
7 2.2 Sprat
2.2.1 Sprat in Sub-divisions 22-32
Source of information: Report ofthe Working Group on Assessment ofPelagic Stocks in the Baltic, April 1991 (C.M.199I1Assess: 18).
Year 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 Max' Min' Mean' Recommended TAC 50 68 72' 72' 150 Agreed TAC 57.9 84.8 105.0 117.2 117.2 142 150 163 Catch as used by WG 52 69 76 88 80 86 86 242 36 99 Sp. stock biomass 529 564 552 449 483 458 1017 1315' 809 144 444 Recruitment (age 1 87.8 58.7 20.7 64.7 12.6 184.3 152.7 131.0' 220 12.6 75.5 Mean F(2-6,u) .13 .13 .15 .20 .17 .15 .11 .37 .10 .24 'Over period 1974-1988. 'Predicted or assumed. 'For Sub-divisions 26-32. Weights in '000 t, recruitment in 10'.
Catches: Total catches have increased from a minimum in 1983 of 36,000 t to about 86,000 t both in 1989 and 1990 (Table 2.2.2).
Data and assessment: The assessment is based on catch in numbers at age and two series of stock estimates from acoustic surveys. The values for natural mortality were adopted from a multispecies VPA in which predation mor tality by cod is taken into account.
Fishing mortality: Fishing mortality has decreased from a level of 0.3-0.4 to 0.1 in 1983 (Figure 2.2.2). There after it went up to 0.2 in 1987 and in 1990 was again around 0.1.
Recruitment: Recruitment is very variable. The year classes of 1975, 1982, 1988 and 1989 and probably 1990 have been very large (mean 188 x 10' at age I) as compared with the remaining year classes between 1973 and 1987 (54 x 10').
State of stock: Recent high recruitment, a decreasing cod stock, and stable catches will cause a substantial in crease in stock size. The present level of exploitation is far below Fo., (=0.58).
Forecast for 1992:
Assuming F(91) = 0.11, Basis: F(91)=F(90), Catch(91) = 121, Landings (91) = 121. Predicted Option Basis F(92) SSB(92) Catch(92) SSB(93) F(93) Catch(93) SSB(94) A 0.9 F., 0.10 1,543 130 1,508 0.10 140 1,416 B F., 0.11 1,538 143 1,492 0.11 154 1,392 C 1.1 F., 0.12 1,533 157 1,475 0.12 167 1,368 Weights in '000 t.
Continued fishing at current levels of fishing mortality will lead to increased catches and stock size as a result of good recruitment.
Recommendation: ACFM prefers that fishing mortality in 1992 and 1993 remains near the present level.
8 3 BALTIC DEMERSAL STOCKS
3.1 Cod
Catches of both cod stocks in the Baltic have declined steadily in the last years. Total landings have been highest in 1984 at 441,000 t and reached 171,000 t in 1990 (Tables 3.1.1- 3.1.4).
3.1.1 Environmental conditions
Cod in the Baltic Sea is at the edge of its distribution area. Low salinities in combination with poor oxygen conditions in deep waters are likely to limit spawning success in the major cod spawning areas of the Gotland and Gdansk Deeps. Oxygen deficiencies have also been observed in another major cod spawning area at the Bornholm Basin. An improvement is dependent solely on an influx of North Sea water into the central Baltic. Such an influx has not, however, been observed for more than 10 years. Because an improvement of the spawning conditions in the deep basins will not take place for at least half a year after an influx of North Sea water into the Bornholm Basin, no significant recruitment in the eastern Baltic cod stock is expected to occur during the next 3-4 years.
3.1.2 Management guidelines
The spawning stock biomass of the eastern stock has declined rapidly from about 800,000 t in 1984 to about 200,000 t in 1990, the lowest value observed in the available time series (1970-1990). ACFM notes that continued fishing at present levels will rapidly reduce the stock biomass even further. The safest approach would be to cease fishing and thereby protect the remaining biomass to allow cod to take advantage of eventual improvements in en vironmental conditions. If fishing is allowed, it should be kept to the lowest possible level in order to save spawning cod in the Baltic until conditions for reproduction improve.
This resource could be considered as almost non-renewable. With continued low recruitment and present fishing mortality, the spawning stock may within a few years reach a level which is less than half ofthe lowest observed. The rate of recovery from such a low biomass level after a possible improvement of'environmental conditions is unknown.
The western stock also suffers from continued recruitment failure. High fishing mortalities have rapidly reduced the spawning stock to the lowest level observed in the available time series. A substantial reduction in fishing mortality is necessary in order to increase the stock above its present record low level.
9 3.1.3 Cod in Sub-divisions 22 and 24
Source ofinformation: Report ofthe Working Group on Assessment ofDemersal Stocks in the Baltic, April 1991 (C.M.19911Assess: 16). Year 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 Maxi Min' Meanl Recommended TAC -' <33 <24 9 16 14 8 11 Agreed TAC -' -' -' Discards/slipping 2 I 3 0 0 3 0 <1 Cstch as used by WG 48 39 26 27 28 18 16 54 16 40 Sp. stock biomass 38 40 24 17 25 24 17 162 49 17 36 Recruitment (age I) 30 24 68 41 12 23 161 322 145 12 73 Mean F(3-7,u) 0.85 1.28 1.57 0.91 0.90 0.90 0.93 1.57 0.72 1.00 lOver period 1970-1990. 2Predicted or assumed. 'ACFM recommended that F should be reduced. 'Included in TAC for total Baltic. Weights in '000 t, recruitment in millions.
Catches: Stable catches until 1984. Since then decreasing gradually to 16,000 t in 1990 (fable 3.1.3).
Data and assessment: Analytical assessment based on catch-at-age data. Recruitment indices derived from several surveys. VPA tuning based on 5 sets of effort data.
Fishing mortality: Peaked in 1985-1986 and decreased thereafter to a level of about 0.9, which far exceeds F""" (0.24) (Figure 3.1.3).
Recruitment: Decreasing trend observed in last 20 years. Last significant year class was that of 1985, followed by 3 year classes at an historically low level. The 1990 year class is somewhat higher but is still less than 50% of long-term mean.
State of stock: SSB at historically low level.
Forecast for 1992:
Assuming F(91) = 0.93, Basis: F 90, Catch(91) = 15, Landings (91) = 15. Predicted Option Basis F(92) Consequences/implications SSB(92) Catch(92) Landgs(92) SSB(93) A 0.2FOl 0.19 15 4 4 29 B 0.6FOl 0.56 11 11 22 } Increase of stocle C 0.8 FOl 0.75 13 13 19 D FOl 0.93 16 16 17 SSB remains at record low level Weights in '000 l.
Continued fishing at current levels of fishing mortality will lead to unchanged stock size at a very low level.
Recommendation: High fishing mortalities and recruitment failure have reduced the spawning stock to the lowest level observed in the available time series. A substantial reduction in fishing mortality is necessary in order to increase the stock above its present record low level (see Sections 3.1.1 and 3.1.2).
ACFM reiterates its recommendation that this stock be managed as a unit separate from that in Sub-divisions 25-32.
Special comments: If the two Baltic cod stocks are managed as one unit, the distribution offishing effort between the stocks cannot be controlled. A relatively small shift of effort from the larger eastern stock to the small western stock may endanger the western stock or prevent it from recovering from its present low level.
10 3.1.4 Cod in Sub-divisions 25-32
Source ofinformation: Report ofthe Working Group on Assessment ofDemersal Stocks in the Baltic, April 1991 (C.M.19911Assess: 16).
Year 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 Max' Min' Mean' Recommended TAC <274 <162 <232 <245 150 179 129 122 Agreed TAC 220' 210.5' 171' Catch as used by WG 391 315 253 207 194 179 154 391 118 226 Sp. stock biomass 773 606 432 370 359 292 229 179' 823 229 489 Recruitment (age 2) 278 225 240 336 211 132' 170' 95' 773 132 372 Mean F(4-7,u) .89 .75 1.15 .96 .86 1.06 1.15 1.15 .51 .82 'Over penod 1971-1990. 'Pre Catches: Catches were at a high level (300,000-400,000 t) in the period 1980-1985 (Table 3.1.4). During 1986 1990, a substantial decrease was observed. No agreed TAC and quota separately for this stock. Agreed TACs for total Baltic only for 1989-1991. Data and assessment: Analytical assessment based on catch-at-age data. Effort data used for VPA tuning. Recruitment estimates from national young fish surveys. Fishing mortality: Fishing mortality in 1990 was at a record high level, and well above Fmax (0.31) (Figure 3.1.4). Recruitment: All year classes produced since 1986 are expected to be among the lowest on record. State of stock: SSB at a historically low level. Forecast for 1992: Assuming F(91) = 1.15, Basis: F"" Catch(91) = 115, Landings (91) = 115. Predicted Option Basis F(92) Conseqnences/implications SSB(92) Catch(92) Landgs(92) SSB(93) A 0.2 F90 .23 143 25 25 198 B 0.6 F90 .69 65 65 151 } SSB remains below 1990 level, the current lowest on record C 0.8 F90 .92 80 80 133 D F90 1.15 92 92 118 Weights in '000 l. Continued fishing at current levels of fishing mortality will lead to a further decrease in SSB. Recommendation: ACFM notes that continued fishing at present levels will rapidly reduce the stock biomass even further. The safest approach would be to cease fishing and thereby protect the remaining biomass to allow cod to take advantage of eventual improvements in environmental conditions. If fishing is allowed, it should be kept to the lowest possible level in order to save spawning cod in the Baltic until conditions for reproduction improve (see Sections 3.1.1 and 3.1.2). Special comments: ACFM reiterates its recommendation that this stock be managed as a unit separate from that in Sub-divisions 22 and 24. II 3.1.5 Square mesh The ICES Working Group on Fishing Technology and Fish Behaviour has reviewed the available literature on gear constructions for improving fish size selectivity. Square mesh panels have been shown to increase the selection factor, but for cod there is no evidence of an effect on the selection range which would enhance the conservation of young cod. Relevant research has yet to be carried out in the Baltic on the utility of introducing square mesh. However, given the current low abundance of young cod in the Baltic, experiments with square meshes are not expected at this time to yield conclusive results. 3.1.6 Closure of cod fishery in the Baltic during March and April In the short term, a closure of the cod fishery during the months of March and April will decrease total catches from both stocks by more than 20%, if fishing does not increase in other months. As mentioned in Section 3.1.2, ACFM considers that an immediate reduction of the fishing effort for Baltic cod stocks is required to maintain the spawning stocks until environmental conditions for the survival ofeggs and larvae have improved. The reduction in effort can also be achieved by direct effort limitations in addition to restricting fishing during other seasons if a spawning closure is instituted. ACFM notes that reduced fishing on spawning grounds is not expected, by itself, to have a direct positive impact on recruitment. 3.2 Flounder 3.2.1 By-catch rate for flounder in Sub-division 26 Data on by-catches of flounder in the cod fishery in Sub-division 26 were not available. Therefore, ACFM was not in a position to evaluate the effect of increasing the existing by-catch limit from 10% to 30%. Observations suggest that the flounder stock is in a good condition. With the decline ofthe cod stock, an increasing percentage by-catch of other species in the cod fishery is to be expected. No information is available that justifies the present 10% by-catch rule. 3.2.2 Trawl ban on the Oderbank Plateau The Oderbank Plateau is a nursery area, especially for flounder and turbot. To protect these young fish and to avoid discard problems, ACFM recommends that a closed area for trawling be established on the Oderbank Plateau. The protected area should, as a minimum, cover the former nationally-protected area defined by the coordinates given below, and should preferably be extended to cover the whole Oderbank Plateau within a depth of less than 10 m (Figure 3.2.2). The coordinates are: 54°23'N 14°35'E 54°14'N 14°25'E 54°17'N 14°17'E 54°24'N 14°11'E 54°27'N 14°25'E 12 4 BALTIC SALMON STOCKS 4.1 Baltic Salmon in the Main Basin and the Gulf of Bothnia (Sub-divisions 24-31) Source of information: Report of the Baltic Salmon and Trout Assessment Working Group, March 1991 (C.M.19911Assess: 13). Landings and recruitment Year 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 Landings (t) 3,391 3,755 3,188 3,634 2,907 3,691 4,809' Landings ('000 fish) Wild' 146 170 125 130 95 86 88' Reared 728 824 722 763 610 897 926 Total 874 994 847 893 705 983 1,014 Recruitment to Sub-divisions 24-31 (in million smolls) Wild' 0.47 0.42 0.41 0.41 0.40 0.41 0.42 0.424 Reared 3.53 4.43 5.05 5.56 5.68 5.23 4.31 4.294 Total 4.00 5.69 5.46 5.97 6.08 5.64 4.73 4.714 Recruitment to Fishery (VPA, millions) Wild 0.23 .13 .15 .08 .10 .104 Reared 0.91 .92 .94 .57 1.49 1.064 0.874 'Preliminary data. 'The landings ofwild fish are estimated using scale-reading techniques. Partly incomplete sampling makes these estimates somewhat uncertain. 'Crude estimates. 4Assumed. Catches: The fishing effort in the Main Basin eased during the latter part of the 1989-90 season due to marketing problems. In spite of that, the catches in Sub-divisions 24-31 for the year 1990 are estimated to have increased by 30% compared with 1989 (fable 4.1 and Figure 4.1). The coastal catches in the Gulf of Bothnia have tripled compared to recent years despite relatively constant fishing effort. This increased catch is due mainly to reduced fishing effort in the Main Basin combined with increased recruitment to the fishery due to the improved post-smolt survival rate of the 1988 year class. Data and assessment: Catch-at-age data were available from Denmark and partial data were available from Finland, Poland and Sweden. CPUE and effort data were available from Denmark, Finland and USSR separately for long-lines and drift-nets. Tagging data were available from Sweden, Finland, USSR and Denmark. These data, together with data from scale samples, were used for assessments made by VPA. Fishing mortality: Fishing effort in the offshore fishery was somewhat reduced in the spring of 1990 and autumn of 1991 due to marketing problems. Exploitation rates are still high, for example 95% of reared salmon surviving the smolt stage are captured (data from River Lule stock). Recruitment: Around 90% of the recruits are of reared origin and the recruitment to the fishery is, therefore, almost entirely dependent on smolt survival of reared stocks. The prediction for the 1988 year class as a strong year class has been confirmed. Available data for the 1989 year class are partly contradictory; CPUE and age composition indicate a strong year class whereas discard rates of0+ group salmon so far indicate average recruit ment. 13 State of stock: All wild stocks in the Gulf of Bothnia suffer from low escapement. Estimates for the reared River Lule stock indicate that between 1965 and 1989 the escapement has varied between 0.6 and 2.3 per mille of the released smolts, barely sufficient for rearing purposes. The 1990 escapements (3.1 per mille) were sufficient for rearing purposes. In the Main Basin the wild stock of the River Miirrum is in a good state. Numbers of spawners are estimated to be sufficient for natural production, although some of them are of reared origin. For other rivers in the Main Basin, anthropogenic factors seem to have a greater impact than fishing on the production of smolts. Enforced seasonal restrictions in Sub-divisions 24-31 for 1991: Gear Area Closed season Drifting or anchored nets Baltic convention area 15 June - 15 September Drifting or anchored lines Baltic convention area 1 April - 15 November Finnish trap net fishery Gulf of Bothnia S Until 6 June Finnish trap net fishery Gulf of Bothnia M Until 11 June Finnish trap net fishery Gulf of Bothnia N Until 19 June Forecast for 1991: No prediction ofthe catch in 1991 was made, but it was assumed to be within the agreed TAC of 3,350 t, corresponding to approximately 750,000 fish. Catch options: At present, no methods are available for predicting the recruitment to the fishery with reasonable accuracy because oflarge variations in post-smolt survival rates. Therefore catch forecasts remain uncertain. Cur rent exploitation rates are too high for safe-guarding of the wild stocks. In order to improve conditions of wild stocks, an escapement in the order of 2,500 females in the Main Basin and 3,500 females in the Gulf ofBothnia is considered necessary. Provided that the TAC for 1991 is not exceeded and that post-smolt survival of the 1990 and 1991 year classes is average, this would correspond to a TAC in numbers of fish of wild and reared origin of 688,000 for 1992. In the Bothnian Sea, an additional catch of roughly 30,000 fish of the River Neva stock is likely to be taken. The catches in weight will be sensitive to growth rates and exploitation patterns (see Special comments). Special comments: Landings in weight: Total landings in weight are sensitive to weight at age and exploitation patterns. Samples in 1990 suggest high weights in all age groups. The proportion of catches in the coastal fishery has also increased. The mean weight of catches is higher in the coastal fishery than in the offshore fishery. Combined with the high survival of the 1988 year class, these changes have increased the total catches in weight above those previously estimated for 1990. The coastal catches in weight in 1991 are expected to be at the high level of 1990. Means of reducing exploitation of wild salmon stocks: A reduction ofthe exploitation of wild salmon stocks will increase returns of reared salmon to sites of release. At release sites with no wild stocks, high exploitation rates can be allowed without harmful effects on wild stocks. Reductions in the exploitation rates of wild salmon are required in order to save these stocks. The effect of the agreed TAC cannot yet be evaluated. Possible additional measures include: 1) increased mesh size in drift nets, 2) reduction in the numbers of gear per boat, 3) extension of temporal restrictions and 4) extension of areal restrictions. 14 Measures likely to be implemented should be identified by management bodies so that these can be subjected to further quantitative evaluation with respect to the objective of safe guarding the wild stocks. Drastic measures and combinations of measures are likely to be necessary in order to ensure that the wild salmon reach the rivers. Results of a drift-net experiment suggest that increased escapement of both wild and reared fish can be achieved by a mesh size of 180 mm provided that total effort is regulated. Total catches in weight will increase after a transition period. 15 4.2 Salmon in the Gulf of Finland (Sub-division 32) Source of information: Report of the Baltic Salmon and Trout Assessment Working Group, March 1991 (C.M.19911Assess: 13). Landings and recruitment Year 1984 1985 1986 1981 1988 1989 1990 1991 Landings (t) 264 219 404 353 261 398 399' Landings ('000 fish) 19 90 122 124 13 115 89 Smolt production - Sub-division 32 ('000) Wild' 20 20 20 15 15 15 15 Reared 1-yr 61 131 224 160 161 223 250' Reared 2-yr 486 401 366 409 261 301 241' Total 513 564 610 584 443 545 512' Recruitment to the Fisbery (VPA) 49 165 163 18 133 104' 111' 'Preliminary data. 'Assumed. Catches: The catches in 1990 are estimated to have increased slightly compared to 1989 (Table 4.1). Data and assessment: Catch at age was based on tagging data, available from Finland and USSR. Incomplete data are available on wild fish in the catches. Effort data are incomplete. Fishing mortality: Fishing mortality in the offshore fishery was reduced in 1990 but the total exploitation rate is high. Recruitment: More than 95 % of the recruits to the fishery are of reared origin, thus the recruitment is entirely dependent on reared post-smolt survival. . State of stock: The status of wild stocks is poor. Forecast for 1992: Assuming F(91) = F(90), Catch in numbers ('000) (91) = 88, Catch in weight (t)(91) = 397 Option Landings ('000) Landings (t) F92 = F., 94 421 The forecast assumes the exploitation pattern for 1990 is unchanged and that the post-smolt survival rate is at the level of years 1987-1989. Continued fishing at current levels of fishing mortality will not allow an improvement of wild stocks. Special comments: The observed decrease of longline fishing effort is likely to increase yield per released smolt. 16 4.3 Sea Trout Catches of sea trout are shown in Table 4.3. Catches in Polish rivers have increased in 1990 as a consequence of increased stockings, higher survival rates ofpost-smolts and reduced offshore exploitation in the Baltic Main Basin. Northern stocks (north of59°30'N) are coastal and can be managed on a national basis. Southern stocks are widely migrating and exploited in a mixed salmon-sea trout offshore fishery. 17 Table l.l Nominal fish catches in the Baltic from 1973-1990 (in '000 t). Anadromous species, except salmon, not included. (Data as officially reported to ICES.) Species Year Total Cod Herring Sprat Flatfish Salmon Freshwater species Others 1973 189 404 213 18 2.7 23 55 905 1974 189 407 242 21 2.9 21 54 937 1975 234 415 201 24 2.9 20 60 957 1976 255 393 195 19 3.1 21 46 932 1977 213 413 211 22 2.4 22 42 925 1978 196 420 132 23 2.0 22 44 839 1979 273 459 78 24 2.3 20 47 903 1980 392 465 58 19 2.5 21 29 987 1981 383 432 47 17 2.4 19 31 931 1982 366 453 48 17 2.3 18 30 934 1983 380 474 31 16 2.6 18 20 942 1984 446 437 54 15 4.0 18 17 991 1985 348 442 71 17 4.3 16 16 914 1986 273 411 78 18 3.7 13 19 816 1987 238 373 91 16 3.8 13 24 759 1988 225 407 86 14 3.2 13 31 779 1989 192 414 89 14 4.2 14 18 745 1990 167 360 92 12 5.6 11 18 666 18 Table 1.2 Nominal catch (toooes) of HERRING in Divisions lIIb,c,d, 1963-1990. (Data as officially reported to ICES.) Year Denmark Finland German Germany, Poland Sweden USSR Total Dem.Rep. Fed.Rep. 1963 14,991 48,632 10,900 16,588 28,370 27,691 78,580' 225,752 1964 29,329 34,904 7,600 16,355 19,160 31,297 84,956 223,601 1965 20,058 44,916 11,300 14,971 20,724 31,0822 83,265 226,216 1966 22,950 41,141 18,600 18,252 27,743 30,511 92,112 251,309 1967 23,550 42,931 42,900 23,546 32,143 36,900 108,154 310,124 1968 21,516 58,700 39,300 16,367 41,186 53,256 124,627 354,952 1969 18,508 56,252 19,100 15,116 37,085 30,167 118,974 295,202 1970 16,682 51,205 38,000 18,392 46,018 31,757 110,040 312,094 1971 23,087 57,188 41,800 16,509 43,022 32,351 120,728 334,685 1972 16,081 53,758 58,100 10,793 45,343 41,721 118,860 344,656 1973 24,834 67,071 65,605 8,779 51,213 59,546 127,124 404,172 1974 19,509 73,066 70,855 9,446 55,957 60,352 117,896 407,081 1975 18,295 69,581 71,726 10,147 68,533 62,791 113,684 414,757 1976 23,087 75,581 58,077 6,573 63,850 41,841 124,479 393,488 1977 25,467 78,051 62,450 7,660 60,212 52,871 126,000 412,711 1978 26,620 89,792 46,261 7,808 63,850 54,629 130,642 419,602 1979 33,761 83,130 50,241 7,786 79,168 86,078 118,655 458,819 1980 29,350 87,240 59,187 9,873 68,614 92,923 118,074 465,261 1981 28,424 78,049 56,643 9,124 64,005 84,500 110,782 431,527 1982 40,289 85,000 50,868 8,928 76,329 92,675 99,175 453,264 1983 32,657 98,390 51,991 9,273 82,329 86,561 112,370 473,571 1984 32,272 97,277 50,073 8,166 78,326 65,519 105,577 437,210 1985 27,847 98,999 51,607 9,079 85,865 57,554 110,783 441,734 1986 21,598 94,045 53,061 9,382 77,109 39,909 115,665 410,769 1987 23,283 82,522' 50,037 6,199 60,616 36,446 113,844 372,947 1988 29,950 92,824' 53,539 5,699 60,624 41,828 122,849 407,313 1989 26,654 81,122' 54,828 5,777 58,328 65,032 121,784 413,525 1990 16,237 66,078' 40,187 5,152 60,919 55,174 116,478 360,225 'Including Division IlIa. 2Large quantity of herring used for industrial purposes is included with "Unsorted and Unidentified Fish". 'Includes some by-eatch of sprat. 19 Table 1.3 Nominal catch (tonnes) of SPRAT in Divisions IIIb,c,d, 1963-1990. (Data as officially reported to ICES.) Year Denmark Finland German Germany, Poland Sweden USSR Total Dem.Rep. Fed.Rep. 1963 2,525 1,399 8,000 507 10,693 101 45,8201 69,045 1964 3,890 2,111 14,700 1,575 17,431 58 55,753 95,518 1965 1,805 1,637 11,200 518 16,863 46 52,829 84,898 1966 1,816 2,048 21,200 366 13,579 38 52,407 91,454 1967 3,614 1,896 11,100 2,930 12,410 55 40,582 72,587 1968 3,108 10,200 1,054 14,741 112 55,050 84,265 1969 1,917 1,118 7,500 377 17,308 134 90,525 118,879 1970 2,948 1,265 8,000 161 20,171 31 120,478 153,054 1971 1,833 994 16,100 113 31,855 69 133,850 184,814 1972 1,602 972 14,000 297 38,861 102 151,460 207,294 1973 4,128 1,854 13,001 1,150 49,835 6,310 136,510 212,788 1974 10,246 1,035 12,506 864 61,969 5,497 149,535 241,652 1975 9,076 2,854 11,840 580 62,445 31 114,608 201,434 1976 13,046 3,778 7,493 449 56,079 713 113,217 194,775 1977 16,933 3,213 17,241 713 50,502 433 121,700 210,735 1978 10,797 2,373 13,710 570 28,574 807 75,529 132,360 1979 8,897 3,125 4,019 489 13,868 2,240 45,727 78,365 1980 4,714 2,311 151 706 16,033 2,388 31,359 57,662 1981 8,415 1,847 78 505 11,205 1,510 23,881 47,441 1982 6,663 4,550 1,086 581 14,188 1,890 18,866 47,824 1983 2,861 855 2,693 550 8,492 1,747 13,725 30,923 1984 3,450 2,436 2,762 642 10,954 7,807 25,891 53,942 1985 2,417 2,923 1,950 638 22,156 7,111 34,003 71,198 1986 5,693 3,237 2,514 392 26,967 2,573 36,484 77,860 1987 8,617 287' 1,308 392 34,887 870 44,888 91,249 1988 6,869 495' 1,234 254 25,359 7,307 44,181 85,699 1989 9,235 222' 1,166 576 20,597 3,453 53,995 89,244 1990 8,858 162' 518 905 14,299 7,485 59,737 91,964 IInciuding Division IlIa. 'Some by-eatch of sprat included in herring. 20 Table 1.4 Nominal catch (tonnes) of COD in Divisions IITh,c,d, 1963-1990. (Data as officially reported to ICES.) Year Denmark Finland German Germany, Poland Sweden USSR Total Dem.Rep. Fed.Rep. 1963 35,851 12 7,800 10,077 47,514 22,827 30,550' 154,631 1964 34,539 16 5,100 13,105 39,735 16,222 24,494 133,211 1965 35,990 23 5,300 12,682 41,498 15,736 22,420 133,649 1966 37,693 26 6,000 10,534 56,007 16,182 38,269 164,711 1967 39,844 27 12,800 11,173 56,003 17,784 42,975 180,606 1968 45,024 70 18,700 13,573 63,245 18,508 43,611 202,731 1969 45,164 58 21,500 14,849 60,749 16,656 41,582 200,558 1970 43,443 70 17,000 17,621 68,440 13,664 32,248 192,486 1971 47,563 3 9,800 14,333 54,151 12,945 20,906 159,701 1972 60,331 8 11,500 13,814 56,746 13,762 30,140 186,301 1973 66,846 95 11,268 25,081 49,790 16,134 20,083 189,297 1974 58,659 160 9,013 20,101 48,650 14,184 38,131 188,898 1975 63,860 298 14,740 21,483 69,318 15,168 49,289 234,156 1976 77,570 278 8,548 24,096 70,466 22,802 51,516 255.276 1977 74,495 310 10,967 31,560 47,703 18,327 29,680 213,042 1978 50,907 1,446 9,345 16,918 64,113 15,996 37,200 195,925 1979 60,071 2,938 8,997 18,083 79,697 24,003 78,730 272,519 1980 76,015 5,962 7,406 16,363 123,486 34,089 124,359 391,8312 1981 93,155 5,681 12,938 15,082 120,942 44,300 87,746 382,609' 1982 98,230 8,126 11,368 19,247 92,541 44,807 86,906 365,5254 1983 108,862 8,927 10,521 22,521 76,474 54,876 92,248 380,024' 1984 121,297 9,162 9,886 39,632 93,429 65,788 100,761 446,309' 1985 107,614 7,224 6,593 24,199 63,260 54,723 78,127 347,6307 1986 98,081 4,831 3,179 18,243 43,237 48,804 52,148 273,119" 1987 85,544 2,309 5,114 17,127 32,667 50,186 39,203 237,717' 1988 75,019 2,903 4,634 16,388 33,351 58,027 28,137 225,374'0 1989 66,235 1,913 2,147 14,637 31,855 55,919 14,722 191,927" 1990 56,702 1,667 1,630 7,225 28,730 54,473 13,461 167,44612 'Including Division rna. 2Jncludes catches by the Faroe Islands of 1,250 t and United Kingdom (England & Wales) of 2,901 t. 'Includes catches by the Faroe Islands of 2,765 t. 4Includes catches by the Faroe Islands of 4,300 t. 'Includes catches by the Faroe Islands of 6,065 t. 'Includes catches by the Faroe Islands of 6,354 t. 'Includes catches by the Faroe Islands of 5,890 t. 'Includes catches by the Faroe Islands of 4,596 t. "Includes catches by the Faroe Islands of 5,567 t. '''Includes catches by the Faroe Islands of 6,915 t. "Includes catches by the Faroe Islands of 4,499 t. 12Includes catches by the Faroe Islands of 3,558 t. 21 Table 1.5 Nominal catch (tonnes) of FLATFISH in Divisions IIIb,c,d, 1963-1990. (Data as officially reported to ICES.) Year Denmark Finland German Germany, Poland Sweden USSR Total Dem.Rep. Fed.Rep. 1963 9,888 3,390 794 2,794 1,026 1,460' 19,862 1964 9,592 4,600 905 1,582 1,147 4,420 22,246 1965 8,877 2,300 899 2,418 1,140 5,471 21,105 1966 7,590 2,900 647 3,817 1,113 5,328 21,395 1967 8,773 3,400 786 2,675 1,077 4,259 20,970 1968 9,047 3,600 769 4,048 1,047 4,653 23,164 1969 8,693 2,800 681 3,545 953 4,167 20,839 1970 7,937 2,200 606 3,962 464 3,731 18,900 1971 7,212 2,500 553 4,093 415 4,088 18,861 1972 6,817 3,200 542 4,940 412 3,950 19,861 1973 6,181 3,419 655 4,278 724 2,550 17,807 1974 9,686 55' 2,390 628 4,668 653 2,515 20,595 1975 8,257 100 2,172 937 5,139 658 6,455 23,718 1976 7,572 194 2,801 836 4,394 582 3,018 19,397 1977 7,239 203 3,378 960 4,879 484 4,754 21,897 1978 9,184 390 4,034 1,106 5,418 396 2,500 23,028 1979 10,376 399 4,396 665 5,137 450 2,670 24,093 1980 8,276 428 3,286 460 3,429 427 2,305 18,611 1981 6,674 418 3,031 704 2,958 434 2,323 16,542 1982 5,818 421 3,608 543 4,214 250 2,596 17,450 1983 6,000 368 3,957 751 2,809 217 2,371 16,473 1984 5,165 329 3,173 662 3,865 176 1,859 15,229 1985 6,506 391 4,290 542 3,533 170 1,528 16,960 1986 6,808 105 3,480 494 5,044 250 1,438 17,619 1987 5,734 58 2,457 757 4,468 273 2,194 15,941 1988 5,092 69 3,227 759 3,030 281 1,605 14,063 1989 4,597 70 3,822 644 2,946 245 1,723 14,047 1990 5,682 59 1,722 820 2,253 257 1,427 12,220 'Including Division IlIa. 'Excluding subsistence fisheries. 22 Table 2.1.1.1 HERRING, catch in tonnes in Sub-divisions 22 and 24, as reported to the Working Group. Country 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 Delllllark 12,383 9,659 7,221 8,098 4,583 4,583 23,762 German Oem. Rep. 40,678 46,749 58,501 54,501 50,739 50,739 49,022 Germany, Fed. Rep. 6,849 6,672 9,323 8,300 8,300 8,300 7,085 Poland 6,335 10,276 13,605 13,366 16,868 16,868 14,250 Sweden 6,550 10, 151 12,010 7,660 6,536 6,536 7,689 Total 72,795 85,543 100,337 90,159 107,519 108,103 101,808 Country 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 Denmark 15,942 14,046 32,462 33,075 21,730 13,559 German Oem. Rep. 46,749 51,180 47,267 49,488 51,207 40,193 Germany, Fed. Rep. 7,888 8,850 5,806 5,188 5,166 5,308 Poland 16,721 12,344 7,997 6,590 8,524 9,662 Sweden 11,373 5,946 7,814 4,586 6,327 8,051 Total 101,870 92,066 101,346 98,927 92,954 76,773 Table 2.1.1.2 HERRING, catch in tonnes in Sub-division 23, as reported to the Workinq Group. Country 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 Denmark 4,090 8,817 6,313 8,098 7,139 4,583 6,935 Sweden 1,000 1,860 2,400 2,000 2,460 2,416 800 Total 5,091 10,677 8,713 10,098 9,599 6,999 7,735 Country 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 Denmark 6,849 1,490 754 102 1,528 1,140 Sweden 1 , 113 1,365 172 117 102 83 Total 7,962 2,855 926 219 1,630 1,223 23 Table 2.1.1.3 HERRING, catch in tonnes in Division IlIa of both spring spawners and North Sea autumn spawners (data provided by the Herring Assessment Working Group for the Area South of 62 0 N). Country 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 Skaqerrak Denmark 7,753 8,729 22,811 45,525 43,328 54,102 64,421 Faroe Islands 1,041 817 526 900 715 1,980 891 Germany, Fed. Rep. 28 181 199 43 40 Norway 4,131 4,719 4,145 7,230 11,700 3,334 1,494 Sweden 11,551 8,140 10,701 30,274 24,859 35,176 59,195 Sub-total 25,504 22,586 38,183 83,876 80,645 94,632 126,201 Katteqat Denmark 29,241 21,337 25,380 48,922 38,609 62,901 71,359 Sweden 35,193 25,272 18,260 38,871 38,892 40,463 35,027 Sub-total 64,434 46,609 43,640 87,833 77,501 103,364 106,386 Division IlIa total 88,938 69,195 81,823 171,601 158,146 197,996 232,587 Country 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 Skaqerrak Dellllark 88,192 94,014 105,017 144,421 47,393 62,349 Faroe Islands 455 520 Geraany, Fed. Rep. 11 Norway 4,425 1,537 1,209 5,674 1,605 5,598 Sweden 40,349 42,996 51,184 57,159 47,900 56,503 Sub-total 133,421 139,078 157,410 207,254 96,898 124,450 Katteqat Denu.rk 69,235 37,419 46,603 76,175 57,130 32,224 Sweden 39,829 35,852 29,844 49,653 37,869 45,288 Sub-total 109,064 73,271 76,447 125,828 94,999 77,512 Division IlIa total 242,485 212,349 233,931 333,082 191,897 201,962 24 Table 2.2.2 SPRAT catches in the Baltic Sea by country and sub-division, 1989 and 1990 (t). By- catch of herring in directed sprat fisheries excluded and by-catch of sprat in herring fisheries included. (Data as reported to the Working Group.) Sub-division Units Year and Total country catch 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 22-25 26+28 27,29-30 1989 Denmark 5,239 735 - - 4,5042 ------5,239 Finland 2,752 ------2 1,703 32 - 1,015 - 2 2,750 German Oem. Rep. 1,166 -- 1,166 ------1,166 Germany, Fed.Rep. 565 565 ------565 Poland 18,648 - - 79 11,823 6,746 ------11,902 6,746 Sweden 3,450 - 28 746 1,247 110 694 625 - -- - 2,021 735 694 USSR 53,996 - - -- 13,208 - 29,567 7,305 -- 3,916 - 42,775 11,221 Total 85,816 1,300 28 1,991 17,574 20,064 694 30,194 9,008 32 - 4,931 20,983 50,258 14,665 '"0' 1990' Denmark 801 698 - 103 ------801 Finland 2,734 ------4 1,705 16 - 1,009 - 4 2,730 German Oem. Rep. 518 - - 518 ------518 Germany, Fed.Rep. 789 789 ------779 Poland 13,296 -- 466 6,999 5,831 ------7,465 5,831 Sweden 7,478 -- 2,099 1,950 2,652 358 419 - - -- 4,049 3,071 358 USSR 60,022 - - - - 17,843 - 28,596 8,105 -- 5,478 - 46,439 13,583 Total 85,638 1,487 - 3,186 8,949 26,326 358 29,019 9,810 16 - 6,847 13,612 55,345 16,671 ~preliminary data. Denmark Sub-division 25 includes catches in Sub-division 24. Table 3.1.1 Total catch (tl of COD by countries in Sub-divisions 22-32 as provided by Working Group members. German Germany, Faroe Year Denmark Finland Dem.Rep. Fed.Rep. Poland Sweden USSR Islands Total 1965 35,313 23 10,680 15,713 41,498 21,705 22,420 147,352 1966 37,070 26 10,589 12,831 56,007 22,525 38,270 177,318 1967 39,105 27 21 ,027 12,941 56,003 23,363 42,980 196,446 1968 44,109 70 24,478 16,833 63,245 24,008 43,610 216,353 1969 44,061 58 25,979 17 ,432 60,749 22,301 41,580 212,160 1970 42,392 70 18,099 19,444 68,440 17 , 756 32,250 198,451 1971 46,831 53 10,977 16,248 54, 151 15,670 20,910 164,840 1972 59,717 76 13,720 15,516 57,093 16,471 30,140 192,733 1973 66,050 95 14,408 28,706 49,790 18,389 20,083 197,521 1974 57,810 160 10,970 22,224 48,650 16,435 38,131 194,386 1975 62,524 298 14,742 24,880 69,318 17,965 49,289 239,016 1976 77,570 287 8,552 26,626 70,466 20,188 49,047 252,736 1977 73,505 310 10,967 30,806 47,702 18, 127 29,680 211,097 1978 50,611 1,437 9,345 15, 122 64,113 16,793 37,200 194,621 1979 59,704 2,938 8,997 19,375 79,754 23,093 75,034 3,850 272,745 1980 75,529 5,962 7,406 18,407 123,486 33,201 124,350 1,250 389,591 1981 92,648 5,681 12,936 18,281 120,901 44,330 87,746 2,765 385,288 1982 91,927 8,126 11,368 21,860 92,541 46,548 86,906 4,300 363,576 1983 107,624 8,927 10,521 25,154 76,474 53,740 92,248 6,065 380.753 1984 113,701 9,358 9,886 42,031 93,429 65,927 100,761 6,354 441,447 1985 107,627 7,224 6,593 31,798 63,260 54,723 78, 127 5,890 355,242 1986 98,464 5,633 3,179 22,422 43,236 49,572 52,148 4,596 279,250 1987 83,844 3,007 5,114 18,816 32,667 47,429 39,203 5,567 235,647 1988 74,742 2,904 4,634 18,295 33,351 54,968 28,137 6,915 223,946 1989 65,935 2,254 2,147 15,342 36,855 55,919 14,722 4,520 197,654 1 2 1990 58,218 1,715 1,629 7,745 32,028 53,285 13,461 2,882 170,963 12Provlslona.. 1 data. Includes landings from October-December 1990. 27 Table 3.1.2 Total catch (tl of COD in Sub-divisions 22-32 by sub-division and country as provided by Working Group members. Faroe Denmark Islands Finland Year 2 22 23 24 25-28 25-28 25-28 29 30 31 32 1972 17,717 7,928 34,072 76 1973 21,400 9,195 35,455 95 1974 18,300 7,482 32,028 160 1975 15,981 7,500 39,043 270 8 20 1976 19,764 712 9,682 47,412 81 24 182 1977 17,726 1,166 10,213 44,400 85 26 199 1978 12,641 1,177 6,527 30,266 249 323 6 859 1979 16,093 2,029 7,232 34,350 3,850 707 518 16 1,697 1980 16,033 2,425 7,367 49,704 1,250 2,163 880 45 2,874 1981 15,502 1,473 7,152 68,521 2,765 3,036 684 11 1,950 1982 11,669 1,638 7,469 71,151 4,300 4,557 1,368 42 2,159 1983 14,100 1,257 7,861 84,406 6,065 5,322 2,013 36 1J5~~ 1984 13,867 1,703 8,042 90,089 6,334 5,433 2,741 7 1,177 1985 15,563 1,076 7,461 83,527 5,890 4,646 1,706 7 865 1986 8,914 748 7,281 81 ,521 4,596 3,571 1,306 2 754 1987 7,990 1,503 5,470 68,881 5,567 1,389 1,143 2 473 1988 5,680 1, 121 7,505 60,436 6,915 614 998 1,257 1 34 1989 3,422 636 4,637 57,240 4,520 392 603 1,097 1 161 19901 2,894 722 4,727 49,875 2,882 293 479 843 100 Federal Republic of Germany German Democratic Republic Year 22 24 25 26 28 22 24 25 26 27 28 29 1972 10,531 1,782 3,193 10 4,560 5,105 1,950 2,072 33 1973 12,833 900 9,100 5,200 673 4,004 4,370 4,065 1,912 57 1974 9,998 395 5,242 5,769 820 3,028 5,431 1,469 996 52 1975 12,415 497 8,809 1,975 1,184 3,471 2,571 3,320 5,250 50 60 20 1976 12,312 581 7,526 4,490 1,717 1,292 3,290 800 3,150 10 10 1977 10,807 879 3,649 13,803 1,668 977 2,471 324 5,996 73 1,119 7 1978 9,972 880 2,178 1,793 299 1,619 5,466 414 1,714 1 131 1979 8,910 688 7,616 2,149 12 1,024 6,570 54 1,301 1 46 1980 5,968 689 10,985 673 92 880 4,700 5 1,818 3 1981 9,095 2,165 7,021 1,743 9,916 2 1,275 1982 7,394 666 13,069 662 69 1,908 8,707 728 25 1983 8,937 323 14,179 1,599 116 1,441 7,656 1,402 22 1984 11,340 208 21,948 7,926 609 1,851 6,242 1,793 1985 4,992 531 12,733 11,572 1,970 1,508 3,870 1,215 1986 2,236 666 10,545 8,399 576 825 2,173 1 180 1987 3,611 645 7,757 5,009 1,794 504 4,392 1 217 1988 3,670 547 11,321 2,577 180 330 4,302 1 1 1989 2,099 399 12,201 640 3 21\ 1,92\ 3 19901 1,997 1,057 3,232 1,427 32 129 1,500 + 28 Table .LL2. (cont 'd.) Poland Sweden Year 3 25~ 26 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1972 24,926 32,167 1,277 13,842 876 440 36 1973 29,010 20,780 1,655 15,224 971 485 54 1974 25,221 23,429 1,937 11,950 - 1,682 825 41 1975 35,373 33,945 1,932 12,511 - 2,052 1,367 103 1976 26,082 44,384 - 1,800 14,109 - 1,979 2,180 115 5 1977 18,172 29,530 550 1,516 11,775 - 2,584 1,560 120 22 1978 31,161 32,952 600 1,730 9,017 26 3,207 1,740 417 55 1 1979 40,146 39,608 700 1,800 13,628 50 3,458 2,665 641 145 6 1980 50,832 72,654 1,300 2,610 18,694 88 6,014 3,185 790 516 4 1981 50,698 70,203 900 5,700 24,600 260 7,200 4,450 712 500 8 1982 41,830 50,711 140 7,933 20,429 2,279 4,109 9,264 687 1,669 38 1983 35,153 41,321 120 6,910 27,630 1,810 6,490 9,200 1,260 320 1984 35,261 58,168 228 6,014 33,493 4,413 8,223 11,947 1,338 271 1985 19,33/. 43,928 263 4,895 22,737 8,170 7,068 9,523 1, 115 929 23 1986 18,297 24,939 227 3,622 19,214 7,764 7,554 9,606 1,233 298 54 1987 12,254 20,413 137 4,314 15,173 7,833 5,708 7,507 903 5,817 37 1988 14,910 18,441 155 5,849 20,893 7,453 6,674 7,946 535 5,456 7 1989 20,819 16,036 192 4,987 28,068 6,742 7,703 6,829 440 927 31 19901 14,528 17 ,500 128 3,590 22,793 13,218 6,556 6,383 247 345 25 USSR Year Total 25 26 27 28 29 32 1972 - 23,951 6,189 192,733 1973 8,768 11,250 50 14 197,521 1974 811 18,633 17,677 1,010 194,386 1975 946 17,884 3 28,677 1,735 44 239,016 1976 8,855 25,302 126 14,645 106 13 252,736 1977 390 17,880 4 11,304 91 11 211,097 1978 12 18,010 78 18,623 166 311 194,621 1979 13 30,776 - 39,875 1,575 2,795 272,745 1980 7 45,734 - 59,892 4,575 14,142 389,591 1981 2 44,254 - 32,195 3,733 7,562 385,288 1982 5 33,221 - 40,876 3,308 9,496 363,576 1983 - 33,600 - 39,464 6,095 13,089 380,753 1984 - 39,871 - 43,802 6,185 10,903 441,447 1985 - 32,096 - 27,137 8,822 10,072 355,242 1986 - 22,818 - 21,840 3,289 4,201 279,250 1987 - 22,652 11 ,457 1,654 3,440 235,647 1988 15,928 - 10,868 172 1, 169 223,946 1989 8,440 6,058 121 103 197,694 19901 10,020 3,420 3 18 170,963 21 ProVlslona.. 1 . Finland: 1972-1974, sub-divisions combined. 3Sweden: 1972-1974, sub-divisions combined. ~poland: some catches from Division 24 included. 5Includes landings from october-December 1990. 29 Table 3.1.3 Total catch (tl of COD in Sub-divisions 22, 23, and 24 as provided by Working Group members. German Germany, Denmark Dem.Rep. Fed.Rep. Sweden Total Year 22 + 24 22 + 24 22 + 24 24 22 23 24 22 + 24 1965 19,457 9,705 13,530 2,182 27,867 17,007 44,874 1966 20,500 8,393 11,448 2,110 27,864 14,587 42,451 1967 19,181 10,007 12,884 1,996 28,875 15,193 44,068 1968 22,593 12,360 14,815 2,113 32,911 18,970 51,881 1969 20,602 7,519 12,717 1,413 29,082 13,169 42,251 1970 20,085 7,996 14,589 1,289 31,363 12,596 43,959 1971 23,715 8,007 13,482 1,419 32,119 14,504 46,623 1972 25,645 9,665 12,313 1,277 32,808 16,092 48,900 1973 30,595 8,374 13,733 1,655 38,237 16,120 54,357 1974 25,782 8,459 10,393 1,937 31,326 15,245 46,571 1975 23,481 6,042 12,912 1,932 31,867 12,500 44,367 1976 29,446 4,582 12,893 1,800 33,368 712 15,353 48,721 1977 27,939 3,448 11,686 1,516 29,510 1,716 15,079 44,589 1978 19,168 7,085 10,852 1,730 24,232 1,777 14,603 38,835 1979 23,325 7,594 9,598 1,800 26,027 2,729 16,290 42,317 1980 23,400 5,580 6,652 2,610 22,881 3,725 15,366 38,247 1981 22,654 11,659 11,260 5,700 26,340 2,373 24,933 51,273 1982 19,138 10,615 8,060 7,933 20,971 1,778 24,775 45,746 1983 21,961 9,097 9,260 6,910 24,478 1,377 22,750 47,228 1984 21,909 8,093 11,548 6,014 27,058 1,931 20,506 47,564 1985 23,024 5,378 5,523 4,895 22,063 1,339 16,757 38,820 1986 16,195 2,998 2,902 3,622 11,975 975 13,742 25,717 1987 13,460 4,896 4,256 4,314 12, 105 1,640 14,281 26,926 1988 13,185 4,632 4,217 5,849 9,680 1,276 18,203 27,883 1989 8,059 2,145 2,498 4,987 5,738 828 11,637 17 ,689 2 1990' 7,621 1,629 3,054 3,590 5,020 850 10,874 15,894 , Prov1s1ona.. 1 data. 2Includes landings from October-December 1990. 30 Table 3.1.4 Total catch (tl of COD in Sub-divisions 25-32 as provided by Working Group members. German Germany, Faroe Year Denmark Finland Dem.Rep. Fed.Rep. Poland Sweden USSR Islands Total 1965 15,856 23 975 2,183 41,498 19,523 22,420 102,478 1966 16,570 26 2,196 1,383 56,007 20,415 38,270 134,867 1967 19,924 27 11,020 1,057 56,003 21,367 42,980 152,378 1968 21,516 70 12,118 2,018 63,245 21,895 43,610 164,472 1969 23,459 58 18,460 4,715 60,749 20,888 41,580 169,909 1970 22,307 70 10,103 4,855 68,440 16,467 32,250 154,492 1971 23,116 53 2,970 2,766 54,151 14,251 20,910 118,217 1972 34,072 76 4,055 3,203 57,093 15,194 30,140 143,833 1973 35,455 95 6,034 14,973 49,790 16,734 20,083 143,164 1974 32,028 160 2,517 11,831 48,650 14,498 38, 131 147,815 1975 39,043 298 8,700 11,968 69,318 16,033 49,289 194,649 1976 47,412 287 3,970 13,733 70,466 18,388 49,047 - 203,303 1977 44,400 310 7,519 19, 120 47,702 16,061 29,680 164,792 1978 30,266 1,437 2,260 4,270 69,319 14,463 37,200 154,009 1979 34,350 2,938 1,403 9,777 79,754 20,593 75,034 3,850 227,699 1980 49,704 5,962 1,826 11,750 123,486 29,291 124,350 1,250 347,619 1981 68,521 5,681 1,277 7,021 120,001 37,730 87,746 2,765 330,742 1982 71,151 8,126 753 13,800 92,541 38,475 86,906 4,300 316,052 1983 84,406 8,927 1,424 15,894 76,474 46,710 92,248 6,065 332,148 1984 90,089 9,358 1,793 29,577 93,429 59,685 100,761 6,354 391,046 1985 83,527 7,224 1,215 26,275 63,260 49,565 78,127 5,890 315,083 1986 81,521 5,633 181 19,520 43,236 45,723 52,148 4,596 252,558 1987 68,881 3,007 218 14,560 32,667 42,978 39,203 5,567 207,081 1988 60,436 2,594 2 14,078 33,351 48,964 28, 137 6,915 194,477 1989 57,240 2,254 3 12,844 36,855 50,739 14,722 4,520 179,172 1990 1 49,860 1,715 + 4,691 32,028 49,566 13,461 2,882 154,203 1 Provisional data. 31 Table 4,1 Annual nominal landings in tonnes of Baltic salmon in 1981-1990, (5 = Sea; C = Coastal; R = River,) Baltic Main Basin (Sub-divisions 24-29) Denmark Finland Germany, Fed,Rep, Poland Sweden USSR Total Year 5 5 C 5 5 5 R 5 C 5 C R GT 1981 844 310 18 43 45 401 - 282 17 1,925 35 - 1,960 1982 604 184 16 20 38 375 - 275 31 1,496 47 - 1,543 1983 697 134 18 25 76 370 - 362 105 1,664 123 - 1,787 1984 1,145 208 29 32 72 549 - 491 89 2,497 118 - 2,615 1985 1,345 280 26 30 162 842 - 426 90 3,085 116 - 3,201 1986 848 306 38 41 137 771 - 414 130 2,517 168 - 2,685 1987 955 446 40 26 267 883 4 551 68 3,128 108 4 3,240 1988 778 305 30 41 93 713 6 432 96 2,362 126 6 2,494 1989 850 365 35 52 80 1,053 131 3,033 3,203 1 4 633 166 4 1990 728 430 118 36 195 939 9 663 188 2,991 306 4 3,301 Gulf of Bothnia (Sub-divisions 30-31) Baltic Main Basin and Gulf of Bothnia (Sub-divisions 24-31) Total Finland Sweden Total Year 5 C R 5 C R 5 CR GT 5 C R Total 1981 125 157 6 26 242 35 151 399 41 591 2,076 434 41 2,551 1982 131 111 3 135 30 131 246 33 410 1,627 293 33 1,953 1983 176 118 4 140 32 176 258 36 470 1,840 381 36 2,257 1984 401 178 5 140 52 401 318 57 776 2,898 436 57 3,391 1985 247 151 4 114 38 247 265 42 554 3,332 381 42 3,755 1986 124 176 5 157 41 124 333 46 503 2,641 501 46 3,188 1987 66 173 6 114 35 66 287 41 394 3,194 395 45 3,634 1988 74 146 6 142 45 74 288 51 413 2,436 414 57 2,907 1989 225 207 6 - 241 63 225 448 69 671 3,258 614 73 3,945 19901 543 453 12 - 407 93 543 860 105 1508 3,534 1,166 109 4,809 Gulf of Finland (Sub-division 32) (Sub-divisions 24-32) Finland USSR Total Total Year 5 C R 5 C 5 C R GT 5 C R Grand total 1981 46 1 5 2 51 3 - 54 2,127 437 41 2,605 1982 91 7 - - 5 91 12 - 103 1,718 305 33 2,056 1983 163 32 -- 2 163 34 - 197 2,003 415 36 2,454 1984 210 42 - 12 - 222 42 - 264 3,120 478 57 3,655 1985 219 34 2 22 2 241 36 2 279 3,573 417 44 4,034 1986 270 79 2 52 1 322 80 2 404 2,963 581 48 3,592 1987 257 61 2 33 - 290 61 2 353 3,484 456 47 3,987 1988 122 112 2 31 153 112 2 267 2,589 526 59 3,174 1989 181 145 2 70 - 251 145 2 398 3,509 759 75 4,343 1990' 109 229 6 55 - 164 229 6 399 3,698 1,395 120 5,213 , Preliminary data, 32 NOTES TO TABLE 4.1 Data from Denmark, Federal Republic of Germany, Finland, Poland, and Sweden have been converted from gutted to ungutted weight by the factor 1.1, an approxima tion to the equation: w ungutted = 1.0972 w gutted estimated by Thurow (1965). Data from Denmark (before 1983), Federal Republic of Germany, Finland, and the USSR offshore catches include sea trout of an order of 3%, 3%, 10%, and 3%, re spectively. The sea catches in the Main Basin consist almost exclusively of feeding salmon fished offshore by drifting gear. The Finnish landings from the Gulf of Bothnia and the Main Basin include some non-commercial catches. In the Gulf of Finland, such catches comprise one third of the total yield. In the Gulf of Finland, the USSR catches do not include breeding fish taken in the rivers. 33 Table 4.3 Annual nominal landings in tonnes of SEA TROUT and RAINBOW TROUT in the Baltic. Baltic Main Basin Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland 2 7 2 7 Denmark' Finland Germany Sweden Poland USSR Finland Sweden Finland2 USSR Year Total Sea trout Sea trout Sea trout Sea trout Sea trout Rainbow Sea trout Rainbow Sea trout Sea trout Sea trout Sea trout trout trout Rivers Coastal Coastal Coastal 3 1979 3 10 24 81 76 73 267 3 1980 3 11 26 48 87 75 3 250 1981 6 51 21 45 5 131 128 2 389 1982 17 52 31 80 44 13 134 140 4 515 6 'f:: 1983 19 50 25 108 30 14 134 148 3 531 1984 29 66 30 155 22 9 110 211 2 634 1985 40 62 26 140 15 9 103 203 3 601 1986 18 53 49 91 20 8 118 178 2 537 1987 31 66 13 37 163 6 2 123 25 184 650 1988 28 99 20 33 137 2 8 196 27 287 3 840 1989 39 156 18 47 35 149 6 10 16 215 51 295 3 1,040 5 8 9 9 9 1990 48 187 21 27 100 388 10 7 3 238 30 304 5 1,368 lAdditional sea trout catches are included in the salmon statistics for Denmark until 1982 (Table 1). 2 The Finnish landings include about 70\ non-commercial catches. 3Figures include both sea trout and rainbow trout catches. 4Sea trout are also caught in the Western Baltic in Sub-division 22 by the Federal Republic of Germany, Denmark, and the German Democratic Republic in 1984-1989. 5Estimated. 6Additional sea trout catch of the Federal Republic of Germany has been estimated to be 1 tonne. ;Catches reported by professional fishermen. 9Rainbow trout included. USSR landings include only official professional catches. Figure 2.1.2 FISH STOCK SUMMARY Herring in areas 25-29 & 32 plus Gulf of Riga 01-05-1991 Trends in yield and fishing mortality (F) Trends in spawning stock biomass (SSB) and recruitment (R) _ Yield •••• F _SS8 •••• A 500000 0.50 2000000 50000 : : i I I 1 I 1 I ! I I : I 1 4 450000 , 0.45'3 1800000 ,,~ 45000 ii:i I : 1 I 1 1 :I~ 0= oj • , o I i I 1 ! l- • I', , ~ i ." 400000 , , 0.40 J, ~ 1600000 .. • 40000 ::: I 1 i i ." .\1:. "i • , u> I- , ."E I 1 I ~ I • If 350000 I o.35 ~ Cl 10400000 : I' 35000 c I , ." 0= j II i ; • •, : . •• " ." - ."0= - • •, ""'-l ..l.. I , • " • • 300000 :" , 0.30 t' ~ 1200000 • • .. • , 30000 ~ ' • I. , • I i I I I .... ." c. • .. ' • I • .s nUl • • • - 1 I; • i I i i .~ / , • j"- \1: I • 250000 ~ • 25000 ...... 0.252 1000000 : j •• : i i 1 • j -. ~ '" 1 • • • • w , , o I , co "J. , , I 1 •••• ::>: - I .. • I 200000 · '" 0.20 III 800000 • • 20000 co , I : co W -r-. i -.ito- ...... 1 I , I : .... • , 0= 0= . , ! i .., I I ." 0= , I I • 150000 O. 15 'ti 600000 ! • 15000.ioJ'" : .s i. , , 0= I I I i i ." - I 1 I U. FISH STOCK SUMMARY Herring in areas 25-29 & 32 plus the Gulf of Riga 01-05-1991 Long-term yield and spawning stock biomass Short-term yield and spawning stack biomass _ Yield •••• SSB _ Yield •••• SSB F,., F 250 1000 3000 20 , , , , '" j \ \\ ! \ ,l\ \ I i \ , ; \ \ \ If. I\ \\ i W E , w , 1 ! ! i , , i 1 i : ; I i 1 I 1 1 I ; : 2700~ 18 225.;; 900 , , ; , , I , , i 1 I- , I i , i i i I ! I ! co , , , i i \1 1 ! , I i ! : co :--I.. i ' 1 i 1 .~ 16 200 800 2400 c .~ I I 0= , ; .,-r. \ -;;; . ••1 i i i I • i : i i i : i i ." \ \ ~ -;;; • 0= W , ~ , , E •• i ! i./! ! i I ! i 0= I I -.!-. ,I i 1 : : ~ 0= 700 2100g'" '" 14 , , , , 175 , ~ I , 0 I : I ... I ./I I i 1 , I UJ I I i '. . !!J , , .... ~ .... I', , , I i I: I , 1 i i I ! i i .. ... '1 I lI:I .... 12 r: 150~ 0 600 1800 I ! 0 , 1 ! •, '/1 , I I : i II I 0 I i 1 /r I -;;; ."~ I , ; w i .. II i -;;; ::! I i , I ~ I • ! I I I 1 I b 10 ! , 125 E 500 1500 § w , 4. _ i ! , I I IV j 1 I I 1 1 i ~ C\l I ! o ~ /I I OJ , , ~.J , , , '"co , I I .... II , , I I 1 I : , i OJ I I !AI , ~ 8 100 ...... ~ 400 1200 0 w I I : i-,_I I 1 I I : I I o c. iIi i I ! I i ! I .... 0= I o , : ." , ~ : , I ,', , , J , I 1 ~ ." i I I ./ ! i i I ~ 75 ~ 300 '" 900 - 6 , , i i , I-~",,~, i j I u n ! '/ I I i 1 i i I w II I i I w '" ." , ~ w OJ >- 1 I ; i ,1 I ; i ·f·.... 4, : ." , I , I I i I i 1 i i '" 4 I I ~ 600 ~ : , , 50 >- 200 , , , I , I , , I i I i 1 I ! I I w ]A' I I i I , , , 0= I " I. c. , , 1\ I i \ I " i \ I 300 .,; 2 25 Trends in yield and fishing mortality (F) Trends in spawning stock biomass (SSB) and recruitment (RJ _ Yield •••• F _558 •••• R 50000 0.150 400000 -r-,-,-,-,--,--,--,--,-,-,--r-r-,-,-r-r---r8oOO I ! I I I! ! I I I I 45000 0.135'5 I 360000 +-+--t-f-+-+-+-+-I-+--+-+-+-t-t:-+-It-/7200 '2 IIi f-HHHH--t--t--+--+--+--+-+-+--t;m~ I 0 40000 • 0.120 rl. ~ 320000 +-+--t11_I-+--+-+-+--l-f-+-+-+--+~·-i:~-+6400;::: i i •• • ..... ! I Ii:· ::: I .~ . • •• • !- I I I :T- e 35000 0.105 "~ 5600.~ :1 • • • • ::> .S 260000 I I: '.1 .iI \. • • ••• • C I I:, if.I 30000 • • • .'. O. 090 ~ ~ 240000 +--t-lc-+--+-+-+--t-f++-+-+-j<-j++--+-+.4600 ~ • • I ' ~:: • •• ••• •••• .. -' •• .rl CL ! i I' ..s • • .... • • '/ ..... U) ~ i ~ ;: '.... !• I 25000 • ~ +-tI'H-+--+-~rl-t-if-ho'l'f+-+-I+f-+-+4000'0"1 O. 075 ../.J 200000 ~ ~ , , 1\ I c.. lQ : I l' : 1/ !: I III 1\ II I ~ 20000 O.060~ en 160000 : .! 1 ~ I: :I, 3200 g < I\. II I I ~~ .~I I ..• ":-"!l ~ ~ ~ I 1\ ,- i ·rl C I !: I: :I ,I ! I 15000 O. 045 ~ .3 120000 -t-t-!i-+--+-+-+-i'i-I-+--+*fth:-,--l-+2400 ~ , II I ..... - ~ i ,: Iii:.I- I: i i Q; I I , u. CO '! "".If I i I .: ~ I I e 10000 0.030 QJ Ul eoooo +--t-i~+--l-If--+--t-f-+-+-~-+~i-f-+-+ i60a ~ ! I i en UJ I",;! iii I ( '! I :J i '-ro I _..! i !'i i '- 5000 , 0.015 ~ 40000+-+-+;-f~:""'lf--+-+-;f-+--I-!I-f-+,-i~;",-+-;+eoo ~ I ~L-,-+-i· 1 o 0.000 0-, ....J....+-'-If---"Lf'--'-I ij-JLf-L+'I -1-+0 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 197.4 1976 1978 19BO 1982 1964 19B6 198a 1990 Year Recruitment year class, sse year A B FISH STOCK SUMMARY Herring in Fishing Area 30 01-05-1991 Long-term yield and spawning stock biomass Short-term yield and spawning stock biomass _ Yield •••• 5SB _ Yield •••• SSB F" F" 60000 "T-T-,-,~,-rr;e,---,---,---,-,--,----r"-"-T600000.. , BOO '. . i ;/ '" 54000 +--T'>±-.-+--j-'-f-'-h-i-,-+--+-c-+-,.-+S40000 ~ 720~" .~ • 0> •• I I- c 48000 +--'-+---'+'---j-'-+--h~--+-'--+"';'+-C-+480000Cl , , 640_ i i -:-... ! : c: " I c , / , "ro ~ 42000 +'-+-il--··-r·j···..,l.=-.rL'-+'-,.--!-,-+'--+-+-+420000·i 560 e5t , :~ ~ .J ! !... : g ... 36000 +--:-+-,+-'--j--+-T"!--.rl---'-+~""''''''-+-,.-+360000" :J :i i .... "". , co j I: ;";··.t.i .u 30000 +--:-+-,--j--,---+--+-;'-'l.-''9,,--'t'';'o.!:---,---i--'-+300000Ci ii,,:l ••~ ~ ~ 24000 -t-'ri!-,----+-~:-,~''''f-/.~.-t-'h'H1--;I,~-+---,--+-··;-.'+ i ! :/! iii 240000~ , ~ /i ' I : ,II , ; L "~ 18000 ~ I i I ; Ii! 180000 ~ r--:,-+;' --jIf.-'-Ii' i II.. 12000 .I , I 120000 ... !/i I ! I I ~ . i +---t------r---:---+--, 6000·" ': I : "Booooffi f ' _ II ! 1_: iii '1- U1 il'i ' -~ .. , "I -j a I I 1 I I I, 0 0.00 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.11 0.13 0.14 0.16 Average Fishing Mortality (Ages 2- 6. u) c D 36 Figure 2.1.4 FISH STOCK SUMMARY Herring in Fishing Area 31 06-05-1991 Trends in yield and fishing mortality (Fl Trends in spawning stock biomass (SSB) and recruitment (Rl _ Yield •••• F _sse •••• R 10000 0.20 120000 2500 \ ~ 9000 " 0.18'3 108000 2250 00 T I'. FISH STOCK SUMMARY Herring in Fishing Area 31 06-05-1991 Long-term yield and spawning stock biomass Short-term yield and spawning stock biomass _ Yield •••• sse _ Yield •••• SSB F F 20 , 300 20 200 II 1 I 1 " I i I ! II " ID • , ID E Iii 1 I : I IIII 18 270.~ 18 180~ i r i • I i I I I : i i f- I~ I I i ! I i ! I , T i '"c 16 240 c 16 I r -, '" 160·O"'i 1 r·o:. i 1 ! 1 , 1 , .~ i I c m ! c I , 1 , ID E I I j-J , I" I" J..,., I C ! I I I • • 1 210 •~ '" I r 140&'" ro~ " ! I I.J i I I~ ! , oC " .~ ~. r 1 2 I I U1 ., ·.. .. ••• I I , ~ II I .j ' 1 1 I 1 :- -tJl ., 12 I."! 1 ·.... 120 cc , , 180 "i: g 12 .~ • 1 I i ! I i I I I I ~ o 1 i • m I i ., r I " ID b 10 150 E r '0 100 c ID '.~. ro '" I 1...1' I OJ c ~ ! ! I ~ 1 , o , .' I ! I i I" I OJ I ., ~ 8 "1 '.". • 120- '" , '" 80 0 ID r , I 1 " 8 0. "''I ! i r 1 I ~ 1'" ! o .~ c , , .~ I 1 ! 1 i o ~ I 7 "1 ~ i I IA ! 1 I 6 , 90 ~ D 6 I 60 " ID : I I 1 , U ~ I 1 1 I .~ I I II' I ID ID 1 I~ 1 I ! ! ~ >- ii r .~ I ; 1 I I OJ 4 ~ >- 4 ! '"~ 1 60 , , 40 "7: ! I ! i , I I I ID I 'I" i ! ! , 1 ~ ! : I ; i , 0. c ! .~ I I r 1-11' I I 1 ! I 2 30 CD 2 20 I I ,I ,I 1 'I I ,- I, I I U1 '/ I , , CD U1 , U1 !J I T T I , I T I 1.,,( ! 'I I i 1 1 U1 ::r -, I .1 a , ~I .1 ,.I ,I a Average Fishing Mortality {Ages 2- 6. uJ Average Fishing Mortality (Ages 2- 6. u) C D 37 Figure 2.2.2 FISH STOCK SUMMARY Sprat in Fishing Areas 22 to 32 07-05-1991 Trends in yield and fishing mortality (F) Trends in spawning stock biomass (SSB) and recruitment (A) _ Yield •••• F _sse •••• A 300000 0.40 1200000 240000 270000 0.36"3 1080000 216000(j) c • <6 a .~ • ID 240000 • O.3ZriJ 960000 192000 r-l E M t·• ' .~ .. ·, I- •• . ID .. ~ ~ E \ I •• ~ .. •• • 210000 0.28 840000 • • 168000 c C •• !oo. 1/ •••• • .5 " • • • • • .~ ;;; C • • -~ \: • • • ID 180000 O.24~ 720000 • • • 144000 c:i c • ro • c • .~ c. !\ • • • • s a • M 00 • • • • • :'0 150000 O.20,B 600aOO • • • • 120000 ~ • ~ ro • • 11\ • • • • .'. a "' • • • • ID "~ • • • • I • • ID 120000 • 0.16 " 480000 • • 96000 "10 ~ :" . • 01 ID ~ - \ I I"! >- • C c • : • • ro .~ "'c "' i \ • ., a • 1\ • • 'I • 90000 '. 0.12-; 360000 • 72000 +' , [,I .~ :'0 • • c .' • • • • ID I I "- • E 60000 0.08 w 00 240000 .. • • 48000 .~ '"00 •.' "' I "...... • • ., • • • ~ ro • • • • ~ "~ I • .... •• •• u 30000 0.04 ~ 120000 24000 ID i ! .. a: II o , 0.00 o 0 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 19S6 1988 1990 1974 1976 1978 19BO 1982 1984 1986 1ge8 1990 Year Recruitment year class. 5SB year A B FISH STOCK SUMMARY Sprat in Fishing Areas 22 to 32. 07-05-1991 Long-term yield and spawning stock biomass Short-term yield and spawning stock biomass _ Yield •••• ssB _ Yield •••• SSB F F" 2.50 25.0 300 2000 I i i " I I ID 11 2.25 I 22.5.~ 270 1800 ;: II I I- .1 I I 2.00 20.0 g' 240 ·.. 1600';;" ~. '" I .~ .... ~ c . ~ '" c ID ~ ro E • I "'C .... .~ "'ro 1.75 • 17.5 ~ c 210 1<100 c% ~ • 0 · ... • 00 ~ S! • · • 0 "' ~ 1.50 15.0 ~ 180 1200 10 0 .~ . :.01 • 0 ~ ~ ~ I ~ . " ID u 1.25 12.5 ~ 150 1000"'§ ID ~ · "' C\I ~ " ~ m a ~ S! +' ~ 1.00 0 ID I 10.0 " 120 800 C. , / ~ o .~ c -.~ o j ~ ~ 0.75 7.5 L 90 600 ID u ~ - .~ ID "'ID ~ >- I .~ '"m 0.50 5.0 L >- 60 <100 ~ i ID c. c I .~ 0.25 2.5 III 30 200 : 00 00 IJ I Average Fishing Mortality (Ages 2- 6. u) Average Fishing Mortality (Ages 2- 6. u) C D 38 FISH STOCK SUMMARY Figure 3.1.3 Cod in Fishing Areas 22 and 24 19-04-1991 Trends in yield and fishing mortality (F) Trends in spawning stock biomass (SSB) and recru itment (Al _ Yield •••• F _ SSB •••• R 56000 1.6 56000 160000 ~I\ • "3 ~ •• 4 49000 140000 u 49000 1. r--:- c IJ \ ,l"... • • • !J m I '" • • .,• II1\ '"~ 42000 . • 1.2(1}'" t 42000 ·. 120000.,g • ~\/ • w m ·. • • ~ ~ •• , .t • 1\ • 0> r: • 1/ ~ c c • • • • • m • • • .' .~ • • .. • • -, • • • •• " 100000 (I) 35000 Ii" • 1.0 35000 >- • • w • : •• ~ • • c ! .. • I • I • ~ • • • • • o .~ • c • •• . • • .EO o • ~. • ~ ~ •• ••• , • • • • i m • • 80000 .:: 28000 •· o.e.B 28000 ·: • - ; • ; •• ~ L :. • • i • 0 -;;; • • • W D w - 0> ~ :>: • • w \ c • • • / m 0.6 C'l 21000 • • 60000 ..... 21000 c § •• >- .~ • • • •• II \ 1 !O :. • .c -. ~ ~ • • ID • • ~ 14000 ! O.4i: UJ 14000 40000 UJ E • ~ i W - 0> .~ '. • ~ 'I m 0.2 (.. 7000 • - 20000 (.. 7000 w -- u 1 > - , < - 0:'" o , 0.0 o 0 19701972197419761976 19BO 1982 1984 19S6'1988 1990 1970 1972 1974 1976 197B 19BO 1982 1984 1986 19B8 1990 Year Recruitment year c lass. sse year A B FISH STOCK SUMMARY Cod in Fishing Areas 22 and 24 19-04-1991 Lang-term yield and spawning stock biomass Short-term yield and spawning stock biomass _ Yield •••• SSB _ Yield •••• SSB FF FF F f FF O.lM~ 90 o._x .. ., 35 1.0 •• 20 25 I' rt .. fl' ~ " .... > 'I' L m > ~ I!, L " )" c 0.8 '" 16 ~ 20 , 28 -,m • c ~ • 1 ; • " .... 100.. .!J c " ~ • '"c • o , • .... 1-0 ~ ~ " ..... 0.6 g 15 /' ~ L I o u I ~ )~ ~ , L I OJ ~ / L 1 Ol • .~ Ol -, ! ~ 1/ ~ 0.4 8 ~ '0 , L · U c , D , j -. · ~ .~ ~ . · L -. W , • .~ .'· D Ol ~ -, >- • L 7 '"Ol • ~ • .~ , 0. IJ 0.2 '" >-'" 5 7 c " ID .~ i UJ '. UJ I OJ UJ ~ UJ ··i'·· -.. ..-.'.... • Of •• 0.0 ...... 0 o 0 I I 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.802.00 0.000.200.400.600.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80 2.00 Average Fishing Mortality (Ages 3- 7. u) Average Fishing Mortality (Ages 3- 7. u) c D 39 FISH STOCK SUMMARY Figure 3;1.4 Cod in Fishing Areas 25 to 32 19-04-1991 Trends in yield and fishing mortality (F) Trends in spawning stock biomass (558) and recruitment (R) _ Yield •••• F _sse •••• R BOOoOO 400000 1.6 B80000 "3 • J 0; II 770000 • 700000 -g 350000 1.4" • • ro I'. • • IJ 00 r • • ~ • • \ 6000ao ,g 1.2"00 t 660000 300000 w ro •••• ~ •• "'c :;>'" c • • .~ •• -,ro • •• 500000 en 250000 1.0>. 550000 • • w : \:. •• • • 1\ a c • • .~ • oS c • • "'~ • a • . " • rio. "'ro • • • J 400000 C\I ::. 200000 • • • • • o.aB 440000 ~ '. • • • , L • .... •• :\\ a 0; • • "0 • • :>: w • • '" • , c •• • • .. ro'" • • 300000 +J -.~ If. K. • 0.6 g' § 330000 150000 • •• • ro >- • .~ ~ if' • • \ J'"' . c • , 00 ,,~ • al 200000 "' O.4~ en 220000 @ 100000 en •• e w .~ • "'~ '"ro • 100000 b 0.2 110000 50000 fu w > ex: "" o 0.0 o 0 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 19BO 1982 1984 1986 19B8 1990 Yeaf' Recruitment year class, 5SB year A B FISH STOCK SUMMARY Cod in Fishing Areas 25 to 32 19-04-1991 Long-term yield and spawning stock biomass Short-term yield and spawning stock biomass _ Yield •••• sse _ Yield •••• SSB F Fo.•F. x F 0.8 .. •• "" 16 160 "" 240 l , l/if"i" , ...... • >- 0.7 14 > 140 210 fa ~ ...... L " c ro ro ~ 0; " -, 0.6 12 ~ w 120 160 ..... -, c rn • c '. '" i'! • a , ro ~ , '" "' 0.5 10~ 100 i50~ .~ 0 00 "'~ 0 / '" w L 0 '. c U ~ " , c w 0.4 120 0 L 80 • C\I ~ L • "'0 W .~ "' ~ '. • 0 ~ '" ~ 0.3 '" '. 0 a. 6 L 60 , 90 ~ "0 • U c • W .~ / ' . • L • -.~ "0 OJ '" • ~ >- ~ I 60 '" 0.2 4 w 40 ~ • 0- .~ '" • >- J c alen .~ 0.1 '. 2 en 20 30 , alen , . en . " ...... I 0.0 o o r 0 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.752.002.252.50 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.752.002.252.50 Average Fishing Mortality (Ages 4- 7. ul Average Fishing Mortality (Ages 4- 7. u) c D 40 Figure 3.2.2 The Oderbank Plateau «10 m in depth) and the existing trawl ban area• ...... , ,, 54°30' ,, ,, ,, ,,, ···.. ·Ll0m ~ .. -; Existing I • , , ·• . ,• -'" ~ I ,/ EEZ of Germany " ",./ / , EEZ of Poland , ,, ,I , :;.. ,, '. ,--,"" ~...... : ,, ,, ,, ., .. ";:," :.; ...13"'·:'; , f': . , ::. , 54° :.:.~-.~ _ . k O~:\.. : ..... ··~~..f V'rP ":'" I .. ,. ::., '" It> .; >"~ .~ () '0 ',; 14° 14° 30' Figure 4.1 Landings Nominal landings of salmon in the Baltic Main Basin, in the Gulf ltonnes I of Bothnia and the Gulf of Finland, and effort of the offshore salmon fishery with drifting gear in the Main Basin (long line effort converted to drift net effort), 3000 2500 Landings - Main Basin '10 Ellort I number 0 ,-- - 9 net)( ,06\ -"' I' \ f\.) I' , I' , 8 15001-.- .-'- \, ---, ...... 7 ...... , .... , ,"'\ I " \ ' _ 6 Effort - Mam Basin ...... -'- ...... / , ,-' 1000 , " , I I ,"'...'-_ _ "' , , ... 5 , I' ~ , 1 .. ",II 3 500 Landings-Gulf of Bothnia ,. 12 .-- Landings- Gulf of Finland 65 70 75 80 85 88 REPORT TO THE NORTH ATLANTIC SALMON CONSERVATION ORGANIZATION COUNCIL 1 INFORMATION OF INTEREST TO ALL COMMISSIONS OF NASCO Source of Information: Report of the Working Group on North Atlantic Salmon, March 1991 (ICES, Doc. C.M.19911Assess: 12.) 1.1 Catches of North Atlantic Salmon Total nominal catches of salmon by country, in all fisheries 1960-1990 are given in Table 1.1. The total catch reported for all fisheries (4,554 t) and for homewater fisheries (4,000 t) in 1990 are shown in the text table below. The decline in the catch of wild salmon may be greater than suggested by the total due to the inclusion of fish farm escapees and ranched fish in the North-East Atlantic. Also, management plans in several countries are designed to decrease catches in the sea. Catch (t) Year 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990' Total 8095 9249 8142 7716 5894 4554 Homewater 6655 7737 6598 6574 5190 4000 'Preliminary. The lack of information on fishing effort presents major difficulties in interpreting the catch data as changes in stock size. However, in several of the European countries exploitation rates in home waters in 1990 were significantly reduced compared to previous years (see Section 3.9.2) The total unreported catch in 1990 was estimated to be approximately 1,640 1. 1.2 Advances in Modelling Approaches to Describe Fishery Interactions and Effects of Management In order to achieve management objectives, fishery managers and scientists need to know 1) the contribution that individual stocks make to each fishery and 2) the exploitation rates on those stocks in these fisheries. The Working Group is endeavouring to provide approaches to modelling the marine life history of Atlantic salmon which describe the interaction ofthe harvest in one fishery with catches in subsequent fisheries. Although the modelling results should be considered exploratory and at this stage only show the possibilities that exist, further development and refinement of the modelling work is encouraged by ACFM. 1.2.1 Index rivers The term "index river" has previously been used (e.g., ICES, Doc. C.M.1985/Assess:1l) to describe a small number ofrivers in the North Atlantic that are monitored in detail; patterns ofchange in the salmon stocks in these rivers are not necessarily considered to be representative of larger groups of stocks. The Working Group has also defined the theoretical concept of "indicator stocks or rivers" which may be representative of a larger region or of a number of rivers (ICES, Doc. C.M.1987/Assess:12). The Working Group feels that there is now confusion because the terms are very similar and it suggests that "index rivers" should be referred to as "monitored rivers". The term "indicator river" should only be used for rivers where changes in some measurable parameter, such as catch, are indicative ofthe status ofstocks in other rivers. 43 1.2.2 Regional run reconstruction models 1.2.2.1 Introduction Exploitation Rates The term exploitation rate as defined by the Working Group (ICES, Doc. C.M.1985/Assess:ll) is based on the number of fish of the appropriate stocks and smolt classes extant at the time of the fishery, i.e., the "extant exploitation rate" . Estimates are also made of the level of exploitation on that proportion of the appropriate stocks and smolt classes estimated to be within a defined fishery area; these are referred to as "fishery area exploitation rates" . Single Stock Models Single stock models are run reconstruction models based on data for a single stock; these data are usually of the form of a time series of tag returns from distant and home water fisheries. Regional and Continental Models Regional models consist of two or more run reconstruction models for stocks whose biological characteristics are sufficiently similar to allow description ofa broader geographical area. Continental models can be developed either as a collection of individual stocks, each appropriately weighted, or as total, age-specific catches of a continent. Regional and continental models can be approached in two general ways. Models can be constructed in a "bottom up" approach in which individual stocks are weighted to assemble a continental stock. Relative homogeneity of rivers and stocks within an area is a pre-requisite for this approach. Alternatively, "top-down" approaches are those based on the age or size structure of catches in fisheries. Fish surviving fisheries are exploited in subsequent fisheries and comparisons of predicted and observed spawning escapements can be made. Deductions from the models apply to broad geographical regions but offer no insights into specific stocks. "Top-down" models allow utilization of existing catch data, but the issues of the reliability of nominal landings, estimates of river and sea-age composition and difficulties in distinguishing maturing and non-maturing fish need to be addressed. 1.2.2.2 Catch trends in fisheries and homewaters Catches of North American and European MSW salmon in homewaters were compared to catches of their respective 1SW component caught the previous year at West Greenland and the Faroe Islands. The West Greenland catch that is of North American origin (ISW salmon destined to have been MSW returns) is on average 43 %(1981-1989) of the total landed MSW catch of North American salmon. The corresponding figure for salmon ofEuropean-origin is 17 % (1982-1989). The difference in these proportions suggests that the proportion of North American salmon available to the Greenland fishery appears to be about twice as high as the proportion of European salmon available to the same fishery. 1.2.2.3 Constraints on exploitation rates in West Greenland Run reconstruction techniques cannot provide statistical estimates ofpopulationparameters, but models can indicate feasible ranges of parameters. To illustrate the potential applicability of run reconstruction to large groups of stocks, the Working Group examined the West Greenland fishery and its relationship to the landings in Canada for two recent catch years. The model illustrates how feasible ranges or constraints, in this case on fishery area exploitation rate at West Greenland, can be established. A graphic illustration is given in Figure 1.2.2.3 and the details are given in the Working Group Report. 44 1.2.2.4 Prediction oC national contributions, use oC indicator stock data The Working Group used the "bottom-up" approach to develop a European continental model. It was assumed that ISW fish from a monitored river would behave in a similar way to other ISW fish from the same region or country, and that the same would be true for MSW fish. The results oftagging experiments on the monitored river could, therefore, be scaled up if age groups were treated separately. In addition, a correction factor could be introduced ifdata were available to suggest that exploitation rates on the monitored stock were different from those for national stocks. Estimates ofthe exploitation rates on each sea age class in each fishery were provided by the model. These estimates were then used to scale the tag data to the national stock level. The total catches for the Faroes and West Greenland fisheries derived from the model were fairly close to the recorded catches. 1.3 Distribution oC Parasites and Diseases The Working Group on Pathology and Diseases of Marine Organisms was asked by ICES to consider the distribution of parasites and diseases harmful to Atlantic salmon in the North-East Atlantic and West Greenland areas. The Working Group was unsure of the purpose behind the request and suggested that a more detailed specification should be obtained from NASCa. ACFM felt that it would be possible to produce a qualitative list of parasites and diseases that are harmful to Atlantic salmon by region. However, an assessment ofthe effects of parasites and diseases on wild salmon stocks would be difficult, even with a detailed specification of distribution and possible salmon mortality rate for each pathogen by region. In the absence of this detailed information, it was not possible to assess the effects on wild stocks. 1.4 Workshop on Identification oC Fish Farm Escapees and Wild Salmon The reported production of farmed salmon by several countries was 224,259 t in 1990, about 50 times larger than the wild catch. Production ('000 t) 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 37 59 68 111 165 224 A review of the Workshop report revealed that fish farm escapees could be identified most easily using changes to external characteristics associated with rearing. These were erosion and deformation of the tail, dorsal and pectoral fins, the snout and gill covers; and a greater degree ofspotting. The first four characteristics are the most useful for diagnostic purposes. 1.5 Study Group on Genetic Risks to Atlantic Salmon Stocks ACFM believes that the proposed examination by the Study Group of genetic, ecological and behavioural interactions between wild and farmed salmon should provide information on the genetic risks of introgression. 1.6 Compilation oC Tag Releases and Fin-elip Data Cor 1990 In excess of 1.89 million micro-tags (CWTs) and 0.28 million external tags were applied to Atlantic salmon released in 1990. In addition, 1.73 million salmon were finclipped. Thus, more than 3.90 million marked fish were released. 45 1.7 Recommendations ACFM draws the attention of managers to the many research recommendations made by the Working Group and the various Study Groups. ACFM recommends that the work on modelling the status of salmon stocks and fisheries be continued. ACFM recommends that data sets indicative ofstock status and sustainability in national agencies be made available to the Working Group in a format specified by the Working Group. ACFM recommends that an effort be made to improve and increase screening for tags in the catches, especially at West Greenland. ACFM recommends that the investigations into methods of discrimination to determine continent of origin of Atlantic salmon should continue. ACFM recommends that the investigation into gonadal and somatic growth be continued and intensified. ACFM endorses the recommendation of the Working Group that at least two characteristics of farmed fish should be identified before fish are classified as fish farm escapees. ACFM recommends that a workshop be held jointly by the Working Group on North Atlantic Salmon and the Baltic Salmon and Trout Assessment Working Group to discuss topics of mutual interest. 2 INFORMATION OF INTEREST TO TIlE WEST GREENLAND COMMISSION Source of information: Report of the Working Group on North Atlantic Salmon, March 1991. ICES, Doc.C.M.199l/Assess:12. 2.1 Catches In 1990, the fishery at West Greenland was opened on 1 August and ended in November, although the official closing date was 31 December. The total nominal catch was 227 t. Quota and Catch (t) Year 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 Quota 852 909 935 900 924 Catch 864 960 966 893 337 227' 'Preliminary. The salmon fishery at Greenland in recent years has been predominantly an inshore, coastal small boat « 30ft) fishery. No information on effort is available for 1990, but the landings during the first week, and the two first weeks, are the lowest in the time series. The low catches appear to have been caused by lower water temperatures in the fishery area and a low abundance of salmon. 2.2 Composition and Origin of the Catch The results of classifying salmon in samples from commercial catches in 1990 indicated that the North American proportion was 75% (95% CL = 79,70), and the European proportion was 25% (95% CL = 30,21). 46 An alternative estimate of the overall proportion of North American- and European-origin salmon for the years 1982-1990 was derived by weighting NAFO Division samples by catch in numbers. The table below gives the results: Weighted by catch Percentages of all in numbers samples combined Year NA EU NA EU % Wt (t) % Wt (t) 1982 57 43 62 38 1983 40 60 40 60 1984 54 46 50 50 1985 47 53 50 50 1986 59 537 41 423 57 43 1987 59 556 41 411 59 41 1988 42 349 58 544 43 57 1989 55 179 45 158 56 44 1990 74 168 26 59 75 25 ACFM is concerned about the lack of a suitable test sample of scales of known origin salmon for the discriminant analysis. In 1990, the estimated number offish caught was 62,353 from North America and 21,721 from Europe for a total of 84,074. An estimate of the number of Maine salmon harvested at West Greenland in 1990 using the proportional harvest method was 3,968 fish. 2.3 Biological Characteristics of the Harvest As previously observed, North American ISW salmon were significantly shorter and lighter than their European counterparts, both overall and on an individual NAFO Division basis. The sea age composition in 1990 of 95.9% ISW, 3.2% 2SW, and 0.9% previous spawners indicated that there were proportionally more ISW salmon and fewer 2SW and previously spawned salmon than in 1989. The increasing number offarmed fish escaping at various life stages which turn up in the catches at sea in unknown quantities may reduce the precision of the discriminant analysis. For instance the proportion of North American-origin river age 1 salmon has increased from 2% in the 1986 samples to 8.8% in the 1990 samples. This could be the result of an increasing production of North American hatchery-origin salmon or because of increasing numbers of fish farm escapees of unknown origin in the fishery. The decrease in numbers of North American salmon of river age 4 years and older from the mean value of 22.5% from 1968-89 to 15.1 % in 1990 suggests that either production or migration of salmon from the northerly portion of the range in North America has decreased. 47 The CWT harvest estimate in 1989 for Maine-origin salmon was 3,533 fish. CWT Harvest, Maine-Origin Salmon Year 1987 1988 1989 Harvest 5538 4236 3533 2.4 Carlin Tag Reporting Rates The three methods ofharvest estimation available for US-origin salmon in the West Greenland fishery (Carlin tag recoveries, CWT recoveries, proportional harvest) provide independent and complementary results. Comparison of the available time series of harvest estimates (Figure 2.4.1) shows that the estimates from the proportional harvest model averaged several-fold greater than the Carlin estimates. The ratio of Carlin-based estimates to the other methods provides an indirect estimate of reporting rate because neither the CWT estimate nor the proportional model rely on voluntary returns of tags to estimate harvest. Figure 2.4.2 shows the estimates of reporting rate derived from comparisons between the CWT and proportional methods for the period 1976-1989. Results suggest a steady increase in the apparent reporting rate since the early 1980s when estimates were below 20% for the period. The higher level ofoverall reporting rate in the latter period may be related to the increase in tag rewards from 25 to 100 DKK in 1986, the initiation of the NASCO lottery in 1989, and increased scientific sampling in recent years. None of the available comparisons support the previously-used baseline, reporting rate of 80%. For the historical time series, the inter-annual pattern of variability in reporting rates could be sufficiently characterized by multiplying the Carlin estimate by 2. The Carlin tag based harvest estimates of ISW Maine-origin salmon for the 1989 fishery totalled 3,784 fish. This is the highest harvest estimate ofMaine-origin ISW salmon from Carlin tag data ever computed for the Greenland fishery. Carlin Harvest, Maine-Origin Salmon Year 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 Harvest 849 1469 2035 2075 2287 3874 2.5 Exploitation at West Greenland The extant exploitation rates for ISW Maine salmon in 1989 averaged 59%, which was higher than the previous year and the long-term average. The extant exploitation rates for 2SW salmon in 1989 were lower than in 1988 and approximately equal to the long-term average (1989 average = 82 %). Exploitation rates of ISW salmon of Maine-origin for 1989 show an increase in Canada, above the previous three years, whereas, at West Greenland exploitation appears to have remained at about the same level as in the previous three years. The effects of different reporting rates of Carlin tags and different P values on the possible range of fishery area exploitation for the years 1987 to 1989 are presented in Figure 2.5. 48 The capture ofMaine-origin salmon outside the fishing areas at West Greenland and Canada suggests that the value FU = 0.1 (the proportion ofthe stock unavailable to either fishery) as previously assumed is too low. This in turn implies higher fishery area exploitation rates on these stocks at both West Greenland and Canada. 2.6 Effects of Management Measures in the Fishery at West Greenland The total TAC agreed for the period 1988-1990 was 2,520 t, with an annual opening date of 1 August. In addition, the annual catch was not permitted to exceed the annual average (840 t) by more than 10%. The total harvest for the period corrected for an opening date of I August was 1,360 t and in no region was the annual limit exceeded. In 1988 the fishery was closed 4 December because the nominal catch was 893 t which corresponded to a catch of 820 t if the opening date had been 1 August. Hence, only in 1988 was the catch limited by the quota. 2.7 Quantitative Estimates of the·Effects of Fish Farm Escapees No quantitative estimates offish farm escapees were available. Examination ofthe scale characters ofsamples from West Greenland in 1990 indicates that there may be some fish farm escapees in the catch. 3 INFORMATION OF INTEREST TO THE NORTH-EAST ATLANTIC COMMISSION Source of Information: Report of the Working Group on North Atlantic Salmon, March 1991. ICES, Doc.C.M.19911Assess:12. 3.1 Description of the Fishery in the North-East Atlantic The gear used in the Faroes fishery is long lines. The numbers of licenses issued for the 1989/90 and 1990/91 seasons were 14 and 13, respectively, of these, 11 and 8, respectively were used. This shows a continuing reduction in the number ofvessels participating in the fishery from 1988/89, when 19 licenses were issued, 12 of which were used. In the 1989/90 season, the licensed vessels were allowed to fish from 1 November to 20 December and 3 January to 12 April. No fishing took place outside the Faroes EEZ. 3.2 Catch at Faroes in the 1989/90 and 1990/91 Seasons The total nominal catch in the 1989/90 season was 361 t. The catch for the calendar year 1990 was 312 t and the preliminary catch figure for the first half of the 1990/91 season (l November - 20 December 1990) was 120 t. Catch (t) Year Catch Season Catch 1985 566 84/85 598 1986 530 85/86 545 1987 576 86/87 539 1988 243 87/88 208 1989 364 88/89 309 1990 312 89/90 361 49 The discard rate was 9.4% during the 1989/90 season, which is within the range observed in the seasons 1982/83 to 1988/89. 3.3 Catch per Unit Effort in the Faroes Fishery The catch in numbers per 1,000 hooks (CPUE) by statistical rectangle is shown for the whole 1989/90 season in Figure 3.3. The CPUE was high at the beginning ofthe season, decreased in January and February, but improved again for the remainder of the season. In December, the highest CPUE was recorded close to the Islands, but as the season progressed, the best catch rates were recorded further to the north. 3.4 Biological Characteristics of the Catch at Faroes As in previous years, the catch was predominantly 2SW salmon (92.8%), with small numbers of lSW and 3SW and older fish. The proportions of river age 1 and 2 fish have increased in the catch as the proportions of river age 3 and 4 fish have decreased. This may reflect changes in the stocks contributing to the fishery, including an increase in fish farm escapees. 3.5 Origin of Salmon in the Faroes Fishery Microtagged salmon from the Faroe Islands have been recaptured predominantly as 2SW fish in the Faroes fishery. Recaptures from Ireland and UK (N. Ireland) have been mainly ISW, many being in the discards. Recovery rates for tagging in the remainder of UK have been fairly evenly split between lSW and MSW fish. Of the 221 external tags recovered in 1990, 205 (93 %) were of Norwegian origin. Tags were also recovered from Sweden (11) and Scotland (4); there was one tag of unknown origin. 3.6 Exploitation Rates in the Faroes Fishery Extant exploitation rates on 2SW salmon from the Imsa (Norway) have generally been high (up to 50%), although there has been a fairly steady decrease from the 1982/83 season to 1989/90. The decrease in recent seasons probably reflects the lower total catches in the Faroes fishery and possibly the cessation of fishing outside the Faroes EEZ. However, there appears to have been a corresponding increase in the exploitation of 2SW salmon from the River Drarnmen. Exploitation Season 85/86 86/87 87/88 88/89 89/90 Drarnmen 30 3 6 36 45 Imsa (w) 38 13 5 3 5 Imsa (h) 30 28 21 10 15 New data have been provided on the River Lagan stock (Swedish west coast) showing that extant exploitation rates on 2SW salmon in the Faroes fishery have averaged about 10% in the last three seasons. Data from Ireland and all parts of the UK confirm that those countries are relatively minor contributors to the Faroes fishery with extant exploitation rates on both ISW and 2SW fish being less than 1%, although rates on River North Esk salmon have been higher at some times in the past. 50 3.7 Effects of Fish Farm Escapees on Catches at Faroes Experiments to investigate the migratory behaviour of farmed fish provide direct evidence that farmed fish contribute to the Faroes fishery. From a preliminary examination of samples collected from the fishery it appears the contribution of farm fish may be substantial. 3.8 Effects of Management Measures at Faroes The Working Group assessed the operation of the management measures at Faroes. The nominal catch of 312 t in the Faroes fishery in 1990 was only 49 % of the permitted maximum of 632.5 t. No area closures were ordered because of the presence of undersized fish. ACFM again noted that area closures are unlikely to be an effective measure without extensive monitoring or the cooperation of fishermen. In 1990, salmon fishing was permitted for 150 days for vessels over 50 GRT. Effort data are not available for the calendar year of 1990. A total of 532 sets was estimated to have been fished in the 1989190 season. This is 33% of the total of 1600 permitted in both 1989 and 1990. ACFM, therefore, concluded that, as effort had been well below that permitted, the catch had not been limited by the effort or quota measures agreed by NASCO. 3.9 Homewaters Fisheries 3.9.1 Catches Total nominal catches by country are given in Table 1.1. In many countries there was a reduction in the proportion of ISW salmon in the catch. 3.9.2 Exploitation rates Exploitation rates in Ireland, Norway, Sweden and UK (Northern Ireland) were considerably lower than the averages for recent years, while estimates for one stock in Iceland and two in UK (England) were within the ranges previously observed. Exploitation on the River Burrishoole (Ireland) and River Bush (UK [Northern Ireland]) stocks in coastal fisheries decreased in 1990. This is partly attributed to reduced effort. The regulatory measures introduced in Norway in 1989 have resulted in a considerable decrease in the exploitation rate on Norwegian stocks. In the USSR, exploitation rates on most rivers were about 50% except for the Kola river, where all fisheries were removed, and the Keret and Varzuga rivers, where it was 25-30%. 51 Preliminary 1990 Exploitation (Average) Location (River) ISW 2SW All Ages Iceland (Ellidar) 44 (40) Ireland (Burrishoole) 54 (76) Norway (Drammen) 5 (53) 40 (50) Norway (lmsa, wild) 22 (58) 42 (78) Norway (lmsa, hatchery) 68 (72) 68 (85) Sweden (Lagan) 45 (72) 22 (49) UK, E & W (ltchen, net) 19 (14) UK, E & W (ltchen, rod) 49 (47) UK, E & W (Test, rod) 37 (33) UK, N.Ireland (Bush) 61 (71) 38 (45) UK, Scotland (N. Esk) 37 (32) 37 (34) 3.9.3 Status of stocks As no targets for stock production were available, ACFM considered that it could only assess the status of particular stocks on the basis of changes in production or survival at different life stages. Counts and estimates of wild smolt runs for five stocks showed wide variation and no clear trends between years. There was no evidence of common patterns between regions. Adult salmon counts for seven rivers in the North-East Atlantic have been very variable with no apparent trends during this period and no clear common patterns between systems. 3.10 Effects of Fish Farm Escapees on Stocks and Catches in Homewaters The greatest proportions offarm escapees were found in catches in Norway, Scotland and Iceland. (ln Iceland there were also substantial numbers of ranched fish.) The estimated proportion offarmed fish in samples from Icelandic rivers varied between 9.6% and 25.2%, whereas the proportion of ranched fish was estimated at between 16.1 % and 36.1 %. The proportion of both ranched and farmed salmon in the catches tended to increase towards the end of the fishing season. The estimates of farmed fish in Norwegian marine fisheries were highly variable among sites. Catches in outer coastal fisheries (16-64%) contained a higher proportion offarmed fish during the fishing season than did catches at fisheries in fjord areas (6-36%). The incidence of farmed fish was much lower in samples taken in freshwater during the angling season than in samples taken during the autumn after the angling season had finished. The reason for this is that farmed fish enter the fjords and the rivers later in the season than wild fish. 3.11 Effects of Regulations Introduced in Norwegian Salmon Fisheries in 1989 The impact of the measures on catches in Norwegian home waters in 1989 and 1990 is shown below. 52 Catch (t) 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 Drift 795 552 527 0 0 Other 497 461 314 488 504 Freshwater 306 372 235 417 404 Proportion in freshwater .19 .27 .22 .46 .44 It is likely that the ban on drift netting in 1989 has resulted in a larger number of salmon being available to the other marine homewater fisheries. The additional regulation ofthese fisheries has probably resulted in a substantial increase in freshwater escapement as suggested by increased catches in freshwater. In 1989 and 1990, freshwater catch increased by 35% over the average catch for 1982-88 and accounted for 45% of the total nominal catch compared to 21 % in the period 1982-88. Increased freshwater escapement is also suggested by the reduction in marine exploitation rates on most components of the River Imsa salmon stock. This was not the case for salmon of the River Drarnmen stock, however, because drift net exploitation on this stock has always been low. The salmon fishery on the west coast of Norway intercepts stocks from the USSR, Finland and the Swedish west coast on their return to their home rivers. Exploitation on ISW fish tagged as smolts on the River Lagan (Sweden) was lower in 1989 and 1990 (average 2%) than in 1985-88 (average 7%). This suggests that the management measures introduced in Norway in 1989 also affected Swedish west coast stocks. The frequency of net-marked salmon entering a river may also give information about changes in netting effort on the migration route. The proportion of net-marked salmon recorded in samples of river fisheries in 1990 was much lower than the unweighed means during the period 1978-88. The reduced proportion ofnet-marked fish may be accounted for by the management measllres introduced in the Norwegian home water fishery in 1989. 4 INFORMATION OF INTEREST TO THE NORTH AMERICAN COMMISSION Source of Information: Report of the Working Group on North Atlantic Salmon, March 1991. ICES, Doc. C.M.19911Assess: 12. 4.1 Description of the Fishery in Canada, 1990 Two new management measures were introduced in the Newfoundland and Labrador commercial fisheries in 1990: Quotas by Salmon Fishing Area (SFA) were introduced in the Newfoundland commercial salmon fishery. Salmon Fishing Area I had an allowance of 80 t. An allowance is an estimate of expected catch and not a limitation on allowable harvest. Monitoring of the quotas was conducted by fisheries officers who were in contact with buyers and fishermen on a weekly or daily basis. 53 1990 SFA Catch (t) Quota (t) 1 30 80' 2 151 200 3 135 155 4 92 100 5 25 25 6 19 20 7-11 72 80 13-14 87 95 Q7-9 64 NA' Q11 1 15 'Allowance. 2Not applicable. Along the Quebec North Shore, the opening of the commercial fishing season, previously 1 June, was delayed by 10 days in Q7 and Q8 and by 1 month in Q9. The total quota in numbers was reduced by 12% to 29,605 salmon. Commercial fishing was prohibited within a 500 m zone from the mouth ofthe rivers. The total salmon landings for Canada in 1990 were 870 t (fable 1.1); this is the lowest recorded level in the period 1960-90. The recreational fisheries harvested 22% (191 t), commercial fisheries 74% (644 t), and native fisheries 4% (35 t) of the total landings by weight. Catches in the Newfoundland commercial fishery are given in text table below: Newfoundland Commercial Fishery Year 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 Catch (t) 881 1230 1485 972 867 586' 'Preliminary. 4.2 Composition and Origin of the Catch Only salmon of Canadian and USA origin were caught in Canada during 1990. Recaptures of tagged ISW salmon of USA and Canadian origin occurred in the Newfoundland and Labrador fisheries. 4.3 Exploitation Rates in Canadian Fisheries Exploitation rates on ISW salmon for the Restigouche River have averaged 48% for early and late runs combined. The combined rate for ISW salmon in the Miramichi River is 25%. The Margaree River late run ISW exploitation rate is 17%. 54 4.4 Status of Canadian Stocks Estimates of egg depositions in 1990 approximated or exceeded target egg requirements in six rivers. However, egg deposition was 32% below target in the Saint John River. With the exception ofthe Conne River, most rivers obtained a major component of eggs from MSW salmon. Additional assessments (based on counts obtained at fishways, counting fences and by divers) made in 1990 suggest that target egg depositions approximated or were below requirements on 4 rivers. Four rivers of the inner Bay of Fundy (SFA 23), had returns that were down relative to historical returns. Reasons for shortfalls in target egg deposition vary by river system and include the effects of low water levels on juvenile survival in 1987, natural cycles, low pH and increased marine mortality. Counts of ISW fish at 10 of 12 fishways on systems in insular Newfoundland were down from the 1984-1989 mean. In 8 of 12 cases, the few large salmon counted in Newfoundland were below 1984-1989 mean. In the Maritime provinces, counts of ISW salmon were similar to or above the mean at all 3 fishways (in SFA 20, 21,23); counts of MSW salmon declined at all fishways. Counts of ISW fish in Quebec increased over the 1984-1989 mean at all fishways; counts of MSW salmon were similar to or increased above the mean at 2 out of 4 fishways. 4.5 Harvest Estimates of USA-origin Salmon in Canada The Working Group updated the time series of Carlin tag returns and harvest estimates of Maine-origin ISW salmon in Newfoundland and Labrador. The total harvest of 1,717 Maine-Qrigin salmon in the 1989 fishery was distributed primarily in SFAs 1-5. Carlin Harvest, Maine-Origin Salmon Year 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 Harvest 1329 2288 552 580 393 1717 Comparative harvest estimates based on CWT and Carlin tag recoveries were calculated for the communities and Statistical Sections sampled. The proportional harvest model was used to estimate the harvests of 1SW Maine-Qrigin salmon in two communities in Labrador and one in Newfoundland. ACFM concludes that the proportional harvest method cannot be used to estimate the total harvest of Maine-Qrigin salmon in the Newfoundland and Labrador commercial fisheries without a greatly expanded scale sampling program for river age data. 4.6 Evaluation of the Effects of the 1990 Quota on the Commercial Salmon F1shery of Newfoundland and Labrador In 1990, Canada introduced quota management for the Newfoundland and Labrador commercial salmon fisheries (see Section 4.1). Quotas were attained in 8 of the 12 SFAs (4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 11, 13 and 14) resulting in closing dates in these fisheries ranging from June 21 to July 25. To evaluate the effects of the closures, the Working Group used two approaches, both of which relied on the weekly distribution of landings by SFA for 1984 to 1989. In the first approach, the closure date that occurred in each SFA in 1990 was applied to each SFA and year (1984-1989) to compute the percent reduction in harvest for that year. The minimum, maximum and mean percentages were then applied to the 1990 catches to predict the range of catches forgone in 1990. This approach was called the "Fixed Closure Date Prediction". 55 It is estimated that the catch of ISW salmon forgone in SFAs 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 11, 13, and 14 due to early closure was between 20,000 and 120,000 fish. The catch of large salmon forgone in these SFAs was between 4,000 and 22,000 fish. The estimates of harvest of USA salmon are highly variable, thus the effects could range between 0% and 71 % reduction in the harvest, equivalent to 0 to 185 fish. In the second approach, the 1990 quota was applied to the temporal distribution of catches in each SFA for the years 1984 to 1989. The date on which the quota used in 1990 would have been fulfilled, the landings that would have been caught, and the estimated reduction in the interceptions of Maine-origin salmon were computed. This approach was called the "Fixed Quota Prediction". The predicted reduction in total catch, 1984-89, ranged from 98 t (13%) to 746 t (53%) with a mean predicted reduction of 321 t (30%). The total predicted reduction in harvests of ISW salmon of Maine-origin ranged from 130 to 364 fish with a mean reduction of 228 fish. Some salmon released from one SFA due to closure offisheries may be caught in fisheries that are still open. This may lower the predicted reduction in harvests. 4.7 Description of the Flshery in the USA, 1990 Recreational catches of Atlantic salmon (fish kept) of 627 were about 30% higher in 1990 than in 1989. The increased catch was attributed to increased effort as evidenced by higher sales of licenses, excellent angling conditions and, in some instances, larger runs of salmon. The number of salmon caught and released in Maine rivers exceeded the number caught and killed. The angling exploitation rate on combined age classes in the Penobscot River for 1990 (13.0%) was the same as for 1989 (12.6%) based upon the fish passage efficiency (.85) and reporting rate (.80) adopted by the Working Group in previous years. 4.8 Status of the USA Stocks Catches in 1990 in Maine rivers with salmon runs that are primarily of wild origin increased but were 44% below the long-term average. Spawning escapement of MSW female salmon to the Penobscot, Merrimack and Connecticut rivers is well below 2 established targets based on the full habitat utilization of 2.4 eggs/m • Documented (counted or reported) Atlantic salmon returns to rivers in the United States totalled 4,442 in 1990. This figure is 23 % greater than that recorded for 1989. ACFM notes that the number of wild-origin ISW and 2SW salmon in the Penobscot River has increased in recent years. The percentage of wild 2SW salmon in Penobscot River trap counts has increased from less than 1% in 1981 to over 8% in 1990; increases for wild ISW salmon have been even greater, up 17% in 1990. 4.9 Description of the Flshery in the Islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon (France) A catch of 1 t of salmon for the Islands ofSt. Pierre and Miquelon was given in the Working Group report. These catches were made by professional fishermen and do not include catches by pleasure boat fishermen. In 1989, there were 13 professional fishermen and 37 licensed pleasure boat fishermen. Tag returns from previous years indicate that salmon of Canadian and US origin have been captured in the commercial fisheries ofSt. Pierre and Miquelon. 56 4.10 Quantitative Fstimates of the Effects of Fish Farm Fscapees The total number of salmon that escape from net pens in the USA is unknown. since most rivers in the vicinity of net pens do not have fish trapping facilities. About 20% of the 1990 angling catch in the East Machias River was ofsalmon of aquaculture origin. Small numbers of fish were also documented in two other Maine rivers. The effects of fish farm escapees on USA salmon stocks is unknown, but is thought to be small. Canada Most ofthe aquaculture production in Canada occurs in southern New Brunswick and is based primarily upon stock originally from the Saint John River. The number of salmon that escape from net pens annually is unknown, although it is known that there are occasional losses of fish due to predators or storm damage. A recent example occurring in 1990 was the loss of about 19,000 large salmon from one cage site in southern New Brunswick. ACFM notes that the aquaculture facility in Quebec is land-based, therefore, the probability of escape from this facility is very low. Documentation of aquaculture escapees in Canadian rivers during 1990 was restricted to the Saint John River at the Mactaquac trap facility. A provisional estimate is that 6% (221) of the total MSW returns were of farmed origin. The effects of the escapees on the wild stocks could not be quantified. 57 Table 1.1 Nominal catch of SALMON by country (in tonnes round fresh weiqhtl, 1960-1990 East West Green- Green- 5 2 4 Year canada Denmark Faroes Finland France land land Iceland Ireland Norway 1960 1,636 75 60 100 743 1,659 1961 1,583 75 127 127 707 1,533 1962 1,719 75 244 125 1,459 1,935 1963 1,861 75 466 145 1,458 1,786 1964 2,069 75 1,539 135 1,617 2,147 1965 2,116 75 861 133 1,457 2,000 1966 2,369 75 1,370 106 1,238 1,791 1967 2,863 75 1,601 146 1,463 1,980 1968 2, 111 5 75 1,127 162 1,413 1,514 1969 2,202 7 75 2,210 133 1,730 1,383 1970 2,323 12 75 2,146 195 1,787 1,171 1971 1,992 75 2,689 204 1,639 1,207 1972 1,759 9 32 34 2,113 250 1,804 1,568 1973 2,434 28 50 12 2,341 256 1,930 1,726 1974 2,539 20 76 13 1,917 225 2,128 1,633 1975 2,485 28 76 25 2,030 266 2,216 1,537 1976 2,506 40 66 9 <1 1,175 225 1,561 1,530 1977 2,545 40 59 19 6 1,420 230 1,372 1,488 1978 1,545 37 37 20 8 984 291 1,230 1,050 1979 1,287 119 26 10 <1 1,395 225 1,097 1,831 1980 2,680 536 34 30 <1 1,194 249 947 1,830 1981 2,437 - 1,025 44 20 <1 1,264 163 685 1,656 1982 1,798 865 54 20 <1 1,077 147 993 1,348 1983 1,424 678 57 16 <1 310 198 1,656 1,550 1984 1,112 628 44 25 <1 297 159 829 1,623 1985 1,133 566 49 22 7 864 217 1,595 1,561 1986 1,559 530 38 28 19 960 310 1,730 1,598 1987 1,784 576 49 27 <1 966 222 1,239 1,385 1988 1,311 243 34 32 4 893 396 1,874 1,076 1989 1,139 364 52 14 <1 337 278 1,079 905 19901 870 13 312 59 15 <1 227 421 442 908 cont'd. 58 Table 1.1 oont'd Saint-Pierre Sweden UK UK UK and (West England Scot- Norther¥J 6 Year Miquelon coast) + Wales land Ireland USA USSR Others Total 1960 40 283 1,443 139 1 1,100 7,279 1961 27 232 1,185 132 1 790 6,519 1962 45 318 1,738 356 1 710 8,725 1963 23 325 1,725 306 1 480 8,651 1964 36 307 1,907 377 1 590 10,800 1965 40 320 1,593 281 1 590 9,467 1966 36 387 1,595 287 1 570 9,825 1967 25 420 2,117 449 1 883 12,023 1968 20 282 1,578 312 1 827 403 9,830 1969 22 377 1,955 267 1 360 893 11,615 1970 20 527 1,392 297 1 448 922 11,316 1971 18 426 1,421 234 1 417 471 10,794 1972 18 442 1,727 210 1 462 486 10,925 1973 23 450 2,006 182 2.7 772 533 12,746 1974 32 383 1,708 184 0.9 709 373 11,941 1975 26 447 1,621 164 1.7 811 475 12,209 1976 2.5 20 208 1,019 113 0.8 772 289 9,537 1977 10 345 1,160 110 2.4 497 192 9,495 1978 10 349 1,323 148 4.1 476 138 7,650 1979 12 261 1,076 99 2.5 455 193 8,090 1980 17 360 1,134 122 5.5 664 277 10,081 1981 26 493 1,233 101 6.0 463 313 9,930 1982 25 286 1,092 132 6.4 364 437 8,645 1983 3 28 429 1,221 187 1.3 507 466 8,732 1984 3 40 345 1,013 78 2.2 593 101 6,893 1985 3 45 361 913 98 2.1 659 8,095 1986 2.5 54 430 1,271 109 1.9 608 9,249 1987 2 47 302 922 56 1.2 564 8,142 1988 2 40 395 882 114 0.9 419 7,716 1989 2 29 296 895 142 1.7 359 5,894 19901 1 33 297 543 94 2.4 316 4,554 ~provisional figures. Catch on River foyle allocated 50\ Ireland and 50\ Northern Ireland. JNot including angling catch (mainly grilse). 4Before 1966, sea trout and sea charr included (5\ total). sIncludes estimates of some local sales and by-catch. 6Includes catches in Norwegian Sea by vessels from Denmark, Sweden, Germany, Norway, and Finland. 59 Figure 1.2.2.3 Schematic diagram of the effects of constraints on the estimation of feasible fishery area exploitation rates for West Greenland. CONSTRAINTS ON 2SW RETURNS ...... , : . (A) ...... , ,. o ...... ···· .. ····1.. ·· y...• Z .. , ••• 0.. 0.. a.' 0.' 0.7 ••• EXPLOITATION IN HOMEWlTER8 ••• (A) Constraints on 2SW returns (B) Constraints on fraction of population outside the West Greenland area and Canada (C) Constraints on fraction of non-maturing 1SW catch (D) Composite of all constraints. 60 Figure 2.4.1 Comparison of Harvest Estimates of Maine-origin Salmon at West Greenland Harvest (thousands) 12 r------, l 33351 In 11180 10 8 6 4 1978 1981 1984 1987 1990 Year I -a- Proportional -A- Carlin -+- CWT I Net::: No USA Carlin tags released in 1978 61 Figure 2.4.2 Estimated reporting rates for Carlin tags (1976-19891 based on comparison of Carlin-based harvest estimated and estimates based on CWT recoveries and the proportional harvest model (1987-1989). Reporting Rate 1 I I 1 ~ I - Carlln/CWl Carlin/Prop I 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.6 '"N 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.2 o I F2 F2 F2 V2 V2 V2 V2 l?A t<;;l t<;;l o 1976197719781980198119821983198419851986198719881989 Year Figure 2.5 Effects of Carlin tag reporting rate and proportion of Maine salmon stocks available to the fisheries in Greenland and Canada. 1987 00 The upper line of each figure repre sents the levels of fishery area 90 ( -\ exploitation when the Carlin-based 80 harvest estimates are multiplied by ~ 70 \ "'- 2.0 \ • 1 60 The lower line represents the level Cl 7 .§ 50 "- ---- of fishery area exploitation for /' unadjusted Carlin tag estimates. The midpoint represents the average I : of the values defining the perimeter 20 of the two Carlin adjustment factors. o 10 20 90 ~ 60 60 ro 80 90 = Exploitation c.nada 1988 1 ( -\ 70 \ "-.. \ '- '-.,.. / J ~ 1 o 10 20 90 ~ 60 60 ro 80 90 = Exploitation Canada 1989 100 90 ----. 80 \ ." \ i 70 '" "---- 1 60 Cl '" / '-- ---.J' j : 20 10 o 10 20 90 ~ 60 60 ro 90 90 = Exploitation Canada 63 15° 10° 5° 0° 5° FA 69° DJ: DV 68° DU 67° D8 ~,- DR 66° DP It." "- 107 89 DO 1, 1'-38 76 63 36 65° }' 55 72 54 84 DII .... DK 65 69 81 61 46 39 74 72 64° 47 73 29 78 13 DL 53 54 92 97- 84 63 18 DJ: 63° 64 24 89 95 92 76 81 Dl ~~.- 83 72 75 56 DB 62° 8e..( 58 73 34 ~ 38 20 12 . DO . DF 61° 91 ~-; . DB "' • DD 60° I~i ...... 00000.. ~ • W N .. 0 ~ • ~ ~ • ~ W N .. .. N W • • Figure 3.3 Catch per unit effort (1000 hooks) by statistical rectangle from logbooks, 1989/1990 season. 64 REPORT TO THE COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES EUROPEAN EEL Source of information: Report of the Working Group on the Assessment of the European Eel in 1991, May 1991 (C.M.19911Assess:23). 1. Basis for Assessment Two long-time series exist for yellow eel fisheries on Usselmeer (Netherlands) and Lough Neagh (lreland). The Usselmeer eel fisheries are well documented, the Lough Neagh data base lacks effort data, but the effort is assumed to be constant over the years. Both data sets represent a different situation. The Usselmeer is more intensively fished than Lough Neagh. These two data sets were, therefore, thought to be a good basis for testing assessment methods. Setting minimum requirements to the collection of data series for use in future assessments is advisable. 2. Tests of Assessment Methods Stock production models have been tried in the cases of Usselmeer and Lough Neagh fisheries. Based on the equilibrium case, assuming negligible changes in biomass and with catchability q as the only unspecified constant, no single value of q produced both an acceptable productionfbiomass ratio and a positive relationship between biomass and production in either of the two cases studied. 3. ACFM Comments As there is no specific request for advice on the management of eel stocks, ACFM doubts whether there is a need for this Working Group. ACFM is, however, aware of the concern about the present decline in glass eel immigration and suggests that a Study Group on Glass Eel Fluctuations be established to evaluate possible influences of fisheries and oceanographic phenomena on grown eels and glass eels. The parent Committee for such a Study Group should be the Anadromous and Catadromous Fish Committee. 65 REPORT TO THE GOVERNMENT OF NORWAY HARP AND HOODED SEALS Source of Information: Report of the Joint ICES/NAFO Working Group on Harp and Hooded Seals, Copenhagen, 14-18 October 1991 (C.M.1992/Assess:5) 1 HARP SEALS IN THE wmTE AND BARENTS SEAS 1.1 Catches Catches of harp seals (Phoca groen/andica) in the White and Barents Seas during 1946-1991 (Table 1.1) have averaged about 83,000 individuals. The average for 1989 to 1991 is substantially lower at 42,000. 1.2 Distribution The breeding areas and general distribution of all stocks of harp seals are shown in Figure 1.1. The main breeding lair is found on the pack ice in the White Sea. Peak pupping occurs around 1 March. At other times of the year herds of seals from this stock are distributed and feeding in the northern and northeastern Barents Sea, and large herds are regularly found along the edge of the pack ice from Svalbard to Novaya Zemlya. Recaptures from the 9,428 harp seals that were tagged in the White Sea during 1987-1991 have been made in the White Sea, Barents Sea, and along the Norwegian coast. So far, the results ofthe tagging in the White Sea and in the Greenland Sea (Jan Mayen) have indicated that immature seals may share feeding grounds in Norwegian waters, but have shown no evidence of mixing at the breeding grounds. Harp seal invasions to the Norwegian coast of the magnitude observed in 1986-1988 were not recorded since. There is an apparent difference in the age composition of the moulting patches between the White Sea and the Greenland Sea, but it is not yet possible to interpret the difference. 1.3 Population Size and Pup Production In the absence of detailed information on survey design and coverage, and, therefore, without knowing whether the results of the surveys in different years are comparable, ACFM was unable to draw any conclusions about stock status, and the present level of pup production cannot be estimated with acceptable reliability. 1.4 Management Advice Without estimates of pup production or population sizes, it is not possible to calculate sustainable or replacement yield for the White and Barents Seas. However, in light of the uncertainties about the state of the stock and indications of marked decline in the number of breeding females as well as the apparent low number of young animals in moulting patches, ACFM reiterates its comments that if catches from this stock are taken, a conservative approach should be adopted. 2 HARP SEALS IN THE GREENLAND SEA (JAN MAYEN) 2.1 Catches Catches of harp seals (Phoca groen/and/ca) in the Greenland Sea (the Jan Mayen area) during 1946-1991 (Table 2.1) have averaged about 21,000. The average for 1989-1991 is substantially lower at about 6,000. 66 2.2 Distribution Tag returns indicate that harp seals from the Greenland Sea contributed to the invasion of the Norwegian coastal waters in 1986-1988. The tag returns also indicate that immature seals from this stock may share feeding grounds with seals from the Northwest Atlantic at Greenland and with White Sea harp seals in Norwegian waters. There is no evidence of mixing at the breeding grounds, however. 2.3 Population Size and Pup Production An aerial survey ofthe West Ice in 199110cated four separate harp seal breeding patches. The largest was estimated to contain 50,500 ± 16,000 individuals based on a visual survey. The second patch was also covered by a Soviet shipboard transect survey and was estimated to contain 3,800 pups, but the data were not available to calculate variance estimates. The third and fourth breeding patches were roughly assessed to contain 7,000 and 12,000 pups, respectively. This new information suggests that the pup production of 34,000 used in the previous assessment underestimated stock size and pup production. Using 50,000 pups as an estimate of the minimum number of pups that will be produced in 1992 based on the 1991 survey of the main patch, and conservative values of M=O.l1 for ages 1+ and M=0.33 for age 0, ACFM calculated stock and catch projections with the model used in the previous assessment. A 1992 pup production of 50,000 implies a 1+ population of about 232,000. ACFM considered three scenarios for the composition of the catch: 1) No pups, the entire catch is 1+; 2) no 1+, the entire catch is pups; 3) the ratio of pups to 1+ in the catch was set equal to the average ratio for 1979-88. Option Exploitation rate 1992 Catches Pups 1+ Pups 1+ Total 1 0 0.046 0 10,688 10,688 2 0.443 0 22,091 0 22,091 3 0.225 0.Q25 11,220 5,798 17,018 The equilibrium catches for those three scenarios have been calculated as: Option Equilibrium Catches Pups 1+ Total 1 0 10,900 10,900 2 26,000 0 26,000 3 11,800 5,800 17,600 67 2.4 Management Advice Assuming that the final analysis of the 1991 survey will not differ significantly from those above, ACFM considers that the catches calculated above for 1992 are reasonable minimum estimates of removals which would stabilize stock size. The substantially decreased catches since 1983 are expected to have allowed the stock to increase and the 1991 pup production estimate supports that expectation. 3 HOODED SEALS IN THE GREENLAND SEA (JAN MAYEN) 3.1 Catches Catches of hooded seals (Cystophora cristata) in the Greenland Sea (Jan Mayen area) during 1946-1991 (Table 3.1) have averaged about 29,000. The average for 1989-1991 is substantially lower at 1,320. 3.2 Distribution The known breeding and moulting areas and the supposed migration routes of hooded seals are shown in Figure 3.1. There is evidence of a connection between hooded seals occurring in the Newfoundland-Davis Strait area, the moulting area in the Denmark Strait, and at Greenland. There is, however, no evidence for a connection between the Jan Mayen whelping area and the Denmark Strait moulting area. Pilot studies with satellite tracking ofhooded seals in the Greenland Sea confirm previous information from traditional tagging in the same area. Recaptures in Norway and Iceland of hooded seals tagged near Jan Mayen confirm that young animals may disperse over large areas in their first year of life. There are, however, still no recaptures in Greenland of hooded seals tagged at Jan Mayen, whereas recaptures of hooded seals tagged at Newfoundland, in the Davis Strait and at the moulting patches in the Denmark Strait have been reported from both West and East Greenland. 3.3 Population Size and Pup Production There were not enough details available on past Soviet surveys of hooded seal breeding (1986-1987) and moulting (1988) patches to confidently evaluate the results. However, considering that past catches were substantially higher than those since 1983, ACFM expects that the population size has probably been increasing. 3.4 Management Advice In the absence of estimates of population size, ACFM is unable to provide firm quantitative estimates of sustainable or replacement yield. However, ACFM does not expect that catches equal to the average catch since 1983, that is about 3,650, would cause a decrease in population size. 4 ECOWGY OF SEALS New information on seal feeding has been collected and analyzed, thus contributing considerably to the knowledge of the variation in harp and hooded seal feeding habits. However, the basic information on prey abundance, food selection, energy requirements, and distribution of seals is still not sufficient to determine the extent of possible interactions between seal stocks, other marine resources, and fisheries. 68 Table 1.1 Catches of harp seals in the White and Barents Seas ("East Ice"), 1946-1991. ------Norwegian catches a) Soviet catches Total catches ------1 year 1 year 1 year and and and Year pups older total pups older total pups older total ------1946 10935 47983 26156 74139 85074 1947 27543 123270 31085 154355 181898 1948 29765 72041 65799 137840 167605 1949 30678 108017 65460 173477 204155 1950 26366 98844 87924 186768 213134 1951 35371 76087 105406 181493 216864 1952 19418 65973 53251 119224 138642 1953 710 11734 12444 34873 42765 77638 35583 54499 90082 1954 835 10813 11648 70664 79765 150429 71499 90578 162077 1955 19068 19068 48353 46127 94470 48353 65195 113538 1956 3775 21380 22183 36200 29125 65325 39975 50505 87508 1957 151 22183 22334 64691 39185 103876 64842 61368 126210 1958 2733 12396 15129 84395 27997 112992 87128 40393 128121 1959 2257 6286 8543 48257 47982 96239 50514 54268 104782 1960 2474 8222 10694 60579 28736 89315 63053 36958 100009 1961 2903 8254 11157 41827 51676 93503 44730 59930 104660 1962 1325 6981 8306 67633 39327 106960 68958 46308 115266 1963 405 12944 13349 54861 7603 62464 55266 20547 75813 1964 3109 11477 14556 47008 15771 62779 50117 27248 77335 1965 4537 1899 6436 20135 0 20135 24672 1899 26571 1966 1932 10319 12251 20012 196 20208 21944 10515 32459 1967 9648 2004 11652 20000 0 20000 29648 2004 31652 1968 11960 3150 15110 20000 0 20000 31960 3150 35110 1969 11938 21588 593 22181 34119 1970 12964 24328 1262 25590 38554 1971 7028 1596 8624 26666 1002 27668 33694 2598 36292 1972 4229 8209 12438 30635 500 31135 34864 8709 43573 1973 5657 6661 12318 29950 813 30763 35607 7474 43081 1974 2323 5054 7377 29006 500 29506 31329 5554 36883 1975 2255 8692 10947 29000 500 29500 31255 9192 40447 1976 6742 6375 13117 29050 498 29548 35792 6873 42665 1977 3429 2783 6212bl 34007 1488 35495 37436 4271 41707 1978 1693 3109 4802 30548 994 31542 32241 4103 36344 1979 1326 12205 13531 34000 1000 35000 35326 13205 48531 1980 13894 1308 15202 34500 2000 36500 48394 3308 51702 c lqAl 7304 15161 1746S ) 39700 3866 43566 42004 19027 61031 1982 6090 11366 17456 48504 10000 58504 54594 21366 75960 1983 431 17658 18089 54000 10000 64000 54431 27658 82089 1984 2091 6785 8876 58153 6942 65095 60244 13727 73971 1985 348 18659 19007 52000 9043 61043 52348 27702 80050 1986 12859 6158 19017 53000 8132 61132 65859 14290 80149 1987 12 18988 19000 42400 3397 45797 42412 22385 64797 1988 18 16580 16598 51990 2501 54401 51918 19081 70999 1989 0 9413 9413 30989 2475 33464 30989 11888 42877 1990 0 9522 9522 30500 1957 32457 30500 11479 41979 1991 0 9500 9500 30500 1980 32480 30500 11480 41980 a) Incidental catches of harp seals in fishing gear on Norwegian and Murman coasts are not included (see Table 6 I. b) Approx. 1300 harp seals (unspecified age) caught by one ship lost are not included. c) An additional 250-300 animals were shot but lost as they drifted into Soviet territorial waters. 69 Table 2.1 Catches of harp seals in the Greenland Sea ( "West Ice" ) , 1946-1991, including catches for scientific purposes. ------Norwegian catches Soviet catches Total catches ------1 year 1 year 1 year and and and Year pups older total pups older total pups older total ------1946 14795 1411 16206 14795 1411 16206 1947 28909 7534 36443 28909 7534 36443 1948 36076 23725 59801 26076 23725 59801 1949 29361 5168 34529 29361 5168 34529 1950 23887 9484 33371 23887 9484 33371 1951 39922 12851 52773 39922 12851 52773 1952 37348 7388 44736 37348 7388 44736 1953 27346 6550 33896 27346 6550 33896 1954 23845 5271 29116 23845 5271 29116 1955 23862 13564 37426 + + +a) 23862+ 13564+ 37426+ 1956 8983 6894 15877 + + +a) 8983+ 6894+ 15877+ 1957 4847 11801 16648 + + +a) 4847+ 11801+ 16648+ 1958 24372 7713 32085 1384 445 1829 25756 8158 33914 1959 27812 2901 30713 3527 3264 6791 31339 6165 37504 1960 28421 1544 29965 831 2377 3208 29252 3921 33173 1961 16487 2755 19242 3532 4563 8095 20019 7318 27337 1962 25738 3126 28864 1636 788 2424 27374 3914 31288 1963 11808 3045 14853 1137 840 1977 12945 3885 16830 1964 2908 3060 5968 2763 1720 4483 5671 4780 10451 1965 20445 3727 24172 4693 1580 6273 25138 5307 30445 1966 23814 2210 26024 6 236 242 23820 2446 26266 1967 19708 1450 21158 19708 1450 21158 1968 20227 1103 21330 20227 1103 21330 1969 3992 1694 5686 3992 1694 5686 1970 16346 1750 18096 16346 1750 18096 1971 11149 0 11149 11149 0 11149 1972 15100 82 15182 15100 82 15182 1973 11858 a 11858 11858 a 11858 1974 14628 74 14702 14628 74 14702 1975 3742 1080 4822 239 a 239 3981 1080 5061 1976 7019 5249 12268 253 34 287 7272 5283 12555 1977 13305 1541 14846 2000 252 2252 15305 1793 17098 1978 14424 57 14481 2000 0 2000 16424 57 16481 1979 11947 889 12836 2424 0 2424 14371 889 15260 1980 2336 7647 9983 3000 539 3539 5336 8186 13522 1981 8932 2850 11782 3693 a 3693 12625 2850 15475 1982 6602 3090 9692 1961 243 2204 8563 3333 11896 1983 742 2576 3318 4263 0 4263 5005 2576 7581 1984 199 1779 1978 199 1779 1978 1985 532 25 557 3 6 9 535 31 566 1986 15 6 21 4490 250 4740 4505 256 4761 1987 7961 3483 11444 3300 3300 7961 6783 14744 1988 4493 5170 9663b ) 7000 500 7500 11493 5670 17163 1989 37 4392 4429 37 4392 4429 1990 26 5482 5508 a 784 784 26 6266 6292 1991 0 4867 4867 500 1328 1828 500 6195 6695 ------a) For 1955, 1956 and 1957 Soviet reports catches af harp and hooded seals at 3900, 11600 and 12900, respectively (Sov. Rep. 1975) . These catches are not included. b) including 1431 pups and one adult caught by one ship which was lost. 70 Table 3.1 :atches of hooded seals in the Greenland Sea ("West Ice"), 1946-1991, incl. catches for scientific purposes. ------Norwegian catches Soviet catches Total catches 1 year 1 year 1 year and and and Year pups older total pups older total pups older total 1946 8482 3083 11565 8482 3083 11565 1947 26059 12535 38594 26059 12535 38594 1948 23392 9371 32763 23392 9371 32763 1949 48698 7728 56426 48698 7728 56426 1950 49130 18568 67698 49130 18568 67698 1951 47487 35893 83380 47487 35893 83380 1952 18098 21864 39962 18098 21864 39962 1953 21864 4160 26024 21864 4160 26024 1954 53321 12680 66001 53321 12680 66001 1955 45266 11511 56777 + + a) 45266+ 11511+ 56777+ 1956 31564 9224 40788 + + a) 31564+ 9224+ 40788+ 1957 13238 8951 22189 + + a) 13238+ 8951+ 22189+ 1958 38636 19906 58542 2861 3428 6289 41497 23334 64831 1959 22682 4536 27218 623 1246 1869 23305 5782 29087 1960 27572 5389 32961 641 642 1283 28213 6031 34244 1961 43681 29601 73282 3569 2169 5738 47250 31770 79020 1962 27183 18498 45681 2239 4900 7139 29422 23398 52820 1963 17958 4463 22421 2333 2993 5326 20291 7456 27747 1964 21987 6972 28959 1943 2435 4378 23930 9407 33337 1965 28154 10838 38992 633 1474 2107 28787 12312 41099 1966 33214 6762 39976 802 310 1112 34016 7072 41088 1967 21390 20351 41741 21390 20351 41"141 1968 11795 2168 13963 11795 2168 13963 1969 15870 7057 22927 15870 7057 22927 1970 25208 12507 37715 25208 12507 37715 1971 19572 10678 30250 19572 10678 30250 1972 16052 4164 20216 16052 4164 20216 1973 22455 3994 26449 22455 3994 26449 1974 16595 9800 26395 16595 9800 26395 1975 18273 7683 25956 632 607 1239 18905 8290 27195 1976 4632 2271 6903 199 194 393 4831 2465 7296 1977 11626 3744 15370 2572 891 3463 14198 4635 18833 1978 13899 2144 16043 2457 536 2993 16356 2680 19036 1979 16147 4115 20262 2064 1219 3283 18211 5334 23545 1980 8375 1393 9768 1066 399 1465 9441 1792 11233 1981 10569 1169 11738 167 169 336 10736 1338 12074 1982 11069 2382 13451 1524 862 2386 12593 3244 15837 1983 o 86 86 419 107 526 419 193 612 1984 99 483 582 99 483 582 1985 254 84 338 1632 149 1781 1886 233 2119 1986 2738 161 2899 1072 799 1871 3810 960 4770 1987 6221 1573 7794 2890 953 3843 9111 2526 11637 b 1988 4873 1276 6149 ) 2162 876 3038 7035 2152 9187 1989 34 147 181 34 147 181 1990 26 397 423 o 813 813 26 1210 1236 1991 o 352 352 458 1732 2190 458 2084 2542 a) For 1955, 1956 and 1957 the USSR reports catches of hooded and harp seals at about 3900, 11500 and 12900, respectively. (Sov. Rep_ 1975). These catches are not included. b) including 1048 pups and 435 adults caught by one ship ~hich was lost. 71 Figure 1.1 Breeding aI?eas and migration routes of harp seals (Phoca groenlandica) (1. extralimital observations. 2. breeding and moulting areas. ) ------ Figure 3.1 Breeding and moulting areas, and migration routes of hooded seals (Cystophora cristata) ( Dots represent breeding areas, striations represent known moulting areas. ) 72