DOCSLIB.ORG

Metroxylon Amicarum NT Taxonomic Authority: (H.Wendl.) Hook.F

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Metroxylon Amicarum NT Taxonomic Authority: (H.Wendl.) Hook.F Metroxylon amicarum NT Taxonomic Authority: (H.Wendl.) Hook.f. Global Assessment Regional Assessment Region: Global Endemic to region Synonyms Common Names CAROLINE IVORY NUT English (Primary) OAHS Pohnpeian RUPANG Chuukese Upper Level Taxonomy Kingdom: PLANTAE Phylum: TRACHEOPHYTA Class: LILIOPSIDA Order: ARECALES Family: PALMAE Lower Level Taxonomy Rank: Infra- rank name: Plant Hybrid Subpopulation: Authority: General Information Distribution Endemic to the Caroline Islands (Johnson 1998). It also occurs on Guam, but the lack of local name indicates it is not a native species (McClatchey et al. 2006) Range Size Elevation Biogeographic Realm Area of Occupancy: 300 Upper limit: 550 Afrotropical Extent of Occurrence: Lower limit: 1 Antarctic Map Status: Depth Australasian Upper limit: Neotropical Lower limit: Oceanian Depth Zones Palearctic Shallow photic Bathyl Hadal Indomalayan Photic Abyssal Nearctic Population Population size is not known, but has been noted as scarce in moist forest (Johnson 1998). Occurs in at least three subpopulations on the islands of Pohnpei, Chuuk and Nakuoro. Total Population Size Minimum Population Size: Maximum Population Size: Habitat and Ecology Palm up tp 12 - 13 m tall. Found in moist coastal or upland forest, freshwater wetlands and swamps. It flowers repeatedly in contrast to other Metroxylon spp. that are monocarpic i.e. only flower once (Johnson 1998, McClatchey et al 2006). System Movement pattern Crop Wild Relative Terrestrial Freshwater Nomadic Congregatory/Dispersive Is the species a wild relative of a crop? Marine Migratory Altitudinally migrant Growth From Definition Tree - size unknow Tree (any size), also termed a Phanerophyte (>1m) Threats M. amicarum has a restricted range in terms of area of occupancy (AOO = 300 km2). There are numerous uses of this palm along with other species of Metroxylon. At present there is no indication that it is unsustainably harvested, but this should be carefully monitored. Past Present Future 1 Habitat Loss/Degradation (human induced) 3 Harvesting (hunting/gathering) 9 Intrinsic factors 9.9 Restricted range Conservation Measures M. amicarum does not occur in any protected area and no collections are known to have been made for ex situ storage. However, it is represented in numerous botanic gardens. In Place Needed 3 Research actions 3.2 Population numbers and range 3.5 Threats 3.8 Conservation measures 3.9 Trends/Monitoring 4 Habitat and site-based actions 4.4 Protected areas 5 Species-based actions 5.3 Sustainable use 5.7 Ex situ conservation actions 5.7.1 Captive breeding/Artificial propagation 5.7.2 Genome resource bank Countries of Occurrence PRESENCE ORIGIN Year Breeding Non- Passage Possibly ExtinctPresence Native Introduced Re- Vagrant Origin Round Season breeding migrant extinct uncertain Introduced uncertain only season only Guam Micronesia, Federated States of General Habitats Score Description Major Importance 1 Forest 1UnsetSuitable 1.6 Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland1Unset Suitable 1.8 Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Swamp1Unset Suitable 5 Wetlands (inland)2 Marginal Not applicable 5.8 Wetlands (inland) - Seasonal/Intermittent Freshwater 2Marginal Not applicable Marshes/Pools (under 8ha) Ecosystem Services Insufficient Information available Species provides no ecosystem services Score according to relative importance where 1 = very important, 2 = important, 3 = some importance, 4 = not important/relevant and 5 = not known. Ecosystem service Score (from 1 to 5) Geographic range over which benefits are felt? Water Quality Water Supplies Flood Control Climate Regulation Landscape Air Quality Nutrient Cycling Habitat Maintenance 3 Regional Provision of Critical Habitat 3 Regional Pollination Erosion Control 3 Regional Biocontrol Shoreline Protection Other (specify) Define Other: Other (specify) Define Other: Species Utilisation Species is not utilised at all Purpose / Type of Use Subsistence National International 1. Food - human 10. Wearing apparel, accessories 2. Food - animal 3. Medicine - human and veterinary 8. Fibre Buttons can be made from the nut of M. amicarum. Roots, young leaves and stem cork are used for traditional medicine in Pohnpei. It is highly valued for thatch for roofs and is also form of starch. Numerous other uses are known for this species and associated species of Metroxylon (sago palm) (McClatchey et al. 2006). Trend in the level of wild offtake/harvest in relation to total wild population numbers over the last five years: Trend in the amount of offtake/harvest produced through domestication/cultivation over the last five years: CITES status: Not listed Livelihood Value Primary Product Scale of Assessment: Regional Name of Location/Country/Region: Pohnpei Date: 2006 Description of product (eg. skin, meat, horn, fibre, etc.): leaves For Single Species Harvest When Part of a Multi-species Harvest for this Product: Estimated annual harvest of the product: Not Known Estimated annual multi-species harvest: Units: Units: The species contribution to the total harvest (%): Users Amount of this species within multi-species harvest: Primary level of human reliance on the product: Who are the primary harvesters of this resource? By gender/age? By socio-economic group? Specify other: Value to Livelihoods Proportion (%) of total population benefiting from this product: Proportion (%) of household consumption (if dietary as a % of protein/carbohydrate) for this product: Proportion (as a %) of household income for this product: Value to Economy Annual cash income from this product - gross (in US$): 0.50 - 2.00 per thatch she IUCN Red Listing Red List Assessment:(using 2001 IUCN system) Near Threatened (NT) Red List Criteria: Date Last Seen (only for EX, EW or Possibly EX species): Is the species Possibly Extinct? Possibly Extinct Candidate? Rationale for the Red List Assessment The distribution across the Caroline Islands gives M. amicarum a large extent of occurrence and a small area of occupancy. Although harvested for numerous purposes, it appears to be used sustainably at present. It receives no formal protection in the form of protected areas. A better understanding of the size of the population and rates of harvest is needed. Due to the restricted AOO and severely fragmented subpopulations a rating of Near Threatened is given because the onset of any threatening process in the future is likely to warrant a threatened category under criterion B. Reason(s) for Change in Red List Category from the Previous Assessment: Genuine Change Nongenuine Change No Change Genuine (recent) New information Taxonomy Same category Genuine (since first assessment) Knowledge of Criteria Criteria Revisio and criteria Incorrect data used Other Same category but previously change in criteria Current Population Trend: Stable Date of Assessment: 05/07/2011 Name(s) of the Assessor(s): Bachman, S. Evaluator(s): Notes: % population decline in the past: Time period over which the past decline has been measured for applying Criterion A or C1 (in years or generations): % population decline in the future: Time period over which the future decline has been measured for applying Criterion A or C1 (in years or generations): Number of Locations: Severely Fragmented: Number of Mature Individuals: Bibliography Johnson, D., 1998, Metroxylon amicarum, IUCN Red List of Threatened Species5th July, , IUCN, McClatchey, W., Manner, H.I., Elevitch, C.R., 2006, Metroxylon amicarium, M. paulcoxii, M. sagu, M. salomonense, M. vitiense, and M. warburgii (sago palm), Traditional Trees of Pacific Islands: their culture, environment, and use, Elevitch, C.R., 491-512, Permanent Agricultural Resources, Holualoa, Hawai‘i.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Table 7: Species Changing IUCN Red List Status (2014-2015)
    IUCN Red List version 2015.4: Table 7 Last Updated: 19 November 2015 Table 7: Species changing IUCN Red List Status (2014-2015) Published listings of a species' status may change for a variety of reasons (genuine improvement or deterioration in status; new information being available that was not known at the time of the previous assessment; taxonomic changes; corrections to mistakes made in previous assessments, etc. To help Red List users interpret the changes between the Red List updates, a summary of species that have changed category between 2014 (IUCN Red List version 2014.3) and 2015 (IUCN Red List version 2015-4) and the reasons for these changes is provided in the table below. IUCN Red List Categories: EX - Extinct, EW - Extinct in the Wild, CR - Critically Endangered, EN - Endangered, VU - Vulnerable, LR/cd - Lower Risk/conservation dependent, NT - Near Threatened (includes LR/nt - Lower Risk/near threatened), DD - Data Deficient, LC - Least Concern (includes LR/lc - Lower Risk, least concern). Reasons for change: G - Genuine status change (genuine improvement or deterioration in the species' status); N - Non-genuine status change (i.e., status changes due to new information, improved knowledge of the criteria, incorrect data used previously, taxonomic revision, etc.); E - Previous listing was an Error. IUCN Red List IUCN Red Reason for Red List Scientific name Common name (2014) List (2015) change version Category Category MAMMALS Aonyx capensis African Clawless Otter LC NT N 2015-2 Ailurus fulgens Red Panda VU EN N 2015-4
    [Show full text]
  • "National List of Vascular Plant Species That Occur in Wetlands: 1996 National Summary."
    Intro 1996 National List of Vascular Plant Species That Occur in Wetlands The Fish and Wildlife Service has prepared a National List of Vascular Plant Species That Occur in Wetlands: 1996 National Summary (1996 National List). The 1996 National List is a draft revision of the National List of Plant Species That Occur in Wetlands: 1988 National Summary (Reed 1988) (1988 National List). The 1996 National List is provided to encourage additional public review and comments on the draft regional wetland indicator assignments. The 1996 National List reflects a significant amount of new information that has become available since 1988 on the wetland affinity of vascular plants. This new information has resulted from the extensive use of the 1988 National List in the field by individuals involved in wetland and other resource inventories, wetland identification and delineation, and wetland research. Interim Regional Interagency Review Panel (Regional Panel) changes in indicator status as well as additions and deletions to the 1988 National List were documented in Regional supplements. The National List was originally developed as an appendix to the Classification of Wetlands and Deepwater Habitats of the United States (Cowardin et al.1979) to aid in the consistent application of this classification system for wetlands in the field.. The 1996 National List also was developed to aid in determining the presence of hydrophytic vegetation in the Clean Water Act Section 404 wetland regulatory program and in the implementation of the swampbuster provisions of the Food Security Act. While not required by law or regulation, the Fish and Wildlife Service is making the 1996 National List available for review and comment.
    [Show full text]
  • Genetic Variation and Agronomic Features of Metroxylon Palms in Asia and Pacific
    Chapter 4 Genetic Variation and Agronomic Features of Metroxylon Palms in Asia and Pacific Hiroshi Ehara Abstract Fourteen genera among three subfamilies in the Arecaceae family are known to produce starch in the trunk. The genus Metroxylon is the most productive among them and is classified into section Metroxylon including only one species, M. sagu (sago palm: called the true sago palm), distributed in Southeast Asia and Melanesia and section Coelococcus consisting of M. amicarum in Micronesia, M. salomonense and M. vitiense in Melanesia, M. warburgii in Melanesia and Polynesia, and M. paulcoxii in Polynesia. In sago palm, a relationship between the genetic distance and geographical distribution of populations was found as the result of a random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis. A smaller genetic variation of sago palm in the western part than in the eastern part of the Malay Archipelago was also found, which indicated that the more genetically varied populations are distributed in the eastern area and are possibly divided into four broad groups. Metroxylon warburgii has a smaller trunk than sago palm, but the trunk length of M. salomonense, M. vitiense, and M. amicarum is comparable to or longer than that of sago palm. Their leaves are important as building and houseware material, and the hard endosperm of M. amicarum and M. warburgii seeds is utilized as craftwork material. Preemergent young leaves around the growing point of M. vitiense are utilized as a vegetable. Regarding starch yield, palms in Coelococcus are all low in the dry matter and pith starch content as compared with sago palm. For this reason, M.
    [Show full text]
  • Hiroshi Ehara · Yukio Toyoda Dennis V. Johnson Editors
    Hiroshi Ehara · Yukio Toyoda Dennis V. Johnson Editors Sago Palm Multiple Contributions to Food Security and Sustainable Livelihoods Sago Palm Hiroshi Ehara • Yukio Toyoda Dennis V. Johnson Editors Sago Palm Multiple Contributions to Food Security and Sustainable Livelihoods Editors Hiroshi Ehara Yukio Toyoda Applied Social System Institute of Asia; College of Tourism International Cooperation Center for Rikkyo University Agricultural Education Niiza, Saitama, Japan Nagoya University Nagoya, Japan Dennis V. Johnson Cincinnati, OH, USA ISBN 978-981-10-5268-2 ISBN 978-981-10-5269-9 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5269-9 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017954957 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018, corrected publication 2018. This book is an open access publication. Open Access This book is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this book are included in the book’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the book’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc.
    [Show full text]
  • V30n4p165-180
    19861 RAUWERDINK:METROXYLON Principes,30(4), 1986, pp. 165-180 An Essay on Metroxylon, the Sago Palm JeNB. ReuwnRomx Department of Plant Taxonomy, Agricultural Uniaersity, Wageningen, the Netherlands P.O. Box 8010, 6700 ED Wageningen Metroxylon is a genus of arborescent under cultivation. The aim of my survey palms of Papuasia and several island and the present paper has been to report groups of Micronesia and Melanesia. There on the variability of M. sagu in PNG, in are five species occurring in five separate the context of the diversity found in the areas. The most widespread taxon, M. genus as a whole. This paper may con- scLgu, covers Malaysia, Indonesia, Min- tribute towards an eventual monograph of danao, and New Guinea. The other four Metroxylon. taxa are endemic to the aforementioned island groups. Historyof the Genus The palms accumulate starch in the pith of their trunks and are a traditional source The first and most competentpublica- of carbohydrate. The best known r-epre- tion on sagopalms is by Rumphius(1741). sentative of the genus in this respect is In the Herbarium Amboinensehe gives M. sagu, known as the sago palm. This a meticulousdescription of the sagopalm species occupies the largest area. esti- as it occurs in Ambon. and he Dresents mated to cover 4 million ha in natural the taxonomic views of the inhabiiants on stands and about .2 million ha under cul- this palm. Four Ambonesespecies are tivation. With the exception of M. salo- described under the seneric name of monense.the other tp".i"t of Melroxylon Sagris.This namewas adopted by Caert- are not exploited for their starch content.
    [Show full text]
  • Metroxylon Sagu Rottb.): Now and Beyond
    Pertanika J. Trop. Agric. Sc. 42 (2): 435 - 451 (2019) TROPICAL AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE Journal homepage: http://www.pertanika.upm.edu.my/ Review Article Sago Palm (Metroxylon sagu Rottb.): Now and Beyond Leonard Whye Kit Lim1*, Hung Hui Chung1, Hasnain Hussain2 and Kopli Bujang2 1Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia 2Centre for Sago Research (CoSAR), Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia ABSTRACT The sago palm (Metroxylon sagu Rottb.) is one of the underutilized food crops that has the promising potential to strengthen food security program especially in Sarawak, Malaysia. Thriving well in harsh environments such as the freshwater swampy area, the sago palm is also unique for its ability to store starch within its trunk, compared to other types of starch storage organs. With its superb high starch yield as compared to commonly found starch sources such as the corn, rice and wheat, it is deemed as the palm of many uses. Researches sprouting from this unique palm come from various fields of study, namely microbiology, food technology, polymer synthesis, bioprocess technology and most recently, computational biology. In this review, we presented a survey of recently published results from each field and further provided future recommendations and knowledge gaps to be filled. It is hoped that with the consolidation of research talents and funding from around the world, the sago palm industry will be matured in time to equip mankind with the solutions to combat the oncoming global food scarcity issues. Keywords: Food crop, food security, industry, starch yield, underutilized INTRODUCTION ARTICLE INFO The sago palm (Metroxylon sagu Rottb.) Article history: is a true palm classified under the order Received: 10 January 2019 Accepted: 13 March 2019 Arecales, family Palmae and subfamily Published: 30 May 2019 E-mail addresses: Calamideae.
    [Show full text]
  • Genetic Transformation of Metroxylon Sagu (Rottb.) Cultures Via Agrobacterium-Mediated and Particle Bombardment
    Hindawi Publishing Corporation BioMed Research International Volume 2014, Article ID 348140, 9 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/348140 Research Article Genetic Transformation of Metroxylon sagu (Rottb.) Cultures via Agrobacterium-Mediated and Particle Bombardment Evra Raunie Ibrahim,1 Md. Anowar Hossain,2,3 and Hairul Azman Roslan2 1 CRAUNResearchSdn.Bhd.,93055Kuching,Sarawak,Malaysia 2 Genetic Engineering Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia 3 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh Correspondence should be addressed to Hairul Azman Roslan; [email protected] Received 14 July 2014; Revised 27 August 2014; Accepted 27 August 2014; Published 11 September 2014 Academic Editor: Rodomiro Ortiz Copyright © 2014 Evra Raunie Ibrahim et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Sago palm (Metroxylon sagu) is a perennial plant native to Southeast Asia and exploited mainly for the starch content in its trunk. Genetic improvement of sago palm is extremely slow when compared to other annual starch crops. Urgent attention is needed to improve the sago palm planting material and can be achieved through nonconventional methods. We have previously developed a tissue culture method for sago palm, which is used to provide the planting materials and to develop a genetic transformation procedure. Here, we report the genetic transformation of sago embryonic callus derived from suspension culture using Agrobacterium tumefaciens and gene gun systems.
    [Show full text]
  • 5 Pacific Ocean Region
    Tropical Palms 107 5 PACIFIC OCEAN REGION This chapter considers the islands of the Pacific Ocean which are geographically divided into Micronesia, Melanesia and Polynesia. Micronesia delimits islands in the western Pacific and consists of the Mariana, Palau, Caroline, Marshall and Gilbert island groups. Melanesia lies to the northeast of Australia and includes New Caledonia, Vanuatu, Solomon Islands and Fiji. Polynesia designates the islands of the central Pacific, including Samoa (Western and American), French Polynesia (Marquesas, Society Islands, etc.) and Tonga. Papua New Guinea is also included within the scope of this chapter; politically the nation of Papua New Guinea consists of the eastern portion of the island of New Guinea and the Bismarck Archipelago as well as Bougainville. The following geographic areas where palms occur are excluded from discussion in this chapter and this report: The Hawaiian Islands; New Zealand, including the Kermadec Islands; Australia and its island territories (e.g. Lord Howe, Norfolk, Christmas and Cocos); and the Bonin and Ryukyu Islands belonging to Japan. The Pacific Ocean Region presents some very unusual patterns of native palm diversity. In the entire area of Micronesia there are only about ten species of native palms (Moore and Fosberg, 1956). The situation in Polynesia is comparable. In marked contrast Melanesia has much greater native palm diversity. For example, New Caledonia alone has 37 indigenous palm species, all endemic (Hodel and Pintaud, 1998; Moore and Uhl, 1984) and Vanuatu has 21 native palms (Dowe and Cabalion, 1996). Papua New Guinea and its islands hold a very rich diversity of palms, with about 270 native species in 31 genera (Baker and Dransfield, 2006; Essig, 1995; Hay, 1984).
    [Show full text]
  • Rebecca Summerour Buffalo State College the Examination And
    Rebecca Summerour Buffalo State College The Examination and Conservation of a Snake Skin Suit Jacket Summerour, ANAGPIC 2012, 2 ABSTRACT 1. INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………………………..P 3 2. BACKGROUND………………………………………………………………………………………...P 4 2.1 Peter Gruber’s Background 2.2 History of the Jacket 3. DESCRIPTION AND MATERIALS……………………………………………………………………….P 8 3.1 Jacket Description 3.2 Skin Identification 3.3 The Snakes 3.4 Additional Materials 3.5 Condition 3.6 Previous Treatment 4. Imaging Techniques ……………………………………………………………………………….. P15 4.1 Photographic Documentation 4.2 Computed X-radiography 5. MATERIAL ANALYSIS………………………………………………………………………………...P18 5.1 Objectives 5.2 Microchemical Testing 5.3 Polarized Light Microscopy 5.4 Hydrothermal Stability Assessment 5.5 X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy 5.6 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy 5.7 Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy-dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy 5.8 Pyrolysis Gas-Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry 5.9 Discussion of Findings from Scientific Analysis 6. CONSERVATION TREATMENT………………………………………………………………………...P31 6.1 Treatment Goals 6.2 Cleaning 6.3 Humidification 6.4. Consolidation and Tear Repair 6.5. Filling 6.6 Mounting 7. CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………………………………....P 40 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ………………………………………………………………………………….P 40 APPENDICES…………………………………………………………………………………………….P 41 APPENDIX A: X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy APPENDIX B: Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy APPENDIX C: Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy-dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy APPENDIX D: Pyrolysis Gas-Chromatography/Mass
    [Show full text]
  • Table of Contents Than a Proper TIMOTHY K
    Palms Journal of the International Palm Society Vol. 57(1) Mar. 2013 PALMS Vol. 57(1) 2013 CONTENTS Island Hopping for Palms in Features 5 Micronesia D.R. H ODEL Palm News 4 Palm Literature 36 Shedding Light on the 24 Pseudophoenix Decline S. E DELMAN & J. R ICHARDS An Anatomical Character to 30 Support the Cohesive Unit of Butia Species C. M ARTEL , L. N OBLICK & F.W. S TAUFFER Phoenix dactylifera and P. sylvestris 37 in Northwestern India: A Glimpse of their Complex Relationships C. N EWTON , M. G ROS -B ALTHAZARD , S. I VORRA , L. PARADIS , J.-C. P INTAUD & J.-F. T ERRAL FRONT COVER A mighty Metroxylon amicarum , heavily laden with fruits and festooned with epiphytic ferns, mosses, algae and other plants, emerges from the low-hanging clouds near Nankurupwung in Nett, Pohnpei. See article by D.R. Hodel, p. 5. Photo by D.R. Hodel. The fruits of Pinanga insignis are arranged dichotomously BACK COVER and ripen from red to Hydriastele palauensis is a tall, slender palm with a whitish purplish black. See article by crownshaft supporting the distinctive canopy. See article by D.R. Hodel, p. 5. Photo by D.R. Hodel, p. 5. Photo by D.R. Hodel . D.R. Hodel. 3 PALMS Vol. 57(1) 2013 PALM NEWS Last year, the South American Palm Weevil ( Rhynchophorus palmarum ) was found during a survey of the Lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas . This palm-killing weevil has caused extensive damage in other parts of the world, according to Dr. Raul Villanueva, an entomologist at the Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center at Weslaco.
    [Show full text]
  • 2 HISTORICAL ROLE of PALMS in HUMAN CULTURE Ancient and Traditional Palm Products
    Tropical Palms 13 2 HISTORICAL ROLE OF PALMS IN HUMAN CULTURE Pre-industrial indigenous people of the past as well as of the present have an intimate and direct relationship with the renewable natural resources of their environment. Prior to the Industrial Age, wild and cultivated plants and wild and domesticated animals provided all of the food and most of the material needs of particular groups of people. Looking back to those past times it is apparent that a few plant families played a prominent role as a source of edible and nonedible raw materials. For the entire world, three plant families stand out in terms of their past and present utility to humankind: the grass family (Gramineae), the legume family (Leguminosae) and the palm family (Palmae). If the geographic focus is narrowed to the tropical regions, the importance of the palm family is obvious. The following discussion sets out to provide an overview of the economic importance of palms in earlier times. No single comprehensive study has yet been made of the historical role of palms in human culture, making this effort more difficult. A considerable amount of information on the subject is scattered in the anthropological and sociological literature as part of ethnographic treatments of culture groups throughout the tropics. Moreover, historical uses of products from individual palm species can be found in studies of major economic species such as the coconut or date palms. It should also be noted that in addition to being highly utilitarian, palms have a pivotal role in myth and ritual in certain cultures.
    [Show full text]
  • Potency of Sago (Metroxylon Spp) Crops for Food Diversity
    Biodiversity International Journal Mini Review Open Access Potency of sago (metroxylon spp) crops for food diversity Abstract Volume 2 Issue 3 - 2018 Indonesia has remarkable potential for the centre of sago production, because of its sago forests. There is no doubt that Indonesian Sago palm diversity should have great future Donowati Tjokrokusumo value for food of the world. Therefore Sago is one of the tropical forest biodiversity that The Agency for the Assessment nd Application of Technology, needs to be conserved and preserved to maintain more food production, food security and Indonesia healthy diet, and also food sustainability forthe futureof human diet in the world. Correspondence: Donowati Tjokrokusumo, The Agency for Keywords: metroxylon spp., sago diversity, food diversty, food security, healthy food, the Assessment nd Application of Technology, Laptiab, Building sustainability 610, Kawasan Puspitek, Serpong, Tangsel 15314, Indonesia, Tel +62 217560729, Email [email protected] Received: February 22, 2018 | Published: May 01, 2018 Introduction as well as its rich of genetic diversities. The areas of sago palm forest and cultivation in the world were predicted two million hectares and Indonesia is known as one of the best biodiversity countries in estimated 50% of that area located in Indonesia. Papua is one of the the world. Biodiversity for food and agriculture includes an important provinces in Indonesia with the largest and even widest sago potential component to feed the human population and improve the quality worldwide. It is estimated that approximately 2 million hectares of of life. Indonesia to date has a population of more than 250 million sago land grows naturally and can produce about 2.5 - 50 tons of dried people.
    [Show full text]