9780521677646 Index.Pdf

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-67764-6 - Lexical Meaning M. Lynne Murphy Index More information

Index

absolute adjective, 224–226, 227, 240, see also Arabic, 191 non-scalar absolute adjective; scalar arbitrariness, 6 absolute adjective argument, 61, 172, 174–176, 178, 196 abstract noun, 35, 138, 139, 150 arguments and telicity, 211–212 accomplishment, 210, 211, 212 conﬂation, 176 achievement, 210 unexpressed object, 177–178 acronym, 17 argument structure, 173, see also alternation action, 139, 140, 141, see also event Argument Structure (in Generative Lexicon), 67, activity, 210, 211, 212 99, 100 adjectives, 117, 120, 142, 143, 145, see also Aristotle, 44, 136 absolute, gradable, relational, relative, aspect, 202, 203, 217, see also Aktionsart scalar adjective; measure phrase; scales atelic event/verb, 208, 210, see also telicity interaction with noun meaning, Atkins, B. T. S., 102–104 222 atomism, 74–75 neutralization of adjective meaning, Atsugewi, 184 236 attribute-value matrix (AVM), 47, 67, and ontological categories, 138 127 as predicates, 191–192 autohyponym, 96, 126 prototypical, 140 auxiliary verb, 97, 202 and time-stability, 141, 142 affect, 33 Bach, Emmon, 204 agentive quale, 68, 99 backformation, 18 aggregate, 153, 154, 155, 169, 170 background knowledge. See encyclopedic agreement, 154 knowledge Aktionsart, 203–209, see also atelic, durative, backward presupposition, 215, 216 dynamic, punctual, static, telic verb; Barner, David, 162 Vendler classes Barsalou, Lawrence, 38 allolex, 71 basic level, 53, 115–116 alphabetism, 17 Battig, W. F., 52 alternation Bennett, Paul, 140 causative, 184–185 binarity (in semantic relations), 69, 121 causative-inchoative, 209, 219 binary feature, 46, 47, 48, 55 Locative Preposition Drop, 187, 198 bleaching, semantic, 97 non-motion verb as motion verb, 187 blending, 17 unexpressed object, 177–178, 196 Bloomﬁeld, Leonard, 163 ambiguity, 84, 88, see also continuum of meaning Bolinger, Dwight, 51 variation; homonymy; polysemy borrowing, 17, 94, 112 vs. vagueness, 84–87, 89, 104 bound morpheme, 7 anomaly (semantic), 174 boundedness antecedent, 87 and adjectives, 226–227, 240 antonymy, 109, 117–119, 121, 123, 124, 226, see and countability, 152–153, 155–157, also complementary, contrary, converse 169–170 antonym; reversive opposite and telicity, 211–212, 219 as a lexical relation, 121 box diagram, 125–127, 130 and scales, 230, 232–236 broadening, 96

250

Index 251

calque, 17 conflation category, 135, see also concept; fuzziness; of arguments, 176 ontological categories; prototype effects; and motion verbs, 183–184, 185–186, 196, prototypicality; taxonomy 198 causation (relation between verbs), 215–217 connotation, 33, 34, 111 causative alternation, 184–185, 198 constitutive quale, 68 causative-inchoative alternation, 209, 219 Construction Grammar, 25 Chierchia, Gennaro, 160–162 content word, 14, 97, see also lexical word; open Chinese, 139, 185 class word Clark, Eve, 113, 119 context, 30–31 Clark, Herbert, 113 continuum of meaning variation, 92–93 Classical Theory of meaning, 44–45, 51, contradictory antonym. See complementary 55 antonym clipping, 17, 94 contrary antonym, 119–120, 130, 238, 240 closed class word, 14–15, 25, 139 contrast set, 109, 118, 122, 240 closed scale, 232–236 conventionality, 6, 8–9, 92, 95, 102 Cognitive Linguistics, 75, 77, 92, 195 converse antonym, 120, 130 cognitive meaning. See denotative meaning conversion, 96–97, 113, 143, 213, see also co-hyponymy, 109, 118, 121, 123, 124, 126 derivation coining, 16 copular verb, 191–192 collective noun, 154, see also group corpus linguistic research, 20–22, 25, 109 collocation, 8, 10, 109, 232 co-text, 31 common noun, 150 count noun, 151, 152, 153, see also countability, comparative (form of adjective), 227, 229 plurals complementary antonym, 120, 130, 234, countability, 148, 159, 168 240 componential account of, 152–155 component, semantic, 44, 46–47, 49, 74, 124, see count noun vs. non-count noun, 151–152 also feature; primitive mass nouns and plural nouns, 160–162 componential analysis, 44 semantic motivation for, 163–168, 170 componential approaches, 43–44, 48–49, 123, variation in, 151, 157–158, 162, 164 124, see also atomism; Classical Theory Cruse, Alan, 112, 114, 117 of meaning; Conceptual Semantics; cultural relativity, 166, 167, 168 Generative Lexicon; Katz, Jerrold; Natural Semantic Metalanguage deadjectival noun, 143 compositionality, 6, 7, 8–9, 25 deadjectival verb, 143 and componential approaches, 44, 48, 61, 66, decompositionality, 44, see also componential 72 approaches compound/compounding, 7, 8, 14, 17 defeasibility, 31 computational linguistics/computer science, 69, definition, 44–45, 49, 128, see also conceptual vs. 125, 136, 145 lexical knowledge; denotative meaning Comrie, Bernard, 210 as a test for ambiguity, 85 concept, 38, 77, 149 degree modifier, 225 conceptual field, 188, 194 denominal adjective, 143 conceptual meaning. See denotative meaning denominal verb, 96–97, 113, 143, 213, Conceptual Semantics, 59–60, 66, 76, 77, 192, 219 196, 209 denotata, 35, 45, see also referent; extension componential analysis in, 61–64 denotation/denotative meaning, 32, 34, see also countability in, 152–159 definition; Law of Denotationsense lexicon in, 60–61 vs. connotation, 33, 34 motion events in, 181–183 derivation, 17, 118, 143–144, 145, 193, see also extended to different conceptual fields, conversion; inflection 188–189 determiner, 150, 160 prototypicality in, 65–66 deverbal adjective, 143 conceptual vs. lexical knowledge, 9, 39, 45, 49, deverbal noun, 96, 143–144, 193, 196 58, 59–60, 66, 72 dialect, 112, 154 concrete noun, 139, 150 dictionaries, 18–20, 25, 34, 91

252 Index

dictionary metaphor of the lexicon, 44, 49, 123, Generative Lexicon, 66–69, 76, 77, 149 124–125, 128, 129 adjectives in, 223–224 dictionary/encyclopedia distinction. See polysemy in, 98–101 conceptual vs. lexical knowledge genus, 49 differentiae, 49 German, 92, 185, 237 dimension, 226, 230, 238–239, 241 gerund, 193 distinguisher, semantic, 49, 51 Geurts, Bart, 41 domain, 226 Givon,´ Talmy, 141 dot-object, 99 gloss, 34 Dowty, David, 204 Goddard, Cliff, 66, 70, 76, 152, 158, 164–165 durative event/verb, 207, 210, 235 Goldberg, Adele, 60 dynamic situation/verb, 179, 203–206, gradable adjective, 227, 228, 229, 234, 236, 241, 210 see also scales; standard of comparison gradable complementary antonym, 120, 235 embodied mind, 75 gradable contrary antonym, 120 encyclopedic knowledge, 38, 45, 52, 72, see also grammar, 5 conceptual vs. lexical knowledge grammatical word, 14, 15, 50, 97, see also closed entailment, 31–32, 33, 40 class word; function word and antonymy, 119, 120, 238, 240 grammatical definition of word, 13 and relations among verbs, 214–217 grammaticalization, 14, 97–98 and synonymy, 110 Greek, 112 entrenchment, 92, 93 grinding, 164, see also Universal Grinder equative (form of adjective), 227 ground, 180, 181, 183, 187 essence, 38, 43 group, 153, 154–155, 157, 170 etymology, 18, see also language change; semantic change Harley, Heidi, 219 and homonymy/polysemy, 88, 91, 92 Harris, Roy, 111 event, 138, 179, 203–206, see also Aktionsart Hausa, 139 in Conceptual Semantics, 61–62 Hoffman, Joshua, 136 Event Structure (in Generative Lexicon), 67 holonym, 122 explication, 69–70, 71, 72, 73 homograph, 84 exponent, 70 homonymy, 84, 87–88, 90, 91, 92, see also extension, 35, 36, 37, 41, 113, 149 continuum of meaning variation sources of, 94, 95 family resemblance, 54 homophone, 84 feature, semantic, 44, 46, 47, 48, 55, see also Horn, Laurence, 41 component hyperonym, 113, 115, 117, 215 core and peripheral features, 53 hyponymy, 109, 113–115, 117, 118, 123, 124, 126 Fellbaum, Christiane, 214 among different word classes, 116–117, figurative language, 95, 96, see also metaphor; 214–215 metonymy figure, 180, 181, 183 idiom, 7, 8 conflation, 184 image schema, 75–76, 77 Fillmore, Charles, 102–104 Image Theory of meaning, 37–38, 40 Fodor, Jerry, 49, 50, 51, 74–75 imperative, 206 folk taxonomy, 115 inchoative verb, 209 formal quale, 68, 99, 100, 223 inclusion, 113, 114, see also hyponymy; Frame Semantics, 102, 104 taxonomy free morpheme, 7 temporal, 214–215, 216 Frege, Gottlob, 36 incompatibility, 117 French, 12, 17, 102, 112, 186 indeterminacy. See vagueness function word, 14, 35, 41, 97, see also closed class individual, 153, 155, 156, 169 word; grammatical word inference, 30, 31 functional hyponymy, 114 infix, 13 future, 14, 97 inflection, 17, 201, 202 fuzziness, 51, 54, 130 intensifier, 225, 227, 240

Index 253

intension. See sense lexicon, 3–5, 8–9, 25, see also dictionary internal structure, 153, 155, 162, metaphor of the lexicon; lexeme; lexical 169–170 entry; thesaurus metaphor of the lexicon interval, 204–205 lexis, 4–5 intransitive verb, 212 linguistic knowledge, 5, see also conceptual vs. intransitive uses of transitive verbs. See lexical knowledge; definition; unexpressed object alternation encyclopedic knowledge introspection. See native speaker intuitions linguistic relativity, 166, 167, 168 Italian, 16, 160, 165, 166 linking verb. See copular verb iterativity, 207, 214 literal meaning, 32, see also denotative meaning loan translation, 17 Jackendoff, Ray, 59–66, 73, 153, 155–159, 180, location verb, 180–181 188, 192 Locative Preposition Drop Alternation, 187, 198 Johnson, Mark, 75 Lucy, John, 168 Lyons, John, 117 Katz, Jerrold, 49–51 componential approach of, 55, 59 manner, 181, 182, 183 Kennedy, Christopher, 226, 232–236, conflation, 183, 185, 186, 189, 198 237 and troponymy, 214 Kneale, William, 41 marker, semantic, 49, 51 Kripke, Saul, 41 mass noun, 151, 152, 153, 157–158, 160–162, see also countability Labov, William, 23, 51 McNally, Louise, 232–236 Lakoff, George, 75, 101–102 meaning, 29–34, 37 landmark, 75, 180 meaning change. See semantic change Lange, Deborah, 97 meaning variation, 83, see also ambiguity; language change, 94–98, 112, see also homonymy; polysemy; vagueness word-formation processes Meaning-Text Theory, 127, 128 Lao, 12 measure phrase, 22, 26, 236–238 Latin, 36, 88, 186, 188 mental lexicon, 4–5, 23, 38, 45, see also lexicon Law of Denotation, 36 meronymy, 122, 123 Lehrer, Adrienne, 125 metalanguage, 45 Levin, Beth, 177, 187 metalinguistic negation, 41 lexeme, 5–9, 10–11, see also lexical entry; metalinguistic uses of words, 15 lexicon; word metaphor, 96, 101, 189, 224 lexical aspect. See Aktionsart metonymy, 95–96, 105 lexical blocking, 127 Mill, John Stuart, 41 lexical concept, 59 modal verb, 97 lexical entry, 5, 9–10, 11, 32, 39 modifier, 225–226, 232 in dictionary/thesaurus models of the lexicon, molecule, 71 124, 125 moment, 204 lexical gap, 126 monosemy, 92, 98–101 Lexical Inheritance Structure (in Generative Montague, W. E., 52 Lexicon), 67 morpheme, 6–7 lexical relations, 108, 117, 121–122 motion verb, 180–181, 184–185, 189 lexical semantics, 3, 6, 38, 148 and conflation, 183–184, 185–186 boundaries of, 15, 29–34 non-motion verbs as motion verbs, 186–188 questions in, 34 Murphy, M. Lynne, 125 research methods in, 18–24 lexical unit, 10–11 narrowing, 95, 96 lexical word, 14, 15, 16, 97, see also content native speaker intuitions, 22–23 word; open class word Natural Semantic Metalanguage, 69–73, 76, 77, lexical-conceptual paradigm, 99 149 lexicalization, 16, 38, see also semantic change; countability in, 164–168 word-formation processes Navajo, 184 lexicography. See dictionaries necessary and sufficient conditions, 44–45, 51, 53

254 Index

neologism, 16, 95 positive (form of adjective), 227, 229 neutralization (of adjective meaning), 236–238 possessive, 140, 145 nonce use, 96 Postal, Paul, 49 non-compositionality. See compositionality pragmatics, 30, 31 non-count noun, 152, 159, 160–162, see also predicate, 172, 174, 175, 178 countability adjectives, 191–192 non-scalar absolute adjective, 226, 227 nouns, 193–194 nouns, 116, 138, 142, 145, 148–150, see also prepositions, 194–195 abstract, concrete, common, deverbal, predicator, 174, 178 mass, non-count noun; proper name; preferential feature. See P-feature referring expression preposition, 15, 75, 187, 190, 194–195, 196, 198 grammatical definition of, 135 prime. See primitive, in Natural Semantic interaction with adjective meaning, 222–224 Metalanguage as predicates, 193–194 priming, 23, 122 prototypical, 84, 140, 141, 145 primitive, semantic, 44, 46, 47, 55, 74 and time-stability, 141 in Conceptual Semantics, 61 in Natural Semantic Metalanguage, 69, 70–71, object, 173, 212, see also unexpressed object 72 alternation principle of contrast, 113 Olsen, Mari Broman, 214 progressive, 202, 206, 207 onomatopoeia, 16 projection rule, 50 ontological categories, 61, 135–139, 144, 145, 172 proper name, 41, 150 open-class word, 14, 15, 25, see also content proper temporal inclusion, 215 word; lexical word property, 138, 140, 145, 188 open scale, 232–236 proposition, 31, 172 operator, 155 prototype effects, 52–53, 54, 65, see also fuzziness opposite, 118, 122, see also antonymy prototypicality, 52, 55, 76, 196 orthographic word, 12 and radial concepts, 102 overspecification, 99 and word classes, 139–140, 141, 144 pseudocleft, 205 paradigmatic relations, 109, 122, 123, see also psycholinguistic experimentation, 23–24, 25 antonymy; hyponymy; meronymy; punctual event/verb, 207, 210 synonymy Pustejovsky, James, 66–69, 98–101, 149, Paradis, Carita, 225, 227 223–224 part of speech. See word classes partitive construction, 155, 161 qualia, 67–69, 78, 99, 100, 149, 223 path, 181 quantifier, 151, 163 in Conceptual Semantics, 62, 181 quasi-hyponymy, 117 conflation, 183, 185, 186, 198 quotative like, 97–98 P-feature, 65–66 phonological word, 12 radial concept, 101–103 phrasal verb, 7, 8 Ramchand, Gillian, 213 place, 62, 181, 188 Rappaport Hovav, Malka, 196 plurals, 148, 151, see also aggregate; countability redundancy rule, 48 and boundedness/internal structure, 153–154 reference, 34, 35–36, 150, 174, see also denotation in Conceptual Semantics, 155–157 vs. sense, 36–37, 40 and group terms, 154 referent, 35, 41, 45 and prototypical nouns, 140, 145 Referential Theory of meaning, 35–36, 40 Polish, 166–167 referring expression, 174, 178 polysemy, 29, 84, 88–90, 91, 94, 104, see also register, 18, 111 continuum of meaning variation; regular polysemy, 89–90, 157, 159, 165, 170, 196 monosemy relational adjective, 192 networks, 101–104 relational noun, 193–194 in a semantic field, 126 relative adjective, 228, 241 sources of, 95, 96 resultative construction, 60, 235 portmanteau word, 17 reversive opposite, 120 position, 181 Romaine, Suzanne, 97

Index 255

Rosch, Eleanor, 52–53, 115 Talmy, Leonard, 182, 184 Rosenkrantz, Gary, 136 taxonomy, 113, 115–116, 117, 136 Russian, 162, 165 taxonymy, 114 telic event/verb, 208, 210 scalar absolute adjective, 226, 227, 234, telic quale, 68, 99, 100, 223 240 telicity, 208, 211, 213, 218 scalar adjective, 227, 233–235, 239, see also and boundedness, 211–212, 219 gradable adjective; scalar absolute as a property of verbs/events, adjective; scales 212–214 scales, 119, 226, 227, 238, 241 Tenny, Carol, 208 and adjective neutralization, 236–238, tense, 202, 211 241 thesaurus metaphor of the lexicon, 123, 125–128, and comparison, 229–230 129 directionality of, 231–232 thing, 138, 144, 145, 149 open and closed, 232–236 in Conceptual Semantics, 62, 65 properties of, 230 time-stability, 141–142, 144 scientific taxonomy, 115 totality modifier, 225, 227, 240 selectional restriction, 50, 51 trajector, 75 selective binding, 223–224 transitive/intransitive alternation. See unexpressed semantic change, 94–98, 112 object alternation semantic field, 125–127, 130, 173 troponymy, 214–215 semantic relations, 47, 50, 51, 108 Tuggy, David, 92 vs. lexical relations, 117, 121–122 Turkish, 186 semantic transformation. See selective binding; type coercion, 69, 100–101 type coercion semantic types, 137–140, see also ontological unboundedness. See boundedness categories underspecification, 99 semelfactive event/verb, 210 unexpressed object alternation, 177–178, sense, 36–37, 39, 40, 41, 149 196 sense relation, 110, see also semantic relations Universal Grinder, 171, see also grinding singular, 153, 155–157 Universal Packager, 157–158, 162 situation, 138, 173 situation types. See Vendler classes vagueness, 84, 90, 91, 94, see also continuum of Snedeker, Jesse, 162 meaning variation social meaning, 33 vs. ambiguity, 84–87, 89, 104 Spanish, 186 variable, 67 standard of comparison, 228–230, 237 variant. See synonymy, types of state, static situation/verb, 138, 179, 203–206, vector, 229 207, 210 Vendler classes, 210–211, 213 subject, 154, 173, 212 verbs, 54, 117, 138, 142, 178, 179, 182, subordinate category, 114, 116 202–203, see also Aktionsart; alternation; substance, 151, 153, 157–158, 165, 169 conflation; copular, denominal, inchoative, substitutability test, 110, 111, 137 location, motion verb; Vendler sufficient condition. See necessary and sufficient classes conditions grammatical definition of, 135 superlative (form of adjective), 227 grammatical vs. semantic requirements of, superordinate category, 114, 116 173–175 Swahili, 139 prototypical, 139, 140 Swedish, 12, 195, 237 semantic relations among, 214–217 syllepsis. See zeugma and time-stability, 141 synonymy, 109, 110, 115, 118, 123, 124, 126, types of, 172–173 129–130 Verkuyl, Henk, 213 and language change, 112–113 volitionality, 205, 206 in Referential Theory, 36 types of, 110–112 Weschler, Stephen, 235 syntagmatic relations, 108 Wierzbicka, Anna, 56, 66, 69–73, 149, 152, systematic polysemy. See regular polysemy 163–164, 165–167, 168, 170

256 Index

Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 53, 56 WordNet, 127, 128, 129, 214 word, 11–13, 24, see also lexeme world knowledge. See encyclopedic knowledge word classes, 10, 13, 15, 138–139, 142–144, 145 Yurok, 139 deﬁned by prototypes, 139–140 and time-stability, 141–142 zero derivation. See conversion word-formation processes, 16–18 zeugma, 86–87, 89, 105