Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-67764-6 - Lexical Meaning M. Lynne Murphy Index More information Index absolute adjective, 224–226, 227, 240, see also Arabic, 191 non-scalar absolute adjective; scalar arbitrariness, 6 absolute adjective argument, 61, 172, 174–176, 178, 196 abstract noun, 35, 138, 139, 150 arguments and telicity, 211–212 accomplishment, 210, 211, 212 conflation, 176 achievement, 210 unexpressed object, 177–178 acronym, 17 argument structure, 173, see also alternation action, 139, 140, 141, see also event Argument Structure (in Generative Lexicon), 67, activity, 210, 211, 212 99, 100 adjectives, 117, 120, 142, 143, 145, see also Aristotle, 44, 136 absolute, gradable, relational, relative, aspect, 202, 203, 217, see also Aktionsart scalar adjective; measure phrase; scales atelic event/verb, 208, 210, see also telicity interaction with noun meaning, Atkins, B. T. S., 102–104 222 atomism, 74–75 neutralization of adjective meaning, Atsugewi, 184 236 attribute-value matrix (AVM), 47, 67, and ontological categories, 138 127 as predicates, 191–192 autohyponym, 96, 126 prototypical, 140 auxiliary verb, 97, 202 and time-stability, 141, 142 affect, 33 Bach, Emmon, 204 agentive quale, 68, 99 backformation, 18 aggregate, 153, 154, 155, 169, 170 background knowledge. See encyclopedic agreement, 154 knowledge Aktionsart, 203–209, see also atelic, durative, backward presupposition, 215, 216 dynamic, punctual, static, telic verb; Barner, David, 162 Vendler classes Barsalou, Lawrence, 38 allolex, 71 basic level, 53, 115–116 alphabetism, 17 Battig, W. F., 52 alternation Bennett, Paul, 140 causative, 184–185 binarity (in semantic relations), 69, 121 causative-inchoative, 209, 219 binary feature, 46, 47, 48, 55 Locative Preposition Drop, 187, 198 bleaching, semantic, 97 non-motion verb as motion verb, 187 blending, 17 unexpressed object, 177–178, 196 Bloomfield, Leonard, 163 ambiguity, 84, 88, see also continuum of meaning Bolinger, Dwight, 51 variation; homonymy; polysemy borrowing, 17, 94, 112 vs. vagueness, 84–87, 89, 104 bound morpheme, 7 anomaly (semantic), 174 boundedness antecedent, 87 and adjectives, 226–227, 240 antonymy, 109, 117–119, 121, 123, 124, 226, see and countability, 152–153, 155–157, also complementary, contrary, converse 169–170 antonym; reversive opposite and telicity, 211–212, 219 as a lexical relation, 121 box diagram, 125–127, 130 and scales, 230, 232–236 broadening, 96 250 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-67764-6 - Lexical Meaning M. Lynne Murphy Index More information Index 251 calque, 17 conflation category, 135, see also concept; fuzziness; of arguments, 176 ontological categories; prototype effects; and motion verbs, 183–184, 185–186, 196, prototypicality; taxonomy 198 causation (relation between verbs), 215–217 connotation, 33, 34, 111 causative alternation, 184–185, 198 constitutive quale, 68 causative-inchoative alternation, 209, 219 Construction Grammar, 25 Chierchia, Gennaro, 160–162 content word, 14, 97, see also lexical word; open Chinese, 139, 185 class word Clark, Eve, 113, 119 context, 30–31 Clark, Herbert, 113 continuum of meaning variation, 92–93 Classical Theory of meaning, 44–45, 51, contradictory antonym. See complementary 55 antonym clipping, 17, 94 contrary antonym, 119–120, 130, 238, 240 closed class word, 14–15, 25, 139 contrast set, 109, 118, 122, 240 closed scale, 232–236 conventionality, 6, 8–9, 92, 95, 102 Cognitive Linguistics, 75, 77, 92, 195 converse antonym, 120, 130 cognitive meaning. See denotative meaning conversion, 96–97, 113, 143, 213, see also co-hyponymy, 109, 118, 121, 123, 124, 126 derivation coining, 16 copular verb, 191–192 collective noun, 154, see also group corpus linguistic research, 20–22, 25, 109 collocation, 8, 10, 109, 232 co-text, 31 common noun, 150 count noun, 151, 152, 153, see also countability, comparative (form of adjective), 227, 229 plurals complementary antonym, 120, 130, 234, countability, 148, 159, 168 240 componential account of, 152–155 component, semantic, 44, 46–47, 49, 74, 124, see count noun vs. non-count noun, 151–152 also feature; primitive mass nouns and plural nouns, 160–162 componential analysis, 44 semantic motivation for, 163–168, 170 componential approaches, 43–44, 48–49, 123, variation in, 151, 157–158, 162, 164 124, see also atomism; Classical Theory Cruse, Alan, 112, 114, 117 of meaning; Conceptual Semantics; cultural relativity, 166, 167, 168 Generative Lexicon; Katz, Jerrold; Natural Semantic Metalanguage deadjectival noun, 143 compositionality, 6, 7, 8–9, 25 deadjectival verb, 143 and componential approaches, 44, 48, 61, 66, decompositionality, 44, see also componential 72 approaches compound/compounding, 7, 8, 14, 17 defeasibility, 31 computational linguistics/computer science, 69, definition, 44–45, 49, 128, see also conceptual vs. 125, 136, 145 lexical knowledge; denotative meaning Comrie, Bernard, 210 as a test for ambiguity, 85 concept, 38, 77, 149 degree modifier, 225 conceptual field, 188, 194 denominal adjective, 143 conceptual meaning. See denotative meaning denominal verb, 96–97, 113, 143, 213, Conceptual Semantics, 59–60, 66, 76, 77, 192, 219 196, 209 denotata, 35, 45, see also referent; extension componential analysis in, 61–64 denotation/denotative meaning, 32, 34, see also countability in, 152–159 definition; Law of Denotationsense lexicon in, 60–61 vs. connotation, 33, 34 motion events in, 181–183 derivation, 17, 118, 143–144, 145, 193, see also extended to different conceptual fields, conversion; inflection 188–189 determiner, 150, 160 prototypicality in, 65–66 deverbal adjective, 143 conceptual vs. lexical knowledge, 9, 39, 45, 49, deverbal noun, 96, 143–144, 193, 196 58, 59–60, 66, 72 dialect, 112, 154 concrete noun, 139, 150 dictionaries, 18–20, 25, 34, 91 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-67764-6 - Lexical Meaning M. Lynne Murphy Index More information 252 Index dictionary metaphor of the lexicon, 44, 49, 123, Generative Lexicon, 66–69, 76, 77, 149 124–125, 128, 129 adjectives in, 223–224 dictionary/encyclopedia distinction. See polysemy in, 98–101 conceptual vs. lexical knowledge genus, 49 differentiae, 49 German, 92, 185, 237 dimension, 226, 230, 238–239, 241 gerund, 193 distinguisher, semantic, 49, 51 Geurts, Bart, 41 domain, 226 Givon,´ Talmy, 141 dot-object, 99 gloss, 34 Dowty, David, 204 Goddard, Cliff, 66, 70, 76, 152, 158, 164–165 durative event/verb, 207, 210, 235 Goldberg, Adele, 60 dynamic situation/verb, 179, 203–206, gradable adjective, 227, 228, 229, 234, 236, 241, 210 see also scales; standard of comparison gradable complementary antonym, 120, 235 embodied mind, 75 gradable contrary antonym, 120 encyclopedic knowledge, 38, 45, 52, 72, see also grammar, 5 conceptual vs. lexical knowledge grammatical word, 14, 15, 50, 97, see also closed entailment, 31–32, 33, 40 class word; function word and antonymy, 119, 120, 238, 240 grammatical definition of word, 13 and relations among verbs, 214–217 grammaticalization, 14, 97–98 and synonymy, 110 Greek, 112 entrenchment, 92, 93 grinding, 164, see also Universal Grinder equative (form of adjective), 227 ground, 180, 181, 183, 187 essence, 38, 43 group, 153, 154–155, 157, 170 etymology, 18, see also language change; semantic change Harley, Heidi, 219 and homonymy/polysemy, 88, 91, 92 Harris, Roy, 111 event, 138, 179, 203–206, see also Aktionsart Hausa, 139 in Conceptual Semantics, 61–62 Hoffman, Joshua, 136 Event Structure (in Generative Lexicon), 67 holonym, 122 explication, 69–70, 71, 72, 73 homograph, 84 exponent, 70 homonymy, 84, 87–88, 90, 91, 92, see also extension, 35, 36, 37, 41, 113, 149 continuum of meaning variation sources of, 94, 95 family resemblance, 54 homophone, 84 feature, semantic, 44, 46, 47, 48, 55, see also Horn, Laurence, 41 component hyperonym, 113, 115, 117, 215 core and peripheral features, 53 hyponymy, 109, 113–115, 117, 118, 123, 124, 126 Fellbaum, Christiane, 214 among different word classes, 116–117, figurative language, 95, 96, see also metaphor; 214–215 metonymy figure, 180, 181, 183 idiom, 7, 8 conflation, 184 image schema, 75–76, 77 Fillmore, Charles, 102–104 Image Theory of meaning, 37–38, 40 Fodor, Jerry, 49, 50, 51, 74–75 imperative, 206 folk taxonomy, 115 inchoative verb, 209 formal quale, 68, 99, 100, 223 inclusion, 113, 114, see also hyponymy; Frame Semantics, 102, 104 taxonomy free morpheme, 7 temporal, 214–215, 216 Frege, Gottlob, 36 incompatibility, 117 French, 12, 17, 102, 112, 186 indeterminacy. See vagueness function word, 14, 35, 41, 97, see also closed class individual, 153, 155, 156, 169 word; grammatical word inference, 30, 31 functional hyponymy, 114 infix, 13 future, 14, 97 inflection, 17, 201, 202 fuzziness, 51, 54, 130 intensifier, 225, 227, 240 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-67764-6 - Lexical Meaning M. Lynne Murphy Index More information Index 253 intension. See sense lexicon, 3–5, 8–9, 25, see also dictionary internal structure, 153, 155, 162, metaphor of the lexicon; lexeme; lexical 169–170 entry; thesaurus metaphor of the lexicon interval, 204–205 lexis, 4–5 intransitive verb, 212 linguistic knowledge, 5, see also conceptual vs. intransitive uses of transitive verbs. See lexical knowledge; definition; unexpressed object alternation encyclopedic knowledge introspection. See native speaker intuitions linguistic relativity, 166, 167, 168 Italian, 16, 160, 165, 166 linking verb. See copular verb iterativity, 207, 214 literal meaning, 32, see also denotative meaning loan translation, 17 Jackendoff, Ray, 59–66, 73, 153, 155–159, 180, location verb, 180–181 188, 192 Locative Preposition Drop Alternation, 187, 198 Johnson, Mark, 75 Lucy, John, 168 Lyons, John, 117 Katz, Jerrold, 49–51 componential approach of, 55, 59 manner, 181, 182, 183 Kennedy, Christopher, 226, 232–236, conflation, 183, 185, 186, 189, 198 237 and troponymy, 214 Kneale, William, 41 marker, semantic, 49, 51 Kripke, Saul, 41 mass noun, 151, 152, 153, 157–158, 160–162, see also countability Labov, William, 23, 51 McNally, Louise, 232–236 Lakoff, George, 75, 101–102 meaning, 29–34, 37 landmark, 75, 180 meaning change.