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AIR PICTURR OF CRAWFORD NOTCH Showing State Forest Reservation Courtesy ol U. 5. Air Service
0 AIR PICTURE OF CRAWFORD NOTCH Showing State Forest Reservation Courtesy ol U. 5. Air Service
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PRINT 0 BY MUSOROVE PRINTING HOUSE, BRISTOL,’N. H.
BOUND BY THE CRAGG BINOT RY, CONCORD, N. H.
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[
Control
Forest
Recommendations
Report
Benefits
Table
County
Individual
Progress
Infection
Present Introduction
Roadside
Conclusions
Brnsh
Disposal
Table
Portable
Mountain Railroad
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
General
Fire Federal
Reforestation Purchase
Blister
Forest
dant
Seasons
Hampshire
Vu—Progress
of
And Fire
VT—Fires
V—Total
Burning Il—Fire
TV—Causes
I—Number
Ill—Railroad
Blister
Secured
Rust Fire
Aid
the
Known
of
of
of
Brush Forest
Steam
Cooperation
and
Lookout
Service
1922
Currant
Control
Lumber
White
in
Protection
of
Control
Rust
Care
Forest
Record
Permits
Forest
Reported
Mills
Fire
1921
to
Distribution
of
Pine
of
and
Stations
Measnres
Date
Slash
of
Organization
of
Fire
Fires
and
Protection
Forest Fire
CONTENTS
Fire
for
State
Control
Gooseberry
Blister
by
1922
Record
Fiscal
Protection
by
Damage
the
Lands
Fires
of
Months
Work
Rust
Lookouts
Years
Blister
for
Bushes
1917
Fiscal
1921
Rust
to
More
and
Years
1922
in
1922..
Abun
New
1921
Page
56
55
54
52
51
50
47
46
46
40
42
39
37
31
31
28
26
27
26
26
25
24
21
22
18
18 16
16
15
14
14
9 S
B Iv]
F’
H
F’
T A F.
I
98
96
92
92
89
85
85
83
80 82
78
75
74
73
73
70
70
69
69
68 68
68
66 67
66
66 101
64
63 65
60
61
60
59
59
59
59
59-
Page
H.
Dur
N.
Moun nf
.
Acquired
1922
Tracts
and
Nurseries
State
Appalachian
Protection
1922
Hampshire
1921
Hampshire
on
COMMISStON
the
for
Reservations
Home
in
and
Tracts
Institutions
of
New
Hampshire
in
New
and
in
1921
of
and
Planting
Cabins
Society
State
Forests
New
Trails
Trees
Addition
Acquired
FORESTRY
Lands
1922
the
and
Reservation
Forests
and
Forests
1922
of
Forests
Record
Forests
Survey
OF
House
Addition
Reservations
and
Societies
College
Forests
Tracts
Fox
Resources
Northern
Tracts Work
and
Growing
Mountain
Town
Camps
of
and
Reservation
in
Tract
A.
Common
Public
1921
Reservation
Willey
College
Tract
Club
Brook
for
Hill
Mountain
1921 or
Forest
REPORT
of
Forest
Management
Forest
IX—Plantingon
T III—State ing
in
Reservations
by
XI—Forest
New
X—Planting
tain
Forests
of
Hampshire
University
Forests
Burning
Forests
Green Conway
Caroline
Marshall
Honey
Annett
Cardigan
Beech
Pillsbury
Taylor
The
Improvement
Table
Reforestation
Description
Table
Forest
Improvements
Extent
Recreation
Administration
Table
Directions
Table
Forest
Reservations,
Municipal New Yale
Dartmouth
State
Owned
National
Summary
Survey Brush
Reforestation
Public 6
Ft K
p
&
Financial
Management
A
Forest
The
History
Boy
Forestry
Enemies Table
Financial
Table
Necessary
Table
Scout
Seed
Management
White
NIh—White
and
XII—Volume
Work
Statement
Tree
XIV—Financial
of
Forestry
Maturity
Control
of
Forward
REPORT
White
Pine
Law
Farm
on
Private
Program
by
of of
Pine
of
Pine
Woodlots
OF
Step
in
the
the
1921
White
FORESTRY
Board
Rotation
Yield
Spruce
New
in
Lands
Forestry
Pine
Per
England
Feet
Bud
of
Acre
COMMISSION
White
of
Worm
Box
Second
Pine
Co
Growth
Page
152
146
147
145
139
137
128
123
121
118
116 110
114 7
r
forest
and fire bring
ant
cation
organizations,
ples other tors. tip
tact future
end public lines future
als. assessment
only forest ment
consistently incentive timber
sion The on
port
ten
To.
the
an
His
protection
in to
administrative
with
have In
High The
need
of
to
for
of
of
To
wood
of
public
wealth.
them
organization
if
schools
is
citizens
welfare
view
market
fifteen
E.vccllcncy
is
the
administer the
activity
the
forestry
the the
this
made
Forestry
woodlot
to
more
to
of
valuations
forests,
work
could
to
and
using
reforest two
present Forestry
service
some
been
do
end
years
faster
and social
punish
and
of
along
1 ossible
The
apparent
with
has
others
fiscal
the
the
of
the
protection
he
and
the
relief
the
industries,
Commission
institutions
blister
as
for
activities,
growing
protection,
corporations,
unequal
or
endeavored
land
Governor
than
are
clubs,
all
remedied.
Forestry
state
protecting
offenders
Commission
defined
forest
timberland
years
purpose
the
REPORT
more
thiough
into
lines
to
causing
than
and
they
rust
and
owners
education
public
laws,
agreement
ending
and
and
and
before
of
and
by
they business
to
ever
Department
of
can
control
of
of
presents
improvement
of
forestry,
timber
legislation,
to
keep
our
our
planting
the
confiscatory
the
but
benefit
owners,
farm
the
officials,
improvement.
there
be
of
the
before.
come
are
June
they
Honorable
present
forestry
State.
of
growing
absorbed
to
forest
land
work
Commission,
bureaus,
lots
and
also
with
our
create would
herewith
essential
to
into
30,
should
of
lumber
railroads
in
in
to
it
In
all
laws,
citizens
recreational
are
educational
forest
While
1922.
the
and
and
law,
productive
its
method
close
be
is
wood
Council:
and
the
and
individu
be
and
import
not
various
thrown
be
princi
While
future
but opera
exten
to
its
it
a
judg
build
trees
from
eclu—
con
and
real
and
and
cut. has
not
the the
the
r
re
to of
it
is
as
in
of
of
all
by
the
the
the
the
the
and
The
over
than
very
from
van—
look—
aver
bien
other
years
Maine,
watch
Hamp
yet
organi
periods
prompt
task
and
and bounds.
of them
near
from
spirit
coopera
There
the
the
with
this
making
additional
protective
their
fire
and
in
aid
stands
the many
with
had
reservations
is
amended
New
been
fine
efficient
fires
from
owners.
fire
out
that
protection
lookout
to
closer
for
protection
obtainable
station
above
by
1911 law
Department.
location
accomplished
forest
have
have
.A
been
of
forest
fire
patrolmen
more
land
reasonable
or
into
Federal
connected
new
belief
operators. have forest
progress
is
the
work
use
while
been
COMMISSION performing
service
Hampshire
between patrol
reporting
directed
jointly
in
its
cooperation
have
State
years
and
to
the
strong
1915
forest
larger
.A
Forestry
fairly
a
deputies
in
of those
in
and
as
of
program
The
deputies,
future
lumber New
main,
notable
the
of
two
losses,
communication
close
the
laws
made
lines
since
and
of
fires
is
for Department
well
Hampshire
FORESTRY
the
by
telephone
the
and
work
states
within
organization
past
among
as cooperation
lines.
been
maintained
in
expressing
one
on
the party
OF
Vermont
among
years.
the
forest
the railroad
and
New
fire
danger
the
Department
in consistent
There
of
values the
kept
appropriations The
telephone
wardens
management
and
a
has,
of
close
importance
handling
been
owners have
and
exists
fire
being
The
to
the
over
is
all
of
carried
in
and
and forest
REPORT
Fire
new work
the
is
this
thirteen
has
State
been
studying
land
for
Maine.
wardens,
protection
out
peoile
educational
up
o:f
close
the
strengthen
public.
of
care
The
There
line
service
and
of
gravest
among
satisfaction
burned
to
fire
and
exchanges
have
before.
with
period
efficient
The
the stations
also
activities
the
bring
period restilt
Maine
Massachusetts
possible
Improvements stations
shire
of areas out
age, a local nieans
carrying ever men,
high and general
appreciated a
reasonable duties.
public Department. Otis zation
to much nial work.
and
are building
tion ways i0 REPORT OF FORESTRY COMMISSION II records of fires during the past seven years since 1915 show that the average area burned over per year is but twelve one-hundredths of one percent. of the total forest area of the State. Not until 1917 did the blister rust menace appear to be of sufficient importance to warrant legislative actiou. Since then the control of this disease has become, uext to forest fire protection, the chief administrative work of the Forestry Department. It has taken five years to bring the people of our State to a partial realization that the future of our growing imw is at stake in this work. In order to control the disease currant and gooseherry bush es, both wild and cultivated, must be destroyed wherever white pine is found and on protective strips around them. There is no alternative and wherever this is not done, the growing of white pine xvill in time cease to be a com mercial possibility. The cost should be paid largely by the towns, as at present, but the State should double its present ahnual appropriation of $12,000 in order to meet the town expenditures on a reasonable cooperative basis. Blister rust control is partly accomplished and the re— spoise from towns and private individuals is now so en couraging- and the policy of eradicating currant and gooseherry bushes is so far shown to be correct that év ery assurance may be given of bringing the disease under control in towns where funds are made available. Work has already been done in 95 towns, 13 of which have been completcd. The Federal Government withdrew its finan cial aid in eradicating bushes in 1921, but is now paving the salaries and expenses of blister rust agents. one in every conntv, who are employed by and work under the direction of the State Forester and with the County Farm Bureaus to take charge of all eradication crews and pro mote blister rust activities in their respective counties. These county blister rust agents are also working to advance all forestry interests in their conuties by attending meetings with the agricultural agents. con—
A
of
to
of
a
in
ex
the
the
es has
the
the and
and
Al
Ar
and
well
Corn—
Ash
been
3,000
of
larger to
make
of
part
to
of
the
Monad
without
Much
growth,
Reserva
bureaus
and
to
Fish
mile,
the
trails
Hon.
the
site expense
growth
Purchases
reservation
individual
includes
have
Fox
the
a
Hampshire,
about
of
expense,
in
name
of
lower
the
taken
accommodate
improvements
done
enlarging
farm
the
Forestry
A.
on
bearing
cooperation.
pine
highway
from Notch
of
the
half
to to
public.
the
This
be
own
helping
acres New
uses
in
Notch
the
without
The
hardwood
in
meeting
of
now
other
being
of
important
the
his
are
of
of
is
may
public
hearted
of
5,366
Caroline
of
at
across
Goshen
COMMISSION
and
regard
provided
headwaters
are
including
State.
Reservation.
and
largely
reservations,
$5,000
Crawford
authority purpose
He
the
native
this
acres
Improvements
the
Crawford
and
a
agents
distance
the
Miss
acqtiring
been
area
the
whole
Fox
recreational
property. years
the
and more
and
built
a
Steps
at
direction
acres,
Jaifrey,
to
from
nearly
the
is
roadway
2,000
State.
summits
the
and
the
FORESTRY
of
from
have
two
their
the
State.
of
their
370
with
It
small
under
on
the
Boston,
the
on wherever
forests
OF
and
of
over
cabins
by
on
A
Valley,
the
of
accommodation
Cardigan cost
to
past
demonstrations,
of
Poole
donated
agricultural
made
Washington
tinder
develop
a
roadway
to
Forests
gift
refuge
State
reservation,
the
House
camping
a
H.
the
at
in Hilisboro
slopes
gift
land
REPORT
leased,
but
and
owners
Cherry
were
extending
effective
of
for
the for
bird
being
Massachusetts.
State
out
th
county
mountains.
Joel
woodlot
Pillsbury
a
as
the
of
Department
reservations Pillsbury,
to
expense
splendid
land
River
been
State
Willey
reservation.
E.
a
public
the During
now
work
town
which
the mission
carried
old
has
the
pense
deeded
Monadnock
constructed
tions.
extra
failities
State iiock,
the
State
known
existing
are
Game
the tablish
and lington,
uelot bert
known
of
added magnificent
and
this
ducting
forest 12
r
looking
granted meeting
have scout
as list
seed the
ly
with
able tiful
them.
to
great given time higher cannot
become others attractive
private
able been
cants requiring the
Reforestation camps
the extent
Department.
State
cooperators
completed
start
titles
nursery
of
The
trail
Reforestation
kind
tree
to
this
supply
and
planted
been
obstacle
organizations
to
nursery
are
might
of
wood
prices
individuals and
begin
Several parties
after
to
reforested
with
nurseries
landowners
survey
report.
law
attention
to
funds
building
and
millions
and
forced
a
held
REPORT
outing
during
of
the
number
shade
do
using
became on
general
and
to
and
quality
at
is
along
permit.
trees
at
a
available
large
Common
of
the
the
supply
the
and
a
sound
substantially
to
Progress
the
to even
work at
every
of has
required
the
forest
big
clubs
and
OF
industries
within
same
State
ilways
present
purchase
all thousands
of
a
operative
land
suppiy
trees
approval.
certificates
and
results
past
low
FORESTRY
been
problem
persons
Of
lines then
ornamental
investment.
the
has and
year
resources
cboperating
if
Lands
forests
at
owners
has
the enough
to
the
two
they
in
on
demand
time
been
done
their
reasonable
as
cannot
of
by
be
in
from
has such
the
been
hand
State
September
of
520,000
years,
far
who
forestry.
for
were
of
Over
grown
New
and
COMMISSION
counties
is
of
carried
additional
have
by
own
cost
been
cost
as
has
work.
Conway.
trees.
lack
future
private
made
be
for
and
make
registered
have
The
the
the
willing
with
about
members
Hampshire.
one
been of
trees
to
been
needs
sure
prices.
and
trees
compiled.
of
encouragement
balance
facilities
forward
growing-
make
Examinations in
1,
are
State
been
a
hundred
development,
trees
With
the
250,000
nurseries
acres
substantial
made
business
clearing
1922
of
encouraged
taken
to
and
and
A
published
securing Forestry
planting
arborist
of
give
enlisted
nursery
of
revised
a
sold
and
to
might
of
appli
many
avail them.
boys’
plen
suit
from
have
The
The
boy
the
the
the
up
of
to
at
is 13 14 REPORT OF FORESTRY ,COMMISSION
RECOMMENDATIONS Forest Fire Protection
The law providing for the use of spark arresters on portable steam mills (Chapter 95, Laws of 1911, amended by Chapter 159, Laws of 1917) should be amended to pro vide that when any such mill is moved from one town or ctiy to another, or from one setting to another within the same town, said mill shall not be operated until the ow ner or operator thereof has notified the State Forester of the new location of said mill and the law should specify that approvals of spark arresters are in effect only for the calendar year when issued. The district chiefs should have authority to cancel approvals on inspection when immediate action is necessary. In Section 13, Chapter 128, Laws of 1909, as amend- ccl, the term ‘‘in or near woodland” should he defined so as to make clear that no person shall kindle a fire or burn brush, except when the ground is covered with snow, in any woodland, pasture, sprout. brush, waste or cutover land, or where the fire may communicate with any such land, without the written permission of the forest fire warden, or the presence of the forest fire warden or per son appointed to represent him. The law should fur thermore provide that any person having permission from the forest fire warden to burn brush shall, if any expense is caused to the town and State on account of such burning, pay to the town the full amount of the ex pense bill, or else the State Forester should have specific authority to make regulations defining the terms and con— clitions under which permits may be granted and be in effect. Section’ 5, Chapter 155, Laws of 1913, as amended, should provide that a violation continues in effect against the person, firm or corporation responsible until the slash has been properly removed or disposed of. ___j
REPORT OF FORESTRY COMMISSION 15
Chapter 59, Laws of 1909, and Section 10, Chapter 133, Laws of 1915, should be so amended as to give the Governor of the State authority through proclamation in time of grave fire danger to close the woods of any county or counties, or any section of any county to all fishing or hunting. It would be desirable to exclude all woods travellers except persons upon their own pro perty and those engaged in legitimate work in the woods. Section 15, Chapter 128, Laws of 1909, as amended, should include the district chiefs in the authority given the State Forester, forest fire wardens and deputy forest fire wardens to arrest without a warrant, any person or persons in the act of violating any of the laws for the protection of forest lands. It is recommended that the appropriations for fo;est fire protectio1 for each of the next two years be made the same as at present.
Blister Rust Control Chapter 187, Laws of 1917, gives the State Forester sufficient authority for the present to continue the work of controlling the white pine blister rust disease. A large percentage of our white pine towns are raising €nonev each year to be used with State funds to protect their towns and the work is progressing about as rapidly as men can be employed to conduct the work efficiently and economically. Further legislation will ultimately be necessary to require the raising of funds for control work in towns where there is great need but where no efforts have been made by the towns to bring the disease under control. In Maine the eradication of currant and gooseberrv bushes is not only compulsory but the cost is chargeable against individual land owners. It is he— lieved that the New Hampshire policy of eradication by towns with the expenses paid by the towns and the State, with such contributions as individuals wish to make for
I I
as
in
is be at
at
of
two this
two
one
pur
year
sup
State The
trees
years suffi
far
of
plait—
sever
recoin—
will
sale
laud
of to
care of chances
year
of
value is of per nursery
as
ill
next
confusing next
uniformly
is
interested
a
about
Purchasing for
the
able
care It
take
come
each
new
the
the
men of
up accomplished $20,000.
supply
less
percent. a policy
$5,000 to
be
more to
supply
acre.
of
those of
to and
with to
numher necessary.
interest is Lands
be
so
88
of
additional
trees
local a
surplus to
per
The
and
be
do
extent
of
each years
able
can
each
should COMMISSION
purchase.
supply giving
State building
to appropriation
for
the
about what
expended.
cost
$12,000 be
further the
is
for the
using is
of
interfere
for
purchase
gift.
foremen,
service
This
would
to
in
State
year nursery less
order
with
water
actual
number
years
by and the not
from
and
Care a gifts
in
real
appropriation
the
nursery
far clearing
$6,000
amount FORESTRY
per
for
farm
for
two of
a out
land
stimulate
which
State
of does
Reforestation
and but
ultimately by
land,
OF
location
at
the
to
least
be
last
lands,
State
the
spent
present
increased experienced $5,000
carry
increasing State State year
appropriation at
individuals. to own
and
nursery
the
yearly
forests
should
idle
resetvations
he
to
times
to establishing
the
on
results
the
per been REPORT
Purchase
acceptance
heen
desirable
their
State
of
and
under
order
present
appropriation trees
and
State
has that
maintain State
private
During trees
many
present
on has
planting should and
In
to
constantly
difficnlt for
The
The to
more
The
name
planting
The waste a
acquiring
increased
the
a tree
million
work
possible i6 and
satisfactory
years lands
past. clmse
amount
land of the
mended be worth
years.
for cient cost.
in ing
ply on cost
it. available million
al in REPORT OF FORESTRY COMMISSION ‘7
cost of preparing new land on the present farm and a • as by a special ing water supply, if carried out, must be met purpose. .nly appropriation for the Respectfully submitted, W. R. BROWN, H. W. ANDERSON, J. B. MURDOCK, Forestry Commission. tate JOHN H. FOSTER, ars State Forester. this ;ing ices )Ur— in
1be )rn -ear I’ two
Liffi rees at ted ant— jup— r at bed one d is e of ver 5ery The
2
1
in
to
of
to
the
re
well
the
best
the
dis
bills,
place
new
forest towns
State
head
of
intelli
lower
held
in
during
of
Chap
divid
entitled
a Merri
the
wardens,
of
been
the
Allard
watchmen personally
southern
as
west
by
of
heretofore
relating
has
permanent
the
taken are
or
now
of
been
all
attended Woodstock.
P.
organization
a
Falconer,
as
is
the
have
of
district
and
of
worked
assistant
submitting
branches
creating
have
M.
of
have
that
Young
have
chiefs
lookout
matters
wardens
possible
supervision
district
matters
Frank
State
until
by
east
F.
most
have
so
effectively
Hale, warden
Jr.
out
condition
the
other
all
fire
the
meetings
southern
F.
reports,
made
of
four,
in
direct
and
maintained
compensation
William
SERVICE
district
of
discuss
Woodhury
north,
central
town
state,
the
with
of
of Gorham,
Charles
was
resignations
E.
to
conferences
the
district,
These
due
of
some
The
been
of
the
the
comprised
temporarily
The
making
Warren
FIRE
Mr.
General
protection
satisfactory
Richardson,
place
deputies
requirements
meeting
and
created smoothly
Fewer
under
instead
Elmer
chief
change
have
that
in
F.
fire
the warden
central
work
so
without
and
public.
of
1921.
made.
office.
and
cooperating
legal
Forester.
for
Morrison
joint
This
formerly
1922
the
opportunity
Fire
Geo.
of newly
is
years. the
FOREST
throughout
chief
H.
A
of
often
districts
Concord
an
organization,
selectmen
believed
fires,
appointed
State
of
and
credit
at wardens
two
The
called
Laws
which
and
purposes
is
five
Conway,
fire
respectively, functioned
had
the
Forester’s
counties.
enforcing
was
places
spring
service.
the
It
district
past
For
much
William
129,
into
attended.
with
deputies.
fire bave
to ten
interests
and
gently
forest
and handling
the
never
North
tricts,
the appointment by
Forester,
State
quarters
early signed.
mack
ter
district seven
district, ‘ed REPORT OF FORESTRY COMMISSION 19 within the White Mountain National Forest area with Federal rangers and patrolmen was held during the past spring. The number of fire wardens and deputies at the close of the biennial period was 829. In addition there were 197 railroad section foremen and 268 state highway patrolmen holding deputy fire warden appointments. Some improvements have been brought about in making reports. Wardens now report each fire on a duplicate form, one copy of which goes to the district chief so that he may know of all fires which occur in his district and have a better grasp of the fire situation at all times. A new form has been issued for the use of wardens in re porting roadside slash violations to the State Forester. The brush burning permit form has been reprinted and improved. The standard cloth fire notices have been widely posted by the wardens and a new fibre notice in colors has been given as wide publicity as possible by the patrolmen along the principal highways. A new badge for the wardens, deputies and district chiefs has been designed and partially distributed. This is a small shield shaped badge in bronze appropriately lettered and has been made to satisfy the desire of most wardens for a lighter and less conspicuous badge which they may wear without discomfort and danger of losing. By an other year it is expected that the new badge will be sup plied to all regular town wardens and deputies. Changes in the lookout stations and improvements in telephone service have helped to bring about quicker service from watchmen and closer cooperation between them and the wardens and others. Last spring the For estry Department purchased two forest fire plimps, each with 1,000 feet of discharge hose for use in extinguish ing fires where water is available, particularly fires under control but burning in the ground during very dry weather, where often it has been necessary to watch such fires with a considerable number of men for days or weeks to prevent them from breaking out again. Dur 20 REPORT OF FORESTRY COMMISSION ing the summer of 1921 a pump of this type was loaned by the Massachusetts Forestry Department to extinguish a bad fire burning on the White Mountain National For est in the town of Randolph and rendered excellent ser vice. The two pumps now owned by New Hampshire will be available for use by any town warden. One is kept at the residence of District Chief Allard at North Conway and the other at the State Nursery at Gerrish and can be moved to a fire in any automobile and handled by two men. Standard fire fighting tools are still avail able for purchase by the towns at one half the cost t& the State as the practice has been heretofore. Cooperation between the State and the New Hamp shire Timberland Owners’ Association for patrol of wild forest lands has been strengthened by chapter 28, laws of 1921 which requires the patrol by their owners of any tracts of 1,000 acres or more of contiguous forest land at a cost not to exceed one cent per acre annually. The passage of this act tends to bring into the Association as members all land owners who have 1,000 acres or more in territory covered by Association patrolmen and who have not before been members. The Association controls over 800,000 acres and employs 20 to 30 or more patrolmen under the supervision of W. H. Morrison as secretary of the Association and who is also State dis trict chief of the northern district. The Association’s patrol work cost annually about $10,000, most of which is for actual pay of patrolmen. A revision of the law bulletin, Circular 7, was pub lished in 1921 and at the close of the biennial period, a revision of both the fire warden’s manual and the per sonnel of the forest fire service was made under one cover and published. The last preceding issue was in 1918 in two separate bulletins. Those interested are re ferred to the new forest law bulletin and the Forest Fire Manual and Personnel for detailed information on all matters contained therein. REPORT OF FORESTRY COMMISSION 21
Federal Aid in Forest Fire Protection New Hampshire continues to benefit from the ap propriations made by Congress for cooperative forest fire protection. Prior to 1921 the allotments to the va rious states were based on the amount of appropriations made by the states themselves, for fire protection and were used exclusively for the payment of a certain num ber of lookout watchmen who were placed on the Fed eral payroll and received their pay direct from Washing ton. In 1921 the Government provided for making each State allotment a pecentage of the fire protective -needs of the State. This was done in order to develop fire protective measures in states where their ap propriations were inadequate and their needs were great. The result intended was to give greater assis tance to states having relatively large forest areas in pro portion to their total areas. Another important change was to pay the federal allotment to each state in one or more reimbursements upon receipt of vouchers showing that the State had spent its ratio of the total state forest fire appropriations and federal allotment combined. These federal reimbursements became available as soon as received for any forest fire protective work within the State. In 1921 the Federal allotment was increased from $5,800 to $6,300 with an additional special allot ment for slash disposal work of $3,000, only $2,500 of which the State could take advantage of on a ratio basis. For the year 1922, the cost of adequate protection for New Hampshire was determined by the Government to be 00 or two and eight tenths cents per acre per year.$4 The Government then alloted seven per cent of this amount or $8,425 to New Hampshire out of the $400,000 appropriation by Congress and reimbursed it to the State on a basis of 17.7 per cent of the combined State appropriation and Federal allotment shown to have been spent for fire protection. In other words seventeen 22 REPORT OF FORESTRY COMMISSION
and seven tenths cents on every dollar of State and Fed eral mohey available for protection this last year was re turned to the State for further use. Chapter 37, Laws of 1921, made provision for the State Treasurer to receive funds allotted by the Federal Government in a contin uous fund for purposes of forest fire protection. The changed method of federal cooperation does not greatly increase the amount of Federal funds to New Hamp shire but it is a great benefit to have these funds avail able for any lire protective work. Except for this fund the Forestry Department would have been unable to re imburse the towns one-half their fire fighting costs for the year just closed.
Fire Seasons of 1921 and 1922 Each of the past two fire seasons as a whole con tained periods of great fire danger although the seasons were not uniformly or continuously hazardous over the entire State. There were few fires during the fall period of 1920 but in the spring of 1921 the fires began early in March and dry conditions prevailed everywhere until midsummer and in the north country until October. The spring andsumnier of 1921 was undoubtedly the most serious fire period in a great many years, not excepting the years 1911 and 1915 when great fire losses occurred. Every effort was made by landowners to keep fishermen and campers out of the woods in the northern counties. Had there been any authority to do so by law, the Gov ernor would have closed the fishing season. After the first of July the southern counties were favored with periodic rains hut in the north the drought continued until fall. During this fiscal year ending June 30, 1921 there were 276 fires handled by town organizations and 7,172 acres of land burned over. Several of these fires exceeded 500 acres each. One in the Diamond section of Pittsburg started from the burning of camps stocked
i.
L
40,000
for
ber against area months
age Two fact
southern period which
within 1922 fifth acres,
and
and month
two over ered
the over miles.
State averted with
almost Concord
Lincoln
sponse tions caused
remote
Other
of
each
area
May
The
southern
cities
other
was
that
burned
of
a
with
for
of
provisions,
in
fires, was
during
acres
the
vast
a large
of
Massachusetts
at from
period
one-tenth section
The
one
by
arrived
heavy
the
short
burned
the
and
counties
Sandwich
much spring
of
in
April,
the
the
snow.
in
fires
confined
largest
territory
timely
area
REPORT
this
and
per
the
fires year,
watchman
during
fires
wardens
southern
Chesterfield.
the
part
start
distance of
fire
less
of
burned
losses
while
in
burned
per
section
Maine
cent period
years
April
in
occurred
i of
covered
A
not
Lincoln
entire time
reports
acreage
danger
to
of
favorable and
and
OF
‘the
fire
1922,
one
1922
total
of
the
brush
and
including
is
and
the
of
New
including
1919
FORESTRY
suffered
over
to
on
of
over
out
was
crews
last in
the
per
reported
Manchester fiscal
northern
prevent
burned
and
from
of
men.
was
with
Mount
1922
800
May. burned
State,
near
Plaistow,
Several
of
and
and
Hampshire
500 and
forest
over
fiscal
cent
200
than
was
a
of
year.
very
acres
lookouts
mostly
no
was
slash
total
railroad
the
acres
damages
During
1920.
fires
COMMISSION
One
men
twice
a
beginning
over
which
the
Carrigain
to
1921
forests
year
very
since
area
help
disastrous
Beebe
darn
heavy
exceedingly
and
of
land
have
Derry,
fire
of
The
of
occurred
from
each.
1,000
as
as
confined
was
general
The 295
of during
nearer
the
was
fires,
and
1915,
these
woodland
Concord from
were
in
and
around
regards
large
the burned
losses.
River
area
fires
same
the
saw
spite
about
during
acres
prompt
record
the Goffstown,
The
was
fires
sweeping
much
still
was
than
State
supplies.
in
the
in
mills
in
the
burned
for
to
record
dry
spring
of
towns
opera
while
num
aver- April
9,484
1921.
both
each
were
over
one-
cov
The
two
in
the
the
and
the
for the
fire
ten
re
as
of
at
in
23 a 24 REPORT OF FORESTRY COr1MISSION
1921 and 1922 as in 1919 and 1920 and the cost of fight ing and damage increased nearly in the same proportion. The following tables I to V are the official records of fires for the fiscal years 1921 and 1922 and are shown so that they may be compared with the records of pre ceding biennial periods.
Table I NUMBER OF FIRES BY MONTHS (Exclusive of Railroad Fires)
Fiscal Year Fiscal Year Ending June 30, 1921 Ending June 30, 1922
September 1920 3 July •1921 15 October 1920 15 August 1921 10 November 1920 3 September 1921 28 October 1921 32
January 1921 March 1921 24 March 1922 6 April 1921 68 April 1922 103 May 1921 70 May 1922 96 I. June 1921 92 June 1922 5
276 295 Table II FIRE RECORD FOR FISCAL YEARS 1921 AND 1922
Fires Handled by Town ‘Organizations Ii C Name Total Average Area Average Total Aver. Cost of Year No. Fires Acres Total Per Fire Damage Damage Cost for Fighting County Burned in Acres Per Fire Fighting Per Fire
‘3 Belkuap 1921 15 239 15.9 $4,610.00 $107.17 $790.09 $33.13 C 1922 12 566 72.2 2,897.00 24.1.42 742.03 01.84 Carroll 1021 20 466 23.3 3,481.00 174.08 2,052.13 147.f0 1922 15 122 7.1 6,056.00 U) 443,73 003.81 00.20 H Cheshire 1921 23 404 16.6 5,040.50 218.28 1,285.68 55 90 1922 27 1,679 62.2 10,527.00 723.22 1,773.34 65.68 .< Coos 1021 24 2,584 08.3 21,058.10 914.85 2,210.90 02.50 1922 17 472 26.7 8,612.00 506.50 3,826.07 225.12 fl Graftoo 1921 . 23 510 22.2 2,301.00 143,02 1,878.88 81 60 C 1922 32 229 10.2 2,667.00 81.34 1,384.05 41.72 Hillsboroogh 1921 62 631 10.2 5,648.50 01.10 . 1,480.30 23.88 1922 61 3,070 50.8 33,550.50 550.01 1,720.06 28.21 — Merrimack 1921 38 777 20.4 1,321.00 34.76 810.57 21.57 U) 1022 52 1,812 56.6 5,669.80 117.15 1,150.33 35.05 Rookiogham 1021 49 1,513 00.8 11,718.00 239.14 2,050.40 48.03 C 1022 62 326 13.3 13,000.00 211.18 1,122.37 18.10 Z Strafforcl 1021 6 165 20.6 1,205.00 150.63 543.64 67.06 1022 22 06 4.4 1,354.00 61.55 337.40 15.34 Sollivan 1021 14 83 5.0 821.00 22.01 608.16 43.44 1922 15 212 ‘ 14.1 804 50 50.63 447,28 20.82 Totals for State 1021 276 7,172 .., 26.0 $50,503.50 $215.59 $11,038.74 $51.13 1022 295 9,484 32.1 91,017.00 321.75 13,350 55 45.20 c-n 26 REPORT OF FORESTRY COMMISSION
Table III RAILROAD FIRE RECORD FOR FISCAL YEARS 1921 AND 1922 I
Total Average Average Number Area. Area Total Damage Eear Fires Burned Burned Damage Per Fire 1921 264 403 A. 1.5 A. $9,796.00 $37.10 1922 281 990A. 3.5 A. 13,724.00 48.84
Table IV
. CAUSES OF FOREST FIRES Two Years Ending June 30, 1922
Percentage of Causes Total Number of Fires MECHANICAL CAUSES: Railroads 48.83 Portable Steam Mills .72 HUMAN CAUSES: Burning Brush, Grass and Rubbish 10.66 Campers, Hunters, Fishermen, Flower and Berry Pickers, AutomObilists and Careless Smokers 17.03 Miscellaneous 3.31 Incendiary Burning Buildings 1.08 Lumbering .63 Unknown 17.02 NATURAL CAUSES: Lightning .63 100.00
Table V TOTAL FOREST FIRE DAMAGE, TWO FISCAL YEARS ENDING JUNE 30, 1922
Railroad Other Total Year Fires Cau9es Damages 1921 $9,796.00 $59,503.50 $69,299.50 1922 13,724.00 94,917.00 108,641.00 Totals $23,520.00 $154,420.50 $177,940.50 REPORT OF FORESTRY COMMISSION 27
Railroad Forest Fire Protection While the records show that the number of fires originating from the railroads was 264 in 1921 and 281,. or over 48 per cent of the total number of fires in 1922,. the total area burned was only 403 and 990 acres respec tively each year. The average railroad fire burned 1.5 acres in 1921 and 3.5 acres in 1922. Recognizing that the railroads are the most serious cause of forest fires. not only in New Hampshire but elsewhere, every pre caution is intended to be taken by means of the laws as. well as by the railroads for their own protection to pre vent and extinguish forest fires. The laws provide for the use of spark arresters in locomotives and for the clearing of rights of way. The cost of extinguishing railroad fires is charged to the railroads. The railroads. are protected as far as may be possible by requiring land owner and operators to dispose of slash within 60 feet of any railroad rights of way. The section foremen are appointd deputy forest fire wardens. Of the three railroad companies operating in New Hampshire, the Boston and Maine Railroad has most of the mileage. In 1912 a department of this company. was. organized to look after fire protection and prevention, since which time fires have been reduced 75 per cent. Each of the 1200 locomotives is equipped with a steel plate spark arrester with openings only three-sixteenths of an inch. These spark arresters and the appliances around them are regularly examined once each week and once each month the fires are drawn and careful in spections made. If a fire occurs and a locomotive is re ported as passing the spot, a special examination is im mediately made to ascertain whether or not any defects exist in the spark arrester or ash pan. During the fire season fifteen patrol cars are maintained which are equipped with fire fighting tools and used to follow trains. over sections of unusual fire hazard. 28 REPORT OF FORESTRY COMMISSION
The matter of cutting and burning grass along rights of way is given careful attention. The practice was for inerl to cut the grass in summer which gave an oppor tunity for the grass to grow again before fall so that by another Spring, plenty of dry material was available to start fires. From studies of the situation the policy has changed to burning the grass as late in the fall as pos sible. Section foremen keep in touch with owners of property contiguous to the rights of way, requesting them to remove inflammable material or to give them permission to do the same. In this way conditions out side the rights of way are made as satisfactory as pos sible. The section foremen cooperate with the town fire wardens in the matter of adjacent slash as well as in fighting railroad fires. Under the law the railroads -may enter private property after hearing and with the consent of the Public Service Commission to dispose of inflammable material. Although slash can not be left -within O feet of the right of way, it i often desirable for the railroads to burn dry grass and undergrowth out side their rights of way at dangerous points and there should be some more prompt and workable means than at present for the railroads to have this done. Most for est fires along the railroads start from sparks thrown outside the right of way Mountain Lookout Stations Owing to the dry conditions during 1921 there were •29 lookout stations maintained for the whole or greater part of the fire season. This included the Crotchet sta tion in Francestown and the new station on Dix’s Peak near Dixville Notch, both of which are emergency sta tions. In 1922 five of the 29 stations were either tem porarily or permanently discontinued because it was be lieved that the service from them did not justify the ex pense of their maintenance, except in emergency. The -fire stations not operated were Dix’s Peak, Pine Moun 4
REPORT OF FORESTRY COMMISSION 29 tam in Gorham, Mount Shaw in Moultonboro, Smart’s Mountain in Lyme and Crotchet Mountain. Mount Israel was operated only part of the season. Under a cooperative agreement with the Maine Forestry Com mission a 47 foot steel tower on Cedar Mountain in Maine was moved to Green Mountain in Effingham dtir ing the past summer and will be maintained jointly by Maine and New Hampshire. The new Green Mountain station commands a large territory in both states and has been greatly needed as a means of increased protection to surrounding towns in New Hampshire where many fires occur. The lookout stations in operation during 1922 are in better condition as regards equipment and telephone lines than ever before. Nearly all the telephone line to the Monadnock station had to be rebuilt in 1922 owing to the severe ice storm of the preceding winter. Much damage was caused to other station lines in southern New Hampshire by this storm. A telephone line from ‘Winchester has been extended to the fire station on Mount Grace in Massachusetts, which has brought seven towns in New I-Iampshire within the same telephone exchange with the watchman on Mount Grace, saving fully twenty minutes of time and expense of toll charges. A metallic line to Mount Rosebrook was completed and connection made at the switch board at the Mount Washington Hotel. The cabin was enlarged by adding a cook room. The Mount Carrigain telephone line has been connected with the main line at Sawyers River by means of a new line from Livermore to the main line. The service to Mount Chocorua was improved by chang— ing the line from the Liberty trail to the Bee Line trail. A new wooden tower and cabin on Black Mountain in Cambridge and a new cabin on Magalloway with a telephone extension to the tower are the principal im provements in the northern district. All towers and 30 REPORT OF FORESTRY COMMISSION cabins are kept in repair and painted by the watchmen during the fire season. During the past year a careful study has been made of the lookout stations in relation to the local telephone exchanges and local party lines. It is not enough that stations should overlook wide stretches of country and be so distributed that the entire state is under observa tion. The efficiency of a station depends on the watch man being able to telephone through one or more ex changes and reach the wardens and others on party lines in a reasonably short time. This investigation has been made possible by the generous cooperation of the New England Telephone officials and those of subsidiary com panies. Much information has been brought to light. Stations which were considered satisfactory have been found to be poorly located for telephoning promptly in various directions. The remedy is either to build lines to connect with other exchanges, or to abandon stations entirely. During the past year several improvements have been brought about by extending the State lines and others are contemplated for another year. Several stations in or near the White Mountain National Forest will have their service improved by the Government with in another year by connecting the stations with federal ranger headquarters which are in telephone communica tion with some exchange other than the one now used by P the station. In this manner it is expected to connect Chocorua with the line to Passaconaway and Osceola with North Wooclstock. Other important improvements would be to connect Mount Carrigain with Lincoln and Mount Magalloway with supply camps in the Diamond 4 territory Table VI shows the number of fires reported by the lookout watchmen during each of the past two years. By means of the weekly reports of the watchmen and the re ports of fires by fire wardens and deputies, the district REPORT OF FORESTRY COMMISSION 31
chiefs and state forester are able to tell if any hres have been handled by wardens and not reported by the look out watchman and, if so, to look for the reason. Infor mation about burning brush without permit often comes to the wardens from the watchmen and the watchmen also report the location of portable mills when they change to a new setting.
Table VI FIRES REPORTED BY THE LOOKOUTS 6 North East West Central South Year District District District District District Totals
1921 60 30 67 98 217 472 1922 53 52 88 90 206 489
Portable Steam Mills Most portable steam sawmill owners and operators are showing a marked disposition to comply with the spark arrester law which states that no person, except when the ground is covered with snow, shall operate any portable steam mill unless the same is provided with a suitable spark arrester, approved by the State Forester, and unless the slash caused by wood and timber cutting shall have been removed for a distance not less than 100 feet from said mill, when required to do so by the State Forester, or his authorized agent. The law further re quires that such approval shall he in writing signed by the State Forester, and may he revoked by him in the same Irianner. When any such mill is moved from one town or city to another, said mill must not be operated until the owner or operator thereof has notified the Forestry Com mission or the district chief or the town forest fire warden of the new location of said mill. The desire of the Forestry Commission has been to have the permits renewed on January first of each year, whether the mills have changed location or not, in order 32 REPORT OF FORESTRY COMMISSION
to keep the record of the locations of the mills up to date and not lose track of mills from one year to another. The administration of the law as it now stands is difficult a because an operator under the law may notify the For estry Commission, district chief or town fire warden of his change of location. It is impossible for the State Forester to know all of the changes in location unless the notifications of changes come direct to his office in Concord. The law should be amended in this regard and also clearly provide for the termination and renewal of permits at the close of each calendar year in the same manner as for motor vehicles, etc. In some states an annual registration fee is required for portable steam mills. In Maine the fee is $25.00 per year. While it is believed that this amount is unreasonably high, there are distinct advantages to he secured if a nominal fee of say $2.00 per year were charged for each mill and a reg j istration number issued with the permit to he attached to the mill. Changes in location should in any event be filed with the State Forester in Concord and the permits should be renewed each year. Forest fires are occasionally set by stationary steam mills, not necessarily saw mills, and the Forestry Commission has no jurisdiction over them. All stafionary steam mills located within 100 feet of woodland and using forced draft or direct draft should be required to have a spark arrester the same as for portable steam mills. Gasoline mills are coining in to more popular use but the danger of their setting fires depends mostly upon the employees handling the gaso line and working about the mills. A A number of violations of the spark arrester law I during the past two years have been taken to conrt and. the parties fined. It is very difficult to locate mills in remote places and the Forestry Department has been len ient in prosecutingparties, who have neglected to secure- a permit, but whose spark arresters were found to be in
CARDIGAN
Showing
NEW
On
Green
LOOKOUT
summit
MOUNTAIN
Mountain,
and
FIKE
protective
STATE
Effingham
STATION
growth FOKEST REPORT OF FORESTRY COMMISSION 33
satisfactory condition. Such parties have been given an opportunity to secure the proper permit. Where spark, arresters are found to be in bad condition legal action is promptly taken. It occasionally happens that a forest fire results from a defective spark arrester and the situa tion comes to light and legal action follows as a result. Under the present law portable mill permits can be re voked only by the State Forester in writing. Inasmuch as the district chiefs make the inspections and find unsatis factory conditions if they exist, it should be possible for them to revoke a permit if emergency requires. Following is a list of the names and permanent ad dreses of 139 portable mill owners or operators whose mills have been approved by the State Forester during the biennial period of 1921 and 1922. Any mills being operated by persons whose names do not appear on this list are doing so in violation of law unless the mills have remained on the same setting for at least two years and approvals were secured at the time. NAME P. 0. ADDRESS Allard, C. F., Madison Allen, Frank, South Acworth Anderson, John, West Lebanon Archibald, J., Contoocook Ayers, B. K., Concord Bailey, Charles, Hampstead Bailey Lumber Co., Suncook Bean, V. A., Keene Bosse, Paul, Conway Bourdon, Walter J., Northwoocl Narrows Boynton, W. E., Henniker Britton, A. H., Plainfield Brock, Albert C., Dover Brown, John, East Barrington Brown, W. J., Salem Depot Brownell, G. R., Ossipee Burnham, A. L., Goffstown Burt, Alden S., West Rumney 3
H..
D.
Mass.
F.
D.
F.
R.
F.
Center
R.
ro
R.
o
ry
Vt.,
Center
Center
ii
Barnstead
Levcrett,
Village
Lvndeboro
Dorchester
rh
outh
man
Boston
te
cord
oultonb
Barnstead
Granite M
Can
Plyni
Peterhoro North
Center
Northwood
Suncook
Hopkinton
Nottingham Antrim
Glen Rochester, Manchester
Pittsfield Durham Penacook
Pittsfield
Epping
South
Melvin Conway
Conway
Pequaket
Con
New
North
Penacook, Wolfehoro
Newmarket
Wood
Lebanon
Farmington
Hill
Henniker
Windsor,
COMMISSION
FORESTRY
Hamlin,
OF
&
Son,
Co.,
L.,
S.,
H.,
&
&
Son,
A.,
S.,
F.,
E..
M.,
A.,
A.,
D.,
G.
L.,
H.,
W.,
N., E.,
A.,
Jr.,
A.,
B..
A.,
REPORT &
E.
A.,
Son,
W., F.,
F.
E.
A.,
K.,
J.
A.
A.
F.
F.
T.
E.
J.
John,
W., &
L.
A.,
L.
Don
Guy
Lumber
‘N.
J.
W.
Ross
Guy
Spaulding
Lewis
Lot,
Peter,
Ira
H.
John
Sumner,
Walter
Albert,
C.
S.
G.
Everett
Bros.,
John
Graves,
Glines,.Leroy
Glidden,
Glazier,
Gibson,
Fuller, }Tall,
French,
Foss,
Fortin,
Fernald, Fleming,
Fellows Flanders,
Ellsworth,
Ellison,
Ellison,
Drown,
Dow,
Dow,
Doolin,
Dodge,
Demiison,
Dennison,
Dennis,
Concord
Colbert,
Clow,
Clark
Churchill,
Carpenter,
Cady, Caron,
Buswell, Chick,
i3uswell,
Champney,
Cardinal,
34 II I
REPORT OF FORESTRY COMMISSION 35 Hancock, H. W., Belmont Hart, D. J. Box Co., Marlboro Hartford, P. N., Belmont Hatch, H. A., Bellows Falls, Vt. Heath, C. H., Greenville Hill Lumber Co., Hill Hills, Burley F., Raymond Hobbs, F. P., Wolfeboro Holmes, Brothers, Gerrish Hood, H. A. & B. A., Troy Hopkins, Frank C., Keene Howe, Geo. S., & Son, Henniker Howe, Richard, Chesham Howe Lumber Co., Greenville Hoyt, Chas. E., Merrimack, Mass. Jaquith, B. J., Tilton Jenness, P. A., South Effingham Jipson, A. A., Warner Jones, Geo. H., New Durham Kelley, A. B., Union Kenrick, H. B., Hudson Kimball & Noyes, Manchester Kimball, F. G., Manchester Ladd, L. P., Epping Leroux, D. W., Contoocook Locke, C. B., Rochester Marquette, Louis, Peterboro Martin, Frederick, Peterboro Mason, H. J., Lempster McDuffee, Horace, Manchester McNamara, W. A., Manchester Meredith Grain Co., Meredith Merrill, George W., Francestown ass. Mills, A. E., West Harnpstead Morgan, Wm. R., Dunstablé, Mass. Muldoon Bros., Peiham Nelson, Ernest, Eaton Paige, A. B., Henniker
II REPORT OF FORESTRY COMMISSION
Parker, Perham, Reed’s Ferry Patenaude, W. C., Henniker Patenaude, Wm. E., Hopkinton Pettingill & Rogers, Suncook Pherson, Charles, Amherst Pitman, John M., Bristol Potwin, R. F., Lempster Prescott, C. W., Winchester Quimby & Humphrey, Northwood Rand, 0. H., Derry Randall, Isaac, Hampstead Randall, Ivlaurice I., Hampstead Renfrew, J. S., Plymouth Roberts, Shirley, Grasmere Rust, Horace, ‘vVolfeboro Skofield, F. T., South Lyndeboro Sleeper, Wm. L., Bristol, R. F. 0. Smart, C. E. & H. P., Mountainview Smith, H. M., Goffstown Snell, N. R. Dover Stevens, Fay 0., East Pepperell, Mass. St. John, Joseph P., Conway Stone, 0. S., Woodsvifle Swain Lumber Co., Plymouth Thayer, Fred I., Farmington Thomas, J. 0., Derry Village Thompson, Freeman, & Son, Dover Todd, Perley A., New Boston Towle, B. W., Gossville Twombley, W. Center Conway Vadney Bros., Francestown Walker, John, Newmarket Walker, Lewis A., Newmarket Weare, E. W., Meredith Center Welch, James, West Ossipee Wheeler, Frank A., Concord Whitehouse & Taylor, South Effirigham Whitney, Willey, Whittier, Willey, Wilson, Wood, Willey, Wyman, Yeaton, Yeaton
slash lines. property of railroad. terial Commission
party posing Commission writing doing ance requirements. where hold
should in age deeds to slash necessary
way,
law
this
The
In
along
from
them
25
for
responsible Perry,
has
the that
J. Geo. Bros., W.
Wm. A.
for
By
the
the
realize of
regard.
F.
with
and
H.
F.
feet
law
a
lines,
F.,
T.,
cutting.
been It slash
the
an
distance
any Howard, to
the
highways responsible D., State
enforcement Ralph,
REPORT
F., F.,
may H., 60
looks
also
parties requires from
amendment
have
party
their
l)urchaser
Disposal
the
reason
feet The
left
and
‘Wherever
Forester
require
for
provides
any
to
trees
of
it
OF
on Stumpage
primarily from responsibility
land who
not
operating
and
100
the
the removed.
it
FORESTRY
for
adjoining
public
of
of
shall the the
shall
is
do to
the
owner feet
removal
will purchaser railroads
failure Lumber
these
that
complaints impossible
the
the
removal
party
right
responsible.
from
highway
comply
be
owners
take
and
law
cutting
in
ll
provisions
Town
property
COMMISSION
felled
Wolfeboro
Keene to when
West Winchester
Peterboro Frem North Greenville
New
Hopkinton
or
who
camps.
of
cutting Slash such
consequently
and
in
of
carry
he
of
disposal
with way
should
1921,
to
are
and
stumpage ont
Boston
fire away inflammable
if
may
they held
Andover
provide
steps
Sutton
secure
they
lines
out of
the
received
on Land
the
the trolley
wardens
Falls
actually
responsible
sell
contract
any
from
as of
adjoining
State the
expect
Forestry Forestry
contrary
in
for compli
lumber
may
owners
stump-
as
steam
State right
such
their
that ma
dis
law
the
are
be
be
to
in
37 IZ]
a
60
re of.
re—
re
fell
and
law
vio
per
that
does line,
legal
have
high slash
these
party
blank is
wood
to
the
opera brush. be
6S
careful
several inspec
cutting ground a
make
the all
been
of
operator
all
the law
examines the
to the operators
overcome
they
if
the for
to clear
an
on as
the
along the
slash
to
In disposed than if
not
of
the
the
be
more
of
When violation
on
before
and
chie[
required
a
the
Hanpshire
has
State
cutting less
with
make
are been
case
cleared
against
water.
parties
no
desirable
deposited might
violation tip
progress the the dispose
were
New
given.
until
slash remain
operators one
also responsible
General.
disposed
have
although the
in
be so
non-resident
district
the
for
COMMISSION
owner
be
of days.
becomes the these
operation
Treasurer of
This
years
the
not
the
are taken of
held
such
to
operating 60
outside
The
streams
In
land the
record
should and would
as
of
edge
report
money
does
reach complainant
State
fiscal
employees
law.
properly
across
for
of
were
Attorney
It
on
railroads,
the
and
to
to
from
as
the
FORESTRY or
partieF
attention law
the
the
number
the
limit
two responsible
the
slash law
slash.
of
and
of.
forth operations slash and
OF
elapsed
the of cases
the
purpose.
or
automatically
notification
the
the
brooks
past continues the
time with
slash
the
feet
and
difficult
has
old slash
expected
lines appears
timber,
call
the
of
while one,
operators completion $50.00
responsible
un
case the
such
is that
ten
all
to
REPORT
or
$100
legal
of The
the
contractors disposed
along
back
for
limit
and
so
violation shown
the
of corporations
solicitors
of
or
upon
the
than
trolley
fine
violation
except
in
or parties
cleared their a
work has
wood time During
Because
require area
sometimes
warden
trees
requiring
lumber
is
day instructed the
requirements not ways, provided moved, the responsible. lations county cases, Practically slash tion every requires. deposit turned ting moved or paid The it sons that aiiy 38 within by the nearer who
wardens
sires
endanger
burning
their
responsible
cept
not
mits and
grant
are
mits
cautions
permits
forest
the
party burning,
dangerous
under to in
dens an
The
mits
may
“near
the when burning
ten kindle
which
the
liable
be
intervening
permission
warden
windy
permit
such
to to
About
law
shall
each
communicate
rights
are
or
the
doing
the
fire
woodlands”
area
granted
burn
a
railroad
except
should
is
deny
necessary
is
brush.
fire
but
it
to
adjoining
precautions
called
ground
law
not
warden,
season.
and
weather.
unsafe.
generally
in
is
of
REPORT
10
parties.
or
go
his
to
the
or
to
administered
permits
question
burn
to
the
per
other
first
for
beyond
to
to
not
brush
burn
deny
space
deputies,
upon
restrict
Brush
burning.
build
The
is
owners
see
forest
more
is
cent
are
the with
without
allow
The
property of
covered
OF
To
person
observed
The
brush
as
interpreted
The
permits
that
or
to
and
law
the
covered
fires
that
their
or
wardens FORESTRY
Burning
of
create
seem
the
intent
than
woodlands
clear
grant
fire
it,
highway
of
at
land
wardens
wardens
they
fires the
requires
Since
are
in
on
land
with
to
sufficient
use
control,
even
land
least
warden,
because
desirable.
a
land
and
or
when
forest
land represent
a
with
of
hundreds
not
owner
often
few
are
do
of
Permits
owners
great
snow,
to
near
COMMISSION
no
themselves.
though
the
to
the
is
patrolmen
to
alone
fire
not, at
not
that
days
are
mean
by
as
dry
th
person
intolerable
in
fires
write
help
a
law
or
prevent
and
various
woodlands,
all
fire
in
when
without
burning
his
land
as
their
entirely
him.
no
property
asking
Permits
the
of
grass
in
have
a
times
extremely
where
and
are
also
or
a
into
own
permit
menace
advance
written
person
has
presence
rule,
owner
when
burning
and
judgment
town
legitimate
caused
power
the
The
The the
or
confined
the
the
and
for
without
throtigh
a
the
should
within
except
of
other
grant
from
litter.
town
spirit right
writ
fires
war
term
per
shall
per
pre
and
per
the dry
cle
ex
the
fire
to
by
is of
39 I I
for
ex
the be ad the
the the
en the
and
and law
any
may
may
very
laws
eros
these
make
brush
to
to or if of
money
for
regards
he
the
fighting
burning the origina
wardens
disposal
granting from
for
imprison State
of
help
owner
towns during law responsibi of from as
to
or State responsible
fighting These
pay
in
shall,
or
present
dollars
with
from
from
burning and
amount damage the
the permit
the
fire
of fires
land
at
permit
towns
from
a
must to $200
for
a
fires
parties is
slash.
situation,
and
expense
of Payment sufficient removal
town
the
party permits position
result
whole
heavy
charged
a
precantion COMMISSION State Department
law’
violated
a amendment
the city
the fine written this prevent
$4,000
the
is forest
the
without
except
hundreds
where
a
a
lumber or
fires
Brush
immunity
to
an
due why
of
and
having
of
to
for
of burning
no
about
saddle he
reimburse
compensate
permit
having
neighbor.
and
burns
as
town
against Forestry
not
prevent
to FORESTRY
Many
requiring
to
holding
reason embarrassing town
towns
expenses
brush
his
to
or
the
subject
party
expense well
Roadside OF
Because saved
The
often responsible
party
Department
Furthermore,
should is the a
the exercising
to to
as
laws
a
charge
without
bnrning
party most
public.
has to
highways
position not
a willing
If
a
a
and
and
not chiefly
the
holding
a
fighting fire. permits.
gives
days.
the
is
REPORT fighting justifiable
There
in
brush
the
State caused of
in
brush
years
Forestry conditions
60
damage does
were
fire
and
property.
no is
personally
fire
be
from fires
upon
a is and
because in
for
permits enacted
two
for
persons
along
The
The
warden
placed fighting.
fires
denying
prosecuted
roadside
the losses lity damage forest should there cause town pense warden weak are or weather coming joining fire past State that 40 expenses. be expense with ment for reimbursement bill. forcement
ting of
were
K REPORT OF FORESTRY COMMISSION 41
sing the highways. Most of the roadside brush, not lum ber slash, is the result of cutting bushes and young growth by the town road agents although a considerable amcunt is cut by telephone, light and power companies and by abutting land owners. The towns cut many miles of hushes along the highways every season, usual ly in the late summer and fall, and in a short time this brush becomes a dangerous hre menace. The law speci fically states that if any cut brush has been left within the limits of the highways for a longer period than 30 days the State Forester is authorized tu complete th removal or disposal and assess the cost against the per son, firm, corporation or town anthorizing or causing such brush. Many towns keep the roadsides clean of brush. Some throw it back against adjacent uncut growth and only clear the ditches. Others leave the brush where it is cut. The brush cut by towns should be thrown in piles and burned at the proper time or else moved away to unob jebtionable places at the time of cutting. There is a reasonable distinction between small bushes and brakes which almost disappear over winter and heavy brush which will not decay for several years. It is the heavy and larger brush, particularly adjoining woodlands rather than open areas, which must be disposed of because of the particular fire hazard and as a matter of justice to lumber operators who are required to dispose of their slash. The towns have a difficult and expensive problem on their hands to keep many miles of roadsides free from hushes. Selectmen and road agents can save the towns much expense in the long run if they will trim up desira ble young trees to shade the sides of the roads and pre vent the growth of low hushes. If shade trees can be
• properly distributed, even if it is necessary to plant ad ditional trees, the necessity for cutting bushes can even tually be greatly lessened. The arbitrary cutting of roadside trees by telephone, light and power companies *1 - r V
ii
V
V
V
to
of
one
and
The pro The acre pro
own
made
tabu years them
of
area
amoun
for
per fire
Timber of
protection land
reasonable
cent
area.
seven particularly
.08 .11 .40
.11 .47 .02 .22 .05 .03 .04
the
1922
of
If
Forest.
amounting
cents
forest
forest
$36,739.13
the in Per
one-hundredths
following by
very
aid
cost
forest
place,
for a
expenditures
advantage
1922.
total
one-sixteenth
over
were The
is
Government
the
the
one-half
patrol during
twelve COMMISSION take National
the
the and
of took
1922
Year 1921 1921
1921 1922 1922 1921 1922 1921 1922
over
Federal
deplorable.
year
for
and
of not
area.
year
which
$9,700 burned
and
1921
not forests.
about cent
the Federal
of one
per
include
most is
expenditures in
or fiscal
raised
our FORESTRY
or
per
the
Mountain
would lands forest
Conclusions
State,
With not rights
of
over OF
over
last by
town
often
one
the
acres
percentage
the
or
forest
of of
does
their the
amount White
in value and
and
limits.
protection
the of Association
practices
5,594
burned
$62,726.13
burned
of REPORT
the
the
the cent
is
to
This
land
State
area
of
County Belknap Carroll Coos Cheshire Grafton
area
during of
railroads village cost
per
and one-fifth
respectively. shows
1915
wanton
Owners’ county
The
The
to
understood cent
the
forest
one
inexcusable
is land
ers within of tection such amount. amounted tection $8,787 annual ted $7,500 by per since of average lation each 42 4
¶ REPORT OF FORESTRY COMMISSION 4 County Year Per cent Hillsboro 1921 .14 1922 .70 Merrimack 1921 .16 1922 .39 Rockingham 1921 .48 1922 .26 Strafford 1921 .09 1922 .05 Sullivan 1921 .03 1922 .08 It can he seen by the above table and the records of fires from year to year more or less clearly show that the greatest number of fires and the largest areas burned over are cutover and waste lands in the more densely populated sections of the State. The vicinity of large manufacturing centers and the surroundings of our cities. and larger towns have the greatest fire risk. Grafton County has consistently maintained a record of low forest fire losses, not equalled by other counties in New Hamp shire. Sullivan County also usually has a low fire loss. With extra hazardous localities not considered, the for est fire risk for any given timber lot in New I-{ampshire fire organization, is not large under our existing forest ii even allowing for occasional years when the forests are exceedingly dry for long periods at a time. The Gov ernment in the protection of the National Forests throughout the country has recognized an objective of one-tenth of one per cent of the forest area as a reason able average maximum of fire losses toward which to work at the present time. Few, if any, of the states have reduced their annually burned areas to this percent age. New Hampshire has probably come as near to it over a period of seven years as any. Unfortunately the percentage is still very high in many states. An averag-I of one—tenth of one per cent maintained continuously 44 REPORT OF FORESTRY COMMISSION means that the forest risk is only one to one thousand and that a given acre is likely to be burned over but once in a thousand years. With our 1922 record the chance of loss is one to five hundred. In order to maintain even this record the forest fire organization must work effi ciently and intelligently year after year and during emer gency periods there must be no sparing of efforts or ex pense to take such precautionary measures as may be necessary to keep the fires down. A State having as much at stake in its forests as does New Hampshire should not hesitate to spend in emergency an average of two cents per acre of forest land for fire protection which would be two and one-half times the present State appro priation. The Federal Government recognizes our needs as two and eight-tenths cents per acre annually. The Governor should have the power through proc lamation to close the woods of any county or counties, or any section of any county to all fishing and hunting and to any woods travelling except by those engaged in legitimate woods business. The present laws authorize the closing of the hunting season throughout the State by proclamation but this is defective and unsatisfactory as it has been repeatedly shown that our periods of greatest fire danger come in the spring and often for a part and not the whole of the State. The present laws are based upon the fallacy that fire arms are the cause of fires when it is the careless persons in the woods, and not the fire arms they may be carrying, who cause the fires. There are periods when the woods are so dry that smoking and the use of fire should be stopped by common consent and almost without reservation. Whether or not such pre cautionary measures could be brought about by legisla tion is extremely doubtful. The least to be done is to make possible the closing of the woods or any part of them at any season when emergency might reqtlire. The Pennsylvania law (P. L. 530, Act of May 14, 1915) is the best in this regard. REPORT OF FORESTRY COMMISSION 45
The fire hazards caused by dry brush and slash re maining on the ground near places frequented by per sons is a matter for consideration and discussion. This applies to roadways and trails, the banks of brooks and streams, and the borders of cutting operations. The cost of general slash disposal is prohibitive at present, even if it were effective, and the danger of starting forest fires from the burning of slash piles is so great that further consideration seems unreasonable as well as futile. The results of an experiment in brush burning carried out on a large scale during the past year by W. R. Brown, chair man of the Forestry Commission, in cooperation with the Federal Forest Service, is contained elsewhere in this report and should be read by all parties interested in the subject. The disposal of brush in extra hazardous areas together with increased patrol in dangerous sections are means of reducing the fire risk which appear to he rea sonable and more urgent. Our laws at present provide for felling trees away from adjoining property lines so as to make a clearance Strip along stich lines and if gener ally practiced would be of considerable fire protective value. It is effective in protecting adjoining land owners who want their fences and walls kept clear and are suf ficiently interested to complain of violations. General education is necessary along all lines. It has already done much to keep our forests free from fire. When one realizes that our woods are the pleasure ground of many thousands of people from all parts of the country and the workshop for thousands more, it is stir— prising that fires are not more frequent and disastrous than they are. The point of view of both pleasure seek ers and woodsmen has changed materially in ten years as a result of education. By continued efforts the results will be still more apparent in another ten years.
A 4
is
be
the
far
any
live into fol—
tilti—
New
tim-
pine
State, based
white
distri
white of chest ample
RUST
distant can
in
beyond among bushes
Hamp
spreads not
not
the
valuable
will valuable
is
How problems
way
Evidence,
the one
disease
the
from
a
in
far
case
are wide
rust
and
its New
native does
not
and
spread
proved more
out disease
bark the
not
It
in
commercial
serious
a
our
combat
BLISTER
throughout
is There
In
owner. appear fact,
directly
around. far blister
has a gooseberry
and
this
found
controlled,
wipe of
date
a of
pest—there
chestnu
as
owners
of
day
most will
subsequent
and pine
to
which
PINE year, and
ago.
end?
bushes
the
spread
different.
unless its
the
woodlot to
distance
develop
exist
The
wholly
loss
permit
disease
on
is
timber
white
successfully of
control
to
years
the
these
statement
and
currant
European
similar
year to
Europe may
a
will
cannot
the
of
rust necessary, WHITE a
only the proceeded
a will
bark Introduction
one
proper
he
disease,
is
it
public It
in
of about.
tree.
a to
a
cease
loss
1915,
from
several
still
to
this is
lives
have
THE
the
that for
must
tremendous blister which is
will
it
confronted
removal come
pine. localities
great
tree
OF
that
and
during rust
produced
the
to
foregoing States
Therefore,
bringing
for
WTill
pine
the
yet
order
the
what
originated
collected
There blight—also
of
appearance
of
from
cause i-n
by
has
many
measures
pages. on The
methods crop
It
has
chestnut
and
in
The
growth
Blister
White
crop.
blight, United
pines.
question
theory.
pine.
CONTROL
Hampshire
bution which
carefully niately and
crop. on
all pine.
capable evidence timber the to when nut
directly chestnut wholly the
ber known shire, pine present
control
effected lowing
1, L
•
the towns mont,
fected serious rust dicate
are Landaff, elsewhere three Grafton,
of 1)0th seriously off various rust. in
‘dead fection. the Cover. and
bon, spread. ing which result would
the
determining
length,
and
damage
speedily
Areas Present
about
pines fact In
has
During
one-half
a
infected
of
or
Orford,
that
by At
and of
ten
have
has September,
the
stage.
setions
already
these
that dying.
and
a
Lyman,
Pines
blister
frequent
were
infected 20 of
This acre
result,
the
at careful
REPORT
cities
pines
resulting
been
produced
Known
destroyed.
the
infected
years
least
miles and
from Gilmanton.
Benton,
results towns
jot
the
infected,
Careful lot
once
brought
of
same
rust
carefully
Damage
in
unless
healthy very
Bethlehem,
where inspection
of New 25 -
intervals by
the
was general
OF
62
1921,
long,
Distribution
New
from
white
age.
are
infected
in a per
of
Bath,
year
FORESTRY
to blister
town
crop
rapid,
well
examinations
Hampshire
the and
about,
currant
blister
such
several
cited indicated
93
cent
trees.
Hampshire. studies, the
examined,
Certain
Judging distribution pines
there
‘Warren,
quarter-acre
suitable towns
of
per that indicated stocked
rust
by rust.
an
Monroe,
of
ten
to
Littleton and
rust
COMMISSION
and
have
strip cent
the On
of
was
blister investigation 51
illustrate
to
has
conducted
outbreaks
60 of
to
from
appeared
Blister
per
Another
for
‘Wentworth, one
and white
with
gooseberry fifteen
Littleton, been of discovered
indicate
to
that of already
lines
and
Haverhill, In
box
cent
for rust
strip,
its plots
the a
94
conditions
pines,
91
tally
many
pines
found
what Rust
effect were
past
per boards.
the
years
pines
were
to throughout
per
in do
strip,
reached
what
five were
disclosed
be
made
purpose
Lisbon,
cent
growth,
two
averag
are
bushes
not
in
in
Lyme, run blister cent
in
places
of
either
wide Pier miles
more were
will
Lis
laid 179 two
The
the
in
in
re
in 47
or
in
of
of a 48 REPORT OF FORESTRY COMMISSION
New England and New York have brought about the con viction that pines 20 years of age and under, once infected by blister rust, will not live to reach box board size. The conditions existing today in this ten acre tract in Lisbon prove that the foregoing statement is no exaggeration. During February, 1921, scouting in Deerfield was instrumental in locating one of the most badly infected areas yet known in central or southern New Hampshire. Several contiguous pine areas, aggregating nearly 150 acres, were found to be 10 to 100 per cent infected, On many acres pines 30 to 40 years of age are dead or dying; thus proving conclusively that blister rust is capable of killing nearly mature trees in a relatively short time. In vestigations conducted on these areas disclosed two sig nificant facts regarding the spread of the rust. They are herewith given in the order of their importance. First, conclusive proof was secured that the removal of currant and gooseberry bushes will stop the spread of blister rust. When this outbreak was first discovered, a search was made to locate the bushes responsible for the infection. Inquiries disclosed the fact that more than 100 black and red currant bushes, growing in an adjacent garden, had been destroyed six or seven years previous to 1921. This statement was substantiated by a further examination of the pines a short time after, and which showed that all young pines, that is, those under seven years of age, were not infected. The removal of the currant bushes, while made too late to prevent the then existing pines from becoming diseased, had been instrti mental in saving from blister rust the growth which came up later. The second fact, brought out by studies of this area, was that under certain conditions currant hushes may seriously infect white pines for a distance of several thousand feet. This conclusion was arrived at after more than 1,200 acres of woodland had been carefully tripped by a crew, working in close formation. So few wild
were were cultivated experienced sions considerable ing 3,000 the
east located doubt on ception
a
small
4
white
on
The
cultivated
of
*
currant
found,
the feet
not
hut Coos
the
the
in .
of
area
County Belknap Coos 1-lillsboro Cheshire Carroll following Rockingham Grafton Strafford Merrimack
Sullivan
pines.
source easy
distant.
an
infected
the this
currants,
REPORT
leaves
were
County
crew,
of
or
open
distance.
fox
present
serious currants
white V
gooseberry
of
It
growing
the
of
that summary plot
area. V
The
OF
V the
should
only [V
formerly
pine. these
wind
known
FORESTRY disease
on
infection. V
it cultivated
had
Number partially
Measurements
in
was
a
be
to
of
plants,
bushes
hill
by
heavy
caused
distribution
catch remembered
towns
exists
growing
quite
counties
about
COMMISSION
234
examined
bushes
21
23
27 37 39 31 18 11
Such 13
14
and brush
were
the
in
Towns
infection
apparent
200
Infected
every
spores, carry
gives
in
wild
indicated
and found were
of
feet
there
the
as
179
blister
having
*4 20
22 21 32 28 15 11
13 13
bushes
in
some them town.
it
high
formerly
to
develop that
by garden,
Pines
depres
is
has
pines
little
con
that
this
rust
any
and
the
but
49
as V
I
or
the
in
ex
in
not
will only
still
the
miles
may
pine
“Cur
bush
how
goose—
June
than
on
if
it
bush
needles
surface
infected
spores.
bushes
can
been
the
and infection.
examina
the
pine
outbreaks
on
numerous
and
rut the
supposed,
present or
currant
1919-1920,
of
early
gooseberry
some,
several
Thus
as
that
however,
Bushes
is
under
on
the
pine
have
these
of
investigations
be
the
only
miles,
other
and
produced
bark
careful
and
it
gooseberry
on
of
such
seeds
the
understood
seed
by
currant
by,
pine
Commission,
infect
15
infection
this,
not
or
gooseberry
upon.
known
years
also
is on
or
falling
cannot,
that
From
perhaps
May
to
Let
to
pine,
and
near
it
other
infect
the
fall
are
center
and
but
10
start and
COMMISSION
infected
currant
like
colored
Gooseberry
the
infected,
spore
infected
to
pines,
rust.
currant
spores
Forestry
April, wind
developing
the
increased
those
may
growths
when
may
infect
least
one, wind
I
of
and
addition
the
the
during
from
Abundant
the
as
For
bushes,
currant
territory.
at another
single
orange
In
the
heavily
they
by
These
will
another
outbreaks
of
pine
a
blister
FORESTRY
clear
spores
This
that
cultivated
its
diseased
after
through
by
well
colored
as
these
More necessary
OF
months
wind
be
first
the
of
reason
the
or
Currant
coming
only
more
as
out
causes
about
pines.
Such
on
minute
single
report
hand.
forth
the
the
of
cultivated
lot
the
be
weeks
pines.
a
on
will
develops
that
The
of
that
at
orange
extends
bushes
wild
In
to
by
last
vitality
pines
REPORT
white
spores
blown
and
few
that
distributed from
distance
brought
year
a
leaves.
breaks
there
the
near
white
to
rust form
the
second
away.
is
show
Stage”
are
a
the
infections
proven
In
found
wild
other
other
of
before.
the
State.
was
seen
at
In
carried
Infection
rust
example,
the
each
distant
of
This
pine,
infect
leaves
rant
of
tions
es
posed
local miles
be
gooseberry
have
be
have
fect
bushes
all,
These
in
the
the
for
es
blister
ever
were
both
fact 50 where is berry structive time, doing are ter place for from mal 1922 abundant known ly white All be when dle stroy estry work rant Plant was Federal priations speeded trol, the prove small rust. strong into the the Comparisons velocity, White To In made have and currant but each and bushes. blister measured currant little these of pines. Department Industrx-, in currant 1917, same give insignificance funds. power that gooseberry up indeed. leaving to were rains, the The been in factors known year REPORT pine harm bushes, be and rust and greater the conspired Progress order annals periods, and year Expenditure late urged, Thus, and most in accompanied and by one is U. gooseberry destruction in of powerless become to in in gooseberry the one the was OF spring in gooseberry S. that its the the but of the bushes needed the 1918 of favorable the financial when form FORESTRY Department cooperation of indicate of value wake to this the paid amount development records bushes the preventive Control march to New produce more and of of heaviest compared to was disease. publicity bushes towns by of cost of for ample bushes dead money for destroy assistance bushes early Hampshire’s that the wild winds on of of extensive, commenced of COMMISSION wholly Measures of the what and pine the or of with blister to crop which testimony measures climatic summer infection have sucl and and is to to pines. spread dying Agriculture. in of the Weather cities, necessary infection blister will thus the from the more being the cultivated spread been control it rust pines. the chief pines. value by State undoubted halts of months saved, Unusually conditions and Bureau years of State than might removed promised rust goes situation the the Bureau of its taking assets. appro to of dwin work, for Only blis For nor rust con The cur will and de on, yet the de 51 of be of a
r•
i
11 fl -I’
r. I
52 REPORT OF FORESTRY COMMISSION from State and Federal sources. Beginning with that year, many New Hampshire towns and cities have voted funds for inaugurating control measures. All such ap propriations have been met on a dollar for dollar basis by the State, and the Federal Bureau of Plant Industry has covered, with an equal amount, both State and town funds. Federal aid has thus been received up to the fis cal year ending June 30th, 1921. From 1918 to 1920 inclusive, a total of 79 towns and cooperated financially with the State and Coy cities had I ernment in blister rust work. During this period con trol measures have been carried on in all of these towns, with the result that ten towns were completed. A total of 434,798 acres was examined and 4,732,130 currant and gooseberry bushes destroyed at an average cost of 25 cents per acre. At the 1921 town meetings, 32 towns and cities ap propriated the sum of $4,450 for control work, seven of which appropriated for the first time. During the 1921 eradication season, three more towns were completed, thus bringing the total number of towns completed to thirteen. Table VII PROGRESS OF CONTROL WORK 1917 TO 1922 I
Number Average Wild Cultivated of towns Acres Cost Bushes Bushes Year Worked Covered Per Acre Destroyed Destroyed
1917 4 23,043 $0.42 462,500 500 1918 30 66,292 .39 959,312 8,427 1919 49 164,413 .19 1,659,936 21,171 1920 49 204,093 .175 2,061,996 21,288 1921 42 137,827 .159 1,654,443 9,713 1922 56 172,274 .146 1,774,198 10,036
Previous reports of the Commission show that ap propriations were made by 43 towns and cities in 191S: by 52 towns in 1919, and by 51 towns in Q20. There for was lihood announcement The since meeting, to economically rust, for sponsibilitv that over towns with announce insufficient tain formerly
and necessity economically In advised proved least had these towns State town of the cities New
protect
the
view
blister
dollar
Realizing a
that
the
appropriated reason sentiment
a and currant
less
Hampshire $400,
towns control
voted
decided
for
meeting and
of
greater
at value
conclusively
an
of
strong
in
control
that
continued
than
governing
their the
of basis,
to
rust their
the
which REPORT National
offering appropriation
to
rested
for funds re-appropriated,
continued
of and
year and the
and
the
methods
falling
territory
of
$400 the
meet
ever-increasing
work.
annual
showed
which
public this
pines. the
the work
towns
present the
gooseberry
it with
the towns
for over
with 1921,
necessity
Federal OF
a
white
was to
Forestry
change
financial that’
town
Forestry
Government,
off
year.
the
sum could
FORESTRY
meeting
This cry
increase
prevailed
in had
reasonable any
ranged work,
the
when
that
stated
in
State
a
by
first
there
order
pine
appropriations
for
of
the
aid
change State,
been considerable
not
while
was
in Therefore,
of each
a
Department bushes
only
$16,560.
DpartnLe1It time. cooperation.
the
appropriations
demands
more
from to that
number
crop. Federal total
was
of
to
be
town extending
undoubtedly COMMISSION
over
devised
towns
towns white
twenty-two
stay
1922 Forestry
completeness, 32
carried
the
in there
a
$50
economy
The
of
could towns
funds
The
strong
the
the blister
action
in
of
clearly
policy
made
pine after
forty-six
to
Twenty-four
and
area
was
sums
which
was indicating on
on
appropriating
prior
control
spread
$1,000. returns
State
be
25
voted It
Department
individuals
effectively,
alone
town
June
realization
the
of
little due
towns
on
in
taken
was
forced rust
was indicated per
removed
voted
to
a
the
proved
towns, towns,
policy
towns of
dollar
funds
to
work
town
town 30th.
were
from
of cent.
like
that
Sev
cer
and
and
the the
re
an
by
by
53
to
at
of
/
Ji
1
to
in
re
de
ad
the
also
cost
the
cur
own
rust
dis
pro
total
being
such
pines.
learn
be
In
inspec
covered
for
in
the
A
and
the
fifty-fifty
to
the
majority
pine
the
for
encourage
one
examina
an
of
a
enterprises
widespread
cooperators,
of blister
making area
and
hundred
could
still, to
amounted
successfully
materially
considerable
of
an
any
for
on
The
of
1922.
of
cent
desire
$1,000.
to
$9,398.09
local
foreman,
protect
in
total
a
that
order
1922
status
therefrom.
sums,
per
of
areas,
of
necessary
to
several
as
in
furnish
assisted
Andover
situation
in
25
examined
crew
the towns.
The
be
to
evidence
order
COMMISSION
namely,
sum
cooperate
of
inception
pine
essential
larger
lands
the
Department
taken
pay
in
manufacturing
to
an
appropriation
removed
lands
the
will owners
their
indicating
towns
the
the
to
Cooperation
the
the
was
town
it
that
in
voted,
offered
less,
of
the
steps
to
such
pine
two
determine
pine
cooperation,
thus
voted
so
Department,
FORESTRY
or
since
the
experienced
cooperation
yet
hushes
upon
various
rust
work
of
to
supervision.
by
appropriate
offering
for
OF
work,
While
an
their
been
made
of
town
$100
to
year of
Individual
contributed
active
$400,
of
owners;
part
work
necessary
made
much
inspection
blister
them
no
woodlots
Forestry
action
been
cost
there
the
control
having
other
be
REPORT
voted
an
of
such
individual
pine
and
spread.
gooseberry
voted
how
all
due
of
on
The
individuals,
purpose
pine
acres.
has
control
services
appropriation
have
to
the
for
is
its
ultimately
of
and
Special
lumbermen
and
the
might During
towns
bear
status
the
145
the
towns
to
21,640
through
er
individual
basis.
of
while
for
termined
arousing
tion
quests
dition
rant
purpose
and
of
interest
control
of
the
largest
credit
viding
towns
check
eral
ease
tion
54 ii basis the
While
lieved ter in Government entirely and
was, not cational plan
chosen located
of
same might pine
to or proper appearance
Forester. these it
effect, dents County
them. and fying,
the
more inspect
was
rust
absence
termination
Mention
extend
It
there
was
therefore,
in county,
others
men that
destruction
central
of
be
the
is
the
for
personnel,
and
had the
within proposed methods
The
work
intensive
Farm
county
generally
as
secured,
appeared
pine County
educational
come REPORT present State the
Rather
to
whose
removal
of become
of
follows
could
were
has
reception
a
point.
the
opinion among
the drawn
blister the the
Bureaus. woodlots
of
under farm
Director
been
of
of a to
it
members
Blister
no
approached and
than States
province
OF Federal
Administration
conceded
rust,
disease,
decentralized
a
no was
these of
control.
have
longer
bureaus,
up
Recognizing local
rust FORESTRY
made and
white
accorded
the was
efficient
currant
create
sound
acquaint
proposed
so
as
of
aid
Rust
Before
bushes,
direct
these
demonstrative
agent
problem, aid strongly
conduct
as and
a
of
Extension,
elsewhere
continue
today
pine
of
basis
a
county to argument
and
the
Organization
It
work.than on
wholly
this
and
to
COMMISSION
this
supervision men
whose
organization
determine
the
pine as
to
was
owners.
Federal
the
maintained that
instruct the
the
for
their
plan
in
gooseherry
nevertheless,
place the
sort.
to
plan
agricultural
affiliated
new in
dollar
carrying the favor
planned
owners
advantages plan
with
duties
spend
control
affairs
why
was activities
this
in one
various
Government, was
organization,
A
the
them
Briefly,
of
outlined
a
of
each
for
very
is
new report
it
would its
that
carefully the centrally
with
with
from presence
put
the
bushes. on
to
of
capable
should
dollar
funds in
agents
it
white
were
presi
grati
blis
State
plan edu
have
idea. that
the
into be
the
the
the the
the
55
of
be
to
I 1
56 REPORT OF FORESTRY COMMISSION
During the late spring of 1922 Federal funds were appropriated for this purpose and the sum of $30,000 was allotted to Nexv Hampshire. The agreement between all states cooperating with the Government in this edu cational work stipulates that Federal expenditures shall be on the dollar for dollar basis. Inasmuch as the Fed eral Government has defined as State expenditures all sums spent by towns, cities and individuals in blister rust control, there is a very good possibility of securing additional Federal funds, since the combined expendi tures in New Hampshire for this work xvill exceed the present allotment. As fast as competent men could he secured, they were placed in the several counties as blister rust agents and the plan as previously outlined was immediately put into effect. It should be mentioned that great care has been taken in the selection of men destiped to act as coun ty blister rust agents, and aside from their blister rust experience and training these men have been carefully coached in all phases pertaining to their work. All men thus appointed are placed on a period of probation and if, at the end of that time, their work has been entirely satisfactory to the State Forester, the Federal Govern- nient then extends their appointment. Benefits Secured to Date While the county blister rust organization has been in effect but a short time, the results secured by these men proves conclusively that the idea is a sound one and has great possibilities. All of the 145 cooperators who contributed funds this past season for work on their lands were induced to take up blister rust control as a result of the activities of the county blister rust organization. To indicate the possibilities which this plan may bring forth after the organization is entirely perfected, atten tion should be called to the fact that it was not until early fall that all of the counties had an agent assigned. The r
REPORT OF FORESTRY COMMISSION 57
bulk of the cooperation ieceived during the season of 1922 was secured by five agents. It seems quite reason able to predict that the work of all agents during the -coming winter months is likely to show a much larger volume of private cooperation as well as town appropri ations another season than has ever yet been received since blister rtist control work was started. During the course of the field season meetings have been held in the field by the blister rust agents, the State Forestry Department and the County Farm Bureau co operating. At one of these meetings, held on the South Deereld infection area, nearly 200 pine owners were present. Snch a gathering permits each person present to judge for himself as to the seriousness of blister rust and what will be the ultimate outcome to the white pine crop unless control measures are speedily put into effect. In addition to the large meetings, a great many smaller demonstrations have been given, so as to allow town offi cials and other interested persons a chance to observe the methods actually employed in control work, and to permit them to judge for themselves as to the effective ness of the methods used, and whether or not the town and private expenditures are being made wisely. As
• pointed out elsewhere in this report, infection on white pine has been found in 179 towns in New Hampshire. In man)’ of these communities only a small portion of the pine areas have been examined, but judging from the result of intensive inspections in other towns there is a
• strong probability that the situation is more acite than is now known to be the case. There are thousands of large and small infection centers throughout the entire white pine area, and, as the years go by, not only will
• these centers expand in size, hut they will be the means of creating new centers so long as the currant and goose berry bushes are allowed to remain in the white pine growth. If it were possible for every wrhite pine owner
a
a
by
has
seri
con
effec
goose-
from
points,
owners
sound
for
Temple,
this
Commis
chestnut.
are
years
and
of
wrought
other
saved
the
need
cost.
five
of
be
individual
methods
Forestry
currant
spread
Deerfleld,
to
past
already
continually
is
the
and
the
scores
to
COMMISSION
overtaken
the
immediate
reasonable
for
South
present
a
State
and
of
stop
an
damage
has
cultivated
as
towns
at
that
need is
this
the
and
on
FORESTRY
work
of
State,
Lisbon,
which
points
Government
OF
There
wild
the
further
absolutely
crop
the
of
carried
that
observe
no
such
by
will
and
be
to
to
pine
be
at
Federal
demonstrated
REPORT
Littleton,
can
warning.
the
State
rust
action
bushes
white
would
of
or
similar disease,
destruction
and
this
the
tive
ous
fate
berry thoroughly
if
certed
The
there note
sion
Newbury,
in
blister 58 _ 4H
PUBLIC FORESTS
Summary of Public Forests in New Hampshire acres White Mountain National Forest 404,345 State Forests, received by gift or purchase 17,905 State Tracts received under the Refores tation Act 272 Municipal or Town Forests 6,841
Total 429,363 acres
Owned by Forest Societies and Institutions Society for Protection of New Hampshire Forests 2,440 acres Appalachian Moun Lain Club 667 Yale Forest School 900 New Hampshire State College 150 Dartmouth College_Dartmouth Grant. . 25,000 —Town of Orford 300
Total 29,467 acres
National Forest
By J. J. FRITZ, Forest Supervisor Extent: for pur A total of 447,927 acres have been approved Forest, of which chase in the White Mountain National acres being in 436,510 acres have passed title, 404,345 H., and 32,165 Coos, Carroll and Grafton Counties, N. lands well acres in Oxford County, Me. Purchase of acquired are located with reference to lands already [ii negotiations can being made as rapidly as satisfactory be consummated with the funds available. 60 REPORT OF FORESTRY COMMISSION
Administration: The Forest Supervisor’s office is at Gorham, N. H. Ranger headquarters are located at Gorham, Bartlett village, the east side of the Pemigewasset River in Woodstock and on Gale River near Pietce Bridge in Bethlehem. Permits to build fires vhile camping tem porarily within the Forest, and information concerning the purchase of timber, uses of land for grazing and other miscellaneous purposes, may be obtained upon applica tion to any of the Rangers, Guards, or the Forest Super visor at Gorham. Maps and booklets of the White Mountain Area showing the location of the Forest and other features are generally available through applica tion to the Forest Supervisor at Gorham. Improvements: Although there is no point within the purchased areas more remote by air line than six miles from a tele phone or a road accessible to automobiles, there are vast areas which are more remote by practical routes of travel than the air line distances would indicate. Many of the telephone lines in areas of sparse population are not dependable for nse in cases of emergency when a serious fire situation exists. Wherever it is practicable, cooperation with the local commercial company or pri vate parties is planned for a general strengthening of the commnnicative systems. It is planned to cooperate with the State Forestry Department to extend and im prove within the fiscal years 1923 and 1924 telephone service to the Mount Chocorna and Mount Osceola look out stations. A new trail on a much improved location, con I structed in 1922 to the top of Carter Dome, has opened the way for the construction of a new telephone line and observation quarters on this mountain which promise to i give dependable day and night service during dry- periods when the situation may require continuous vigilance. TEZ
importance classes Forest $35,294
years Pinkharn adjoining of
Act roads Highway administration when sources
Albany, the Tooclstock, largely available pended the
permanent permanent permanently ranger Forest the
Recreation: of most auto interests
Public
accommodating
The
National
The is
towns purpose
During
In
campers,
and 1922
necessary important
provided
Highway
available
headquarters
was of
general, upon
on
under
Federal
Notch
Bartlett,
Roads Forest
for Department.
of trails
or
and
funds
of
REPORT
to
administrative
existing
quarters the
built
on Milan,
which
the
Forests
equipped adjacent
the
Gilead which
fishermen, and
1923
of road the
for
fiscal
in land
for
are for
the
fiscal Highway Development
Fund
for State,
at
primary
cooperation
Thornton,
OF utilization
the
and a under
from
use
the supervision
as
under
Forest communities
Bartlett where
acquired and
roads
are year
are
work
number
FORESTRY
to
years organization
follows
construction
is
counties in
use
Berlin,
dependent.
hunters,
Stoneham,
the
the
this greatly
for
1922 importance New
the
Act
building
increase
in
and on Service
1922
on
standpoint of
a
Benton,
supervision
National Forest with fund
of
the
a
Fund has
Hampshire
New
roads
few
or the COMMISSION
of development
a
Hotel ranger
diversified
Sand
within
and
needed
site
communities
the will
towns
made
essential.
the
recognizes and in
constructed National
years
Maine.
Hampshire,
The
roads for
according
summer
and
1923
business
well
New guests,
Easton,
be
Forests.
station,
maintenance
Forest
of or
the
available
of
$29,030
ago.
at
of
for spent
trails.
is
of
adapted number adjacent
the
recreational
Hampshire
protection,
Forest,
of
the
being
Chatham,
the
trampers, residents.
primary
the
makes
the
Bureau
within,
Carroll,
Service
Similar the
to
on on
and
made
fiscal
other
The
The
two need
first
the
the
ex
the
re
for the
6I
or
of
to
in
L.
a r
62 REPORT OF FORE5TRY COIvtI\115510N
The needs of these various recreational interests are be ing met by protection of the forests from fire, coopera tion in the improvement of communication and transpor tation facilities, extension and improvement of trails and shelter facilities by cooperation with the various moun tain clubs, construction and maintenance of public camp grounds, annually stocking several hundred miles of fish ing waters in cooperation with the New Hampshire De partment of Fish and Game and the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, and by extension of shelters for the conven ience of hunters and fishermen. In the management of the economic resources of the Forest, the present and future intensive recreational value of certain areas are recognized and taken into consideration. Public camping grounds accessible to automobile roads have been provided for at the Dolly Copp spring on the Glen Road, Gale River bridge on the Profile Road, Zealand bridge on the Bretton Woods Road, Wild River Ranger Station in Wild River valley, and Glen Ellis Falls on the Glen Road. The early development of sites in the Swift River valley, in the Pemigewasset valley, at the Brickett Place in the Cold River valley, and at Darby Field on the Glen Road is planned. In addition to a great number of open shelters that have been provided by mountain clubs for trampers, hunters and fishermen, the Forest Service has provided shelters at Hermit Lake, Wild River Ranger Station, Mountain Pond in Chatham, Camp 19 in tlTh Upper Am monoosuc valley, and Russell Pond in Woodstock. Ad ditional areas frequented by trampers, hunters and fish ermen will be provided with shelters when opportunity and funds permit. One of the most popular camp grounds was visited in 1922 by people from forty-one of the United States, and from territories and foreign countries as follows: Alaska, Canada, Cuba, England, Finland, France, Hawaii, America. Holland,
able ing Forest necessary for camps.
lion been harthvood. provide Forest, working
been able 1,500,000
Peabody Wild follows
Ammonoosuc
Baker Swift Lower
Forest wood measure this
the number
The
Estimate
feet sites Name
cut
On
*
completed divided
possible
River Management:
River
and
Cut
River
30
development
Pernigewasset
a
could
demand for
the Ireland, board
industry
River annually, sustained feet
to
for
per
REPORT
of
20
approved
of
the The
basis avoid
into
figures Working
recreation
cent River cut stipply
per people board
for measure
next
Forest
for
Java,
12
is
cent of
with
OF
six of the
of yield
more
five-year working
of
being show
measure only these
who
which
18,000,000
which FORESTRY
of
leasing
Circle:
softwood. for
Philippines, private
a
of
for
these of
areas
for
desire
capacity
that
purposes
six
marketed merchantable timber
is
short
80
circles,
period
a
per softwood areas
of
areas,
there summer
two per
for
COMMISSION to
to
sites
Allowable
to
periods
annum. About
20,000,000
the
use of cent
for
Russia, 10,000,000 15,000,000 10,000,000 year 12,500,000 of
is
five-year
each
3,500,000
at it are
at 1,500,000
approximately
management for
from
which
rapidly
appears
least the and
present. residences
would
about
timber
period.
20
of
long
has
most
cut Plans
70
and
which
per 500,000
one
feet period. the
ft.
“
made per
increas
one
be
for periods
that
on
South
cent
wood
desir allow
B.
board
have
hard
cent
Only
next
and
will
bil
has
the
63
the
M.
to it as
of
* 64 REPORT OF FORESTRY COMMISSION
such softwood timber is being sold at present as comes mixed in stands of hardwood which are ready for cutting. All timber to be removed is marked or designated by a Forest officer. Softwood brush is burned. Spruce and fur are utilized to a four inch top diameter, and in log lengths down to four feet. A height of 30 to 35 feet is used in marking softwood for cutting instead of a diameter limit in order to provide against windfall. Such portions of hardwood tops as are ndt utilized for cordwood must be limbed out so that they will lie close to the ground to insure their rapid decomposition. The cubic foot rule is used in scaling National Forest lum ber, 161 cubic feet equalling 1,000 board feet Blodgett or New Hampshire rule, which is the standard log rule in the White Mountain region. Under the terms of the Weeks Act, 25 per cent of the gross revenue from the National Forest is paid to the State Treasurer to be distributed to the towns in which the National Forest is located. State Forests and Reservations The total acreage of state forests and reservations as published in the last biennial report was 12,163 acres. A gift of rights in the Conway Commdn land amounting to 374 acres was inadvertently omitted and the Walker Tract should have been shown to cOntain 47 acres in stead of 45 acres, making a total of 12,539 acres prior to the present biennial period. During the past two years this was increased by 5,366 acres of which 3,003 acres were donated and 2,363 acres acquired by purchase at an average cost of $3.64 per acre. The present total area of 17,905 acres consists of 5,158 acres donated and 12,747 acres purchased. Table VIII gives the name, date of transfer, loca— tion, acreage, condition, purchase cost and cost per acre of each tract acquired during the past two years. The same information for tracts previously acquired was published in the last biennial report. AIR PICTURE OF FRANCONIA NOTCH Courtesy of U. S. Air Service CII Table VIII
STATE FORESTS AND RESERVATIONS ACQUIRED IN 1921 AND 1922
1’l Condition of Purchnse Area C NAME er Location ‘-3 C ‘-3 Taylor Oct. 1920 Concord 7 Open, with scattering pixies Gift ‘-3 Pillsbury Nov. 1920 Goshen and Washington 2,091 Young hard wood growth, scatter- - 0 ing spruce Gift $3,000 $2.90 Cardigan Mt. addition June 1921 Orange 1.150 Top and slope of Mt. Cardigan cc1-3 ‘-3 Hilt July 1921 Neene 21 Mixed pine and hardwoods Court Beech decree . ‘-3 Honey Brook addition July 1921 Marlow 180 Out over, with young spruce growth $990 $5.50 Marshall Dec. 1921 New Tpswich 20 Scattering pine and hardwoods Gift C with young hardwoods $1,412 $1.02 Conway Common Lands 1921 - 1922 Conway 318 Out over, Gift Ui Anuett Mar. 1922 Sharon 190 Out over cc -l Anneti May 1922 Rindge 100 Water C 000 Cut over young pine $3,000 $4.28 Fox Mar. 1922 Hiflsboro 210 Mature pine and hardwoods Gift Fox Aug. 1922 Hillsboro 120 Mature pine and hardwoods Gift Green Mt Tune 1922 Effingham 15 Top of Green Mt $200 $13.83 Total 5399 $3.04 0 (n
H
a
C.
is
in
on
for
are
138
ago
and
and
Mr.
and
will
prin
been
acres
water
along
and
towns
which
ranger
spruce
logged
deeded
land
John
State
a
Soucook
reserved
adjacent
hut
1922 improve
residence
lie
value
has
old
Pillsbury,
years
the
headwaters
H.,
area
the
seven
feasible
the
Mr.
lies
and
the
buildings
growing
and
forestry
in
the
was
forestry
young
H.
additional
hardwoods
pine
N.
land
of
of
the
to
lot
certain
on
former
to
in
are
the
settlement
twenty
An
1921 lifetime;
large
extensively
and
built
lying
of
equivalent
tract
open
in
mixed
Most
and
and
This Massachusetts.
campers
Albert
his
after
given
a
property
was
over
oak
this
as
COMMISSION
is
which
forming
Concord,
wife.
the
father
acres
for
Most
of
reservation.
thriving
the
was
considerable
now
according
of
house
tract
interested
1920,
Hon.
his
a
All
managementnot
State
during birch,
State
State.
on
the
Acquired pines,
ponds
8, highway
2,400
growth
and
whose
of
with
tract
purposes.
This
and
the
the
FORESTRY
on
use
was
ponds.
the
of
the
been
hardwoods
quarters
Goshen
Taylor
cabin
to
distant
sized
white
OF
by
hoarding
to
Tracfs
this
to
his
cut
the
A.
remain
present ridges
groves
October
and
there
of
long river.
some ranger
old
forestry
Newport
for
boundary.
good
3,700
suitable
on found
1920,
deed
deeded
of
and the
revert
The
and
r
REPORT
for
has the
Attorney-General
time
small
manage
furnished reservation
He five
to
Stephen
condition.
Reservation:
with
for
donor
stumpage
bordering
Concord-Loudon
manager
A
make
to
State
Ashuelot
but
Tract:
were
but
used
mill.
fir
slopes
This
Mr.
southern
spruce
Description
the
which
Washington
the
the
the
good
the
be
Butterfield
spruce
decided of station acres
and gone, ments
the
of for san’
at
Pillsbury
ciples.
November, hoped includes
of
formerly
afterwards
in
to
the Pillsbury
open, planted
by
to
to
river.
Taylor ‘66 I GLIMPSE PILLSBURY Showing OF HONEY North STATE Pond, BROOK FOREST the source STATE IN of FOREST WASHINGTON Ashuelot IN River MARLOW REPORT OF FORESTRY COMMISSION 67
mill now standing on the main road gave to the State a small pasure of seven acres adjoining the reservation. A complete survey and map have been prepared by a class of forestry students from the State College at Durham. Due to past lumbering operations the road to Cherry Valley, so-called, from Washington village is in very bad condition and is not conducive to a large number of visitors. The Goshen entrance is far better at the present time, but both roads will probably be improved. A ranger or patrolman is employed during the fire season and has already accomplished much in the way of clearing trails, repairing cabin and roads, I telephone construction and looking after visitors and camping parties. This reservation is visited by many fishing, hunting and camping parties and the public are always welcome. It is hoped that a proposed through trail from Dublin to Lake Sunapee will pass through this reservation. Cardigan Mountain Addition: During the year 1918 the State purchased about 700 acres on the slopes of Mount Cardigan in Orange. An additional purchase of 1,000 acres of partly cut over land was made during 1921. This land includes the top of the mountain and the slopes to the south on the Orange side. Some merchantable spruce in certain ravines was reserved to the grantor, but the young protective growth on the steep slopes is included in the purchase and should never be cut. This reservation now extends from the old Colony road, so-called, run ning from Orange to Groton to the lower southern slopes of the mountain and includes practically all of the un— allotted lands. A cabin has been erected at the head of the trail lemding from Canaan which is now open to parties seeking shelter from storms, but later this may be used as a lookbut watchman’s cabin. A boys’ camp on Newfound Lake at Hebron called “The Mowglis” 68 REPORT OF FORESTRY COMMISSION
has been interested in Mount Cardigan for many years and recently has undertaken to keep open the Mowglis trail from Hebron to the top of the mountain. This past year a shelter was built by the camp on this trail near its summit to be used by the public. Two lots of about 150 acres located near the base of the mountain on the Grafton-Orange road were included in this pur Chase. This reservation of over 2,000 acres now ranks third in size and contains almost an entire mountain range from whose summit one of the finest views within the state can be obtained. Beech Hill: A small tract of 21 acres located within three miles of Keene on the old Gilsum road was left to the State during the past year. This woodlot of young growing pine, hemlock and hardwoods was listed as property belonging to Miss Ellen Lang of Keene when she died in 1920. As she left no will and no heirs this department requested the Governor and Council to allow the tract to be withdrawn from any possible sale and asked for its control and management which was subsequently granted. The corners have been located and marked. Honey Brook Addition: A tract of 180 acres of cut over land was added in 1921 to the Honey Brook reservation which is located in Marlow and Acworth. This lot lies in part along the Marlow-Newport and Marlow-Bellows Falls high wayä and is adjacent to the Marlow Junction. This addition contains some valuable spruce and hardwoods with scattering open land suitable for planting. The total acreage of this tract is now close to 500 acres and practically all of it is accessible. Marshall Tract: Mr. Edward 0. Marshall of New Ipsvich gave to the State in 1921 a lot of 20 acres which consists of several acres of open land and the balance in young
1
I
I
cently
vent
dangerous of two forest village
This
sides Caroline still have
should pine were
Pond possibilities
though
the Thomas
portion in Annett
long
facturing
taken
about
Sharon. been
growing
Planting of
esting
the
120
Bank
Miss headwaters
Mr.
miles
remain
too
the purchased
interested started
should already
land
within
land
of
town
200
Reservation:
demonstration
acres
appeal
and
A.
cut
Miss
of
Albert
Annett,
pine
Village
of
This
small
Company
the
pine
Caroline
Fox
of
acres
fire
from
adjoins
over,
the
REPORT
as
is
of
pine
attract
a
to
untouched.
and 250
and
reproduced
Fox
to
Reservation:
main
interspersed
it
short
Rindge,
gift.
timber
Annett
menace
shores release
to from
in
of
is
a
and
are
of
the
acres
Hilisboro
on
transferred
hardwoods.
noted
situated
A.
cut
forestry.
the
of
her fishermen
was OF
purchased
forest
time.
open
real
road
camper.
should
area.
Mr.
Jaifrey
Fox
to
as
FORESTRY
from
about
and
the
when
Contoocook
adjoining.
summer
in
lumberman
pine
the
president
Annett
to
areas
land
This
to
about
with
pine
of
station
memory
surface
Some
make
pine.
being
State
Adjacent
600
and
this
these
recently
lands
Hillsboro
Hillsboro
This
an
will
located
and
good
reservation
COMMISSION
which
five
estate
acres
hunters
hardwood
to
a
during
of
and
additional
cut
lots
and
River.
tract
of
probably
valuable
of
improve
Certain
This
of
miles
the
the
gave
roads.
of
that
to
Hubbard
includes
in
his
and
extensive
situated
lying
deeded
were
Center.
Annett
lies
and
the
State
cut
tract
this
from the
to
These
section
father,
cuttihg
has
clumps
making
just
past
the
and
its over
be
Hubbard
the
operated
on
woodlot
town
lot,
to
Jaifrey
all
of
a
shores
Manu
under
about
Pond,
stand.
many
inter
south
areas
year.
State
good
both
land
pre
lots,
Re
and
370 Mr.
her
but
has
of
of
69 a
a.
I
in
of
An
and
top
and
are
im
and
with
will
New
land
pine
lands,
these
offers
make
within
jointly
south
growth
the
common
entirely
amount work
line
of
approved
the
to
Fish
open
scattering
There and
is
slope.
the
boundaries,
on
purpose
completely
reservation
receive
the
hunters
reservations mature
a
acquire,
the
such
the
mixed
located
common
authorized
has
of
1915)
to
the
a
west
and
Near
This
of
is
Attorney-General
which
pine.
acres
that
soon
titles,
planned
with
maintained
cleared the
of
Sanctuary
oak
prevention
for
of
was and
the
15
the
areas
Legislature
part
is
with of
valuable
be
Council,
will
red
petitioned
pine
COMMISSION
on
fire
of
station
Bird
been
It to
location
mixed.
the
Laws
stand
and
a
etc.,
granted.
expected Hampshire-Maine
large
plant
most
Sanctuary
for
its
Fox
a
of
has
is
which
conditions,
and
This
Conway,
to
covered
mature
are
207,
of
spruce
the
Effingham
purchased
it
been
New
make
is
station
of
of
Bird
growing
Commission
Miss
FORESTRY
and
of
assistance
in
pure
a
to
has
and
Governor
maple
directions. forest
the
There
facilities
OF
land
summit
Maine.
town
one
stand
the
account
of
mature
all
regulations.
resolution
suppressed
Lands:
the
both
reforestation,
young
(Chapter
recently the
and
lookout
of
in
on
the
of
The
of
the
include
cuttings
fine
of
all Forestry
of
and
recently
control,
with
a
fire
joint
thinnings.
to in
REPORT
Mountain
makes
1915
timber.
State
to
State
birch
a
road.
a
distance
Common
views
7,
exceptional
section
acres
Commissioner
state
of
first
clumps
around
Mountain:
states.
which
now
the
the
By
topped
corner
approval
The
hardwoods,
investigate
Green
mature short
the
this
so-called,
the
Hampshire
possibilities
April
to
instructed,
distant
Conway
area
with
offers
a both
erecting
of
with
Green
Game near
conform
improvement
under
is
many provement lands
stand
over
and
of
west
in
acres 70
.
I,
I I
Society partition.
mon which
alloting
of meeting
already would
make whether
acquired. trespassers.
rendered
and
cases. a
porate
the
owners
legal
in
owner
time
General rights
and
R.
management
were of could
1921
corporation
the
Brown
common
a
It There
in
opinion
The
Following
by
is
rights.
so
also
corporate
an
title
such
in
this
was
be
be
title, of
proprietors 692
for
the of
of
purchased him
that
to
effort
In
as
said
by
question
rights
in
purchased
secured
of
view
appeared to
the
decided
the
acres.
whom
title
the land
REPORT
rights
the
was
the
this
that
Berlin,
a
It
of
donated
the
Second,
to
land
the
to
position
the
proprietors individual
said
he
Propagation
was
capacity
Supreme
could
in
owners
the
in
similar
situation
the
total
acquire
property.
in
the
upon
appeared
as
then
common
was
passage
severalty
to and
OF
N.
tract
property
by
to
accordingly
Conway
in
legal
to
by
be
try
matter
H., acreage
FORESTRY
to
the
the
be
called arose
to
of
terms
such
the
and
as
title
Court
obtained:
a
undivided
the
during
protect
it
and
title
that
judgment
State
two
of
undivided
to
a
lands
petition
of to
State.
owned
appeared
State
were
that
in
was
first
The
this
be
as
as
favorable
in
at
action
the
in
the
of
was
lines severalty
COMMISSION
during
supported the
thought
with
to
rights
might
the
several
the
the
submitted
resolution
plan
the
Assistant
acquired
forest.
owners
Gospel
by
First,
rights
in
years
to
of
the
Additional
of
property rights
at
instance
stock
reference
relation
to
the
the
the
and
the the
at
procedure to
such
afterward
status
of
to
advisable
by
be
1917
of
Commission
by
to
in
corporation
the
years
proprietors
by
the
a
the
Court
holders
the
the
Attorney-
expressed
a
the
calling
doubtful opinions
meeting
Foreign
the
meeting
to
against
number
Mr.
present
of
of
of
earlier
proper
rights
to
rights
State
crn—
1920-
1919,
cor
the
the
for
the
the
by
W.
be
to
of
7’ a ,
72 REPORT OF FORESTRY COMMISSION
Parts, a corporation which was one of the original pro- prietors and which is still in existence. Such a meeting t was called and officers were elected. But at the meeting it developed that there was much uncertainty as to the ownership of rights by persous who appeared at the u±eeting and claimed the right to vote. It also appeared ut that some sixty-one rights, being a majority of the ut whole number, were claimed by the Maine and New Hampshire Granite Company, a Maine corporation. The
.. . local superintendent of that corporation was present at ! the meeting, but stated that he was not authorized to take part, and under these circumstances the meeting
. . was adjourned after the election of officers, without
. transacting any further business. . .. i The meeting has been kept alive by successive adjouruments from time to time, and still stands on adjournment to a definite future date. After the first adjournment a conference was arranged between repre sentatives of the State and the Granite company and
. Mr. W. F. Hale, representing the Forestry Department and the Assistant Attorney-General mef the officers of the corporation at Portland, Maine, on June 16, 1922. I As a result of this conference it is expected that the . Granite company will cooperate with the State in an .. effort to perfect title to the property and secure an
.. equitable adjustment of their several rights therein. i Whether or not a further effort will he made to accom ;‘ . plish this purpose through the meeting of the proprietors . or whether a petition to the Court for partition will he filed is not yet determined, but is under consideration . by counsel for the Granite company and the Attorney 1!. General’s office. It is expected that a definite course of * . procedure will be determined upon in the immediate t’ future, and it is believed that if no other course is open,
. the title to the property can be assured as above sug gested, by means of a petition for partition.
... . .
1 S..’ — REPORT OF FORESTRY COMMISSION 73
Reforestation Tracts Only two tracts were deeded to the State during the past two years for reforestation purposes under the provisions of Chapter 163, laws of 1915. The planting of tracts previously acquired has been carried on each spring and fall and on several the work has been com pleted. Mrs. Flora Ames of Henniker deeded to the State in December, 1920, about 15 acres of cut over land for reforestation. To date 10,000 pines have been planted. Mrs. Alice H. Robie of Cambridge, Massachu setts, deeded a seven-acre pasture which is located in North Hampton. This small plot lies at the junction of the Lafayette Highway and a cross road and is admirably situated for demonstration purposes. This tract has been planted with 5,000 pines.
Improvement Work and Planting on State Tracts During 1921 and 1922 Improvement cutting has been done on twelve or more of the State forests and reservations. Most of this has been cordwood cutting to release growing pine. A total of 410 cords of hardwood and 5,470 board feet of pine have been sold at a profit of $1,330. Profitable cuttings have been made on the Mascoma, Alton Bay, Everett, Sugar Hill, Carroll, Kearsarge and Livermore Falls tracts. On several plantations and naturally seeded pine areas hardwoods too small to sell have been cut back to free the pine. The bulk of improvement work has been in planting open areas. Table IX shows the number and species of trees planted on the State forests and reservations during the past two fiscal years.
A 1 I
4’ 5,000 7,000 0,800 3,000 2,500 2,400 3,000 10,000 15,000 10,000 1922 34,000 08,700 Spring 231,150 Fall 1021 4,000 5,000 5,000 3,000 1,000 18,000 1021 1,500 2,700 4,iOO 5,000 3,000 7,000 1,250 2,000 2,000 1,000 5,000 5,000 Spring 10,000 10,000 10,000 13,000 10,000 92,430
TRACTS 1020 Fail 3,000 5,000 COMMISSION 5,000 1,000 s,oOo 3,000 5,000 5,000 10,000 42,000
IX
STATE larch, sprnce. spruce.
Table
ON pine pine pine pine. ash pine pine pine pine pine pine pine pine pine pine pine pine pine pine pine pine pine FORESTRY Species pine pioe pine pine pine pine pine pine pine OF White Red White Red Red Whiie Red White Scotch Red White White White Red White White Red Red Scotch White Scotch Norway Scotch Scotch White White White White White European Norway White White Red . Act
PLANTING REPORT total FeUows Falls mu Brook Name Reforestation Brook Hill Brook Yard Ledges Grand Totals
74 Litchfleld Ponemah Contoocook Salmon Taylor Bear Craney Honey Dodge Everett Sngar Huckins Mast The Kearsarge Soribner Mascoma Carroll Nursery Under Hndgman Ames Allen Palmer Robie
hi
j
I II REPORT OF FORESTRY COMMISSION 75
The New Willey House Cabins The Crawford Notch, one of the most famous gate ways in the White I\’Iountains, was named for Ethan Allen Crawford, one of the first settlers in the region. It is a source of gratification to know that a tract of 6,000 acres, extending southward from the gateway for a dis tance of about six miles, belongs to the people of New Hampshire and is known as the Crawford Notch State Forest Reservation. This reservation occupies the northerly half of the township known as Hart’s Location. On either side the boundary extends to the summits of the mountains bordering the Saco river. The purchase of this reservation was made possible by a special act of the Legislature of 1911. To the east aid west of the State Reservation lies the White Mountain National Forest which makes of the region altogether a splendid stretch of forested mountains, valleys and slopes now in public ownership. A short distance below the gateway are the Silver Cas cacles, well worth a stop on the part of motorists passing oo through the Notch, but unfortunately frequently over— looked. Mounts Avalon, Willard, Willey and Franken 500 stein comprise the border range on the west, while the magnificent slopes of Mt. Webster occupy much of the easterly border of the valley. The southern border of the reservation is near the crossing of Bemis Brook, where a vista has been cut through to the river and a magnificent view may be obtained of the summit of Mt. Washington. Within the Crawford Notch reservation and some three miles below the gate of the Notch, is the site of the original Willey House, famous the country over on ac count of the great slide which on August 28, 1826, came down the slope of Mt. Willey and killed the entire Willey family, who had rushed from their home upon the approach of the avalanche. It is well known that
—J
of
by
the the
tile
out
the
the
•the
and
the
and
free Sta
dis
was
slide
state
wish
space
reser
main-
is
ranger
Spring
finally parties
Spring
Roose
Station
on
springs
for
permits
and
remains
building south
the
near
purposes.
been
employed
point
the
be1ov
and
public
site
house
great
was
or
the
Willey
possible parties
State
Allen
of
Allen
used
gives
highway
and
finest
suggestion
has
the
private
House
camping
I-louse
eventually
along
to
tile
station
mile
This
the
the
another
of
Theodore
the
the
the and
the
north
are
House
by
house
only
camping
spot
forest,
as
of
service
patrolman
the
half
of
as
The
south
from
allots
passers-by,
the
Willey
the site
caretaker
a
highway Willey
as
constructing
or
for
spot.
COMMISSION
built
from
season
service
buildings
one
accessible
and
in Willey
tourists
as
between
every
original
known
the
the
from
the
famous
now
the
fire
addition
above,
Gravel
known
untouched.
is
been
unbroken
State.
the
known
ranger
hotel
away
House
at
original
by to
priblic
north
railroad
years
The
this
the
the
motor
is
located
spaces
country
render
FORESTRY
either
years
the
passes
the
the
have
cabin
the
at
is
by
State
accommodate
He
close
and
below
OF
of
railroad
many
and camps
and
open
Commission Willey
of
railroad,
patrols
remained
to
leading
place
highway,
the
Notch
otherwise
many Central
buildings.
hotel.
from
which
for
the
there Camp
Through
mile
ranger
fire of
a
walls
fires.
the
the
fire,
The
the
the
For
state glad
enlarged
REPORT
itself
by
as
interest
and
habitation
other
used travellers
The
in
for
Maine
Central
Forestry
leases
and
the
mountains,
where
visit
of
roadway Spring
cellar
of permanent
cabin.
makes
Highway, used
to
One-half
a
been
the
house
building
the
charge.
the
always
forest
tile Maine
ing
railroad.
on
under tion,
Allen.
I on
Camp Two
of
is places
for accommodation
highway
in
Camp, State to
watches
by
velt headquarters
vation.
has
taming
clearing walls
and previous of
destroyed
appeared.
the
afterwards
76
‘‘ 1 [—------
id
south ley low- vay oint ig e mployed at stioti r building
ies lurpos iblic he near :e i use
ie ally
i
ible
een
remains
and
for
permits
springs
on
Station
Roose
Spring
ranger
Spring
parties finally
is
main—
reser
space
wish-
slide
state
was
dis
Sta
free
and
and
the
the
the
out
the
the
the
the
es.
by of - - Eradicating STATE Crawford WILLEY currant BLISTER Notch HOUSE and RUST State gooseberry CABINS Forest CREW bushes REPORT OF FORESTRY COMMISSION 77
Thousands of perspns each year step at the Willey House site to see the historical spot and enjoy the unsurpassed view of the mountains afforded by the clearings made years ago. To accommodate the public and increase the recreational advantages, the Forestry Commission has this present season undertaken by lease to j. F. Donahue of Bartlett to erect two peeled spruce cabins close by the site of the old Willey House. Plans for the construction have been worked out by Arthur A. Shurtleff, landscape architect of Boston, who has freely given his services in the interest of this mountain country. One of the cabins is for a public rest room, with fireplace and toilets. The other cabin is a store and lunch room, where food and supplies as well as souvenirs, both for the tramper and automobile party, may be purchased at reasonable prices and under regu lation by the State Forestry Commission. Smaller cabins, also of peeled spruce are placed artistically in the rear, both for service cluarters and for use of over night parties to a limited extent. The Appalachian Mountain Club has accepted the Willey House cabins as one of the links in its system of camps east and west across the mountains. The possibilities for future development and service are very great. It is believed that this establishment may be able to render great public service and become a head quarters for camping parties and outfitters for those who wish to spend subsequent days in the woods. There is no purpose or intent to furnish hotel accomrno— dations. Those who stop at the Willey House over night must either camp out on the public camping grounds, for which there is no charge, or pay a nominal price for the use of one of the cabins where they may have cot beds,. but no luxuries. The recreational use of forests has developed to a marked degree during the past few years. While our roads and mountain trails have long been used by 78 REPORT OF FORESTRY COMMISSION trampers, the auto Camping party has come into his own quite recently. It appears that camping by the road side has been longer in vogue in the western states and has come to us from that direction. The possibility for recreation throughout our mountain region is very great. The National Government is bending its efforts to estab lish public camping places, and private parties are be ginning to take advantage of the opporttlnity to accom modate the public in this way. It is believed that the Willey House site is proper and suitable for development in this direction, always remembering that the public must he served freely with all that Nature has provided and that the traveler may pay for food supplies and comforts at reasonable prices. Already it is no uncom mon thing to have forty automobile parties pass the night on the Willey House grounds. Municipal or Town Forests Municipal or town forests are owned by practically every city and town in many of the countries in Europe. Towns in Switzerland and Germany have maintained and managed their own forests for many years at a profit. The people of many of the small villages which own forests had no taxes to pay. The city of Zurich, Switzerland, has a very famous forest which has been under management for about 1,000 years. All the old established forests are on a sustained yield basis so that it is known just how much timber they can cut yearly for an indefinite period. Forestry is practiced on these town forests and they are made to pay for their main tenance besides returning a money profit. The forester is usually appointed by the State, paid by the town and is usually one of- the leading citizens. Thus the town forest is one of the most populai local institutions in Europe. In this country conditions are different because of different standards of labor and of living. Progress REPORT OF FORESTRY COMMISSION 79 has been made however and in New England there are many cities and towns which own forests and are im proving them by planting and proper methods of cut ting. The General Court of New Hampshire in 1913 passed a law authorizing towns to purchase land and devote it to the practice of forestry under the supervision of the State Forester, the net revenue from the sale of wood and timber to be turned into the town treasury. At the present time 16 towns and cities in the State own a total of 6,841 acres. The list published in the last biennial report needs correction in the case of Han over and Dartmouth College which are joint owners of about 1,275 acres. On severalof the town forests con siderable cutting has been done in a way to improve the growing conditions and increase the future value without any present loss and in one or two cases with substantial money returns. Unfortunately the records of work done have not been well kept in all the towns. The Hollis town forest has continued to furnish cordwood from mixed pine stands for public purposes as well as some chestnut and over 12,000 feet of pine for sale during the past two years. Since 1918 over $1,000 of revenue from the 200 acres hav been put into improving the growth and planting open areas. The Keene forest, managed by the Water Works Department, from recent logging operations has returned over $14,000 in lumber sold, all growth under six inches being reserved. This forest contains 1,800 acres. The Warner Town Forest of 800 acres was given to the town in 1919 by Admiral Lloyd H. Chandler in memory of his father, Senator William E. Chandler. It includes the northern part of the Mink Hills and con sists of mixed growth with some pasture. The pine timber on the north end of the tract which was reserved by the donor has since been cut. The State Forestry Department cooperates in the general management of the forest with the chairman of the selectmen who also
a
as
of
of
to
the
cut
M.
and
oak
log
The
Con—
$125
in from
scat
hem wood
forest
eradi
alone
profit
forest.
to
wood library
needed
per
logging
a
total
recently
town
over
selected
the
operator
and
this
scattered chopping
cut
for
known
the
a
$930.
This
small
of
hemlock
Large local
the
the
was
is
for
M.
or
gave ash
to
a
$17.50
were
which
from
hemlock
slash
to
schools,
were
cordwood
two
measured.
Hampshire.
and planning
to
within
completely
sawmill
per
ash
bank
scattered
for cord
appropriated
The
of
the
vhich
the
is
the
sales.
town
A
to
of
During
cut
town
ash
Village
profit
were
the
Forests
per
logs use wood
New
on
to
COMMISSION a
the
hemlock
pines
to
amounted
hushes
$30.00
the
supervision.
the
feet
on
the
of
forest way
town
$600.
oak
owners
1920.
supply
on
hardwoods,
cords
$2.00
meeting
to
town
M
handled,
and
of
M,
the
after
of
saving
to
College
the
of
23
15
teaming
making
profits
cords
the
under
and on
joint
protected.
paying
about
last
oak
per Hanover, well
FORESTRY
fall
the situated
deliver
and
employed
north
looks
including
cost
1922
for
for
gooseberry
are
are
The
wood
infection
100
of its
OF
a
$10
Revenue
total
cord,
the
ash,
pine
been
was
and
of
fuel
of
and not
at at
netted acres
just
and
growth
M.
cord
were
for
scouting
of
Dartmouth
per
stuck
M.
Plans
cut for
The
had
fall
75
About
planking, College
pine
per during
REPORT
cords
showing
per
to
rust
cord,
mature
hail.
Precinct
cut
of
town
and
per
River
plant
$7.00
scaling
the
young
stand
operation
currant
town
the
area.
125
$330.
per
and
operation
choppers for
all
the
bridge $1.50 One
all
were
town The
$12.50
The
blister
the
cutting
sawed
$20.00
necticut
reservations.
During Dartmouth
about
and
cate
completed
sold for
whole
and about
$3.50
nearby among
thinning.
two
and
tops
of
ging logging
was
lock
for be
working
contracted As
tered
does 8o REPORT OF FORESTRY COMMISSION SI
1(1 Pine Park. This area is practically all covered with pine, the timber varying all the way from young growth 12 or 15 feet in height to sonic very mature trees. Some thinning has been done under the advice of an expert forester and much more should be done in the near future. The tract came into the possession of the above named owners by gift, in part from the estate of Mrs. Hiram Hitchcock and in part from a group of citizens of the town who had purchased a portion of it lviug directly on the river bank in order to prevent the sale to a lumber company that would have resulted in the entire cutting of the tract. At the present time there are probably several million feet of merchantable timber on this area. The tract is under the care of park com missioners appointed by the College and Precinct and it is their purpose to improve it by means of paths and II driveways and to hold and maintain it permanently as an outing and pleasure ground for the citizens of the Village. The second tract is the Water Company lot, which includes practically the entire watershed of the reservoir that supplies the Village with water. This is in form of a stock company, the shares however being practi cally all held by the College and Precinct. The area represents about 1,200 acres, about half of which is covered with forest and half consisting of old fields and pastures. On the field land the hay has been cut for many years without cultivation and is now of little value. The Company has therefore entered upon the policy of reforesting this open area and is now setting out about 10,000 white pine trees annually. The portions already in forest represent all the common varieties of hardwood together with pine and hemlock, some of the pine in clear stands and some mixed with hardwood. In addition to these joint holdings of the College and Precinct, the College owns the entire township known as the Dartmouth College Grant in the northern
S 82 REPORT OF FORESTRY COMMISSION
part of the State. The area is something over 25,000 acres, all of which is in forest. Spruce and fir are the prevailing marketable timber although there is a large amount of hardwood, hut this at the present time is unmarketable due to its long distance from the railroad. Sales of softwood have been made from time to time and at present the Brown Company is making a rather extensive pulpwood cutting on this tract. In addition to this larger .tract, the College owns several other scattered tracts of woodland which have come into its possession in various ways. These in dude between two and three hundred acres in the town ) of Orford and a very beautiful wooded hill in Hanover just east of the Athletic Field. New Hampshire College Forest The College Forest at Durham contains 150 acres, F about 50 acres of which consists of old growth white pine and hemlock, while the balance is in scattered parcels of second growth pine having an important sthetic and protective value to the college buildings and grounds. The area of old growth is one of the largest in New England where white pine trees of such size and quality are growing in a close stand. The trees are being preserved as far as possible iii their original condition decadent but trees are salvagvcl to I prevent loss. The College Forest as a whole is man aged on a conservative selective system, securing natural reproduction in openings and planting the waste areas. Once in about two to three years a moderate logging operation is carried on. The students are given instruc tion in mapping, estimating and management of the various types represented. Investigative work started in and around the College Forest in 1913 to determine the relative merits of different species of trees for plant ing purposes. as well as experiments in thinning and improvement cuttings have begun to show results.
S
ii-
to
stands
fined:
pine
forest ually
to
adjacent
increase years.
however,
ages
and
for a with
covered by two
the proximately
miles
tract Winchester
tracts, pares
by
carries
woocllots, the
counties,
cutting
moderately
manage
the
Yale
Heretofore,
flat
the
The
College,
miles
west The
Outside
in
irregular
up
on
build
material
production.
from
first,
of
University.
the
the
on
land
growth
with
policy
the
the
to University
land
experimental
is
out
addresses
of
grey-
of
this
extension
particularly
various
the
to
up
50 REPORT
larger
covered
Road,
200
of
Keene.
‘Winchester
the
Keene.
area
the
hardwoods
white
boundaries
rolling
for
comes
planting
years.
forest
the
city
fully
of
birch
silvicultural
Yale
of
acres Department
College
county
the
of
of
valley
near
age
pine,
and OF
Taking
in
meetings
and
with
work,
stocked University
This
under
The
this
where
into
University
approximately
surface
and
The in
the
FORESTRY
classes
open
in
rather
Keene,
State
red
and
by
(chiefly
and
and
Westmoreland
Forest
the
tract
forest
forest
vicinity
the
demonstration
makes
Rockingham
larger
this
a
interior
operations
pine
pine
of
State
areas
stands
younger the
sustained of
it
and
Highway
inaccessible.
essential
market.
is
and
Forests
Forestry
tract
is
organizations
is
COMMISSION
and
has
through
grey
high
broken
was
examinations
in
portion
fairs.
of
is
and
practically
of
holdings
the
of
been 700
stands
as
Keene
teaching
situated
birch)
rocky
excellent
classes
absent;
have
yield
red
under-planting is
for a
The
some
smaller
into
and at
forests
acres
purchase,
whole,
of
within
to
continuous
the
and
The
are
of hills
been
not
and
and
the
gradually two
policy-
up
Strafford
12
and
between
all
work
second,
various
of
College
quality
on
in
owned
of
owned
white
larger
it
grad
hem-
south about
tract,
to
or
areas
con
now
farm
two
pre
has
the
ap
as
25
14
is
at 83 -J
of
all
to
and to on
into
and
the now
pine The
;
and pine
pine and
pine
show
it object
silvi
stands brush
growth
cost
returns station
begin
Studies of
artificial
expand
removed
to pine densities
area
red wood or of
nearly red
show the
its
the
the
the
relation
of
competition confidently
Considerable and at
to every
stands.
the
duration
and fuel
and methods
plantations is dividing
slash growth
stock. stand;
pay rapidly research
main,
with regenerated on
root
their various
or
only
in
It
accomplished the
a all
where cut. date
profitably
to
the of
the
in the stand;
of growth
not
production.
white
white
natural
be
existing
COMMISSION
and
of on
that In
even in
been
to establishment burning
Furthermore, study
the early in
growing
property,
timber of
final
will
effect
planting
pine
effect
with
however,
in
to
artificially
factors
ages
interfering
use
the
the operations
in the
for forest property.
heretofore
the
the
have is,
cases
with University
species
the
and
enough and for of site
FORESTRY
and
this the
been
operation;
cleanings. removed
cleanings
show
OF
model work, various forest
necessary
some
reasonably
of various
completed. show
enough
on
in large
of a
to
mapping
has
at over, to
problems a
improvement
in
of
different
estimating
quality to
the this it
various
suitable
be
fuel-wood, aim
of naturally disadvantages planting;
hardwoods
at
of under-planting
been
on large need the
REPORT all work
and
way,
or the yield and
to
or
the
pine,
materials
third,
of
will
fourth, in
make
results
both
of ; is that has beneath;
and
of
standing study
silvicultural systeiri
and
to
progress cost
hardwoods,
the
of
It
where
production.
prior
the
tinder
Nearly
classes
is
timber
pine;
badly in
effect
the
Research
research the
the pine
the competing
over-wood
lock of stands where from 84
removal age owned,
of
for areas are of now of aim
for are of
of growing show quality on the
advantages cover intensity forest
ning. the expected
cultural production REPORT OF FORESTRY COMMISSION 85 degrees of thinnings will be represented; that different methods of regeneration will be in practice. The Westmoreland tract, due to its inaccessibility, has not as yet been used for silvicultural operations or for research. The larger part of it is covered with pine stands of various ages. There are here, however, a few stands of hardwoods and some open land. Forest Reservations of the Society for Protection of New Hampshire Forests Mount Sunapee, Sunapee 656 acres Lost River, Woodstock 148 Roadside Pines, Tamworth 12 .“ Masonian Reservation, Dublin and Jaifrey 650 Prinieval Pine Trees, Sutton 5 Derby Woods, Dublin 125 Royal Arch, Springfield 35 Cathedral Woods, Conway 10 Beaver Meadows, Woodstock 152
Frank West Rollins Memorial, Warner. . . 521 Richard M. Colgate Memorial, Sunapee 75 Hillside adjoining Royal Arch, Springfield 40 City Hill, Nelson 11
Total 2,440 acres Reservations, Camps, and Trails of the Appalachian Mountain Club By ALLEN CHAMBERLAIN The Appalachian iViountain Club was organized forty-six years ago primarily to advance public interest in the White Mountains. At that time there were few trails through what was then almost an unbroken wil— derness. To make the mountain summits and the re— mote sylvan beauties readily accessible to the public the Club began cutting trails, following a consistent proga1i1 year by year until the walking routes main—
k’ (
of of
its
the “
acre
Club have
built
acres Prior acres
miles.
Maine Presi
trusts. Forest
in s* permit 4
remain
10
10
36 been 30
37
formerly
Forestry
purposes
in
150 one 100 300
677
beauty
the
throughout
cabin
tinder
the
recreational numbers
reservations
considerable
Club.
of
public
follows:
ever
in
purely
the
hundred
State
Federal
powers public of routes as
ten
as and
tops,
built
of stone
associations
large
plot has
the the
for
the
properties,
are
Club are
three
by
ramifying
first and
nature
COMMISSION places
been of
Ivladison
charter
the
to small
such
which
lands
Appalachian
there
to
because
the
mountain this
a picnicking
nearly
of
all. Jackson
recently
have
enabling
clubs some
of of
Temple
the
three to
Mount Chatharn
present,
near
forest
but
secured
value
reservations act
for
FORESTRY
by
cover
resorted
trail
afford
site
sightly at
on
local
endeavor,
OF
holds Shelburne
Woodstock expense
of
for
the
Hampshire,
are
being
are
the
Club
it
Memorial,
of
years, they
line
These
Chatham
public
reservation, of
Fitzwilliam
Hampton
acquire
Club
is accessible
the
Randolph
section,
Fay,
reservations
Monadnock,
and
certain
of
cared
New miles
to
these
field
past
at
tree
REPORT
Bridge,
which the
(Pequawket),
Davis
New
in
of
other
responsibilty
in hold
are
freely
at
and
and
visitors,
Pack
Story R.
Brook, by Range,
passage
more
interest.
to Baldface,
Total
Mine
active woods,
and
out
it
Pond, five
Appalachian
Four mountain One
the
Massachusetts
Many the
assumed Commission tamed Service auspices to
the laid In ting two, most Farrar, maintained Lead South ing Snyder Rhododendron, Walter Sky their Kearsarge population facilities summer public situated 86 Joseph dential ‘ L
Ir ‘ •
j I
:
I
L
year,
a
of of
of enjoy
of
center.
if the side by
all cabins
Club at
Other this years
cabin the
shelter
the
spots addition
also
alone
shire’s system
to
erected built
public tramping
nature by
point
funds
building
both
dollars.
the
the
corners
the
appreciate
the
Pinkham
mountains
use
These
the
has
of
represent
to
walking
there
on but
along
and
cabins
beside
lakelet
Lakes
mountains,
with
demand
increased, Club
highlands
far
of
during
the
can
developed,
sexes At
Club
build
built
to
Mount
over
many
various
any
on
a
back REPORT
the
material
thirty-five
all
To
be
cone
bedding
the
Notch
for
demand
at
a
nine
have
of
in
the
the
has
in
and yet
who
the
the
of
secured
an
stone
cost
build
permanent
once
trails,
for
the
Madison
the
in
the
the
of
these
a
facilities
been
as
outlay
State
superior
others
lean-to
mountain
summer
of especially
OF
where
many
since fare
the
mountains,
second
basis,
has
convenience
and additional
Mount
picturesque
cabin
Clouds
responded
a
and
all
arose
years
FORESTRY
all
for
steadily
bed
mountains,
place
that
road
to
meals
running
ages
of and
been
log
a
people,
of
and
equip
the
for
on
residents
of
advantages
be
was
number
and
in
Washington,
ago.
like trails.
way.
close
which
in
shelters
at
putting
for 1922.
the
Mount
purpose.
it
who
packed
built,
on
at
and
consecjuence
accommodation
by
board.
built,
COMMISSION
the
the
a
is
Carter
and
nature
into
benefit
a
not
a
the
Subsequently,
under
two
where
Foot
the equipping
there
are
of
moderate
The
tramp
of
holiday As
Franconia
height
a
Madison
shelter
at
a
increase
much
many
and
in
are
summer
the
intention
of
stone
freely
room
man
Notch,
the
various
in
travel
first
of
are
the
on
and
every
New
furnished
there
State,
a
other
people
Club’s
of
for
used
thousands
thousands
the of
in
afoot.
cabin
third
cost.
southerly
the
structure
cabin
in
open
the
two
through
land
another
persons
visitors
charge.
region,
of
Hamp
sightly
pound
simple
of
recent
as
backs
every
began
parts
trails stone
Club
who
trail
was
was
this
the
log
To
the
for
at
to
in
In 87 a
a
of of of an
the the
the
the the the
the
any
and
and
that
mere
those these
mem
for
of
at
of
and
ramble
service.
of
$2,000
with
its
Club
to
The
promote
retards
calls
Because
made
blow—downs to
requires
through
costs
board
material
to
non-members.
beneficial value
enjoyment
from the
of public
forests
prosperity
has
a
which
often
time,
protection and
the
by
far
and
raw
as in
a
clear
tends
association
people. hoards, yield
dollars. a
public
the
better
Club
at
COMMISSION
not
general over
bed
advantages of
fully
its
of
cover
the
also
for
physically
close sign places weather
continued
woods
for
of
as days it
all
any to
costs
more
trails
the
into
and
activities
reasonably
deep thousand for
alone
Mountain
and
FORESTRY
to
and
made
the
them,
producers
pleasant
afford
Club
thus
sentiment
OF
not
inclement
enjoyed their
them
to
these
as
as
blazes
development
are
sufficient
is State
several
the labor
they
appreciation
of upkeep.
and
not
as
the
but
toward
public people
essential the
of
of of
do
where with
REPORT
construction
only
the
merely in
keeping
Appalachian
are
of
forests
inspiring
of
None
nor
and
are not
and
country
the
charges
intelligent that holiday,
marked
Bringing
hill
a
interest
men,
intelligent
absolutely
progress expenditure of
and maintaining- employment mountains, season, bers Such
revenue, cabins service
88 mentally on mountain forests, more happiness its is an contributions fOrests the ___
L
1.V
2
from 426000
the
necessary utilized
the
adapted than
because years
into
only of
farm
renew striving
number ditions
war
until
work
the year
lease
the purchased ed from
trees
ten
acres
in
128
24
in
April,
last
nursery
land
year
leased
The
nursery
of
eight
suitable
16
purchased
to
the seedlings
the
the
were
acres the
are
of
had
the
for
returned.
the
acres
and
two year
to
of
of
to
new
land
State
as
period.
spring
present
one
1911,
to
required
acres
the
a
grown
area
become
lease
nursery
years
of
undrained
regain
a
Forestry
the
capacity
farm
work
fiscal
clear
condition until
are
nursery.
nursery
with
biennial
tillable and
Forest
purchased
in
in
on
at
of
output
of
fit
REFORESTATION
been
and
nursery
In
of
1914
The
was
years.
accordance
the
the one-half
Gerrish, 1916
new to
a
1920
so
purposes.
to
the
142
1912,
house
nursery
laws
on
soil
distributed.
until
put
years
or
present
grow
well
for
improving
more
Forestry
loss
to
This
has
when
had
land
original
acres
the
the
uneven
site
on
In
62,000
grow nursery
run
of
it but
been
acres and
suffered
1919-1920
established
trees
amount
year
anything
or
was
present
the
order
on
became
farm
the
1909.
with.
with
This
and
down
less
little
barn
Department
forest
nursery
trees
increased
an
before
present
in
under
established
and
soil.
maximum
purposes
By
where
are
to
buildings
area section
was
suspended
1921.
by
upper
One
and
use
were
to
farm,
impossible
like
1914
building
further
were
reasonably
seedlings.
Scarcely that
and
any
520,000
increased
the
is
nursery
site.
was
inferior
no
and
normal
from
leased
During the
level
and 23,
now
it
transplant
distributed
conditions
failure
of
has at
the
adjoining
water
increase
made
will
and
one-half
nursery
chapter
443,000 Gerrish
up
during
is
about
Many
being
to
more
for
back
State
farm
for
from
well
land
now
con
Out
not
the
the
be
re
to
is
of
a a is
to by
so
in
for
te the
the
will soil
the and
and
and
and
and
pine
seed it
New
Nor
trees
is water
to
years.
‘vVhite
in
in
million
M.
private
present
Orders
in a planted•
nursery.
red
possible
a
favorable
shape
to
years land
purchased
which
few where
abundance
grown
or
per
affected plant
of
supplied
has
for
the
country
in The
two.
is parties
Norway
or
grown
an
grown
places in
be sales
made
however, seed land
past state
or
necessary more. the
If
adaptability
been $4.00
during
the Department several
in
area
pine
funds
would
tree few
of not
trees
be Unfortunately
on
Norway
the
grow upwards
all
a have
of private state
has
and
year
and
acres
of this
their
COMMISSION
to
collected
can
secure,
Department
part
to
Norway
with
on
reservoir.
Scotch
of
yield
changed
from
be
to
Forestry
available
trees during $3.00
of poor. the
1,700
this
standard
to
$8.00
probably
parties. Hampshire.
land
another
is
amount
putting
nurseries
purchases Department species for been in
view
seed
extensively
the
able
planted FORESTRY the
could
storage labor years
will expenditure
of
in
made
considerable New
any
not state about
as this by
amount OF seed
a it 12
distributed
sold
be
of costing
gfowing
an
is
private
in
he
time. within
considerable of
been more
seed of
collect
of
cost
has
private
to
of
exceedingly
last
in Forestry to
and
well
collectors
now
cost to
can
secure
1920,
were
to
with has
whole
it
where
pine
price acres Department
as The the REPORT
desirable
are price
to trees
much the
are
received
year
price
planting
men including
purposes
from
farm high
although
planting
since
The
the over
this The
which
1,000
ago that
nursery
per
for
continues
year pine
The
extent
trees During
required
the
Norway
nursery he
available. trees nursery general supply,
parties Trees pine
While crease distributed impossible years nursery employs 90 conditions
seed. possible small Hampshire Department
the years. each of
recommend State about value
way for for
turned
A
owners this the chased State the
always able and planted
trees ness The Private not
the can nurseries can doubtedly pared
been the can is The
for efforts such
needed, never problem,
tion of 10,000
own.
great
a
trees
planting
planting
trees present
generally
State
productive
maintain
he
the
question
average
difficulty of
able
of
to
than
planting.
most
nursery
to
been
One
acres
direct
to
to
available
induced
the
cost
in
raising
nurseries,
supply
Department
the
and
many
but
for
to
can
establish
and
supply
they
interest
REPORT
New
Forestry
fully
such
time.
supply
of
discouraging
stock as
amount
represent
large
cost
from
be
an of
one
transportation
not
commercial
or
where
1,200
for
are
plantations
trees
it
to
planting
trees Hampshire
filled,
at
adequate
advertised. hundreds
nursery
It
purchased
of
which
afford
is
OF
This
land
and
private
and
orders.
more
go
sure any
if
reasonable
Department
is
acres,
of
ability
State
has
for
FORESTRY
large
they
in
it
more
the
maintain believed
the
purpose.
land
of is
owners
than
becomes
can
or
today
has
forest
greatly
no
aspect
making
nursery nurseries
not
nurseries
of.
selling.
planting
total
desirability
During
are
either
could
supplies
do to
extensively
is
available
through
thousands
As
be
records
50
already
a.
prices
secure
is
about
COMMISSION
not
in
small
made
that
has
per planting.
large
remedied
extent
a
The
impossible
of
increased
not
a
with
or
have
planting,
means
the
While
cent
urged
or
try total
including
together
are
at
and
the
of
nurseries
private
the
been for
so
$15.00
area
with
the
State
with
of
past
of
trees
of
to
into
least
of
the
enough
much
of
likely
made
planting
planting
private
reforestation
Department.
small
of
trees
if
trees.
Commercial
the
planting
grow
when
established
3,900
wild
trees
quantities.
two
to
should
could
extent
the
obviating
the per
have
nurseries
from
the
5,C00
demand
of
a
furnish
a
special
orders
to
years
stock
ques
more State
acres
land
busi
year.
their com
trees
This acre.
pur
cost
and
has
un
not
the
he
be
91
to
at of L
(
a
in
of
are
It per few
and
t.rees
plant
given Totals
State being who a thus
62,062
49,506
depart
206,224
least 202,313 520,105 many
to believed
be
the
trees
desiring
people to
others the
at and not and is waste
them.
city
grow progress
Sold
way
it instructions may of
is
Nurseries
the
on 1922.
1922
grow
and Private
trees
and those
can trees
20,062
Planting 31,506
his Until
113,774 103,613
to Trees 268,955 million for
30,
for
great
of
trees
brief
year,
planting
year
AND
see Home
record trees
own
COMMISSION purchasing the supply
June per
in that
Year
owner
1921
can
his
each several Planted of
to Hampshire
garden.
benefit forest
1,000 X 5,500 Tracts
and Ten
13,000 landowner 15,000 program
34,500
corporations
150,000 trees following on in
such
Trees Trees
the fact planting
ending
grow
State
New owner
any
Table
home
FORESTRY
for
of
large apparent planted on
for
The RECORD
large the
difficulty more
in the grow
a
OF facilities
years Forests may his is
land
be
Trees by
out or
17,000 to 29,000 77,450
93,200 for
be Growing
a
it and
in Planted
are 216,650
interested
Almost
State two
matter nursery.
feasible
them. can shows work
for
a
not
REPORT
garden
the .
X
50,000
there trees land, for
PLANTING worked
Where care. As home
person if trees
for expense
to
considered a
entirely Rochester 1921
1922 irnpOsSil)le
would home
over State. Totals
1920 Table 1921 been
the apply
be a Any
Directions
Period
start
now
near being ments. to 92 25,000 himself suitable thousand million cut reforestation made. year this
nursery
Fall, Spring, Fall, Spring,
has save is
who have to
I
I
ees
y )er ew irt-
13 36 ‘en ant
o ng Ted are
S
nd
s
t
of
in a
I
giving
building
frames.
ings
of at
are sides
nected
from
driven the
screened
the
of
seed a
after worked
sufficient the
thirds
or feet
soil
and be
where
and
seed A
lings
spreading a
early
4
pound
the
the
soil
purchased
two
bushel
available. x
beds.
day
soil
with Select
Seed
is
weed
between
then
evenly
may
a
should
drying
in
12
September
bottom
beds.
half as
by
at
the
soaking
mellow
equal
higher
and
before
About
is
a
foot
paper
bottom
of
for
much
paths
the
may
strips
be
thrashing
home
The
them
of
seed.
a
open
very
mice
REPORT
seed,
over
smoothed
he
garden
three
out
These
covered bed.
from
to
corners,
cones
the
with
Lath
than
be
sowing
21
beds
and
or
between.
of
rain.
placed
of
spaces.
garden.
on
light.
the can
before
can
the
by
Lay
sufficient
secured
laths
days
either
a
square
burlap
wood
‘Use
soil, OF
frames
well
the a
frames will
number
spot
out
must
thickness
making
not
bed
with be
One
cloth
about
FORESTRY
out
the
with
in
are
they
half
the
or
edges.
used
the
An
red
‘Until
make
drained
yield
early
get
and
The
a
feet
The
from
he
should seed
building
the
boards
bunce
to
should
required
are
cool
the
in
as
same of
a
are
ash
seed.
or
sides
protected
at
grow
cover
for
of
cones
beds
foot
of anti beds,
commercial
germination
the
in
much
suitable
about
or
cones
best
center
Scotch
COMMISSION
opened
them.
dry
surface
sifter
and
of
the
the
sifting
also
may
width
he
else
sun
paper and
thoroughly
in
After
should
at
for
them
white
may
to
preferably
cellar
of
made
in
spring
three—quarters
free
seed
height
plan
least
of
be
cover
from or
pine.
germination for
supports.
cover
Seed
by
spruce
tops.
late
or
as
the
be
held
each
with
cleaning,
used
seed
pine
box
from
be
over
takes
early
a
with or
a
the
3,000
the
opened,
where
August
birds
soil
and may
pound
few
the
the
carefully
Sow
in
more
watered
an
or
with a
dealers.
if
4
sowing
seed
Stakes
winter
weeds
laths,
open—
frosts.
place
place
layer
they seed
x
two-
tops over
con
lath
The
days
inch
and
also
the
the
the
of
by
to
12
if or
is
of
93 a I I
I
in
to
re
by
the
dry’
seed and the
over
dur
Dur This
must
into
light
shade
time.
weeks vege
late
shade,
weed
spruce.
trans should
around water
stocky should
entirely destroy
as August
sprinkle
a
the
hot,
bundles
becomes
from
roots
done
seedlings
and
care
time
in for
at
shade and
soil
four
and with
in until need become
a
is
they may shaking
partial
laths
and
air dry,
season.
the
very
soil
or
late
at
the necessary heavy
little
develop
sufficient
less Great
month
and will
removed
old
ready pines
the In
the
paper
The
them
that
fork, a This
to
be
or season the
germination.
minutes
row
be
and
of The
until
three
a compete fungus
so
airing
a
expose
the
become
They
other
COMMISSION
years
water
to
furnish
few
will
harden order After
stick.
by more first
wet to
after
germinated first
a
with
of
shining.
for
placing
between unless should second
in
beds.
to
not two
beds
I
the is
removed.
required
trees
the are
planted. has not
pan
removed
the
than
at soon
the
and beds
clays
extent
are
laths.
as
seedlings be
beds
may the
sun
FORESTRY
pointed the or
damping-off
weeding he
order
frames
14
transplanted
necessary care
they
a the
If a
soil
stand
the
OF
openings
more in
during
the
some
is
pail he
necessary the temperatures.
other
If
during
up
to should
a
frames
to through
enable
about for
the should to
with
great
seedlings seedlings
rains even
he
from
continued
in
beds additional
light
may
when
to
particularly permanently
lath
REPORT
and
frames
shade
he
an
cling
the
the
wind case
Use weather the dr) freely
freezing not
full free
frames spots
shade
after
germination,
spading
and
with
the
roots
no
checked
or
of lath to
pine
slightly.
when
germination.
still
all
of
the
he
pass
After
lath the systems
and
replaced
will
rainy
should
seedlings
When
but
given
sun the
which
filled
transplanted
white caps
of the
ing
94 August,
ing but them after be
may many diseased
in weather
time be
this
when need may sistant ing nnusuall)- ing root
tatiorr
be
carefully-
seedlings the planting. with
The
It
It REPORT OF FORESTRY COMMISSION
beds 4 to 6 feet wide, with about one inch between the seedlings and with the rows about 6 inches apart. The Forestry Department and most commercial nurseries use a transplanting board with notches for holding seedlings and a hinged cover which keeps them in place while they itre being planted. The hoard is strung with seedlings, a trench made the length of the hoard and about six inches deep and the board held over the trench while the soil is packed about the roots of the seedlings and then removed. By this method much time is saved in transplanting work. \Tery little attention is needed except weeding while the trees are in the transplant beds. After one year the trees are known as three year old transplants and are then suitable for planting, or they may be kept in the transplant beds an additional year to good ad vantage. It is well to have trees of different ages growing in the home nursery so that a few thousand, j or as many as desired, may become available in suc ceeding years. It is well to remember that in taking up the seedlings preparatory to planting them per- manently. great care must he used to keep the roots from drying. They should be carried from one place to another in pails with the roots in water or wet moss. They may he dug, packed in bundles and heeled in for a considerable number of days by digging a trench and laying the bundles in the trench with the roots well covered with soil. If transported any distance, the bundles of trees should be packed with wet moss in has— kets or crates and then heeled in near the planting site [. until needed c
i
7
w
near
poor disfi, of our wou larg amol
with
poor -valtu sent
of
(luce
land 42.1 timh softw
soft
per hard
L
in of
of
as
by
the
the
the
less and
and stir—
and
stir—
31.2
The that
area
year,
;
cent;
found
of about report
closely young,
and
divided
covered
summer
division
the
:
same valuable
the
this, from
land
per
improved
were
than pine.
was account
cent. fiscal
be
property
the
by
grouped maps
very
is
the
Of growth
been
comprise
on
17.5
in
less
biennial
while
timber species cent;
hardwoods
per waste young contains
State
further
city
will
lands
or has type
cent
per A
last cities check
2.2
present
of results
the
determined
begun
inferior
and
RESOURCES cent;
per cent;
where,
acres,
from
or
of
pasture
acres the 33.5 town
timber
determined
as
practically
the
the
27
principal
per
making somewhat
and
per
or
in
within
is
as
softwoocls,
results
State
State
rural
cent
is
acres
good
each
by
growth.
merchantable
State
pastures.
with
29.3
with
17.5 into
resources
land
which
5,830,860 acres
into
the of
the
areas
per
FOREST
final 1,020,570
or
and
classification
or
the
timber of
year timber
and
is
of
of
58
growth of
published
125,614
XI.
forest The
OF area
inferior
shown
the
waste
The
merchantable namely,
timber
land
or acres
separating
feet,
;
acres
of
growth land
is
1,950,052
cent
maps pasture
cities
of
area completed
and
of
land
Table
following
stirface
the
per
farm valuable
board
towns
records
classes.
in
estimates
good
was growth
area
survey
total land young
The
1,713,874
merchantable
merchantable
the
growth
improved SURVEY
growth
1,020,750
portions.
impossible.
130
five
the
available
of four and
of
of
The
water local difficulty is
The
The
1919
merchantable
billion
be
young,
waste
the of excepting to during than with
the rural after valtiable into of veyed. -valtmable
improved
mixed counties,
best area vey growth
inferior land and area of of that
7.4 of in
of
the is Of 18
less by
sur and
year, and
found
;
of cent;
report good prac
waste or
closely
young summer young,
covered divided and
division
; inferior
is
were 96: account per
was
fiscal
acres, the property and be
determined
growth determined
maps
very
acres grouped cent;
comprise cent; 34 been growth
in on
and
biennial Page as
as
timber
city species State hardwoods or
will
further
lands land timber
per
per type
has
cities
present check last A land of
the 18 30 begun
RESOURCES results
5,705,246
valuable where, and
State inferior from
acres
1,020.570
timber
of the or or town
the is
paragraph,
the
making
principal the
and within in
waste
results State improved
rural State softwoods,
cent
by young, each
of acres merchantable acres with of
resources pastures.
maps of
with pasture
into second merchantable 1,950,052
land the
FOREST
the areas of of into
final per
classification
of
year of
of
and area
of that
that 58
OF forest published good
The
the area merchantable area XI.
The
waste namely, shown
place
separating
timber 1,020,750
or of as 1,713,874 growth
area
;
land growth available
cities cent land of
completed than In is and
is of
the
land
following Table
the
per same
records
best less towns farm
survey was classes, area land total estimates
growth in inferior growth young
SURVEY The
the
while
Errata: survey
growth
impossible. the portions. five
the 130
the
The the
difficulty local four
1919 and
The
th.
cent.
be
the merchantable
of excepting
the the to than during rural with after veyed. from this, into valuable improved of by valuable valuable land improved mixed counties, per
tically pasture somewhat grow
I
cl 10 ui
d ig nd [ccl Luld
te
r
S ccl e
ort
te
mer
ear,
8
eSs
d Ifl
-
would
an
their
disfiguring
near our
would
poor
amount
of
valuable
within poor
large sent
duce
of
tiniier
land 42.1
softxvoocls, was
softwoocls
per
hardwoods.
7
asset
waste
land
waste
cent
The
unproductive
fotinci
cities
sandy
owners.
and per
soils,
timber
eventually
quantities
be
village
in
of
have
is
growth
area
land
spruce,
cent.
inferior
the
and
time
unbelievable
the and
and in
burns,
REPORT
impossible
or
pine,
of
Poplar
not
best.
of
the
and
main
rocky
unproductive
Reforested limits.
.
hardwoods
as
towns
more
young,
double
but
5
of
spruce
All
been
growth,
abandoned
more
distinguished
land,
inferior
per
OF
avenues
It
soils
fuel
is
also
than
of
and
This FORESTRY
to
value
cent
considered.
is
included
resulting
our
valuable
densely
and
this
separate
and
and
unfortunate
wood
includes 22.8
-
most
growth
returning
corclwood
yield
area
land
of
hemlock,
to
pastures
fir,
under where
will
per
travel
the
from
of
COMMISSION
populated
but
growth with
in
should
from
of
35.1
is
them.
cent,
highways
which
people
make
timber
general
Much
management
market
intended
and
little
value. the
and
estimates
that
not
hardwoods
per
clean
and
be
is
the
area
will
merchantable
36.7
of
of
reseeding
and
of
so
cent,
divided
so sections
can
harclvoocls
cutting
conditions
the
landscape
This
and
this
to
value
much
situated,
of
not
per become
.
of
supply
State.
mixed
repre
waste
areas
they
class
as
area
pro
cent
into
the
on
to
on
of
to 97
.
it
: :!h
1.
36.7
54)
020,7OH0,100
4084,676
L705,246
State tot Totals
29.7
10.4
30.4 29.5
314,350
31,545 21(3,190
327,605 Sullivan
12.7
14.7
1.6 71.0
130108
10,903 174,140
243,556 Stafford
11.4
7.7 .2
. 80.6
256,281
21,872
308,954
430,333 b Ilockmgliarn
23.5
7.8
11.8
56.9
542,053
51,811 462,503
570,028 Merrimack
19.9
9.1
4.4 60.3
324,683
36,750 436,11(1
554.225 Hilkboro
34.0
3.8
43.9
18.3 1,088,451
243,630 873.226
1,078,029
C Graftoit
55.2
n 1.1
43.5 .3
2,640,780
405,511
1,0(17,504 5,153,300
Coos
22.0
10.9
12.9 54.0
400,477
52,788 355,328
71 447,739
Cheshire
-1
27.2
7.8
20.9
44.1
759,187
119,795 530,148
606,994 Carroll
21.8 8.3
5.7
04.3
16,074 220,105 213,401
283,043 C Belltnap
woods
lock Heni Spruce Pine
C
Hard-
(lent. Cent. Cent.
Total
Ccitt. Per Per Per Per
Acres
Acres
P
Tntl Land Acres
Forest flTTNV
Land
Feet
Board M.
Total Total
TIMBEP MERCF1ANTAB(E
HAMPSHIRE NEW OF SURVEY FOREST
XI
Table en
‘0 I
I
__ __ I I F
fable XI—(Continued)
FOREST SURVEY OF NEW hAMPShIRE
7OUNC1 VALUAHLI4 GROWTH Vaste luul huproveci 8i and Farm Lund t In ferior and UNTY Growth Good Pasture Total Per Cent Per cent Per Cent Acres Soft woods Hard Mixed woods Total Acres Total Acres
Belknap 57,902 32.3 24.2 43.5 530,425 60,624 Carroll 180,965 29.0 22.8 48.2 199,388 76,810 H Cheshire 120,035 34.5 17.5 48.0 175,905 92,411 Coos 480,837 181,210 85,730 C) Grafton 264,657 39.8 26.1 34.1 364,039 20u,99 Rilisboro 178,754 37.3 19.5 43.3 220,043 118,069 (I) Merrimack 173,570 34.1 22.2 43.8 237,182 117,265 Rockingham 102,878 35.0 27.0 37.1 181,204 121,379 Strafford 46,726 45.7 20.1 31.2 110,455 69,410 Snilivan 100,950 28.2 23.8 47.9 130,695 61,415 Totals for State.., 1,713,874 35.1. 22.8 42.1 1,850,052 1,021,579 I
BRUSH BURNING IN NORTHERN NEW HAMPSHIRE
By W. R. BROWN In cooperation with the United States Forest Service, the Brown Company of Berlin, New Hamp shire, conducted an experimental camp for brush burning in Northern New Hampshire during the winter logging season of 1921-22. The place for an experiment was selected by employees of the Forest Service from the Maine and New Hampshire lands of the Brown Coin— pany, in order to secure what they considered to be the average conditions in the New England region. The place chosen was Hell Gate camp on the Dead Diamond river in Northern New Hampshire. This camp served the purpose of a general storehouse for the Brown Company, and was surrounded by a con siderable number of camps. In the summer it was 43 miles from the railroad, partly over a good State road, and in the winter 25 miles over a snow road, so that men and provisiois were obtainable at reasonable figures. The men and horses used in the work were lodged in the I-Jell Gate camps with a nominal charge for overhead. They were hoarded at cost and their labor was charged at the going rate for men and horses for the winter. The work was laid out to accomplish the following Operation I. To ascertain the extra cost of piling and burning brush in crews operating for long logs over the usual cost where brush piling and burning was not done. Operation Ii. To ascertain the extra cost of piling and burning brush in crews operating for four foot
r—”- rr-:- -- in
II
in
of
on
but and and
fair
first
area
been
when
from
piling
I
wind—
a
and
spruce wages
burned broken
second
divided
piled amount average
Service
location
the
of
stand
area,
constant
camp
first
and
B.,
piling
the
brook.
never
was miles
on from provisions; and in
underbrush, considerable
was
was The
the
the
the
a
and
of growth
be
Forest
or
second
average came B. had
carrying
depreciation free
two to
brush
A.
Operations methods
to
brush
and
either
brush
old
an
scattering, rough
II
from the advance
drivable cost
the
I,
and
which
in
a and
B., in the brook.
snow
two approximate was
the
which COMMI5SION
equal
B.,
the
where snow. tall,
with
was
mile
location situated
use with the
burned and mature from
on
into
hardwoods
reasonably both and
spring, between
same
cost
one
of Where
A.
windfall.
Where was Operation
of
first mixed Operation timber
topped,
A. specified
no drivable and
mile
horses;
and
bottom the I,
medium
camp the FORESTRY
in a
undertaken a I, before
B. B.,
balsam fir
winter
for
or A.
the were was
usual
divided in
of from
stand
in
and OF
to agent
fir
for II,
and burn, The heavy
fall the
or done.
B.,
and
the
agreement
an
bottom was
free
little
in
to
Company
and chosen
men
chosen
stand
fiat, and
II,
and not
fall close
Operation
Burning,
a
Burning,
a Operation
a-
REPORT
that over
splendid I for
hardwood
locations,
comparison piled ;
with in
charges spruce
area
the area
on
a in was hill
conducted
mutual
of large smooth
unsafe
Operation Brown spruce
as
of in
operation
two
cut
The in
burning Spring summer The Winter fir,
reasonably The into,
carried Area
side the The was
underbrush. camp
fast
was
Operation
fairly .1.
102
pulpwood burning II each
and the snow it as A., topped of amount into but stand area carrying and cut La a in the area the and chargeable
overhead equipment
JO
I REPORT OF FORESTRY COMMISSION 103 reports job ; that weekly and monthly id. attendance on the were to he rendered; that figures obtained were to be kept confidential until agreed upon at the close of the id work it season; that the result obtained from one year’s not to be considered determinative for all time. Lg •1 was The operation was commenced on October 16, 1921, and finished on March 8, 1922. Snow coming early on November 5th interfered with the burning of brush which had already been piled out during dry ground logging, and these piles had to he abandoned to be burned in the spring. Little or no rain fell in the fall or winter to ice the brush piles and interfere with burn ing. While the early snows were somewhat heavy, later snows were light and weather logging conditions in general were the most favorable for years. In Operation I, A. and B., Long Logs, Spring Burn ing and Winter Burning, five crews of five men each were set to cut long logs, each crew consisting of a chopper, second chopper. swamper and d teamster, a head sled tender. Alternating each week two of these crews and did the usual straight log n icted as control crews other three crews in addition to their straight dl ging. The brush in the fall and burned it during e logging piled their fall the swamper and sled tender n the winter. In the brush, but when the snow became about 1, piled their own two feet deep a brush burner became necessary and was added to the crew. The personnel of the crews remained the same as far as possible, subject only to the usual replacement of men leaving. An attempt was made by a capable boss to secure the hest talent possible from the many men passing through the Hell Gate storehouse. In Operation II, B.,—Pnlpwood—first location, two crews consisting of three men each, a first and second chopper and svamper, were set to cutting and piling four foot pulpwood. They alternated weekly during the season, one crew piling and burning brush and its a
the
and be ten
pile
the were and the piles May
was burn in logs
brush. clone, burn of
trees
detail. ratio
in main more
to being
rather
forest readily
location, in became blanket It
dragged
fire one
to
Corrpany
and two each
could the agreement the
a representa
was the brush. and long
fire,
scaling four
being
were every and wet
because
of by
were but burning burned
from
holes
of
men unburned 25th
a lay.
Company burned
order
start
from new
was start
Brown brush from lengthwise left from
logs
as
area in
kept to
feet,
burning
to were the
iu1pvoocl, pulpwood they
three
April
the lopped
substantial
carried and March
COMMISSION withotit Brown system start burned to
ten
were not long
of lopped
fall pulpwood, were for pracical1y acted snow branches
in whole in burning foot
to
lopped of
and
the resulting
were
forest.
The practice
where crew two by the
difficult piece being
Piles the
foot piles
by The
four
the between crews
which snow were where in
the
brush to by
if
they
B.,—Pulpwood-——second FORESTRY alongside
fire
covered with accounts destined
them
four Service
and better
used costs. fell diameter as the
operation
four
control OF
necessary
branches
TI, who covered
than piling but from
crew.
crews
piece areas
and
and where
as
extremely felled
trees
the into
fast that and
burn
was
and burned, snow together.
cut,
found
been snow, haul
Forest
of each
as be
trees
these scale It fire to averag-e
cut REPORT
direction
growth, was endangering
crews
alternating special
the in acting
a to and while distance to of
together, had
the
an
branches was
be the
Operation
with try
old close any
by the
cutting in operation gotten
amounts of
of freshly
It
to
of had the sum
In to in that Careful daily piles other brush road,
when to In macic ‘tinting
branches the the
to
without
another.
the
the in 104 ing set tives
working as acc many _-‘t left spring 3d
the into to fires when covered tain. and piles move than necessary farther felled boles macIc drag felled readily of ground
_zzzz_
11 REPORT OF FORESTRY COMMTSSTON 105 nsh. ‘was of little moment. No attempt was made to burn ion, blow down or natural forest litter, of which there was -ere a considerable amount on the ground, or such hardwood trees as were felled in the making of roads. The men were somewhat bothered from the sparks igniting their .]tit— clothes and a few left on account of the expense of any keeping- in clothes. No trouble was experienced from ent men loafing in front of the fire and no burning accidents n d were experienced. its The final figures as agreed upon for this test showed au. a total average expense from all operations on all areas iles of $1.05 per cord for brush burning over the usual log the ging costs. This was divided among the various experi [ay ments as follows The average extra cost for Operation I—Long Logs ne, —Spring Burning, for burning brush piled in the fall and :ed burned in the spring, was $1.82 per cord, or an addition ile of about 20 per cent to the cost of cutting and hauling, :en but one dollar of this amount was due to the necessity ily of spring burning. As a practical matter brush piling ne called for an addition of one extra man in each crew :et for the purpose, as it took all the time of one man to n— collect and pile the brush for two choppers, a sWamper rn and sled tender, these men favoring the brush burner as much as possible. er When as in Operation I, B.,—Long Logs—Vfinter as Burning, the piling and burning was all clone in the winter months,, this extra cost was reduced to $1.01 as per curd or an addition of 16 per cent to straight logging. While costs’ •for cutting were larger than in Operation
I 0’ I, A., the costs for hanling were less, and this job escaped the extra cost of spring burning. In Operation II, A.,—Pulpwoocl—Spring Burning, so little four foot pulpwood was cut in the fall, an amonnt of only 55 cords in all, and the brush piled for 0 burning in the spring, that it was considered not enough it to make a comparison and the figures are not given. 1
1
I
64-
of
an
by are was and
this the
ex has in by
run
the
cost
less the
not
long
New
and
burn—
pulp
over light
or
a
proved
in
wood
is
in
in
from
reason—
between the
cost
Burning.
up
less
road men
thereon. and
them
and
the
from
however,
foot
to
this
logs
progresses,
tree greatly
be
the
burning cost
cutting
cut
in for than
brush,
the
big-her displaced
desirability of brush
northern
dragged
burning
remain four
due
of
the
the the burning given
long
year
will
that
writer
in
the
less
he
the than the
learned burning
when in
being
of
trifle
will
That
pulpwood
attendant being
A.,
the
cost to was
Much
be
the
a
on
above.
fall
spring
COMMISSION
I,
there
is brush less
cutting
as
work
cord
than
to were
bole
foot the
stimulus
of
will right—of—way
have of
of before
burning cut. the
cut
per
being
that
between
to burning
little
learned encountered,
the
figures
in while
dangers
four
hearing
the
less
seem a
not tops
log
cost
reasons: 42c
kifid
unsatisfactory
.,—Pnlpwood—Winter
months a
costs
FORESTRY lessons
the
not
cent year,
B
Operation
of
somewhat
growth
that
brush
the
the and
summer burn
that
at one
is
lesson
OF this
piling and The
in
long
of
pulpwood
and
II, the
probable be
have
per
would
burning
to
difference
reduced
of
winter
that
is and
top
men
and
It
the and
early
heavy
logs work
cost
snow
foot
following
will
It
the
and the
eight
and
difference
the
arriving
REPORT which
brush
the
during
interesting
the
the
a
The
the
more long attempt
expensive in
of
four
in their deep brush
of
in
Operation and
in
outstanding
cutting
difficulties
into
burning of
so
an
growth
was
during
to
for
made
and
months
In growth. the
steady
Many
used
introduction
cord
the
management.
he
he crew
o6
peeled
straight
cords I Also
to
not
there
a ing addition
piling.
experiment the Hampshire.
per
log-s. wood close
further
to
distance. ably
early
provided
perience the
heavy
growth,
burning light
that creased More
winter
a
is New
ver. ‘on— )Od er xi not seen ght oved the cost
On. ses, less irng,
the urn— ong run hr
cx— has the this
was are and
by
an
of
64
4 ‘ • -
•
proportion much arrival be
As left it during can snow when
two week afforded
instance if in
possibility required can cords spring and
not the even the
ter burner, of purpose, experience ment vary such to
is
large
the
the picked
men
say for
men
to
starting this piles
easily
or
unsafe
uncertainty. ;
in
shorter, and work
of
heavy of of
summer
snow the
in
bring
three
the
burning
of .
different
nothing
would operations
for
have to be
the
the four would
for
a
longer
Again
jn
of
he tip second,
to deep REPORT
more
to summer
by cover has
this
comes
safely
until
an weeks
such logger,
rains
fonr
pulpwood them
secure
left seen
and foot
burn
in
and
any
necessarily
later.
average
work probably
shown
localities. than
acute snow.
of burning
the much
foot
all the
a
the
a
quickly
pulpwood fall, OF
that have
back done.
possible had
for
brush
This
short the
and
on as
short
the
woods
in fall
in FORESTRY
pulpwood
moisture
degree,
In
work. conditions (Maine account
later,)
timber a
been is
year
occasional
and the set
the
brush fall,
Since condition
brush
great
time this only
ctit
The
on in
interval have
destroyed
It
fire
for fall
in
open.
New
run before at
made
during bare
is the
brush
it hetter
During
for
two and is
burning,
first of
army
or warden hanging
best therefore
good, COMMISSION
in
impractical is might to
would
camps
time scattering and
England, distance,
such cut
on in
be the
New
seasons pulpwood would ground
over
In
the
is
must
would
than
by the
of
the
(summer
this
in seasonal
left of
be
the
he
late the
fall
a
system
a snow
Hampshire men•
solely in
a
New
some burning
season less
large
a
the early
be
practical
exist short
to
two first
whole
spring
the
to of
and distribution
afford and before
in
costly and
piled
would
the
than supervise
came England
the pile
greatest
the
interval
for changes careless
logging over number
million
soring.
fall around
spring,
period in
when
must
being
judg
state
year
only
after
mat-
and
the
that
one
this fall 107
im
the
for
he
of
an
it
I 1
J
i
it
u:
pc
ab soi th rec nei cut of soc Opd of not
for fire anc opi of ing of
goc con tioi mci Fro
and m
wh of sc
m the up ferti kinc Hid disp
is -
be
to
and the of
l)
H
that
the
rot,
op—
trees the
adja— the
done,
trom New
only well risks,
matter
ci New
slightly
species,
inflam-
burn—
of
task in England is
covered
is is run
genera— landings
0; in
would attend— true
ignitable from
judgment.
the area
fire
it
and obtained
for
blowdown, work
fallen
but
is
for fire
in
variants, cut
acre, will the
riddance and
New other
brush
risk
a
brush
it
of operation,
it
remain bug especnlly
he
usual solution
cutting where larger
equally
litter,
per of fall
general burning
and
woods
with
that a results
fire gained
other impossible
helped once roads
no
not the
parallel or
still
to ever)-
therefore,
from While
an
the
areas winds
COMMISSION
times the
conditions
complete
pirtiil
vicinity
old
forest
stand
mind
sticks that brush
for and
little
left many in be
-i
in a
all
burning
in of remains
in would If spring
which
high
that be
reasons above,
at
had.
s
burning bare
all
and
advantage
was
floor,
accumul-itmg the by
is
ci
State.
still tremendous
known
ofteis
would thinnings
he and
FORESTRY roads,
European commensurate
at
campers borne
a
co existing the
other
it immediate the
brooks, would amount this
stated places,
or
OF grass,
all
years. brush
well
compulsory
it
he
alone, can there
forest
to
or not qreas
rainfall of
words,
and
at burning
the
and
that
to
understood
dry
is eis
State
also
weather
which const-mtly protection,
be between careless
u of,
trees
must following made
many
is
the slash,
as
trees material
reasons is
REPORT
is
other
area,
banks the danger
of Southern
thousand flre
if dry it in not
or clears
seasons, change,
it
of
and the
was
alone
also leaves, a of
In iestricted
the considerable
in Opinion
forest
matter in the and
comparison
to
litter a throw
It
in mcI
soil,
risk brush the lightning,
risk, For
would
crow-us
While
cost
snnll
md
xo8 existent immense
conditions of \Vestern, climatic
little
burning cent or scarcity
along and
with
mable hushes, rid Such
by
x
England etc operators fire
tions. inflammable
-erations fire in
started
the writer’s England
ing.
ant
H REPORT OF FORESTRY COMMISSION 109
above were for a single year and carried on by inex— be perienced labor, which necessarily xvould he subject to ent. some improvements were tests continued, it is believed [and that experienced labor and technique could not greatly lüly reduce the costs, as the natui:e of brush burning- is .tter neither intricate nor difficult of comprehension. :ies, If there are something like 600,000 cords of wood and cut yearly in a small state like New Hampshire and :bat some millions in New England as a whole, the addition -ees of anything like a dollar a cord yearly to the cost of ija— operating this amount, or from $600,000 to some millions the of dollars annually, for the sake of fire protection would ne, not from a financial point seem to be sound business igs for the public, when during the last ten years the average red annual fire loss in the State of New Hampshire by forest vn, fires is not in excess of $50,000. It is the writer’s JT1- opinion that, purely as a fire protective measure, judg— to ing from unfavorable climatic conditions, the inadequacy ble of results obtained and the excessive cost, the burning ks. of brush in logging operations in New England is not good forestry practice. A much smaller tax upon the ot, community spent in fire protection as applied Lo educa— by tion, report, patrol, accessibility, equipment and enforce— ment would yield and is yielding •far greater results. he From a forestry angle, the burning or leaving of brush and slash offers an interesting field at the present time p— in New England for further investigation to ascertain of what effect it has, if any, on the harboring and spread ly of devastating beetles, what effect it has if left evenly [e scattered about in furnishing shade for seedlings and dl - in retaining moisture in the spring. What would be in the loss in reproduction if seed cones were all burnt tip what is the length of time that seed can remain fertile in the forest floor and germinate and in what kind of forest floor it lives longest; how long lopped
limbs take to rot naturally ; and some other brush disposal matters are problems about which the writer is uncertain. to
and
the
was
pine pub—
1921,
party
antici
become begins,
of of
of
at
of the ten
Forester
law
tile
and in size
the pine
approval. firm and
shall pine
oper
season
other
not
of of
conform where
deal
1921
question until
tree
or
Laws This
trees the
State cutting to
Massachusetts. Such
lumbering did
wind
SttllTlp past
to corporation
where
cut
general
OF in
more
clearing
requires
22,
be of
great
except
the pine abundance
or
seed
after the the
be
1921
property
a
reproduction
or
to
woodlands before
the acre
years.
with
an
of
on
merchantable
one not
land, firm
the
LAW with
pine
the
effective.
agricultural
cent
1922, Chapter of
addition with met
pine
during be law
disposition elapsed
crown
legislation every
file
said
operation
1,
operate tmwillingness shall
in
bearing
least for
on per
has of
to law
on to tree
person,
TREE any
trees diameter leaving
shall
have
at
the
the
and
any producing
75
tipon
they
land
recent law
ill
interfere of the
becoming encourage
or seed of
of
seed
for
by
spread
timber
but
to
acre, years
to Every
began
lands shown cutting
SEED during
over September law
the trees
for
intention
law
requirements.
lumbering
1.
or
for
of standing
said
represent
number
pine
the
given
of order
left
have
fifteen
capable owner,
the seed cones
until Hampshire
THE
required cutting
sufficient
in of
of
operators
was
few responsible or leave trees total UOfl inches of and
seed
land trees least
follows: ation such purposes. improvement
also Although
New
“Section
cutover
reasonable
is
as
statement
effective licitv
passed pation on responsible
as The Very
its
a is justice val. S )21, .il- 1 S, Dine was tici Irty ome the tts. ter ub to d trees where as size defined “Section “Section The “Section are will ber labor hereby be supplying in of treasury area tical failing operations for and commission, of pine provisions forester, during 1 size file woodland forester. giving the 75 shall pine. shall above section the per credited a not each 1, a reasonably state in of cut manner. has REPORT fine before of amount 4. 1922, 3. to cent report charged 2. tbe be the be or the Thinning over under setting and and not act carry It not 1. trees forester This Every as of fined considered immediately to Such act. to name, lot or and to shall OF lumbering applies been section every used defined The determine contrary upon to more the of to the with act out complied examine from FORESTRY an them person, The the person, fine exceed be or location forestry amount be left a by shall amount the direction acre of complaint its to 1 forestry removal statement operated, iii the an and Forestry the out have the to the standing provisions following begins the enforcement.” whether firm take section upon firm all $100 operation with. law, state COMMISSION duty in of trees on fund state and equivalent cutting been pine the of such effect commission of or or the for which to upon Commission of on nursery of approximate of of the in as a 1, corporation corporation most forester or adequately woodlands the lumbering of particular failure fine few the merchantable the any of the provided intention file Septem of forestry not penalty section a extent lumbering prac to pine scattered state shall state state with seed pine and the $5 in to is will lots
III
:1
I jb I
to
its
to
no the
to
left for
act.
will lots
that far -
State
that
is after
oper—
trees every
every
of
owner
timber
stand—
as
so with cleared
lots scrubby tree applied
this cutting
way trees the
failure
windfirm likely
choppers see
for
operating
giving endeavor
a
and
prosecuted.
left
of seed
reasonable all
years
land
There high
to
before and for and
a requirements for the seed
not not
he tree
with will
borders
lots, of under
before
each
the
in
leave been
or
are cause
the
$OO where
one
the
elsewhere that pine
fifteen of will afterwards beforehand
for trees.
limby to
compliance
out
pine
not
trees
marked
of
cutting, is made
no
Forester
provisions
$5 COMMISSION
will for growth
lot,
slim
is land
and on of
sure
has seed
along be
statement fulfill of
responsible
exceed
more
made
the
land parties
with Department
be
a the
the
carried
and pine
State
unsuitable
property
to to
left not
tree
of
fine stand average
the
of
the
begins
on
reasonable file a
party are been leaving
following
over
Forester tall to the
the FORESTRV an are
not
can size
a openings is advise
seed
to
should
distributed
young size
or
act
of cut the
OF by
has Forestry
are
satisfactory
trees
unless
least
among very
he
and
Every State
violation
cutting
trees.
the
and
which
well the
of
There considered at
area
left a
expect allowed
force
suitable
of
are
interior
Failure effort
and during
make
required
without
The with
from REPORT perutity
he
to be
of
a these that
collected
and
a wind. before
those
large or
trees operated
statement.
Examination
not
to
location
is•
he
see cut is
acre which
planting although
or
will
for
the
begins
trees
around
Any reasonably
will
are such
where to
Seed
improved.
considered apparent
lot absent.
provisions
not
examined
the
cooperate
look Forester 112 provisio1s. name,
There file standing Pine be and
an every
trees Trees and disposition value stand should
acre ating do and the and acre ing, to
the are he manner. begins, to its tate the ted. to left vil1 act. lots hat for )byts rm no er to ng ry er—
[Cr er ed ry d to at le
)r
r
pine.
every
pine general
which
conditions
interference
the
mostly
small
Cut.”
land when
stumpage
trees
When
growth.
importance
for
already
fundamental
8
as
choppers.
it
The
years
A
lumber
owner
is
citizen
which
it
is
wooden
great
the
they
public,
able
been
is
Others
a
purpose
Most
been
are
matter
of
understood
trees
with
of
and
REPORT
to
industry.
sell
many
and
they
brought
interested
cut-over
willing
it
posters
leaving
and
do
land
mark
are
are
private
are
of
must
standing
of
so.
desire
interesting
OF
to
the
not
anxious
owners
great
blazed
out.
to
that
the
be
seed
marked
FORESTRY
pine
The
the
in
to
seed
operations,
It
have
to
lived
economic
trees
the
growth,
be
Not
landowners
the
merits
trees
filing
with
lands
when
to
have
tree
and
sold.
these
seed
up
“Seed
have
a
perpetuation
with
COMMISSION
an
as
of
few
law
to.
important
they
from
left.
the
but
trees
they
well
intent
importance
axe
reservations
trees
One
land
Tree.
paint
is
cooperation
and
to
understand
Purchasers
this
as
as
belong
not
should
concern
left
improve
to
owners
young
a
the
spots,
facts
of
time
operate
arbitrary
guide
for
Do
to
white
white
to
select
made
seed.
uses
have
have
Not
pine
the
but
the
on,
the
the
of
to
113
of is ti a b ti 0 tI it 0 S c r( n b p ic ti fc
to to
the
the
rust of the
rust was per
orna land
retain
with
tract lands, what which
to State.
cords
profit
of spent
There
gratify
able
to sprouts a
diversity
cost of
thinning
and
75 season
under thinning,
and woodland,
work seedlings
supervisor the individuals
$7.50 a
LANDS
at blister a
work
blister areas
a
and
entire
parts were
in
the private
able of
on out the one
being of
and tract.
of
expense (or
of and
pine
and
shade of an
was
field
the
of
in
open
was
the
forestry hardwood
of
been
any from is
pine
carry winter. during
is
suggestive
$565.50
form
cuttings
carried part stand maps
employ
to
prune
$50 because
of
surprising tracts, and natural PRIVATE
has the
as foremen
and during
no the $1,577.50
to
who
work
around
and
the
institutions were and
planting
feet
in
ON without present killed;
whole the
years both
but
in
brush
men related and where
similar during
at State
profit
of undertaken
the
and
Nashua
in
improvement and clusters,
four fall,
for
surveys Corliss,
been board
acres;
on
towns,
of
improvement
while
projects acres
Department
to periods
this
cutting
removed
many egg Department State
WORK
last 30
closely
near slash
many
has M.
for
expense in and
of
205
projects
on
men
general
the the
of
J. needed
demand prepare
and 210,000 benefit
were of
moth spring a
winter
work seventy the hardwoods
done about
suppressed
by to
Out
of spent
Forestry
the
done
winters
men The of
Forestry
the
without and area
trees,
from brush
to during
gardening
thinnings be
About gypsy
Over
have
services
the
The were value being
an
two
the
FORESTRY One
outside
cutting
pine
$3,308.
hardwood
planting
the crews during they State.
mental make of paint scape
ing. direction for season
performed The
another
•keep last might of
pine. by of greatly of acre)
from in were
burning
I REPORT OF FORESTRY COMMISSION 115
was a net profit of $1,115.83 and the entire tract was brought into valuable growing condition, where before there was only a stand of pine occupying part of the area which was too dense to grow at its best. The retain thinning of the pine stand not only increased the rate • rust of growth and shortened the time necessary to mature which the stand, but paid for putting 235 acres additional iduals into growing pine with a balance of $1,115.83. :0 the possible to handle many important orna In time it may he operations and by so doing, help to encourage private lands, forestry practice by those who are anxious to do so, iland, but are unable to personally look after the work. The ersitv to cooperate with land State Forester is authorized by law counties, towns, corporations and individuals in the ‘atify_ protection, management and replacement of trees, wood- the r lots and timber tracts where the expenses are paid by rvisor the parties receiving assistance. There seems to be a rust real opportunity to help land owners in estimating and was marketing and advising in the management of their state. lands. These are matters not overlooked in planning le to for the future. on to if the what ming tract with :ords fling, )rofit per outs lings pent t of ‘here A in
and
the The fact par
with
and
which
made
wood
of
Execu
In
spring.
various
charac
but
program advanced
soil employed
undertaken
nurseries and interest
been
the accompany
and
an scouts.
and
forestry interests
together.
has
tree in scouts.
light, and direction
with
boy agents the
only much
Hampshire,
forestry, PROGRAM
twigs
out
winter recently following
as
recognized.
boy the
it rust and
meet
2,000 growing
New
insects. has
bud, color.
of degree The reforestation
the shown
possible
such
of been
will
general
and
under coming
instruction
of
trees. control. commercial and trees blister
as
and
leaf,
part
in
of have carrying some
of
a
of the nearby.
long of
trees,
FORESTRY and requirements.
of
agents
in such
form
Planting.
be
for
masters
of county
Trees. uses
protection, has
training Department
diseases or
really scouts
of
instruction. means
out and masters
the
is frequently may program enlist These
government organizations means
scout
seeds. of tree
SCOUT a teristic moisture
boy
as A as to
habits forest State
prevention logical
Competition
100
of Protection. scout
Forestry out
in
Scout
worked trips
through of the
BOY Through Life
Federal
Commercial
Fire Forest
Visit Collect
troops and
management,
on knowledge Forester.
in The
Boy
project. carry
Identification been
the
Forest
Reforestation
to the consist opportunity activities
ticularly
land such step tives the
possible by State scout
has
;them
I REPORT OF FORESTRY COMMISSION I 17
Preparation of seed-beds and care of them. Planting trees. Forest and Woodlot Management. ndertaken Brief discussion and demonstration. stry with How to reproduce valuable woods after cutting. re, which How to improve the value of young forests. uts. The Care and Treatment of Shade and Ornamental Trees. rests and but par i.:i1 2t14 id wood I:! tZ In fact advanced Execu -. liD? .terest in -, en made — ,.i .. 3 mployed u of the e various Doinpany program 1 spring. tL charac rph soil and ‘:)‘L) ffl77)I1) tflo b,ili;piz1 ,ctif-U 1:1
urseries all
on
ten fir, the
of
of the
and the
the
Mr.
low.
been
made crop
spruce page
spruce
good of
which
reports in
a
twenty- stupen—
last
but records on
SPRUCE a
provinces dead,
the between
beyond Vermont
have transition the to reports
for
hardwoods largely
1818.
1900,
the
also
be to
damage
the cycles
of
of are
in and
Entomologist
ten is the up
State, destruction
drives
to seeing THE
cruising
in earliest
the occurred
merchantable
statements
figures
Maine
done
knowledge
year
the
loss
March,
during required
traveling
The
OF from the
Maine made
great The
In
Forest
spruce have
of
land, amounts actual
localities the been outbreak for through in
at
of
all little dying. forty
keeping
time
mentions
definite Hampshire
the
been
while
for up State
has
WORM
still no large
the has of
some
with forest
region
show
1880
about
doubt. Northeast New
telling is firs
Quebec of
not
in have
are
previous.
way
do budworm outbreak
of
in in softwoods. BUD
cent Forester” to
estimated CONTROL Maine which
to
the
to
widespread
and an
its and
public or
the
trees spruce
per were
a
losses shown of to
areas years’
open northern “The said township Hampshire of
it
presence
the
AND
the
Packard work in damage has
in
lumbermen be if The
more
are spruce
variously
general
The
New periodically to large after
for thirty
PEIRSON, or forests
relative
cases
is Brunswick
considerable and
hardwoods
well
following In
Cary
B.
timber
fir dead
The
of fifty
timber.
Outbreaks
cent.
had
H. those New
mentions many spruce
HISTORY
tremendous and
years budworm. belief, covering might township and in of obtained dous. damage
per has Northeast investigation of
type are Austin 52,
spruce occurring Connecticut
dead many REPORT OF FORESTRY COMIiIISSION 119
Gorham and the half-way house on Mt. Washington. RUCE The last outhreak started ahout 1912 aud in some localities is still underway. In each case the bud-worm outbreak has beeu followed by bark-beetle epidemics and fungi wlich attack the weakened trees. )gist The spruce budworm is a defoliating insect which starts feeding within the new buds of the fir or spruce, )f the the spruce hollowing them out, and later feeds on foliage itself, the trees. This defoliating of the trees so St ten stripping spruce weakens them that they are made easily subject to such out, or nd all agencies as winterkilling, drying barkbeetles, eports fungi. In conifers there is very little storage place made for food, the trees depending upon the food taken in if the source of ts on from day to day. This means that is for even a short time, !such as le fir food supply cut off takes place when the tree is defoliated, the tree 1, and food vinces dies because there is practically no reserve present. npen- The budworm is present in small numbers at all times become been in the spruce and fir stands. ‘Vhen conditions t the - favorable, which means the maturing of a considerable venty - amount of fir, the budworm again finds an abundance the moths lay eggs on voods of food in the sunlight and the needles during July. An insect outbreak is very much like a fire in that i the easily vhich if found in its early stages it is stamped out, and assume proportions ‘crop hut if allowed to run great ;ition the chances of stopping it under present forest condi— :ords tions are very slight. The control of the budworm rather control. Mr. must take the form of prevention than history of the insect, page Knowing the habits and life which
fixed - that interference at any point will upset )n of are so mont their development, it is possible to direct the control measures against the weakest point. In the case of • the budworm this point seems to be the habit of pass- y of the as first stage caterpillars that have just good ing the winter the eggs and so weak veen hatched from that are that unless suitable food is present when they emerge in the spring be
the
that dry
cir in
for
the
to their
the
itself
type jobber being allow which
control such fairly
opera would Maine,
but infected made, show
and
budworin
pay
a
are for in
spring
in
operation.
Maine
the The and
is small forest
enough ordinary foresters
that survive,
being the pay logical timber control, in
the forest,
a upon past.
It
nothing
cut probably
to
which
In or to infestation
and
area.
success the and
the
now
fir
Under most find
practically
general send
in due should
COMMISSION in clean the is
headway
the
outbreaks,
would Knowing
A
unable
depends to patrol
with the and
vill
off.
winter. loss but cut
and regions surrounding
be watched. gain
spots
place prevention fire
die. out out
or which
to cut started
planned,
to stages
the upon.
locating of
owner
forest,
FORESTRY area
control spruce
fall forest
first to
in
soon
tried
been forest have financial feasible, of of
isolated the which
early
coming carefully region,
the
called late
the
seasons be in will
to method• any
properly
of its be
infected consequently State service [n being
the
if having
bodies
been
REPORTOF during to timberland
this method
only protection start spruce
the
outbreaks offset will
a several
patrol great
menace the newly during
of
caterpillars pure the not have
during The
fold.
spots of present
a supply and that
caterpillars than
should,
seasons of
for
Such takes
real be at the
20
I the outbreaks it a is into stand tops young food cumstances is would
many located two tion
itself. more
thorough j services
general map will ing danger stands 1
[Ow- t ai° itself hich rOrfl1
)eln°. )ntrol ti ected
aine tobe
ould
u th
the era bber
the
that
c
for
t lfl
e,
h
e
I
A
By
land
are and our
an
instead \Ve shire
matter movement
land. cut
returns consideration
annuall)r inhabitant which
is order Until periods owners scarcity
Hampshire less
ning
NECESSARY
annual
enforced
PHILIP
‘We
over
producing forests have
employing
1st.
2d.
in
Throughout
bushes.
cannot
to
to
this
is of
of Protection
to New
From
to
have
annually
of
import get
for
nearly in Our
We
reforestation confiscatory.
o-ross
valuable
two fifteen
of
could
retain is
timber
the
should
it
the afford
W.
speculative
Hampshire
the must
system
changed, by nearly
is
fifty
large
thousands
other
tax
revenue
two
timber
larger
AYERS, STEP no
the
easily
in
State.
the
growing million,
throughout
of
be
stop
lon°er
forest.
than
to
New
longer
million
revenues,
Northeastern
things
two of
New
Legislature. growing
prices seventy-five
of
it
from
be -
FORWARD the
In
taxing
of
the
Hampshire, that
purposes.
idle of
is
as
to million
Forester
woodland,
thirty Hampshire
doubled.
some
This
profitable
creation
are
other
annual
hopeless
people.
that the
delay
at
the
forest is
valuable
running
forests
necessary
present.
is
producing
Pacific million
towns
country
mature
acres
acres
States,
a
a
growth
thousand
of
of
land.
It
only matter
We
IN beo-innino
to The
except
With
to
often
Forests
additional
the
timber,
in
concerns
our
where
hold
of
Coast,
dollars expect
FORESTRY
timber :—
might
we
at half
New
profits forests,
Society
on
To
very
idle
takes
a for
large, saw
over
are
acres
timber
of
the
aid
growing
not the
through
Hamp
in serious
a private
brings. secure
forest
which
waste little.
begin
every mills
from
more
short year
land,
that
New
this
this
for
use
law
are
in ‘. 0 It P CI a tI n ti t( a p ft Si ti it 0 d it h IT iT a ir IT ic ti fc ___
r—
the
the
will
doors.
it at
by
our
and
and
at
made
be
rates, land
slowly,
comes.
idle
COMMISSION
should grow
of
freight
pinch
the
Trees
areas
high
FORESTRY .,,,
‘s •
direction
at
/
i:
vast
I when
OF
•))
winter.
right
sH;’s:
have
start
Canal,
this
the REPORT to
we t
in
late
time
Panama
5.
start too
5.,’
5;
the
122 same A
Legislature
he
I. ors. ATill
the
the
By tection
at
it concern depends and our purely
industry,
the money, furnishing
within the sight has the
wealth
management men
ments operating
a
industries. lock’ throughout
ing forest
FOREST
Keene,
was
continual
0.
The
present
action
prosperity distribution timber
been
The up
are
and
C. cornered
a
of
land
quite
is and a
only
to
the
business for
annual
naturally
HAWKINS,
one
N.
paying rich
comparatively
New
New this
the
and taken
employment
future supply
rate
and some
H.,
are
central
through
MANAGEMENT
supply
and evident
of
ENGLAND
people
in
of
tremendous
Hampshire
planning
boxes,
conference
and
has
England
and our
of
themselves
a proposition point
lumber
our
taking taxation
twenty
of
big
is cutting,
from
now
New
most
of the
circulation
the
of
that
citizens,
Forester,
becoming
freight
to
shooks
to
lumber
the
a
few State’s
ways
but
underway
development
the years
the
England.
Box
keen important,
of
the thousands lumber of
Forests
the
BOX
State.
upon
devising
attendance
years.
can
her bill
fact
the
is
and
problem
and
interest
New a
Company end
lumber
for
of
BY
of
doomed
to
forests.
reserve
maintain
the Society
that
business,
CO.
was
a a
Resolutions
pails,
great
the of
means
the
It
England
is
systematic
solution
of
great
new
THE
of New
the
it
in industry.
has railroads
responsible
held
and
of
wood
men.
new
to is
of
such
for
interest
mauufaétures and
The
timber
this
to
methods
conserving
amount
considered
been Hampshire
so
exhaustion discussion
timber
this
the NEW
Box
of
plans
maintain
develop
working
operates
vital
lumber
Yet,
natural
passed
plan
which
and
build
Pro yeai
This
is
and
Co.
for
and
for
of
to at in
is of
of a
in
in
has
1913
trees
trees
been
forest
in
taxes the that Dur
lumber. owing
sur plant forestry and
upon In law spring forester, points
which
1,000 have
scaling its however, supplying plan
of
work
of has especially
pine its
consider
days of the mapping The to
and land, Company
scattered
years with
knowledge
This year.
in
as means
thousand department, tasks
in river, This
10
trained land.
year,
the and the practical
the toward white
cut.
specific
feature
adopted, three the their few well acres amount
way direction
man
of limited of sometimes laws.
other a few
from weeks far land. next COMMISSION on as Massachusetts
from any
waste tax
a no
when was past the
all that one
beginning transitmen
was management lots
100,000
go
any
a in 1912 30,000
and four logs Revolutionary
technically and ability.
the
office new crop months
estimating
waste of
the
a
or Forestry necessary four as
ranging a under small timber and
policy his
and resumed without
these in then
FORESTRY obtained
the decided
a some over
out and
should
main A far
the holdings
the driving be the of
during he surveying eleven
OF
time three
of 1911 however, Vermont
article,
as cut in
made
the where within cruising,
then of
over
and
made into
land in will forester
working but
with with
at which on time. years titles other setting purchases this
was
separates woodroads
back cut
REPORT
task
which, but present agility are of
Department, new the
out two the lasts
when 330
that The
on
consisting
annually recently
the
the Hampshire, for Directors considered war the
Company set at surveying,
change first
factories
hired
interfered
crews Company’s
writer
be
building
At lots
season physical operation laud the examined Massachusetts each.
field the
The
New
Forestry
124 management book-keeping
her This program
were the
the was great lands involving annually been to in be enacted its the ing leaving his ing i,n able logs, thight
of the devolved lots. veying forester, these over representing cres to
Q
±.‘O qi2
Co.
Box
E.
N. Winchester Cu., Box
E.
N.
acre
per
feet
hoard
10,000
grow to
out
chance cutting
after good has
old, now
years 45 Stand
Pine
Chestnut.
White
and
Pine
Hard
out
cutting
after old, years 40 Pine White
P
* — II REPORT OF FORESTRY COMMISSION 125
order to determine the present boundary lines. These
C— lines are run by the stadia transit method while interior timber lines of different classification are determined o C by box compass and pacing back and forth across the lots. In this manner an inventory of land and timber ‘—CC, of the Company will be completed in the near future. C Lot lines are blazed and corners marked by one inch solid iron C pins. Additional purchases are treated simi larly as fast as acquired and placed on record so C that it may be easily calculated C how much timber is at the disposal of any of the Company factories for any period of time a number of years in advance. Thus informa tion obtained and correlated by the Forestry Depart ment may be used to determine the extent and location of clean cutting, thinning and planting operations for each year On average soil at fifty years of age a white pine stand should have produced a good yield of merchant able box boards at a minimum expense and should be ripe for the axe. It is upon this maxim that the forester of the New England Box Company has based C C C all calctilations. A stand which has to grow seventy C © years, for instance, would become a source of consid 5, -C I erable loss as the original investment carried with z compound interest, together with the taxes at corn— C© C— pound interest, would amount to much more than C© the value of the timber for box boards. Therefore
‘C anything which may he done to hasten the growth of the trees, provided, it does not involve an expense CC-C -CC greater than the benefit derived, is a profitable and desirable operation to carry on. ‘C White pine is now less apt to grow in pure stands C, but is usually intermixed with grey birch, maple and hardwood trees of less value. These trees—well called weed trees—often crowd and whip the pine into crooked trunks and, poor shapes, making inferior lumber and
J it
of
for
to
its
just
cut
and.
the
acre
been
there pine
as
busy trees.
trees
labor,
weed
stand
which is
grow. of
young
where
to
thirty
carried
nature
foreman
man is
and
lot produce of
acre
has
together one
Company it have
example
diameters to
of operation
altogether,
benefit
a
the
pine
which
to
young even time
an
pine
on
now
one
the
ready
for
of
about this
a
will
need
is
the aiding
on
trees
This
pine
an trees,
is of (with
the of
remaining be
it
by
in
that are
foreman automobile, removed
say
lot by any
months for
Weeding
forester.
removal
way
the
dollars
weed
and
a
of
the
trees
will
weed
from lots dying
opportunity
that remaining
are
labor COMMISSION
grow.
acres
the
out here to stands
trees leaving the time
this
five
operation
lot
to
land. hardly
woods
the
and
the
the for and
saved
killing
give
In
so,
weed
cut summer
good
the
trees
which
the
note
to
figure
acquires
total
a
of
in Expense
dense
pine
this investment,
pine of
alone
the was to
hundred
to which go
will
waste
dead
FORESTRY
oaks, possible
1,000 a
wolf
more
were
acre
not
sawmills,
when
in
with
hardwood,
in
OF on old
left
or
term
red an
men
on
easy
not
survived. the
growth
trees
succeed
winter
young
opportunity
Small Company
during
where
thinning several
as purpose
25
interest
is
would
if trees required.
space
pine such
to expense.
been
shortest
inches)
of
years
four
long
the
the
on
the
the
It
of
have
REPORT
the
and old. great a
and of
carried
was
out etc.,
places
cut
the
crew
to
of
acre
dominant
a
be
investment
growth
present
is
records
seven
formed
be
in
1955. is set
fifteen
growth
his
hasten
light again
at
and
would the
Where crew
delivered pines this
years.
years minimum
hours profitable, to
During
man)-
The
a may to the
such
well
a
Here in
126 as is is
resorted
ing
and and
It will
of up 360
overhead, ten
had
pine stand
on
about
with thinning- should more
five
with logs of Here
timber
at
fifty seeding
‘I REPORT OF FORESTRY COMMISSION 127
:her, double in value between the age of fifty and sixty years to take care of interest and taxes. If the lot iere has been well managed and is on average soil it should just have produced at least 35,000 board feet at fifty years it of age, worth at a nominal price of ten dollars per een thousand, $350.00. The question is, will this lot cut ny 70,000 board feet per acre at sixty years of age? The ian answer is emphatically no, so the investment must be ed- reduced by cutting at the age of fifty. cli If this is true of a lot which has been well man es, aged by man, it is equally true of some lots which re have grown naturally and we come face to face with ers the fact that many natural stands are becoming sources of V of loss to the Company because the increase in growth or is not enough to pay the interest on the investment together with the taxes. Neglecting to use the axe id. upon such a lot is a mistake in management and SO ig we find the New England Box Company adopting a policy of cutting out trees either as individuals (by thinning) or as a group (by clear cutting in small it areas) as soon as they have reached maturity. As a result the invested capital in timber is substantially y reduced and a large saving made in interest charges. This method differs from clear cutting the entire lot, in that the smaller trees are left to grow and the in— n evitable increment growth is not lost: - The New England Box Company, it may be oh r served, is beginning to realize the great possibilities in the field of forestry, by planting its waste land and
making it productive ; by caring for its natural stands
• and raising the crop of timber in the shortest possible time, considering the cost; by a system of cruising and mapping its timber holdings so that they may be operated intelligently and economically and a con tinual otation of crops kept in progress. All these policies the Company has adopted, after being con- largest V vinced that in the long run they pay the dividends. V to
is be a
of of
on
in
the
not
thi
and are On
less keep
gray
birch hard
There
future
of other hard
which better
Annual when, and
and
for
are
woodlot as
growing
southern
should southern
efforts
soil. may the
the matter
classes
have for growth
encourage. quality A
and
better in
yellow
such where taxes.
secure
On
and
years
the to
the
economics
that
it.
two
hardwoods with
Timber
high
soil
to pine
in
and beech
owners of
some
on
WOODLOTS soils
by be of
responsible
tree
trees.
of
production.
not to
predominate
higher
understanding Valuable
growth
Hampshire
central
systematically ignore softwoods
and
poor
land.
up
how
with
created or of such
along white to
and
only
to
still profit matter
possible
softwoods. partly
largely
should
FARM
On is
New and
land
On
a and
their
lack valuable
is
adapted
inferior
maple
the size made tend
of are
will
is in
spruce, on his continuous is
OF with
bring
they inferior. it
fear
afford
is
farmers
throughout
of Whether
log
or
soil.
are
best
with oak,
basswood,
as
A
depends
will
not
and there
growing
situation
pine
that timber
idea
are
soils
pine saw
handles
seeding
ash,
mixture
woodlots good
obtainable. valuation
scrub
much
and can
hardwoods
the
of
in agriculture
as is
fact covered
market.
done.
forest on
are
as who management,
timber competition,
sandy is
high
farm young
woodlands
woodlots
growing
no
with
land,
the
his
soils
of
such
today
in
encouraging
on grade cherry,
is timber
Hampshire
MANAGEMENT
being Hampshire
general perhaps light The
poplar
State
Our
owner
also
their
plan
handled taxes not
improve is concerned of economic
like the valuable owner a
keeping growth—valuable primarily New woods, and
The birch, there heavier
worth higher hardwoods chance wood time, New hand
farms
timber
8,011
increase
million
these $2,677,746
and
in
forest
ing
portant
now
of
continue
timber
the
have self
It
returns as
sale
land
tive feriór
or
growth
generation
which
make
into
ment, through
9
1919.
merchantable
is
It
the
easy
to
held Our
years
or
will
There
land
value
farms
farmers
has
return
impossible nearly
the
products
mostly
is
woodlot
census sawlog
dollars
part situation
the
children. future
in
occupy
from
or
for
productive
be
to
Yet
upward.
obvious,
no
lack
class
in
and
years
to
producing
is
at
cut
to
independent.
pine
REPORT
of
be
if
value
a
sale
1909
sawlog
the
owning
no
$932,432
reports
possibilities
any
another
come,
the
not of
substantial
he timber
worth decreased
the
of
growing
for
pine
these
to
to
in
from
is
conception
value
Stumpage
proper
has
therefore, to unproductive
to
revenue
The
quite
owner
come
time
foresee
their
the
OF
woodlots
not
size
or
sell
$4,282,071 but
only
of
and
the
427,115
little
these
sandy
covered
FORESTRY
iii
of
country
person
spruce
reseeded,
doubled
or
valuable
from
own if
forest
cutting
now
in
is
profit
number those
1909.
in
forest
from
fuelwood
the
what
the
which
to
paying
values
New farms
of
that
growing
soils
are
use
or
16,938
acres
owner
with
look
in
land
who
the
products
lands.
many
know
in
to
COMMISSION
values
who
products
in
to
In
and
Hampshire.
timber
20
contributing
forest
one
woodlots
has
of
promises
of
1919.
need
taxes
are
their
the
hold.
forward
a
of
remains
owns
1920
to
of
or
holds
woodlot
farms
farms.
pine
it.
nearly
that
and understand
increased
low
The
will
1909
40 last
inferior,
merchantable
products
for
owners on
in
which
In
there
vVith
sold
It
a
years
one-fourth
and
prices
value.
itfor
ten
prevail hardwoods
are
handsome
reporting
unproduc
1919,
to
softwoods
to.
good
from
is worthless
addition
Accord
manage
an
or
13,161
almost
spruce
years.
an
were
has
from
forced
from
and
never
Such
him
will
cut
im
on
an
the
lot
one
in
129
in
a 3• If in
in
40
all
the ex the
per
say the
the
cost land
held
acre poor
land year
taxes hard
large.
value
sandy
waste
is
report
in at
the
present
owners
revenue
in
urgently
growing
firewood
the
per of
is
valuation
acre,
of value. areas,
each
results
of
owners cent)
value,
paying
$10,000,000 is very land
this
a
forest
poor
the
one-half
their on
unproductive
without
year inferior
valued
is
of
per off
in
on
per
on
what
quick
acre of land
acres
on $5.93
each
such
task.
if of
their
after and
productive
of
returns
that each market on
rate unproductive
five
be
place
cent
per
for
living
timber,
over without
Hampshire
two
timber $15.00
falling acres
except
COMMISSION
the
per interest
any
the
cutting
return
paying,
of
management
consists
acre of
elsewhere
2,000,000
support
$3.29
run
taken
at worth
the
dollars
shows
If
cause would
New
interest
impossible
the
net are uncut becoming constant
be
rate and per
composed the
valuable
to
sections clean in
cost
return,
had
out
have
and given
one-half value
2,000,000 and
If
is and
FORESTRY yielding
to
a
and
tax
money
in
million
Woodlot
years
scarcely
state
prevent
again
$1.22 a
charges
of
a
pine would
OF
up at and
fires
Owners
average
farmers’
table and
to taxes
40
of
the
taxes
of
of
If
ready
worked
land
following
with two
A of
could the part
of
ultimately
without woodlot
the
a all
year.
nothing
the
acre agricultural
return planting.
loss
at
REPORT
unproductive
interest order
the
of
planted
unprofitable
growing
soil. woodlots.
acre fourth of
accumulating
of part
and
cut.
per
remote.
net
as ideal
in each
seeding
large of
years farms
owner
an
poor
growth
be
and
because
the
per
one
be having paying
carefully
(taxed
getting
been were
value cost
A
each
40
An
average
rocky
the
$5.00
more
the These from 130 many needed farms revenue classed
or southern tremely wood chance cent,
may of $5.00 and and land for
an taxes to natural had years for average and
might after land or
trees -. ts hard- ia wood taxes t 3 ienue rs [arge. Er Wing ners vaste epOrt i ation esent f
ently andy e ctive
Year
acre poor held land cost
,000 and
t
the per say
the ex- the all
ue
40
lfl
If in
e
maximum area
step division periods definite
timber
if regular, same
should the
or of woodlot tinct
50
acre acre If 40,000
years, may
instead
forests
for
times, of
when out
to
land reseeding cases in period
blocks
types.
years. sustained
each
acreage irregular
others all cut
generations.
further This
end. of of
amount be
age
in
have
periodically. owners taking may and
this
and 40,000
blocks into where utilized, of 40,000
the
to
timber
acre
removed of
valuable
is are
growth, classes REPORT
50 Such
With
by There
use
the
thereby
under 50 a is of the be
cutting
blocks
in
yield.
with
age
may
map
is
farmers the feet
of
periodical
of board
being
their areas
the
acres available
may
every basis
a
woodlot
a
the
reforested
are
comparatively
by same
classes, OF Many
from whole the forest
management
may rotation growing be
drawn and
whole
furnish
or
teams
may
cut
trees
feet FORESTRY
notable done come
of planting To could
same
cut
year If
who
types
be
five
management size, must
natural
cuttings can over, without in
distribution
give
be management at to
having at tract
cut
in
by properly
take of results.
or the
after ten be condition. into
acres
scale end
be
examples each
at
hauling
of
then
50
continue each have
operating one
every a
COMMISSION
developed may
owner
small regular and
advantage woodlots
managed
regular
definite
years of simple
have market end.
cutting,
re-seeded
showing
at
period.
acre
year approximately
50
spaced
good
be of
in
few end
logs
woodlots of
with
been
in
years, and
Or is
to
many definite
continued cutting
each after In illustration, intervals
companies
ages
ages
New are of on at years
into
to
keep the
to
roads. of
boundaries, The
200,000
a
at a
one in to
every
the
the
different
the yield
composed European then
50 yield
year
have
so
yield
can
progress
different
England 50
insure
are
all
periods
blocks owner
and
or
nearest yea1s.
basis
winter
that
with
and
131
dis
the
their
one feet
five per
be able for
A of
two
and
a
of
by
a S( tc V b tl ill fc U. ui in ir ti b w in w pi w in st at c ki St w It
a
in
of of
is
a so, that
is
in over the and bet
the
task
fact, atten num Pine
is should protect come Every so shade dead
great It
mass Later intol type by shade of money quality by
on
better growth,
in
helping a
of
to This
to
or cover the
manner growth this its
need
light large is
out
On
management.
lot. dies. mixture some
possession If
a killed dense
help.
thus
in
sprout
seeding,
cuttings, on. land
soils, a in impossible removal block
dense power usual a
chance
let seeding; and
and especially oak.
find
and
hundreds a
forest
takes competition improve
shaded
by established. sprout to
finally
and the to
their each
COMIuISSION such
of to a without sandy
time beech and hardwoods natural after overtopping
almost acre
cutover having
coming in find better
of
make
and
shaded
as on
of
areas hardwoods. rapidly, an
a for
on
height to the and growth
height give moisture light become
thinning years
not
single beech,
If
keeping of has in the in
purpose to surprised
years has
nature
FORESTRY meaning a
is and cover distribute the growth
cutover grow
poplar
known
and few
for be
maple
begins
vigorous
provide on OF
the pine starting to feet
growing a hardwoods
few surface
the
the
fixed
pine are condition.
pine and
maple,
new
afford roots
a
variety must
a
see
has of is increase
plan may and for
and less six
pine
the
a as
in its
the
to study and it
soils
they
underneath
well
REPORT young
hardwoods. He
the
upward the they
cherry
way commonly mind If
hardwoods
woodlots Hardwoods
always than and
shade growing that
such
of
can in growth is growth
heavier
dense is holding pines sandy
but After should
develop cutting,
becomes
is
he less hardwoods Most birch, best
soil. value. lot
in
soils, of part
to
stand
ground,
dry uncommon seeing less struggle
as
foliage
132 mill, young there primitive Improving
crowding be
the tion. clean the ter
the owner bearing and ber then to
overtopping gray is through. shade to can on help pine on the erable,
not. pines vigorous of
Ii
I REPORT OF FORESTRY COMMISSION 133 otect soils this condition is more prevalent while on light that sandy soils the hardwoods run more to gray birch and in a thin foliaged tres, are less vigorous and pine has a ient, better chance to struggle through to the light and over ultimately predominate the entire stand. Different ould kinds of trees vary in their demands for light in which e in to live and grow. Hemlock, spruce and fir will tolerate the densest shade of other trees and live underneath ten- until an opening above gives them the chance to grow of more rapidly. Pine similarly situated dies before the i of increased light becomes available. bet- A study of the sprout growth conditions in the and woodlot reveals the needs there may be for helping ery more desirable trees in their struggle for existence. vth, Where the pine is likely to be crowded out, some of lity the overtopping hardwoods, if of little value, should im- be cut back to let the light in to the pines. It may so, be that the pine will survive the shade until the hard ey woods are large enough to be dragged out and saved the for fuel. Even if the weeding process brings no im is mediate return in fuel, the saving of the pine is well ide worth the land owner’s time. A day is well spent in ne work which will give the owner an acre of growing he pine, which would otherwise be lost. .sk The sprout lot which contains no pine or softwoods ne may be valuable or inferior according to the soil and Ct, kind of growth. In general on better soils, there at should be an effort to save ash, basswood, straight oak, poplar, white and yellow birch for high grade stock er and thin out inferior species and poor trees in fuel wood cuttings. Inferior hardwoods without any pine on light sandy soil can be improved only by underplanting is where the growth is not too dense. There are land owners in the state who have cleared areas of poor a j hardwoods at considerable expense and planted pine. It is difficult to prescribe for conditions once they have been allowed to get bad. The point is to avoid the ‘34 REPORT OF FORESTRY COMMISSION waste and inferior conditions so that the expense of planting may not be necessary, - except on relatively su small areas or where fires have run. In open stands of m gray birch and where there is no heavy undergrowth of it is feasible to underplant with pine, removing the kt birch carefully when large enough for fuel. It is ty always desirable to remove or girdle large, sprawling ac hardwood trees which are undesirable and occupy con- ei siderable space, especially if they are overtopping young valuable growth. p Pine which seeds naturally on open land without tl hardwood competition, will generally take care of itself. s When about 20 years old pure stands of pine are greatly li benefited by a thinning or removal of those which are inferior in form or vigor and crowding the better trees. d The final spacing should give room for the crowns of all trees without overlapping. Moderate and frequent 5 thinnings are better than a single heavy one. From 1 five to eight cords of wood per acre may be cut from white pine stands 20 years old with the certainty of improving the quality and hastening the time of maturity of the whole stand by at least ten years. Pruning side branches of growing pines improves the quality of lumber in the first log if the branches are cut off clean without injuring the bark. If lower branches are carefully removed when the trees are not more than 20 years old, followed by another pruning higher up as the trees get older, the amount of clear boards in the first logs may be considerably increased.. It is more important and altogether safer to remove dead branches than live ones because only dead branches make loose knots and there is less danger of injuring the trees. Pruning may very properly be carried on at the same time as thinning and confined to a few of the more vigorous trees. This would tend to increase the quality in those trees which will be largest when the lot is marketed. REPORT OF FORESTRY COMMISSION 135
Every woodlot owner should be able roughly to survey out his lot and estimate the amount of his merchantable and valuable growing timber. The value of a rough survey is to enable the woodlot owner to know the acreage of the whole lot and the principal types and show them on a map. The description and acreage may or may not be given in the deeds. In either event the owner should have his lo plotted on paper and know the area of the types making up the whole. If there is no detailed boundary description this may be obtained by means of a compass with sights to get the direction or bearing of the different lines and measuring the distances with a chain or tape. With a protractor and scale rule these bearings and distances may he plotted on paper to a convenient scale and the acreage determined by ruling the map into squares of equal and known size, counting the number of whole squares included within the boundary and esirnating the fractions of squares included. Hay ing the boundary of the lot plotted on paper, the inside divisions into types may be made by pacing or meas uring with a chain the distances from known corners, taking their approximate bearings with the compass and plotting them on the map with the protractor. The areas of these sub-divisions can be obtained in the same way as the whole by counting the squares and fractional squares included. This procedure gives the owner a working map with approximate acreage and prepares him for making estimates of his merchant able timber and young growth by the type divisions. Having the few necessary instruments for this work and a book on rough map making and estimating are well worth while to any person who may have occa sion to sell as well as buy any timber or land. The work of estimating standing timber is made comparatively simple by the use of so-called volume I
b.
ci ti
p( tli
0. 8. 7. 9.
10 11.. 13.. 12. 14 16.. 13.. 18.. 17..
20.. 22.. 21.. 23.. 19.. 25.. 24..
26..
A
of
to
for
or the on
and and the
ap
the
3.1.
and
lot. con
and
tape
ten-
less
tally
trees
found white
table.
as
There breast
beside
height
a
radius
b.y
for
feet
lots
number
the
thay be report selected
acre, measure a
and but
so
measured
the
and
trees,
entire
heights
pole
or uniform measure
total to
feet.
with an
the
called
one
used
all will
size
growth give
total
volume determine conditions.
board consulted
the to
ruled
rapid
of
dividing
and or
less
of having
the
ten
is
in
always and
of
A from the
the
diameter
measure
taken
or
different
in by
ten-foot
given tables
known
ground,
second in
paper to
COMMISSION
are
a
be circle
fourth
go distance
table
generally the
inch
of
heights
practicable
is
a
acre. nearest
count necessary more
timber
subdivisions 1905-6, on
the
for
of
diameters
diameters
is is in
one
inch
under rprinted may will
to
an
not
the
for
each
the
it then
diameters
Volume
being
placing
is
feet strips
contents
the
volume
is
FORESTRY to
above of tallied
representative
to trees pole
half
in
by
about
standing timber convenient heights
it
over measuring
OF
simply
nearest
different The
a
or are
feet and
timber
the is their
growing
board
small of
one
this
trees
practice page. is the
calipers
for known.
of
lots
total
is the is
in
height
up
for Commission
changed
Hampshire
is
from
measured
plots
REPORT The
class.
to Circumferences
times which
lot
the and
species
trees
one-half
measure
on amount
look
and
are table
method and
distributed of larger measured
New
wooden which
conditions
provided estimating
space
following
determined.
the
of
tree.
feet,
tree.
to
in
a
and
be
acreage
height
In
may
Forestry
If
tree instruments On
total
trees
lot the
feet, that
60
the
tables,
evenly
the 136
different volume tents the pine on
then
diameters Diameters
four height, purpose.
Heights measure are proximate the
number of may
have
the the every the One so foot of
accurate 85
I
ieight There y )ts Ld 2t port
leside )r isured as .y [its te
abe ire ns.
rm
breast
5,
cted
tally
,
e
trees
sure
less
table.
found
white
ten-
lot.
and
i
tape
or
us
the
On
3.1.
ap
and
con
the
to
r
the
and
and
for
of
A
26
24
25
23
22
21 20
19
18 17
16 15
13
14
12
11
10
the
per
tion
cut
9
7
8
6
S VOLUME
breasthigh
10
rest
with
cent,
Table
with
into
was
one-fourth
the
prepared
WHITE
two-and-one-eighth-inch
sqnared.
N.
IN
41
32
24
18
13
30
REPORT
8
H.
by 105
Inch
Forestry
BOARD
84
95
73
03
44
53
35
20
28
12
40
PINE
Seventy
Louis
kerf.
302
270
238
200
181
158
137
100
117
84
TO
56
45
34
23
OF
15
50
Commission.
Margolin,
425
336
379
per
297 201
230 200
Sixty Table
FORESTRY
173
148
125
103
IN
95
60 FEET
53
39
27
60
Height
cent,
Volume
plank.
866
522
NEW
480
436 393
352
313
211
277
210
180
151
per 126
102
81
44
29
32 TO
XII
U.
was
cent,
of
OF
737
706 674
597
639
553
506
400 411
S.
368
Volumes 243
323 282
210
177
147
110
(board
93
80
tree
cut
COMMISSION
Forest
HAIVIPSHIRE*
was
1
SECOND
into
848
769
809
727
681
(feet)
634
530
475
370
421
321 277
238
200
108
138
90
feet)
round
given
Service,
one-inch
942 889
994
834
779
720
598
060
131
362
471 415
312
270
228
1OO
edged,
are
1,180 1,105
1,030
in
958
boards 887
820 750
682
540
610
406 348
470
293
245
actual
GROWTH
110
coopera
whIle
1,275
1,205 1,135
1,065
saw
and
990
918 840
763
688
120
40 137 I
t
*
Ye
rep opei
WE
20 25.... 10.. 35. woo 40.... 55.... 45.... 50. with is
prod pres
by pine
seed pine ousl: pres
have whit ing Corn
-i
V
A
in
33
at
lot the
this the
and
age acre
tally tim
pro
of from con cent
even
been
a
chain
circle.
in
white
board
of
quality
average of quality
an quality
ground.
Massa
pine
trees
or
be
in
sufficient
use
per
and
the has table
of
an
like
is
the
spaces
soil
the
length.
the and in
found
across
20
will
of
Strips
particular
yield
on
white
or
volume
decreased made
by
yield
XIII
all
to
estimating
tenth
successive stocked
and different
age
open
trees
is
of which size
the
measure
species
be
in
15
that
the
strips
of
one
same
ten
the
contents
to of
intervals
COMMISSION
fully the
and
Table
three
area,
width
covered. or
the
tallying
stretched
its
the
prepared from
check
from given
giving
stands
conditions
should
in
way without
not
is
in
a
long
a
stand
equal
number total
and
better feet,
is
age.
is,
a
have as
chain
table
of
gives
this
known aged
at
is
FORESTRY feet yield
the
determine
to
reading for
similar multiply total determining
the area
in
it of
ground
that
66 of
OF used
growing
given
run
square
the
Hampshire
of
even
measured
of by
is
the
tend
feet and
a and
be similar the
forests
circle,
be
lots,
measuring
cent
and
Forester
of
under
by
strips
A at
If
side
4,356
New
area
eye
acre
pine
REPORT
the
may by
chain
spaces,
per
stocked,
is in stand aged board
may
estimate.
measuring
acre ages
for
in large
It an
State
acre the the a table
each
of
ten
results.
unthinned,
area fair
by
white
of open
growing
by
fully
on
per
On
trees
Even
to quality. per
a
that
trees
of
tree
volume
surveyor’s 138 the estimating
feet This
and, lengths, character so
five for
pine and ber
when prepared feet classes. different
aged class number
and tains
chusetts portionately. higher
1— :y at n id. the
ty rd .ot liS :re :le.
Lifl fly tge
ty
.33
nt
id
te
rn
in
A
ing
Competition white
have
present.
ously
pine seed
by
pine
product 45
present
50
is Co 40
with
35
30
20
woodlots 25
WHITE
operation
report
Years
Age
*
to
a
from
The Data
must
on
up
grown
the
part
of
protected
pine
be
Ed..
Quality
the
methods
with
47,450
52,350 40 15,100
24,050
33,550
every
gathered
the
4,600
of 8,400
old
present
PINE
of
introduction
750
give
maintained
Commission
of
Ft.
The
cut
the
REPORT
ever.y
on our
with
growth cutover
the
Volume
N.
lot
Ed.
Quality
way
37,800 2.3,000
42,510 31,400 10,800
18,050
during
by
YIELD
land
0,1)00
magnificent 3,150
and
H.
southern
method
of
Ft.
pine
Louis
too tree
hardwood
Forestry
for
to
OF
clean
pines
not HAMPSHIRE*
once
areas.
Quality
Rd.
1905—6.
Margolin
3’2,750 22,150
27,650
11,200
methods as 16,450
of
small
large
is
3,450
1,700
6,550
the
Table
FORESTRY
PER
Ft.
Commission.
destroyed
portable
of
left
a
cutting
cleared
left
past
New
90
80
85 75
and 70 60
clear 65
dominant
XIII
for
for
stands
trees
ACRE,
Years
standing
Age
Furthermore,
in
of
the
twenty sawlogs
small
Hampshire COMMISSION
partial
adjoining
cutting
mills.
and
as
U.
did
First
Quality
in
Bd.
of
80,050
76,700
69,750
73,300
57,300
61,850 SOUTHERN
60,900
S.
a
has
Ft.
and
windrowing
operating
long
published
Forest
not
second
result
years
cutting
must
If
and
Quality
come
Rd.
Volume
woodlands.
69,000
66,000
62,850 59,500
55,800
47,400
take commercial 51,850
the
white
enough
Service
Ft.
woodlots,
stripping
In
or
of
be
growth
biennial
where
largely
young
as
place
seed
more
Quality
Bd.
zeal in
NEW
pine
57,950
52,400
55,800
49,250
45,700
the 37,500
41,850
co
to
at Ft. ‘39 t
h
pe
rig
v sell par the cip. Ian tin o fan ap one nia: mu ing suc w’l
cutc and 192 The tail: not or ope wit. of reiic at by seec are low’
so be
in of as
not our
this and
cut
was
The
pine per
pine
type
crop
thin-
satis
grow apart
aban
a
course
drying
stands
a
leaving
welfare
selected
practice
practice plan
to
growing
the
diameter land
first
of
increased
of are
necessary
grow
pine
is
merchant pure
successive
the
permitting
owner
devastated,
In
called
to of them.
pine
in
on
The market the
is
necessary
to
even
to
the scattering
enough
of reseed they
in
practiced
of
and
the
the
be the
trees
except
Pine and
so
from or
to
cutting
the
of
Yet
to
pastures long
land
pine land.
inches
needed
use
may forest owner. when
growth
obstacle
cutting
stands
problem
way
settlers Making
to
increase loss
continue
quantities
12
COMMISSION and abundant when
that.
any of
a
growth
the partial removing
they scattered
same patches,
the moisture-
the
best
or years.
which
protection
cut. do
cutover early
for
second for
public. by as
or
up
in
woodlot mighty
rater the
operations
the
and plan
fields 10
soil 45
cannot
continuation
to
on The
a
meet
reseeded
not
sprout
our
The
a
of
some halt the
on to
FORESTRY
use
is
the the
there
about
a
strips
commercial
We
merchaiitable
more of cuttings
is
pines
of
pine unintentionally
general
indefinitely,
35
OF
above in
were
must
opening
in of provision on
specific
worthless
or of
this of pines.
of
and
seed.
become
secure
the
grown
is
idle
goal
permitted
but too still
No
from to
two
pine but worthless trees to trees the
to
pine brought
form
turning demands
be cutting
be
here
series cleared.
small
REPORT
crops
the
preserving
in
and.there
not of of
groups
to
a
be
to
of
there
was
of modifications
land,
the
land
soil.
be
gradually
past, the
development
can farms
State
by
trees
and
as
nearly and
in
seed
trees
can smaller
Cutting
land
the
is
the
the the
the
detriment
method ting pine for light confined irregular of and factory long cutover a this flings, germinating their commercial rotations the saving method doned prevails should lot in successive pine into petuation of which able previously in
140 aving ary I ractice er essi i stated, relfare es irying an Lmeter lected course litting actice id stands t a w reased e chant— rig d Owing t
satis aban
apart
grow
thin—
s crop type
pine
The pine was cut
per
this
and
ary
our not
as ye of
in
be so
lowing seed at are
by
renewal
of 1921) notifying operated,
or with tain cutover
The and
where ing
mill such manner applies
farmer one
operations.
ting ciple the
land. selling part
ing which
long
the
stripped
white planting,
over
practiced,
The
‘Whether year operators growth 75
seed
remainder operation tally general
on.
and
is
of time. reservations
of
as
pine
in
of
There per
or shall the
areas
a all so-called
to that
wisdom
pine
that
the the the
selecting and REPORT
tree
windrowing
the There
or step
summer at
his
cent unless
owner any the
for
In
owner favor
report.
be including
operates State or the
forest
one There
one
and woodlots. on there on
is
of
in standing
for
only Europe
a
not
left
is
or
owner and
OF
seed no the each
area
the
pine
the
time
lump
focus
offers trees
the
or and
a
increased resident. Forester
understands
more shall
is
the is FORESTRY
on
satisfactory
judgment unalterable
ready question
seed the direction
the
tree
conduct acre, will need abundant
seed
cutting
that
will
with
each a
woodlot whether
growth sum ripe
the
be
for
of
trees
variety lot
It
law
tree
be
market assured.
as tree
to
do of
pine. of
sale attention
any growth
acre for
It provides,
or
himself,
COMMISSION
of
do the reseeded
is
to clear
the of pine
and much that
(Chapter
law
at is
10
owner by
seed provision
market
reseeding at reason he chance
away right of
keep where
better
law
not
one
for
inches
operation return The
a stumpage the
is
lots
cutting cutting and
is
to
on pine
he
of
enough requires
any
in
sells discussed sametiiin
time.
with
after
to
a
thousand
help the
for law management of
and 22,
about
land
should reseeding
the
in addition
being
lot to lumberman,
pine.
pine
pine
pine
his
followed methods
lots Laws clean
an diameter
has
a
reserving
the ground seed
cannot
It in priccs
owners
to
in
good to stand
areas.
timber
owner
make
i.; that fol
con else
This met ‘4’
such have prin
com
pine feet
cut
be tip
of
to
the the
of I
Ii
I
is
an
the
and
the dis
re not
the to
are
cut,
after
may
are
The
per
deed they
bids
is in
should
stump
study stump- be
be
under
prices revenue on cutting
growth
mistake
be
acre
without
the
growth he woodlot and
a
to and
under
lines
whatever
the
looks
there
no
the
for
and
the
to
advertising
responsible
secure
areas
is
seller. position properly
per
what
on
If be could
The should young
a lines, and
limitations
done with work, by
buyer
today
sells
growth
yearly
of the
what
and
sale,
feet
area
stumpage were
or
in
with Spotted
lot may produce
be
marked
cutting
the
he
his
cutting
inquire
by
is
an
for price.
owner
mills.
There
keen
COMMISSION
The
be
lot
areas
clear If diameter
known timber
can trees
the
own specific deal
trees
is out.
there
in
on
the
cutting selling sells has
stumpage
The
their
may
thousand his
any for
pine feet.
placed
in he
that make
given
supervise and
make
the
at
work
who
to
exclude buy
a
define industries, spotted buyers
so carried FORESTRY
his
One equipment
are
growth
trees spotted
land.
reserved. sacrifice
to
the to
what
by Wherever
OF
and
should limits
operates the
and
the
below practice
contracts foolish market,
thousand
only
make
among time. circumstances.
delivered
he of some
personally
operators, contract
is
or purposes
ground
Selected
the
willing
reservation if
to
per ground and
himself, woodusing
at
strip trees possible
exceeding REPORT or can
owner
teams
that
logs each
generally
restrictions
his
to
bulk
the
contract
or
or
as Forests. to
of
it the
is. All
$14
owner
sale
for
the
be
on or
even
reservations
favorable
the
with saved.
on
to different
of
owner
outright
If
cutting
position him
mills
Competition
generally
situation
run
having a
be
paid
sale
widely
42
capable $10 the I
periodically tributes
the
most age
in make
deed
in
be to
when might served.
agreement according
National made
of standing
are reasonable
woocliot
restriction mits
the as from
parties
local
owner are REPORT OF FORESTRY COMMISSION ‘43 is handle the logging himself, secure wages for his teams and during dull periods and in the end obtain a higher price riue for his logs. He may of course hire the sawing done Iis and market his lumber, but this involves an investment and other difficulties incident to selling the lumber Eter which most owners not familiar with operating wish the to avoid. Neighboring owners should be able to work rip together in operating small amounts of timber and aot have the County Farm Bureau agent hire the sawing aId and look after the marketing for them. Lhe It is possible today to turn over the operation of a ike lot on a profit sharing basis to responsible foresters who Lay are in the operating business by paying an agreed price rth per thousand feet for the amount cut plus a small per ng cent of the net profit. This enables an owner to cut as much or as little as he chooses, bear no expense np in operating or marketing and receive a substantial an return for the timber sold. Sales on a basis of esti Lit, mates are thus avoided and the cutting may be carried he out with due regard to keeping the woodlot in good re growing condition. ed The following suggestions for a stumpage deed are intended to show land owners how they may make. any reservations and restrictions they desire in selling timber, to save areas of immature growth, and pro er vide for leaving suitable trees to reseed, as well as to place the responsibility with the purchaser to conform lit to the legal requirements in operating and insure pro r tection to themselves in this and other matters; such Ly suggestions to be included in the body of any printed form of deed. Is and by these presents do give, grant, le bargain, sell, alien, enfeoff, convey and confirm unto the said heirs and assigns forever. All the (insert here the kind of trees, as softwood, )t hardwood, pine, etc., sawable timber; or trees above 0 inches in diameter at the point of cutting; or trees Si Ic ti Vd ti ei iv le ai ti vi ct ti: di ac Ix tli
C> tji th fr ca T at ar ta UT thi
a
as
in
re
and
the
said that
trees New
this
con
trees,..
prp
(insert cut opera
of
terms
timber
operate
in upon
bounds;
of
on growth;
premises
removed
be requiring
mills,
the
all
assigns
seed
operations,
except
laws
and
and
manner
other
to within
be
express
monuments)
said of
and
other
State
of
and
follows:
the and
designations
such steam
lumber
included
to lumbering
the
standing not
such here
erect
as become assigns.
metes
all
timber,
period. to
any other
upon
said
slash,
town
in
not
to
heirs leaving
COMMISSION
other by
premises
done
exercised
stick
and
of
or and
single
upon shall is in
said
with the
that
(insert
and a portable
be his the
,
enter
the be
to to
in
;
such desired)
sawable
heirs described
and
to of timber, lines to
applicable
made and
or
or only and that
which shall
during
be premises
limited
and disposal comply
FORESTRY
his
is
and
revert
said on
or
situated
OF that
the
right
rights
and
regulating
deed
mill
shall may
portion
thereto; spotted
of
herein
grantee shall
damage
grantor;
grantor;
hold land
the
lot
operations
as
Hampshire said
the the
by
carried
of understood
to bounded saw
remove
REPORT
the the the
removal but
time
grantor
all
in
be conveyance statutes said
with
pine
off
of
by by New
understood
and
tract the and
the the that
of
from
of
description
further
shall
of This amendments
conditions)
designate
cut
unnecessary
portable
have
being
spotted spotted reservations ‘44 certain county
Hampshire, here or marked together to a
premises,
years no it tion dition
operating State including quiring
notice and described
within conveyance erty His
and
To REPORT OF FORESTRY COMMISSION ‘45
Financial Maturity of White Pine During the past two years much has been said and written about forest taxation in New Hampshire. The situation is growing more serious every year as valua— tions on immature timber reach higher levels. Wood- lots are being thrown on the market and cut off 10 to 15 years before they should be, in spite of unfavorable market conditions. The owners say they cannot con tinue to pay the taxes on the valuations assessed, either because they do not have the cash on hand or because they think the value of the yearly growth is less than the taxes and interest charges. When lots are thus prematurely cut, a considerable quantity of timber, which would be available later, is lost and virtually wasted. Whether or not the owner loses by cutting prematurely, the town is certan to lose because the lot must afterwards be assessed as cutover land. In order to determine how many years a pine owner can hold his timber without financial loss under con ditions existing at the present time, the Forestry De partment has worked out table XIV, which shows the actual expenses and net profit per acre at five year periods tip to 60 years for white pine stands resulting from both natural reproduction and from planting. The expenses consist of taxes on the land, taxes on the timber beginning with the fifteenth year, interest on the value of the land, and the cost of planting, all II carried forward at five per cent compound interest. The value of bare land was placed at $5 per acre, the tax rate at two and one-half per cent and planting at $15 per acre. The value of the timber at each five year period was placed at $12 per thousand feet for the amount of timber given in our New Hampshire yield table for fully stocked stands of white pine growing under average conditions. The taxes are assessed on the full values indicated for periods of five years.
1
I
—496.29
1,134.29
280.187
854.10
-216.10
854.10
-211.05
96.397
818.05
40.407
219.534
711.293 598.52 60
15.950
8.48
038.00
508.52
—17.84
74.391
575.84
35.793
172.010
488.332 403.83
55
15.175
154.17
007.00
403.83
92.80
57.152
394.14
27.476
134.775
310.204 259.36
50
13.050
227.64
558.00
259.36
131.07 43.644
202.33
20.960
105.599
194.758 156.73
41 12.175
237.27
487.00
156.73
322.46
133.059
170.64
15.854
82.740
107.820
87.80
41
Z 9.850
205.20
591.00
87.80
30.08
24.766
113.92
11.854
829
64
51.081
19.09
31 7.325
100.91
293.00
49.09
-8.48 17.316
79.48
8.720
50.795
23.054
28.69 31
3.750
35 42
150.00
28.00
—19.37
12.431
50.37
0.264
39.799
994 Ii
16.57
1.775
20.43
71.00
16.57
—$14.62 8.603
$39.62
4.339
631.183
63.026
$8.44
21 .925
$16.56 37.00 $8.44
65.604 62.832
$ ii .625 $25.00
0 I
(1
Periods
Rotation
Rotation Rotation
Rotation
0
Year of
end to Rotation of
of
end end of to to End
Five for a
ccrned
of
end to Accrued
Accruect
Accrued Expenses
Annual a
Carried Expenses
54 Land and Land
of a
Total
02
0 Planting Total Timber on a
Value
On
123
of Cost
Interest
Land
On
Timber on
Taxes
Profits
a and
a Profits Taxes
a
Net
p Net
N
02
a Interest
Taxes
a
423
0
Expenses
Expenses
4-3
p 4
a
0 Plantations ‘.4
Reproduction hi
Natural
123
cent. per
24
rate
Tax
A;
per
$15
Planting of
Cost
A; per
$5
Land of
Value
5 per cent; Value Money
PINE WHITE OF
ROTATION FINANCIAL
XIV Table
j
______
______
______I
est
at
is of The per hold is
and per
pine per
$3.29 tax
time
larger course by because blight, pine
commercial New adapted has
newal
markets of unappreciated.
country
grade trial
taken a $216.10
40
poor
the From acre cent net acre
rate
111 On
The not
rapid
table
the
where
of is
years
New per
England
yield
vrhite
after
is
weevil,
the
gypsy per
now lost
for profit
financial
in
or quality, is of
where
to
question
are timber
are
per
acre Table REPORT
extremely
shows
decrease
taken
taxes
England. other
cent lower
the
of and each
our
natural
cutting
tree
faith
pine
amazed
a
adjusted
acre
moth,
age.
is and
where
Enemies
the and
desirable blister
higher in
poor,
60
XIV a
Visitors year
hand
in on
over maturity that
which
in assessed OF
is
obtained
of fact 60
the
in
expense
years,
if
50
reproduction
the
the
often If the
desirable FORESTRY
etc.
natural at
years.
up
the
it 27 it sandy there
profit
to
much rust years;
They
quality
which
more
held
of
white finds
the
is timber
may
to
Northeastern
tree
per
the
from
land
asked
there
valuation
beyond White
but
40 when
The disease,
is
of
beyond
and
enormous
are soils,
or reproduction
of
80
a
is
cent
to
use be
still pine.
of in
years COMMISSION
planting
given
is
ready
alone
less
would
well distant
whether
per New
Forestry
timber.
accustomed if plant
can Pine
seen
order
planted. the
of a
40
and
of
the
the
net
would this
in prevalence cent
It
the
known
white
market be
in years,
the
Hampshire
that States,
timber
amount
and growing
is be
capable
was owner
to profit
injury
parts
40
period
chance.
or
secured
in
the
and
total
Department
a
extend
obtain
the
years;
encourage
pine
not
55
included. which but
to net
A
in
standard
of
$496.29
is
should
is
of
caused years;
of
of
of value white
lower high
indus there seeing
white
$5.93
often
even loss
well
and
cut The
‘47
and
the
low the the
the
57
re
of a
a
in
he
no
the be
As
are
not
the
cur
only
else
both
been
most until be
little
is
hatch
of
supply shoots
such results efforts. market
people. owners
is
feet
feeding
distance
and
but
may as industry
question
into
and
has
them
look
Therefore to
conditions thousands
a
12
gooseberrv
the
eradicating shoot. the
eggs
an
to
waged indeed
the There
bushes,
of
begin pine grade
of with of
war
areas
wherever
and
because the
terminal
woodlot
from be
The
deeper woods
us
removed. unceasing
living
around
under
enemies
woodlands of
upon
and
low
cost
Harnpshiie
the
timber.
would
widespread
our
free.
infected, grow
the
White
and
feed
in
disease must-
our
been
COMMISSION cutover
It compelled
hundreds to
grades our
diminishing met to
The
in
currants
make strips
markets
the
deprive spring.
wood gooseberry
insect New
in
kept
be usually
immediately
of
be
war they
rust eggs
our causes
have
and
seriously
left
and
year united
lose
the
Low
pine.
and
and
thus
pine
its
early and
will
becoming-
or many
would
trees
size
to
on
of
eastern FORESTRY
our This which
must
produce
very
and
pines together.
the
blister weevil
danger
lays bushes protective are
in
restock
Every
of encouraged
for
OF
used.
white
to
industry
in
our
currant
bark
diseases
bushes
to the
of
grubs
which markets
young
wasted
pine
and
which to
supply
and grow
of white
transportation. reflect
pines
beetle
business
the
pine
to
the
worthy
grades
REPORT
of
for
increase these
one
cultivated.
substitutes
out imminent white
will
both
possible.
inability natural against failure
lands white
gooseberry
This
grades regards
wealth
intolerable
is future
cannot
and that
is
for planted
white
of
as
cost
and injury
a lumber
from
and
beneath kept
higher
small
As
continuance
grubs The
pine
our additional
which
the
the through
the high urgent 148 similar are through calamity There where free cause fatal and degree wild and
declared all bushes almost bushes of into alternative just ‘of of i-ant safely beight. delay of -the
I
—I ts Is [0 th m ts. .ly :s Ic re :il as st he )t ig -v ry :et C g 11 Ii ly
e S e re n ce
e. rs
a
a
wood, the is
stem die.
even results many
fold. the injured
lumber. short
may begin and
beetles
fdllowing. themselves
all without
allowing
can started the
have from
Much injury methods young
damage alarm have
Very is
soon
time
time
probably but
removing
pines
be usually
The the
until
internodes
branched
The
In
all
weevil
the
confused
of
little to of
among
girdled
do
when
in
trees trees
one greatly
when
of competing
All
the there
second
this
the of the
or
REPORT
so-called
wilt.
not
same they
maturity are grubs
plantations
will
Infected
is
of
very the
due
be
of
very injury
the first
reach
are
destruction remaining
and
woodland fly
the
known
growing trees.
and
will
the
reduced
the be
which
the have
done
time opportunity and weevil’s
to
Experiments
will OF
high,
poor
very
serious
burning place
first
with found
white
immediately
be. most
blight
for
a
some
trees is damage
FORESTRY
third
sometimes
Secondly,
as
height working
lower
at
continue
may
more
soil
but
the
apt
infections the
in
by
owners
it
branch
to
work
in
of
vigorous a
may
unfavorable damage
pine
with
the
crop; a
makes
if watching
inasmuch
whorls
other
moderate
the
greater
to he the
the
cannot
rapid
close
of
to
once
be
COMMISSION
infested is
blight
have
downwards.
have
due the it
grade
cause
main
begins for
feeding
to
12
fork and
passed noticed,
branches.
assisted
resulting
materially
are crooked,
allowed
side as
stand,
of
numbers become many to
blister
be
to
in
young
large
as
shown
shoots
climatic cost the has and
of and
noticed.
branches.
15
leaders
to
eliminated the
faulty
branches,
the
the
in
the as
by years.
the
trees
feet
value
caused
wither
to
rust
branch
per from
third
knots
forked,
the
pine
the
the
This
lengthens
sooner
are first
each
blight.
removing
that
establish
This
recovery
condition
as
planting
the
leader
acre
disease. do
Where
of
leader
weevil three
main
place
areas
work
Many The
they and
and year
thus
and
some
‘49
but
the
out.
the
not
less
or
is
the
if
It or
or
a
die the
had a
that
well
the
from are
by
entire trees the
con
Pro There
fungus
of While trunk from birch to
earlier
as
years parts
for
fire
is
weevil,
freshly beetles
cause on
or
the branches
bleeding.
needles
land
in a
largely
their
where
pines
part
reproduc the gray
appearanc practically
five
main
and large
if evidence time. the is
anyway.
feed
the known
moth
over condition
is Pales
cut
more in to
possible
the These pine
insect
where
and in
to
as
bark
pine
the
no
but
of die
other
usually
to
or
are
of
as
the this caterpillars. and unhealthy.
to is as
one
oak pine
the rust
noticeable
gypsy
vicinity
in will areas COMMISSION and of
as
any
not yellowish
one needles
until
looks where
of occur.
free recover
cutover
conditions
trees
a
nearby,
to
the with
offer wood
from the
There the
more
they as Injury
event
trees
equally browning tree
tree from
have
to blister
by
indication
slash in
of
known such stand
a
of
advised have far
it.
pine
usually
that be
freshly others any
FORESTRY
counties
pine
no
will
is
abundance
than
mixture
of and
browned
tips constriction
are
entire years. numbers with
pines cut is
In
OF
pure
on
will
seedlings
been
in
under
an
the
of
beetle,
blighted
may
the reports
A
growing
logs
the affects is
effect
has
badly
three
whole
large
there pine suggestions
white County pine
southern
owners
percentage
freshly
REPORT
only snout
not tree
age, badly
more in infected as of
pines
to The
no
working there the attack.
growing
apprehension
keeping
oak.
the
development girdled. evidence
the
A
about
tre of weevil
Many stumps, plantations
is
to
but
of of of
are
the
larger
been and
small
bark
to
of
and ili
small
a remedy,
Trees
been
show
Injury where I
and
A
blighted pine
Pales
more
attracted
inasmuch
150 attack.
sometimes
tree.
scorched a
as have Rockingham
State.
there but
the
under
stages
brown has
disease
and fined
young and tection matter
birch immune
is
cut
breed tender
or
period tion
the I REPORT OF FORESTRY COMMISSION 151
of Massachusetts than in New Hampshire. However, similar damage may occur in any recently cutover pine areas and it is not advisable to plant such areas until three years after operations have been completed. Ants by stinging the bark will kill young pine trees which shade their ant hills. In one instance recently observed in the plantation of the Claremont Water Works, ants had killed 25 pines in a complete circle with the ant hill in the center.
2,999.84
7,499.94
5,494.52 4,988.71
1,200.00
2,999.80
9,896.64
427.59
7,498.89
1,799.05 1,198.78
1,489.82
600.00
983.15 506.67
3,965.08
2,199.16 11,990.78
700.08
9,972.94
7,036.59 2,499.30
5,000.00
2,603.35
4,365.71
$68,221.01
$3,000.00
7,968.34
4,496.82
1,784.90
2,307.50
$53,752.86
$2,500.00
Expenditure
1921
1922
3,000.00
7,500.00
1,200.00
3,000.00 5,500.00 5,000.00
7,500.00 9,900.00
1,800.00 1,200.00
600.00 1,500.00
30,
900.00
4,000.00
2,200.00 12,000.00
2,500.00
7,500.00
5,000.00
1,000.00
3,000.00 4,365.71
$3,000.00
$68,300.00
8,000.00
5,400.00
1,600.00
1,200.00
10,000.00
3,000.00
2,000.00
30,
$59,065.71
$3,000.00
Appropriation
JUNE
JUNE
Lands
TO
Lands
STATEMENT
1920
State
State
1,
of
ENDING
Towns
of Rust
Rust
Towns
to
.
to
YEAR
Blister
Bills
FINANCIAL
Blister
Bills
Expense
Acquisition
Forester
Blanks
Stations
Acquisition
Expense
Chiefs
Forester
Expense
Fire
SEPTEMBER
Pine
Stations
Blanks Report
Chiefs of
Expense
Pine
Fire
and
Assistance
of
and
Assistance
White
Forest Reforestation
Care
Prevention
Nursery
Conferences
Lookout
District
Printing
Incidentals
Traveling
Clerical
Field
Salary
White
Reforestation
Forest
Care
Prevention
Conferences Nursery
Lookout
Printing District
Incidentals
Printing
Traveling
Clerical
Field Salary
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