Centre for Science and Environment 41, Tughlakabad Institutional Area, New Delhi 110 062, INDIA Ph: +91-11-29956110 - 5124 - 6394- 6399 Fax: +91-11-29955879 ELURU, ANDHRA PRADESH E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.cseindia.org Offsite sanitation Onsite sanitation Open defecation Key: WW: Wastewater, FS: Faecalsludge, SN: Supernatant Ø Ø Ø Ø Containment following stages: from userinterfacetothefinaldisposal.Ithas city. Thediagramclearlydepictshowexcretaflows picture of how excreta flows are managed within the A Sanitation(orShit)Flowdiagrampresentsaclear SHIT FLOWDIAGRAM(SFD) 3 differentsizesi.e. 2.0 ft., 2.5 ft., and 3 ft. households. Generally,pit rings arecastin on thespaceavailableand affordability ofthe The sizeandno.ofringsinstallation isbased known as“Vara”) closed bottominindividualhouseholds(locally mostly lined pits (ring structure) with an open/ Containment inthecityotherthanUGDhas connected totheUGDnetwork Department, EMC)in‘onetown’areaare Approximately, 350households(Revenue is currentlyinadilapidatedstate. The UGDnetworkwasconstructedin1962and drainage (UGD)in‘onetown’partofthecity. The cityhasanexistingcoverageofunderground FS contained: 12% SN notcontained: 23% FS notcontained: 65% FS notcontained –emptied: 33% FS contained –emptied: 11% SFD Description contained FS not Local area 32% Safely managed 1
delivered to treatment Ø Ø Ø Ø FS not 44% Neighbourhood • • • field visit:- Types ofon-sitecontainmentsobservedduring considered toposeasignificantrisk table <10m fromthesanitation systemis polluting the groundwater. Depth of groundwater FS containedornotisdependentonthesystem masons, 2016) walls (KeyInformantInterviewswithlocal buildings have septic tanks withproper baffle The newly constructed house and multi-storey and associatelabours The pitsareinstalledatthesitebypitsmith the othertoproviderequireddepthof5ft10 diameter. 6to10numberofringsplacedoneover the opendrain(25%population) Septic tankwithaneffluentpipe connectedto (56% population) Lined pit with openbottom without outlet such asystem) drain (nearly19%populationdependenton bottom and effluent pipeconnected to open Lined tankwithimpermeablewallsandopen Unsafely managed delivered to treatment SN not 23% City
1% FS contained – notemptied 2017 2017 emptying service Emptying is done all day long, and they empty Emptying is done all day long, and they truck 4-5 onsite sanitation systems per day per years for Desludging frequency is 6 months to 2 6 years pits with or without open drain and 4 to for septic tanks for There are no zones which have been divided operations During emptying operation, the emptiers do not use any protective equipment The emptying is usually carried out by 5 people (1 driver + 4 labourers) population (12% from the septic tanks) (12% from the septic population to be from 65% is attributed FS not contained 56% from tanks and from lined (9% population lined pits) bottom with an effluentLined pit with the closed open drains are prevalentpipe connected to the (IHHTs) Toilets Household Individual the in Bharat Mission (SBM).provided under Swachh provided under IHHTsThe containment systems lining at the bottom. It washave a rudimentary Informant Interviews (KII)learned from the Key pits are lined with a base ofthat the bottoms of construction wastes like bricks without plastering Emptying of containment of on-site sanitation in the emptiers 8 private by the is done systems city (MHO, 2016) services The emptiers advertise and market their and using beguiling wall paintings, hoardings distribution of visiting cards FS contained is attributed to be from 12% of the of 12% from be to attributed is contained FS Figure 4: Advertisement of vacuum tankers to call for Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø Emptying Ø Ø Ø 2 pipe connected to open drain pipe connected to the open drain Figure 1: Casting of pits of different sizes of different Figure 1: Casting of pits
Due to no clear differentiation between the Due to no clear differentiation between the and solid FS generated volume of the effluent from the containment, it is assumed to be 50% each to reduce maximum error Supernatant (SN) is effluent generated from 23% from be to attributed is which systems onsite population (10% from lined tanks connected to open drain and 13% from septic tanks)
tank/ lined pit with closed bottom with an effluent Figure 3: Toilet constructed under SBM, with septic Figure 3: Toilet Figure 2: Lined tanks with open bottom with effluent Figure 2: Lined tanks with open bottom with Ø Ø
ELURU, ANDHRA PRADESH ANDHRA ELURU,
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Ph: +91-11-29956110 - 5124 - 6394- 6399 Fax: +91-11-29955879 Fax: 6399 6394- - 5124 - +91-11-29956110 Ph:
41, Tughlakabad Institutional Area, New Delhi 110 062, INDIA 062, 110 Delhi New Area, Institutional Tughlakabad 41, Centre for Science and Environment and Science for Centre Centre for Science and Environment 41, Tughlakabad Institutional Area, New Delhi 110 062, INDIA Ph: +91-11-29956110 - 5124 - 6394- 6399 Fax: +91-11-29955879 ELURU, ANDHRA PRADESH E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.cseindia.org Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø Transportation Figure 5:SewagePumpingstationatVeneka cheruvu systems) tanks (assuming90%populationemptyingtheir 11% ofthepopulationdependentonseptic FS contained emptied is attributed to be from suppress thesepticodour kerosene oilispouredintothecontainmentto Before emptyingthecontainmentsystems, SN of 22% population is transported via open drains fromtheretotheTamilleruCanal Cheruvu. Sewageisthencarriedintheopen to anadjoininglowlyingareaorpondatVenkana Cheruvu, whichthenfurtherspumpsthesewage the sewagepumpingstation(SPS)atVenkana The Under-grounddrainageisconnectedto remains inthetankandpits of infiltrationfromlinedpitand7%FSthat to befrom32%population,itincludes25% FS notcontainedandemptiedisattributed to opendrain) from pitswithopenbottomandoutletconnected bottom andoutletconnectedtoopendrain,25% 33% population(8%fromlinedtankswithopen FS notcontainedemptiedisattributedtobefrom areas inandaroundthecity FS of44%populationistransported tolowlying Andhra Pradesh are assembledatAutonagarRajamundryareain vehicles arepre-ownedandthevacuummachines tanks aretruckortractormountedvehicles.Most of eachvacuumtankis5000litres.The the cityownedbyindividualowners.Thecapacity There areatotalof8vacuumtankersavailablein drains toTamillerucanal 3 Ø Ø Treatment andDisposal Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø disposal pointofSeptageandintermediate disposalof Figure 7:LowlyingareaatVeneka Cheruvuoneofthe constructed during 1960’s and has passed its At present, the STPisnotfunctioning as itwas outskirts ofthecityatPonankiCompostPlant. A rundownSewageTreatmentPlantexistsinthe generated inthecity. There isnotreatmentofsewageandseptage emptier. per tripis5km,asinformedbytheprivate For theprivatevacuumtankers,averagedistance and 1%populationissafelymanaged In total,FSof99%populationisunsafelymanaged to theTamillerucanalwadingthroughcity the lowlyingareaatVenekacheruvuordirectly The privateemptiersdisposethefaecalwasteat required. withdrawn tobeusedforirrigationpurpose,as where thesewagefromTammillerucanalis The cityissurroundedbyagriculturelands is eventuallydisposedatKolleruLake. Sewage isconveyedthroughTamilleruCanaland design period. Figure 6:Truck mountedvaccumtanker
sewage fromUGD 2017 2017 17% SN treated 22% FS contained –not empted treated 45% FS City Unsafely managed Unsafely rove bylaws, to enforce proper design of proper design of rove bylaws, to enforce orce scheduled desludging plement decentralized waste water treatment plement decentralized emarcate land for STPs/FSTPs in the master land for STPs/FSTPs emarcate D plan Enf Imp septic tanks Im to treat supernatant systems at several locations and grey water Neighbourhood Medium term goals Medium term • • • • FS delivered to treatment: 45% treatment: to delivered FS 4 Safely managed Safely 16% FS not FS contained Local area Local FS not contained – emptied: 13% – emptied: not contained FS FS contained – not emptied: 22% – not emptied: contained FS 32% – emptied: contained FS SN contained and delivered to treatment: 17% treatment: to and delivered contained SN ze the private emptiers and issue them emptiers and ze the private goals FS contained: 54% contained: FS SN contained: 17% contained: SN FS not contained: 29% not contained: FS ore vacuum trucks, if there is a shortfall ore vacuum trucks, fy 2-3 suitable disposal sites (so that the fy 2-3 suitable disposal velop DPRs for FSTPs (faecal sludge treatment velop DPRs for FSTPs
land could be taken on lease or could be a vacant land could be taken area plot in the nearby industrial De disposal sites plants) at these identified Recogni license to operate Buy m Identi the trucks is optimized). The distance travelled by
Key: WW: Wastewater, FS: Faecal sludge, SN: Supernatant SN: sludge, Faecal FS: Wastewater, WW: Key: Open defecation Open Onsite sanitation Onsite Offsite sanitation Offsite • • • Suggestions Short term •
ELURU, ANDHRA PRADESH ANDHRA ELURU,
E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.cseindia.org Website: [email protected] E-mail:
Ph: +91-11-29956110 - 5124 - 6394- 6399 Fax: +91-11-29955879 Fax: 6399 6394- - 5124 - +91-11-29956110 Ph:
41, Tughlakabad Institutional Area, New Delhi 110 062, INDIA 062, 110 Delhi New Area, Institutional Tughlakabad 41, Centre for Science and Environment and Science for Centre