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Table of Contents RESUME DETAILLE EN FRANCAIS Université Panthéon-Assas école doctorale d'économie, gestion, information et communication Thèse de doctorat en Sciences de Gestion soutenue le 24/11/2015 Extension ou nouvelle théorie de l' internationalisation? Une analyse des stratégies marketing de quatre entreprises multinationales chinoises en Europe. Theoretical extensions or path-breaking new theories of internationalization? An analysis of the Marketing Management strategies of four Chinese multinational enterprises in Europe: Late bird catches the worm (too). Thèse de Doctorat / novembre 2015 novembre / de Doctorat Thèse Fanfan ZOU Sous la direction de Madame Nathalie GUIBERT, Professeur à Université Panthéon Assas. Membres du jury Rapporteurs : Pierre-Louis DUBOIS, Professeur Université de Montpelier Ulrike MAYRHOFER, Professeur Université Lyon 3 Suffragants : Jacques ROJOT, Professeur Université Panthéon Assas Bernard RAMANANTSOA, Professeur HEC Leo SUN, Président et CEO LoginChinese ZOU Fanfan| Thèse de doctorat | Novembre 2015 Avertissement La Faculté n'entend donner aucune approbation ni improbation aux opinions émises dans cette thèse ; ces opinions doivent être considérées comme propres à leur auteur. ZOU Fanfan| Thèse de doctorat | Novembre 2015 ZOU Fanfan| Thèse de doctorat | Novembre 2015 Remerciements I want to deeply thank my supervisor, Professor Nathalie Guibert, for her invaluable guidance and support throughout my Ph.D. study. I feel extremely lucky to have Professor Guibert as my supervisor, whose encouragement and patience is always dedicated to her students, especially in time of doubt and frustration. My special gratefulness goes to Professor Jacques Rojot, Professor Pierre-Louis Dubois, Professor Ulrike Mayrhofer, Professor Bernard Ramanantsoa and Mr. Leo Sun for agreeing to serve in the jury committee. Professor Dubois, as the director of my memoire of the Master Degree, has helped me lay the foundation of this thesis. Mr. Sun not only spares precious time from his work to read and evaluate the thesis, but also to provide highly appreciated perspectives as a professional from a Chinese firm internationalizing into Europe, the focus of the thesis. My gratitude extends to all my friends and colleagues from whom I have benefited enormously. Each discussion and seminar held by LARGEPA, as well as each course I have taken, helps the development of this thesis. I thank Professor Veronique Chanut, Professor Frank Bournois, Monsieur Etienne Maclouf and Madame Madina Rival for giving me valuable suggestions and assistance. I also thank my classmates for sharing with me many wonderful moments which makes the three years unforgettable. And of course, I thank sincerely Madame Gaëlle Gloppe, whom I always turn to for all kinds of problems. I am indebted to my family. I would like to thank my parents for their unconditional love and support since my childhood. I devote the most special gratitude to my husband Lin Chen and my children Tiaotiao and Congcong, to whom this thesis is dedicated to. It is their love that throws sunlight into my life. ZOU Fanfan| Thèse de doctorat | Novembre 2015 Résumé Aujourd’hui les chercheurs du commerce international ne peuvent pas négliger la croissance significative et soutenue de l’investissement direct étranger (IDE), à la fois entrant et sortant, réalisé par des pays en voie de développement. Parmi ces pays, la Chine est en position de leader, en démontrant un fort élan en tant que récepteur d’IDE et investisseur, pas seulement dans des pays en voie de développement, mais aussi dans des pays développés. Les principaux acteurs derrière cette scène sont des entreprises multinationales (EMN) chinoises. Etant des retardataires en terme de l’internalisation, des EMN chinoises sont en train de concurrencer leurs compétiteurs plus établis, des EMN pionnières, dans le monde entier, y compris dans leurs marchés domestiques. Les études existantes sur l’internalisation de la Chine ne peuvent pas refléter la grandeur et la profondeur du processus d’internalisation de l’empire au milieu. Spécifiquement, des EMN chinoises démontrent des particularités bien distinctes qui méritent des études plus poussées et focalisées. A cet égard, la question souvent posée est si le processus d’internalisation des EMN chinoises peut être expliqué par les théories classiques dérivées des EMN pionnières, ou par les analyses effectuées dans les littératures sur des EMN retardataires. Dans cette thèse, nous répondons cette question en menant une étude sur les stratégies de Marketing des quatre EMN chinoises majores s’internationalisant dans des marchés développés, notamment l’Europe de l’ouest : Huawei, Haier, Lenovo et Geely, qui sont tous déjà leaders dans le marché domestique. En juxtaposant des propositions dérivées des stratégies des EMN chinoises avec les théories d’internalisation existantes (les théories classiques et alternatives), nous démontrons l’évolution et l’adaptation de ces théories dans le nouveau contexte de la globalisation, qui constitue aussi à une contribution managériale à la fois aux EMN retardataires et aux EMN pionnières. Descripteurs : investissement direct à l'étranger, entreprises multinationales, internationalisation, marketing international, économies émergentes, EMN chinois, avantages nationaux, management interculturel ZOU Fanfan| Thèse de doctorat | Novembre 2015 Abstract Nowadays researchers of International Business could not possibly fail to notice the phenomenon that the FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) inflows and outflows of the world's developing countries keep increasing at a steady pace, and within this group, China continues to take the lead, showing great momentum both as a recipient of foreign investments and as an investor itself, not only in fellow developing countries, but in developed ones as well. And the main player and driver behind the scene is the country's MNEs (Multinational Enterprises) - latecomers in terms of internationalization, Chinese MNEs are competing their more established competitors, the MNE early-movers, all over the world, including in the home markets of the latter. Existing studies on China’s internationalization fail to reflect its scale and depth; Chinese MNEs as well as the social-economical situation of the country as a whole demonstrate distinct features, which deserve more-focused and case-specific studies. While questions often linger on whether the internationalization process of Chinese MNEs can be explained in terms of mainstream theories derived from early-movers, or in terms of the analyses that have so far been offered for latecomers, we decide to make a contribution to the solution of the question by having a focused examination on the Marketing strategies of four major Chinese MNEs internationalizing into developed country markets, notably West Europe: Huawei, Haier, Lenovo and Geely - all of which are already leaders in the domestic market and actively seeking a global leadership. By juxtaposing propositions derived from the strategic behaviors of Chinese MNEs with existing internationalization theories (both mainstream and alternative), we demonstrate how such theories could evolve in the new context of globalization, and make managerial contributions to both MNE latecomers and early-movers alike. Keywords: Foreign Direct Investment, multinational enterprises, internationalization, international marketing, emerging economies, Chinese MNEs, national advantages, cross-cultural management ZOU Fanfan| Thèse de doctorat | Novembre 2015 Table of Contents RESUME DETAILLE EN FRANCAIS ........................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 74 Chapter 1. Background of the Studies ..................................................................................... 75 1.1 Developing countries: a new source of Foreign Direct Investment .......................... 76 1.1.1 FDI : definitions and taxonomy ..................................................................... 76 1.1.2 FDI from developing countries ...................................................................... 77 1.2 China and its MNEs .................................................................................................. 79 1.2.1 China as a major global investor and the rising of Chinese MNEs ................ 79 1.2.2 Chinese MNEs as latecomers - why late bird? ............................................... 83 Chapter 2. Motivation, Core Questions and Objectives .......................................................... 87 2.1 Motivation of the studies ........................................................................................... 89 2.1.1 Motivation – necessity of the studies ............................................................. 89 2.1.2 Continuity of the studies ................................................................................ 91 2.2 Core questions and objectives ................................................................................... 95 2.2.1 Core questions ................................................................................................ 95 2.2.2 Objectives ....................................................................................................... 96 2.3 Methodology and thesis organization........................................................................ 97 2.3.1 Methodology .................................................................................................
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