A ESCOLA DE DÜSSELDORF: a Fotografia Entre Memória, Documento E Arte

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A ESCOLA DE DÜSSELDORF: a Fotografia Entre Memória, Documento E Arte UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA FACULDADE DE BELAS-ARTES A ESCOLA DE DÜSSELDORF: a fotografia entre memória, documento e arte Renato Bezerra Menezes Dissertação Mestrado em Crítica, Curadoria e Teorias da Arte Dissertação orientada pelo Prof. Doutor José Carlos Pereira 2019 DECLARAÇÃO DE AUTORIA Eu Renato Bezerra Menezes, declaro que a presente dissertação de mestrado intitulada “A ESCOLA DE FOTOGRAFIA DE DÜSSELDORF – Entre Memória, Documento e Arte”, é o resultado da minha investigação pessoal e independente. O conteúdo é original e todas as fontes consultadas estão devidamente mencionadas na bibliografia ou outras listagens de fontes documentais, tal como todas as citações diretas ou indiretas têm devida indicação ao longo do trabalho segundo as normas académicas. O Candidato Lisboa, 20 de outubro de 2019 RESUMO O presente trabalho tem por objetivo discutir as relações entre os aspectos documental e artístico na fotografia da Escola de Düsseldorf, mediadas pelos mecanismos da memória. A Escola de Düsseldorf foi fundada em 1976 pelos fotógrafos Bernd e Hilla Becher, e foi responsável pela formação de inúmeras gerações de fotógrafos, até o ano de 1997, quando encerrou suas atividades. Com uma orientação baseada em conceitos desenvolvidos pela Nova Objetividade, corrente estética surgida na Alemanha, durante a República de Weimar (1919-1933), a Escola de Düsseldorf apresenta uma matriz documental associada à obra dos mestres Bernd e Hilla Becher; estes fotógrafos desenvolveram uma metodologia composicional e tipológica, utilizada para o registro fotográfico de estruturas industriais desativadas em vários países da Europa. O método desenvolvido pelos Becher em sua obra define-se, quanto à captura das imagens, por enquadramentos diretos, grande distância focal, poucas sombras, ausência de pessoas, e quase sempre ausência de horizonte, entre outras características. Os Becher organizaram sua obra em dois grupos de imagens, que chamaram de tipologias e desenvolvimentos, onde agrupavam, respectivamente, diversas estruturas tipologicamente semelhantes, e diversos ângulos de uma mesma estrutura. A sua obra, notadamente documental, dada a sua dimensão arquivística, foi reconhecida como arte, recebendo o prémio de escultura na Bienal de Veneza de 1990. Os conceitos de arte e documento são articulados por ligações atribuídas aos mecanismos de memória, e apresentados na obra de cinco fotógrafos, alunos da primeira turma dos mestres Bernd e Hilla Becher: Andreas Gursky, Axel Hütte, Candida Höfer, Thomas Ruff, e Thomas Struth. Os fotógrafos apresentados revelam, em comum, um rigor metodológico presente na realização e na organização de seu trabalho, com maior ou menor grau de relevância no resultado de sua obra. Cada um deles desenvolveu sua própria fotografia, com características individuais marcantes, para além do rigor metodológico assimilado dos mestres. A Escola de Düsseldorf parece situar-se na fronteira entre arte e documento: entre a representação do real e a criação de novas visualidades a partir do não visível, não deixando de ser documento ao assumir-se arte, nem de ser arte ao afirmar-se documento. Palavras-Chave: Becher; Escola de Düsseldorf; Memória; Documento; Arte ABSTRACT This paper aims to discuss the relations between the documentary and artistic aspects of the Düsseldorf School, mediated by the memory mechanisms. The Düsseldorf School was founded in 1976 by photographers Bernd and Hilla Becher, and was responsible for training countless generations of photographers until the year 1997, when it ended its activities. With a specific orientation on concepts developed by the New Objectivity, aesthetic current emerged in Germany, during the Weimar Republic (1919-1933), the Düsseldorf School presents a documentary matrix associated with the work of masters Bernd and Hilla Becher; these photographers developed a typological and composite methodology, used for the photographic recording of decommissioned industrial structures in various European countries. The method developed by Becher in their work is defined as the capture of images framing, large focal length, few shadows, absence of people and almost always absence of horizon, among other characteristics. The Becher organize their work into two groups of images, which they called typologies and developments, where they group together, respectively, several typologically related structures, and several angles of the same structure. Their work, notably documentary, given its archival dimension, was recognized as art, receiving the sculpture prize at the 1990 Venice Biennale. The concepts of art and documents are articulated by links attributed to the mechanisms of memory, and presented in the work of five photographers, students of the first class of masters Bernd and Hilla Becher: Andreas Gursky, Axel Hütte, Candida Höfer, Thomas Ruff and Thomas Struth. The photographers presented reveal, in common, a methodological rigor present in the realization and organization of their work, with greater or lesser degree of relevance in the result of their work. Each of them developed their own photography, with striking individual characteristics, beyond the methodological rigor assimilated by the masters. The Düsseldorf School seems to be situated on the frontier between art and document: between the representation of the real and the creation of new visualities from the unseen, it is noneless a document in assuming art, nor an art in affirming itself as document. Keywords: Becher; Düsseldorf School; Memory; Document; Art Para Lucia e Renato, ao seu encontro que se fez memória. Agradeço ao Professor Doutor José Carlos Pereira, pela orientação precisa, gentil e acessível. Agradeço a Humberto Menezes, pelas longas conversas sobre fotografia, a Renata Victor e Julianna Torezani, e também a Betty Lacerda, importantes mediadoras de sonhos e projetos fotográficos, nos tempos em que a fotografia tornou-se caminho. Agradeço também a Fred Jordão e João Rogério Filho, parte do caminho, amigos indispensáveis ao meu olhar de fotógrafo, e a Leonor Maia, pela ajuda perspicaz e objetiva. Agradeço o afeto de Luís Pavão, inesgotável fonte de inspiração e conhecimento, Maria Morais, e Martha Tavares: minha Lisboa em três pontos cardeais. Agradeço também a Rui Xavier, por suas ideias, contribuições e histórias. A todos os que fazem parte dessa jornada pessoal e profissional, o meu muito obrigado. ÍNDICE INTRODUÇÃO...................................................................................................01 1. AS ORIGENS: O PICTORIALISMO E A NOVA OBJETIVIDADE...............05 2. A ESCOLA DE DÜSSELDORF – BERND E HILLA BECHER.....................15 3. ENTRE MEMÓRIA, DOCUMENTO E ARTE..................................................25 4. OS FOTÓGRAFOS.............................................................................................34 4.1 – ANDREAS GURSKY..........................................................................35 4.2 – AXEL HÜTTE......................................................................................43 4.3 – CANDIDA HÖFER..............................................................................50 4.4 – THOMAS RUFF...................................................................................59 4.5 – THOMAS STRUTH.............................................................................72 CONCLUSÃO......................................................................................................81 CRÉDITOS DAS IMAGENS..............................................................................85 BIBLIOGRAFIA..................................................................................................88 INTRODUÇÃO Ver é um dos mais recorrentes desafios da humanidade. O filósofo grego Platão (428 a.C – 348 a.C.), no livro VII da República, recorre à luz e à sombra, para simbolizar a verdade e a ilusão, respectivamente, e descreve o quanto a imagem, e sua construção, somente possível através da luz, tem um importante significado para a compreensão da realidade pelo homem, que a ela atribui um caráter de verdade. O desafio de ver, quase tão remoto quanto o desejo de reter a imagem, foi responsável pela descoberta da fotografia. A fotografia, resultado da união entre conhecimentos óticos e químicos, refere-se não apenas ao ato de ver, mas à retenção da imagem, portanto, da verdade a ela atribuída. Os papéis desempenhados pela fotografia, nos quase dois séculos que se passaram desde a sua descoberta, são inúmeros. Seu caráter de verdade transformou-se com o tempo, em razão de aperfeiçoamentos técnicos, e da função que desempenha na sociedade, a cada momento dessa história secular, indo do registro documental, à tentativa de equiparação às artes pictóricas, até alcançar uma linguagem própria, mostrando-se hoje um meio flexível e adaptável. A razão de sua existência não está, aparentemente, ligada apenas a questões técnicas ou a sua função social, mas à capacidade de produzir novas visualidades, situadas entre documento e arte. Este trabalho tem por objetivo discutir as relações entre documento e arte na fotografia, a princípio estabelecidas por intermédio de mecanismos de memória, no intervalo de tempo e espaço representado pela Escola de Düsseldorf, fundada em 1976 pelo fotógrafo Bernd Becher em parceria com sua esposa, a fotógrafa, Hilla Becher. O interesse pelas relações entre documento e arte na fotografia surgiu a partir da necessidade de estabelecer critérios metodológicos para a elaboração de uma crítica à fotografia e, posteriormente, ao exercício
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