Foundation Conflict and Community This site has been vacant since the night of 13th A short distance towards the The town of was established around 1200 In 1BB9 and 1919, events in Tipperary had national November 1920. Earlier that day, at the height of centre of Main Street and marked by the Norman William de Burgh. Tipperary was importance. Between 1BB9-91, 'New Tipperary' the War of Independence, several British soldiers with a commemorative plaque is 1 important enough in the 13 h century to give its became a unique part of the Irish land war and were killed in an ambush in the . the site of the house in which John name to the county and growth was helped when thirty years later, the , just Two houses stood on this site, one of which, the O'Leary (1B30-1907) and his sister Augustinian friars came to the town around 1300. outside the town, began the Irish War of home of PJ. Moloney, Sinn Fein member of Dail Ellen (1B31 -B9) were born and However town walls were not built and Tipperary Independence. Following Independence, economic Eireann was burned in retaliation. Both houses grew up. 1 John O'Leary suffered a long period of decline. Events in the 16 h recovery was slow. Tipperary largely had to rely on were destroyed and never rebuilt. In October 191B, century all but destroyed t he town as decades of its own resources. Milk production remained the M oloney house was t he venue for the meeting war cent red on the forested Glen of Aherlow, a important, now centred on Tipperary Co-operative t hat organised the of the Irish Finally, and centuries back in stronghold of rebels against the crown. Creamery, established in 190B and in the 21" Volunteers, one of the most active IRA units in t he time, across the road at 35 Main century a major part of the town's economy. War of Independence. Near here are four others Street, the Emmet family home, Recovery In the 1930s a national community development sites of interest in the story of Republican Tipperary. where the father of Robert The wars of the 17'h century resulted in new land organisation Muintir na Tire was founded by a local (177B-1B03) and Thomas Addis owners, one of whom was Erasmus Smith (1611-91 ), priest Fr John Hayes (1BB7-1957) and this spirit of The driving force behind Republicanism was the Emmet (1764-1B27) was born who founded a grammar school for sons of his co-operative enterprise continues to inspire Irish Republican Brotherhood, a secret oath-bound in 1729. 1n contrast was the tenants on the site of the Augustinian Friary. His the community. society dedicated to full Irish independence. In career of Sir John O'Shannassy school nourished until the early 1920s. Urban Tipperary the key person was William Benn who (1B1B-B3) who lived at No.2 growth was slow in the 1B'h century but among the Setting lived across the road from this display in No.3 Church Street while serving his men who settled in Tipperary and established Church Street and in whose house many important time to the drapery trade The primary attraction of the town ofTipperary is its Sir John O'Shannassy families was Christopher Emmet (1702-43) who had setting. Spread across a hill facing south, the town is meetings took place. On your right as you walk up before emigrating to Australia a medical practice. His grandson the patriot Robert in 1B39. He prospered there, a short drive from Slievenamuck and the Galtees, O'Brien Street, is a plaque marking the site of the Emmet Jed a failed rebellion in and was becoming a successful merchant and three times twin guardians of the famed Glen of Aherlow. Tivoli, where on 10 May 1914, the Irish Volunteers executed in 1B03. premier of the state of Victoria. He visited Tipperary in In the words of a local poet, the relationship were organised in Tipperary October 1B66 to great acclaim by a section of opinion between these two elevations is like t hat of a 'fond Growth but with demonstrations of displeasure by others who mother guarding a child'. Before there was a town, Tipperary railway station was opened in 1B4B and believed that he had sold out. there may have been a well that gave its name to once the worst effects of the Great Famine were both town and county. This was the Well of Ara (in over, the town enjoyed a sustained period of the Irish language Tiobraid Arann, which became ~ n-~ •r ·;,, -~ 1 growth, especially in the 1B70s. Above everything Tipperary), of importance to travellers as they else, Tipperary's growth and prosperity depended moved between the two most important p laces in on the milk produced in the rich agricultural land, the region: Cashel of the Kings and t he monastery the Golden Vale. After Cork city, Tipperary's butter ofEmly. market was the most important in the United Kingdom. J11l

Robert Emmer commemorative stamps

Manchester Martyrs pasrcard

npperary (ram the ctonmel Road C.l90o

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'',' ' \ ~o> ' , ~ . '' ~ RED ROUTE \'-:g '' o> DISTANCE: 3.2km TIME: 1 Hour ,,, '',o- ,, 1 1 11 ' ' 1 1 11 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,\ ,,',.~1 ,,,,,, ,,,, ,, ,, ,,,,,R A I l, WAY,, ,,, ,,,,Ll N, E,,,, ,, ,, ,, ,,, BLUE ROUTE • I ''',. ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, DISTANCE: 1.45km TIME: 35 Minutes ' ' ,,,, GREEN ROUTE '' '' DISTANCE: 1.6km TIME: 30 Minutes t'' '• ORANGE ROUTE '' '' DISTANCE: 1.2km TIME: 30 Minutes '\'~, ,,' Tourist Information \~.• The 1870s in Tipperary town was a decade of urban In March 1922 following the Anglo-Irish Treaty, the Fenian Rising Irish Civil War development. With a post-Famine economic RIC left Tipperary, a departure not without incident On Tuesday 5th March 1867, Tipperary town was in Following various inquiries, changes were made to recovery in full flow, the town not only got a new as they were shot at as they marched to the railway an uproar as rumour spread that Fenian rebels were the prison system and by 1886, Tipperary Bridewell town hall, military barracks and banks but in station. Local Volunteers opposed to the Treaty took gathering to stage an uprising. The following day was closed. In the summer of 1922, during the Irish keeping with the region's reputation for lawlessness, over the barracks but in July they were d efeated by around one hundred and fifty men armed with pikes Civil War, when government forces captured the a large new police station. In 1871, comparing government forces and the barracks was badly and some guns, gathered at an ancient fort in town, Republican prisoners were held briefly in the police levels in Irish and English counties, Tipperary damaged. The new police force, the Garda Siochana Ballyhurst just outside the town on the Cashel road. Bridewell. After many years of neglect Tipperary had the highest concentration of police- an was not able to occupy the building until1927. A Leading the rebels was Fethard-native Thomas F. Bridewell was refurbished and today serves astonishing one policeman for every 194 new garda station was opened in 1993. Bourke (1840-89). His family had taken him to the as offices. inhabitants. United States when he was ten and as he was in Across the road was the rectory, New Orleans when the American civil war began, he Courthouse Some stones were thrown we can't deny; built in the 1860s and now the offices of the Town joined the Confederate side. Taken prisoner at The courthouse and bridewell (gaol) located to the Some harmless squibs were fired about;.. Council and named for {1894-1969), one Gettysburg in July 1863, he was not released until rear, were built around 1841. The most famous trial But the peelers got such fright;. of the local leaders in the War of Independence. In the war ended two years later. His work as a Fenian held here was in September 1890, when twelve of organiser brought him to Britain and then to Ireland In their anger hot they fired buckshot;. the nineteenth-century therefore, this general the leaders of the New Tipperary struggle, including early in 1867. location represented the power and status of church five MPs and Fr David Humphreys CC, were tried From a ba llad about an episod e in Tipperary in 1889. and state. for conspiracy. Thomas F. Bourke Built around 1B76 and designed to withstand attack, Along with some forty others captured with him, there was an independent water supply and still to described as 'very few farmers' sons, servant boys, be seen are the mural features allowing the tradesmen and labourers of the town', Bourke was entrances to be fired on from within the building taken to Tipperary Bridewell. A week later, should the natives become too revolting. The shots handcuffed in pairs and under military guard, the that started the War of Independence on 21st Fenian prisoners were marched to the railway January 1919 in Soloheadbeg were fired at two station and taken to . Bourke, looking pale constables stationed in this barracks. and ill, was transported by carriage. Along with other Fenian leaders, Thomas F Bourke was tried for high treason in Dublin in April 1867. By then he was described as being lame and looking much older • _POLICE NOTfC£ than his age which was just twenty- seven. He was

£1000 REWARD found guilty and sentenced to be hanged and The Bridewell :;ut;D jO; lr1IID I~ quartered. A great deal of pressure on the ·- ·.- ~ . government caused commutation of the sentence Bridewell • ;;;I .; to penal servitude for life. Released in 1871 he was This name comes from a specific gaol in London and sent back to the United States where he died, not became applied to lock-ups generally. The new having reached his fiftieth birthday. bridewell arranged in two blocks with the keeper's D~~~~.E~N house in the middle and with exercise yards to the •r •-·-·--­ ----·---- rear, had twelve cells for males and four for females. -::.:::::----::.------·-- Most of those locked up had battles with alcohol. They lost. During the Famine years, Tipperary RICin 1870s Dan Breen Poster bridewell was under particular pressure as vagrancy increased and for many people being locked up at least meant being fed. Individuals charged with serious offences were held in Tipperary bridewell before being taken to Cion mel or .

1890 Conspiracy Trial Canon John Hayes (1887-1957) was born in Murroe Working as curate in Abbey Grammar School Augustinian Abbey Co Limerick to a family evicted from their farm in Tipperary 1934- 46,in 1937 The grammar school was built on the Augustinian Founded c.1300, the last remaining trace, an arch, 1881 during the Land League agitation. It is an odd Father Hayes founded Muintir site, using some of the stones from the ruins. It was destroyed in 1958. Even though the Abbey was coincidence that the two priests, Hayes and na Tire, a movement to opened in 1681 but within a short time was closed suppressed c.1540 on the orders of Henry VIII, the Humphreys, that had the greatest impact on promote economic and social as the town was caught up in the war between Augustinian friars maintained a presence in the Tipperary, while belonging to different generations, co-operation. Self-help was catholic King James and his protestant son-in-Jaw town until 1847, when the last resident prior Fr were from the same parish, Murroe in County central to his philosophy and William of Orange. Both town and school were Nicholas Roche OSA, a Wexford man, died in Limerick. Also, both families were evicted from their had a positive impact on a destroyed by fire in 1691. By 1702, there was a new Tipperary and is buried in the grounds of the parish farms on the Cloncurry estate during the first phase people used to expecting Conon JohnHoyes grammar school, which lasted until 1820 when it church. In 2006 a memorial arch was erected on the of the land war in the early 1880s, experiences that government to provide solutions. He was parish was rebuilt. This third school on the site was Abbey school grounds to commemorate the undoubtedly shaped each man in different ways. priest of 1946-1957, during which time, burned in an accidental fire in 1941. After surviving Augustinian contribution to Tipperary. Bansha was to the forefront in community Ordained in 1913, John Hayes served nine formative through all or part of four centuries, the grammar development. For example it was one of the first Erasmus Smith years in Liverpool before returning to work in school closed in 1922 because of the civil war. places in rural Ireland to get electricity. With the conquest of Ireland by , various parishes in Cashel diocese. Influenced by It was intended to reopen the school but European social movements, he turned his circumstances changed. Past pupils include John there was a revolution in land ownership. This is Canon Hayes House, built in 1940 was purchased by enormou.s energy and enthusiasm to promoting O'Leary (1830· 1907) Fenian; Michael Slattery well illustrated by what happened in this part of Muintir na Tire in 1955 and Is head office of the com~umty development at a time when poverty (1783-1857) RC archbishop of Cashel; historians and Tipperary town. There was a forcible transfer of voluntary movement that continues to advocate and bitterness from the civil war were very real. writers Standish James O'Grady (1846-1928), land ownership from Ryan an Irish catholic to Smith community development and promote the crime G.H.Orpen (1852-1932) and Nicholas Mansergh an English protestant. Smith used some of his prevention programme'Community Alert: (1910-91). wealth to endow three grammar schools for sons of his tenants whom it was assumed would be Charles J. Kickham protestant. The three schools were in , Charles J. Kick ham (1828- and Tipperary. 82) is a Tipperary icon. Born in Mullinahone, he Fr David Humphreys worked closely with John In the late nineteenth century and continuing into Originally the town house of James Scully ( _ O'Leary on the Fenian the 1930s, a sustained campaign was fought to 1737 allow catholics benefit from Smith's educational 1816) of Kilfeakle,a very wealthy catholic fa rmer and John Sadleir used his bank and his extensive newspaper the Irish People and like O'Leary ChorlesJ.Kickhom busmessman, who established a private b k . h' contacts to speculate and over-extend the bank's endowment. A key figure in this campaign was Fr . . . an 1n t IS resources, especially in railway shares. He also spent several years in an English prison. David Humphreys (1843-1930) who was curate in bU1Id1ng. H1s grandson John Sadleir(1813_561 of Shronell took over and as the Tipperary Joint Stock purchased very large amounts of land, including Kickham, in poor health, was released in 1869. Tipperary 1885-9S and after whom the Abbey Bank, several other branches were established. part of the ancient Butler (Giengall) estate in Cahir, school is named. By an act of the Irish parliament in Sadlier also entered politics and was MP for Carlow wh e~ the market was flooded after the Great Kickham's novel Knocknagow or The Homes of 1938, Smith's educational endowment was divided Fam1ne. By 1856 'th . (1847-53) and Sligo (1853-56). Initially Sadleir was • WI a web of hes and forgeries Tipperary (1879) is the Tipperary novel and a classic between catholic and protestant interests. The Irish part of a group of Irish MPs trying to act ~b~~~ to overwhelm him, on 16 February John exposition of nineteenth century Irish rural life. This Christian Brothers managed the Abbey unti1 1994 independently in parliament to promote Irish and a. elr committed suicide in London by taking statue, unveiled in November 1898 by John O'Leary, and the school continues under the trusteeship of catholic interests pols~n . ~e economic consequences of this was the work of John Hughes (1865-1941). Placing the Edmund Rice Schools Trust. In 2000 President bank1ng d1saster we f f (known as the 'Pope's re e1 t or decades. In Tipperary this monument in Tipperary town reflected its Mary McAleese, unveiled a memorial celebrating funds collected for the building of a new Brass Band'). To~n Republican tradition. the diverse nature of the history of the Abbey pans.h church were lost. In Dickens's little Dorrit which continues a centuries old tradition of published between 1855 and 1857, Merdle the My name is Patrick Sheehan, education on this site. banker and In Trollope's Th W W . e ay e L1ve Now My years are thirty-four, (1875) the banker Augustus Melmotte, are each Tipperary is my native place, based on John Sadl · elr. Subsequently, this building Not far from Go/tee More housed the Clanwilliam Club, a home from home for gentlemen of the region. Not Kickham's best work but the work that matters most in this part of the county. John Sodleir Sodleir's Bonk In the eight hundred or so years of the history of Of most interest in St Michael's is the Republican 'A long Way to Tipperary' Workhouse Tipperary parish, there have been several burial Plot, unveiled on Easter Sunday 1930 and burial place Written by Jack Judge in 1912, this became the Built in 1839-41 by Denis Leahy to a standard plan places for its inhabitants. Opened in September of some of the officers and men of the 3rd Tipperary British First World War song. Its popularity was by George Wilkinson at a cost of around £6,000, 1914, St Michael's Cemetery is the most recent and Brigade of the Irish Volunteers (IRA). In the Irish War increased by the thousands of soldiers who passed Tipperary Workhouse had accommodation for 700 still referred to as the 'new cemetery'. There are of Independence (1919-21), this 3rd or South through Tipperary during these years, many housed paupers. This building was to be a last resort for the references to burials in the Augustinian Friary in the Tipperary brigade was among the most active in the in temporary quarters. later in the war Tipperary poor of mid-west Tipperary and east limerick. To seventeenth century. Recorded burials in StMary's country. It is a tragedy that it was the subsequent Barracks became a rehabilitation centre for make sure that this charity was not taken advantage go back to the eighteenth century and unrecorded, civil war (1922-23) that brought death to some of wounded soldiers, thereby bringing home to the of, conditions in the workhouse were made as much earlier. StJohn's the Famine Graveyard was those remembered here. The cemetery is also the local population the horrors of the Western Front. difficult as possible. opened in 1847. final resting place of James McDonnell, one of the During the War of Independence, soldiers and Black two members of the RIC shot in Soloheadbeg on and Tans (ex-soldiers recruited to augment the Great Famine However, in the middle ages, what is now the parish 21st January 1919, the action that began the War of police) engaged with the IRA and a number of less than a decade later, because of the Great of Tipperary was a number of smaller parishes­ Independence. Also buried in this cemetery are a Republican prisoners were murdered while in Famine, Tipperary Workhouse was crowded with the Clonpet, Cordangan, Corroge, Kilshane, Templenoe number of British soldiers who died 1914-21. military custody. In the summer of 1922, during the despairing and the dying. By mid-1850, over 1,000 and Tipperary. Each of these had its own parish Irish Civil War, the barracks was destroyed. Among people were crowded into the main buildings; church and burial ground. Some of these forgotten the remaining features are a water tower, the another 3,500 were accommodated in and around ruins are still to be seen. StMary's therefore was the perimeter wall and a tiny section of the officers' the town in rented shelter and another 5000 or so site of the parish church and graveyard of this much quarters, now dedicated as a peace memorial. were given what was called 'outdoor relief'. For a smaller parish of Tipperary and it was not until the Some of the site was developed as a sports facility lucky few 'assisted emigration' to Australia was a Great Famine that additional burial ground was by the local GAA club Arravale Rovers and opened in promise of a new and better life, at least for their designated in The Hills. 1962. It is dedicated to the memory of Sean Treacy, children. For the rest, untold numbers died and killed fighting in the War of Independence. were buried in StJohn's Famine Graveyard in The Hills.

Saol Nua (New life) The poor law or workhouse system continued into the 1920s. In the 1870s a chapel was built and the Sisters of Mercy began nursing, laying the seeds of a Republican Plot health care system. The saddest inmates were those who as children had become blind because of inadequate diet during the Great Famine. During the First World War, the Brit ish military again An eviction during the 1840's occupied the Workhouse. Military Barracks During times of politically strife, such as 1848, soldiers were stationed in the town in requisitioned quarters but there was no proper accommodation. This was also the situation in 1866-67 when the Workhouse was used during Fenian panic - an effort by an oath-bound secret society to overthow British rule. In March 1867 one of the locations for insurrection was Ballyhurst on the outskirts of Tipperary. A permanent military barracks seemed like a good idea, close to the railway station, and the first soldiers arrived in 1879. Over the next forty three years, troops from some of the most famous regiments in the British army, such as the Seafo~th The Officers Ouaners c.l900 Highlanders, the Con naught Rangers and the R1fle Brigade, served a rotation in Tipperary. • ~-.--- ~-- ~ < ·- - -- -~--~-

' J

(Church oflreland) miHRerary 2 10

Built in 1B32 to replace a church which had 'a A short distance is Churchwell, of pleasing design William O'Brien Smith-Barry steeple of brick, tho' it be itself of stone: and an important source of water for the town in The freehold of New Tipperary was purchased by Leading this attack on the 'Plan' was A. H. Smith­ Undoubtedly there were several earlier churches on the past but with no ecclesiastical associations other William O'Brien (using his Russian-born wife's Barry MP (1843-1925). He owned land in Cork and this site, all dedicated to the Blessed Virgin. than proximity to StMary's. Erected in 1833 by money) and the property was given to trustees to England. More to the point, he also owned 9,000 Information is scant but it is probable that this has Stafford O'Brien (1783-1864), landlord of that part administer. To mark the centenary of New Tipperary acres in Tipperary, including the centre ofTipperary been an ecclesiastical site for some eight centuries. of Tipperary. and with a mixture of local and European funding, town. In 1889, encouraged by Nationalist leaders A rare reference, from 1336, mentions an attack led the Dalton house was restored to its original William O'Brien MP and John Dillon MP. tenants in by one of the O'Briens and that the town was condition. Tipperary struck back by deducting a percentage of burned, as was the church ofTipperary'with men their rent to help the Cork tenants - in other words, and women in it'. In June 1753, at a time when New Tipperary a kind of sympathy strike. Smith-Barry began heiresses being kidnapped and forcibly married was Consisting of 57 houses and a shopping arcade, eviction proceedings b ut his tenants made the not uncommon, Susannah Grove was famously building began in the autumn of 1889, with labour extraordinary decision to abandon their homes and abducted by Henry Grady, helped by some friends, provided on a rota basis by people from shops in the town and move to this vacant site and from the church during Sunday divine service. neighbouring parishes. Large numbers of extra build 'New Tipperary: In all some 250 tenants were police were drafted in, some of whom spent their caught up in the agitation. Of most interest inside StMary's is the wonderful time 'shadowing' or watching very closely the local Arts and Crafts stained glass depiction of the Magi leaders, one of whom was Fr David Humphreys, a Parnell adoring the infant Jesus. This is by AJ. Davies (1877- curate in Tipperary. The expense of building New Up t o November 1890, nationalists maintained a 1953) who trained at the Bermingham School of Art Tipperary and supporting evicted tenants was united front. Their leader Charles Stewart Parnell and was part of the Bromsgrove Guild, a famous Arts largely paid for by Irish emigrants in America and was opposed 1 and Crafts company in Worcestershire. Of interest Australia. The high point was 12 h April1890,when to the Tipperary agitation but kept silent. However, also is the memorial to pupils of the Abbey Erasmus the William O'Brien Arcade was opened. This was the divorce of Katherine O'Shea revealed her long­ Smith Grammar School w ho died in the Great War. the centre-piece of New Tipperary and provided standing relationship with Parnell. Opinion in both shops for some of the business people evicted from Ireland and Britain was divided. Fund-raising for The churchyard is much older than the present 'Old Tipperary'. New Tipperary was diverted and nationalists spent church. Among the interesting graves are those of the next decade fighting each other. In May 1891, in Chrisopher Emmet (1702-43) t he patriot's Chester, Smith-Barry received grandfather and Ellen O'Leary (1831 -89) sister of the a deputation of his tenants, anxious to secure a St Mary's (Church afire/and) Fenian. Many members of the Sa dleir family are also settlement and return to their homes and buried here, including James (1792-1864) whose son businesses. Over the next few years, most tenants John (1832-1919) emigrated to Australia in 1852. He went back to 'Old Tipperary'. joined the Victorian police and was in charge of the operation that captured Ned Kelly in 1880.

Pollee shadowing Fr Dovid Humphreys

Plan of Campaign Tipperary's claim to fame is its role in the national struggle for the rights of tenant farmers. Conquest and settlement had resulted in a huge gap between landlords who owned the land and tenants who farmed the land. Organised in 1886, the 'Plan of Campaign' was a new phase in the Land War. On various estates, tenants co-operated and offered what they thought was fair rent. Many landlords Abandoned homes and shops ofOld Tipperary accepted. A few did not. By 1889, tenants on a Cork Church Wei/Inscription The O'Leary Foml/y Grove estate were about to get their way when the government intervened, determined to break the 'Plan' by backing the landlord. Norman Motte Murgasty Famine Graveyard Fever Hospital The most striking feature is the Norman motte, This townland,151 acres of valuable grazing land In 1847 during the Great Famine, it was felt that St A reason for this site as a famine graveyard was its clearly artificial looking, one of several local close to the town, was created in 1731 when it was Mary's churchyard, the town's burial place, could not proximity to the town's fever hospital, founded in examples and constructed in the early 1 190s by the fenced off and leased from the Smith family by John accommodate the volume of deaths in Tipperary the 1830s and demolished in the 1940s. It was first wave of Normans into the region. This example Darner, nephew of the richest man in Ireland. Like Workhouse and so a new famine graveyard was located on the other side of the stone wall and for a in Murgasty, known as 'Mutton Pie' and locally as the Smiths, the Darner family prospered from the opened and dedicated to StJohn. Tipperary few years after their arrival in Tipperary in 1864, it 'Cup and Saucer' was probably secondary to the upheavals in Ireland during the second half of the Workhouse opened in 1841 to provide relief for the was where the Sisters of Mercy founded their first example a little to the north-east in the town land of 17th century. In 1830, Murgasty reverted to the very poor of mid-west Tipperary and east Limerick. school in the town. After removing to their present Tipperaryhills but which unfortunately was Smith heirs, the Smith-Barry family. In 1948, some of Looked at today, this graveyard shows little location, the building was briefly vacant before destroyed by quarrying. Tipperaryhills motte had the area was taken into public ownership by the evidence of the scale of burials during these years. being ta ken over by the Christian Brothers who the advantage of proximity to a lake, long since Town Council, which body purchased The Hills from Casualties were highest in 1849-50, following years arrived in Tipperary in September 1868. They drained. Needing immediate protection as they the Smith-Barry family. Six years later Clanwilliam of deprivation and w ith the impact of infectious remained at this location until 1941, providing sought to hold an area, the Normans picked existing FC leased part of the site to develop as a pitch. diseases on a weakened population. education for generations of Tipperary boys, high ground and quickly improved its defences Founded in 1879, Clanwllliam Is one of the oldest including Sean Tracy (1895-1920), hero of the War with ditches and ramparts and wooden structures rugby clubs in the country. During the eight months October 1849 to May of Independence. to provide shelter. In Tipperaryhills, there was also a 1850, around 1,400 people were buried here, of 'Bailey', a raised and defended area but lower than The Hills whom some 500 were children. StJohn's continued the motte. The great historian of the Norman Many towns have public parks. Typically these are to serve as a burial ground for some of the longer Invasion of Ireland was G.H. Orpen (1 852-1932), flat, laid-out and regulated. Tipperary has 'The Hills: established Tipperary families. Up to 1907, StJohn's educated at the Abbey Erasmus Smith grammar This area of sand and gravel, left by the last Ice Age was a focus for Republican parades, especially on school in Tipperary town and whose early was for centuries used for grazing cattle and the November anniversary ofThe Manchester introduction to these historic mounds was quarrying. More poetically: Martyrs, executed in 1867. This was always an important event in the town. probably here. Ages ago some Titan made These hills and hollows with careless spade, William de Burgh Idly flinging great tons ofsand Responsible for these fortifications and presumed Hither and thither with careless hand. founder of the settlement that developed into Tipperary town, was William de Burgh (d.1205). In the nineteenth century, confusingly perhaps, The Along with a handful of other Normans such as Hills stretched from the townland of Murgasty to Theobald FitzWalter the founder of the Butler the town land ofTipperaryhills and as an area used family, de Burgh obtained large grants of land in by townspeople for recreation included Tipperary and Limerick. William de Burgh founded Carrownreddy Lake, some fifteen acres of water for the Bourke/Burke family in Ireland, gave hts name to fishing, swimming and duck shooting. Michael 'Cianwilliam' and founded the great Augustinian Rafter, born in this town in the early nineteenth Priory of Athassel, where he was buried. century described how in his youth, he and his friends delighted in playing war games on The Hills. They subscribed to the common idea of the period that what are now known to be Norman fortifications, were 'Danish' that is built by Vikings. Consequently, they organised themselves into gangs of 'Irish' and 'Danes' and spent happy hours waging their battles up hill and down dale. Time passes but Rafter's 'green velvet sod' at the summit is still there as it was nearly two centuries ago, for Motte ond Bailey the visitor to look about him and daydream. - rrhc town ojjTipP,era~ was established around 1200 VJ

' ~ important enot13h in the 13th century, to .9ivc irs name to the coun~ and.9rowth was helped wlien A!;l8ustinianfriars came to the town around 1300. rrhe prima~ attraction oJithc town ofrTipperary, is Sr,read across a hilllacin8 south, the town is a short drive.f!om Slievenamuck and the Gal tees, twin.9uardians of.thef.amed Glen olAherlow. these nvo elevations is like that ofp J9nd mother

Q Failte Ireland