Tipperary County Council

N24-N74 Tipperary Town Road Improvement Scheme Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment Report

Author: Richard O’Brien MA, Archaeologist TII

Date: September 2020 N24-N74 Tipperary Town Road Improvement Scheme Cultural Heritage Assessment

Table of Contents

1 Executive Summary...... 5

2 Introduction...... 5

3 Description of Proposed Works...... 6

4 Legislative Background...... 6

5 Planning Policy...... 7

6 Methodology...... 15

7 Cultural Heritage Assessment...... 15

8 Impact Assessments...... 75

9 Conclusion & Recommendations...... 76

10 References...... 79

11 Figures...... 82

12 Plates...... 102

13 Appendix 1...... 114

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List of Tables Table 1 – Archaeological monuments within 100m of the study area in 1997 Table 2 – Archaeological monuments within 100m of the study area in 2020 Table 3 – List of previous archaeological investigations in Tipperary Town & immediate environs Table 4 – Summary of results of archaeological investigations in Tipperary Town Table 5 – Buildings/structures of architectural heritage value in the vicinity of the scheme, identified from the RPS and the NIAH website Table 6 – List of Archaeological Heritage Direct Impacts Table 7 – List of Architectural Heritage Direct Impacts

List of Figures Figure 1: N24-N74 Tipperary Town Road Improvement Scheme Location Map. Figure 2: Taylor Skinner Road Map Limerick to Clonmel & Cashel, 1778. Figure 3: Close-up of Tipperary Town (Taylor Skinner Road Map 1778). Figure 4: 1st Edition Ordnance Survey Six inch to One Mile Map of Tipperary Town (surveyed 1840). Figure 5: 1st Edition Ordnance Survey Six inch to One Mile Map of Tipperary Town, close-up detail of Corn Mill off Henry Street (later O’Brien Street). Figure 6: 1st Edition Ordnance Survey Six inch to One Mile Map of Tipperary Town, showing density of buildings along Main Street. Figure 7: Griffiths Valuation Map of Tipperary Town (1850), based on the 1st Edition OS six inch Map. Note large land-holdings within the town. Figure 8: 1st Edition Ordnance Survey 25 inch Map of Tipperary Town, surveyed 1905. Figure 9: 1st Edition Ordnance Survey 25 inch Map of O’Brien Street. The Corn Mill is no longer indicated. Figure 10: Cassini 2nd Edition Ordnance Survey Six inch to One Mile Map of Tipperary Town, mid 20th century. Figure 11: Cassini 2nd Edition Ordnance Survey Six inch to One Mile Map of O’Brien Street/Main Street. Figure 12: Figure 11: Cassini 2nd Edition Ordnance Survey Six inch to One Mile Map showing N74 Cashel Road. Note St. Michael’s Cemetery, consecrated 1914. Figure 13: National Monuments Service - Archaeological Sites Tipperary Town Zone of Notifications: Source https://webgis.archaeology.ie/historicenvironment/ Figure 14: Zones of Archaeological Potential (ZAP) of Tipperary Town, Map 19. Source: Urban Archaeological Survey County Tipperary, 1994. Figure 15: Tipperary Town Zone of Archaeological Potential Map 9. Source: Tipperary Town and Environs Development Plan, 2013–2019. Figure 16: Zones of Archaeological Potential (ZAP) of Tipperary Town, Map 20. Source: Urban Archaeological Survey County Tipperary, 1994. Figure 17: Circuit of Tipperary Town Medieval Wall (as proposed by Thomas 1992, 195). Five proposed Gate Towers are indicated on this map. Figure 18: National Inventory of Architectural Heritage Sites in Tipperary Town. Source: https://webgis.archaeology.ie/historicenvironment/ Figure 19: Tipperary Town Protected Structures (Map C). Source: Tipperary Town and Environs Development Plan, 2013–2019. Figure 20: Tipperary Town Protected Structures (Map C1). Source: Tipperary Town and Environs Development Plan, 2013–2019. Figure 21: Tipperary Town Architectural Conservation Area (ACA, Map 8). Source: Tipperary Town and Environs Development Plan, 2013–2019.

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List of Plates Plate 1: View west from Church Well to St. Mary's Church, at junction of Church Street/ Martin Breen Terrace. This is one of the locations proposed by Thomas (1992) for the Medieval Town Wall & Gate Tower. Plate 2: St. Mary's, RPS Reg. No. 41 showing boundary wall at Martin Breen Terrace. Note blocked- up doorway through graveyard boundary wall with reused carved stones at top. Plate 3: Southern end of Lower Church Street/Main Street facing north-west out the N24 Limerick Road. The Manchester Martyrs/Maid of Erin Monument is at right. Plate 4: View northeast along O’Brien Street. Proposed drainage area at middle right. Plate 5: Wall Plaque commemorating the Tivoli Cinema on O’Brien Street. Plate 6: Proposed drainage area off O’Brien Street. Plate 7: View south along proposed drainage area off O’Brien Street. Corn Mill ruins at rear. Plate 8: Junction of Lower Church Street/O'Brien Street/Main Street facing west up O'Brien Street. The Manchester Martyrs/Maid of Erin Monument stood originally at left of centre. Plate 9: The Manchester Martyrs/Maid of Erin Monument, RPS Reg. No. 50. Plate 10: Post Box on Main Street, RPS Reg. No. 77. Plate 11: O'Connor Bros. on Main Street, RPS Reg. No. 78. Plate 12: Hourigan's on Main Street, RPS Reg. No. 76. Plate 13: Julie's on Main Street, RPS Reg. No. 75. Plate 14: View of Market Place with RPS Reg. Nos. 59 and 60 on either side Plate 15: View west showing Kickham Statue RPS Reg. Nos. 86, with recent street improvement works Plate 16: View east along Bank Place from entrance to Lidl, with The Porter House RPS Reg. No. 96 at right. Plate 17: Times Hotel RPS Reg. No. 95 & Angel Architectural Salvage / Discount Golf, RPS Reg. No. 94, both on Bank Place. Plate 18: View east of N74 Father Mathew Street junction with N24 Bansha Road. Plate 19: St. Michael’s Cemetery carpark looking east. Plate 20: St. Michael’s Cemetery carpark looking west. Plate 21: St. Michael’s Cemetery entranceway. Plate 22: View along the N74 Cashel road towards eastern boundary of scheme at Brodeen/Rathsasseragh.

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1. Executive Summary

Tipperary Town has a confirmed history going back to the medieval period, potentially earlier. Tipperary is classified as a walled town, Record of Monuments and Places (RMP) No. TS067-004. To date, no in situ remains of a medieval Town Wall have come to light. As the proposed scheme involves an upgrade of the main thoroughfare of the town, the works will have a direct impact on the Zone of Archaeological Potential (ZAP), and the Architectural Conservation Area (ACA) of Tipperary Town. The Cultural Heritage Assessment Report proposes mitigation impacts during construction involving archaeological monitoring, by a suitably qualified licenced archaeologist, of excavations within the ZAP and ACA of Tipperary Town.

Tipperary Town has a rich and varied architectural heritage palette. One upstanding structure is being directly impacted by the proposed works: the cast-iron post box on lower Main Street (Reg. No. 22108077: RPS Reg. No. 77). The works will involve the temporary removal, storage, and reinstatement of this structure. It is recommended that a detailed proposal outlining all aspects in relation to the removal, storage and reinstatement of this structure be prepared and submitted to the relevant authorities, in advance of works commencing. During the course of the removal and reinstatement works the monitoring archaeologist will be employed to record these works.

It is proposed that the drainage works on O’Brien Street, although located outside the ZAP of the town, will be surveyed using geophysics, followed by targeted archaeological testing, in advance of construction works. Should archaeological remains be found mitigation in the form of preservation in situ or preservation by record will be proposed to the relevant statutory authorities.

At the conclusion of all archaeological and architectural works a fully illustrated report, supported by public dissemination events, will be produced and published.

2. Introduction

The aim of the proposed N24-N74 Tipperary Town Road Improvement Scheme is to upgrade the road pavement, footpaths and drainage of the present N24 Limerick Road and N74 Cashel road within Tipperary Town, Co. Tipperary. The scheme extends for approximately 1.6 km through the townlands of Bohercrow, Murgasty, Town Lot, Knockanrawley, Part of Spital-Land, Gortavally, Corroge, Brodeen, Rathsasseragh, terminating at Garranacanty / Corrogemore on the Cashel road.

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The scheme transverses the Main Street of Tipperary Town and extends along the N74 Cashel road, beyond St. Michael’s Cemetery to the speed restriction sign.

This report describes the results of a desk-based study and walkover of the potential cultural heritage impacts of the scheme and makes recommendations as to how these impacts may be avoided or reduced.

3. Description of Proposed Works

The N24-N74 Tipperary Town Road Improvement Scheme is being progressed as a traffic management scheme by Transport Infrastructure Ireland (TII) and is being undertaken by Tipperary County Council (TCC). The project extends 1.6km eastwards from the junction of Church Street and Main Street through Main Street, through the Roundabout and extends along the N74 Cashel road, beyond St. Michael’s Cemetery to the speed restriction sign.

The proposed Scheme is located in the townlands of Bohercrow, Murgasty, Town Lot, Knockanrawley, Part of Spital-Land, Gortavally, Corroge, Brodeen, Rathsasseragh, terminating at Garranacanty / Corrogemore on the N74 Cashel road.

4. Legislative Background

All archaeological monuments listed on the Register of Historic Monuments (RHM), the Record of Monuments and Places (RMP) or the register of national monuments are protected under the National Monuments Acts 1930–2004. A monument—as defined by Section 2 of the Act—includes, in effect, all man-made structures of whatever form or date except buildings habitually used for ecclesiastical purposes. Further definitions of terms such as archaeology, archaeological object, architectural heritage, heritage building, heritage gardens and parks, heritage objects and monuments are provided by the Heritage Act 1995.

Section 12(1) of the National Monuments (Amendment) Act 1994 provided for the establishment of the RMP. Monuments listed in the RMP and marked on the RMP maps are known as recorded monuments. Under Section 12, any works in relation to such a monument require two months notice to the Minister of the Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht (DAHG).

Under Section 14 of the National Monuments (Amendment) Act 2004, works in the vicinity of a national monument of which the Minister or a local authority are the owners or the guardians or in respect of which a preservation order is in force, require Ministerial Consent.

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The Planning and Development Act 2000-2010 requires that a local authority set up and maintain a Record of Protected Structures which consists of structures that are of special architectural, historical, archaeological, artistic, cultural, scientific, social or technical interest. Designation confers protection on land and structures within the curtilage of the Protected Structure. Curtilage is not defined within the legislation but can be taken to include the parcel of land immediately associated with the structure and which is (or was) in use for the purposes of the structure (DoEHLG 2004, 191). In the case of a country house the curtilage may include such features as the stable buildings, coach-house, gate piers, gates, walled garden and lawns, unless they are located at a distance from the main building.

Attendant grounds are defined as lands which lie outside the curtilage of a protected structure, but are intrinsic to its appreciation, function or setting (ibid., 192). The entire demesne of a country house may be considered as attendant grounds, along with any structures/features within it such as follies, plantations, earthworks and lakes. However, structures/features within the attendant grounds are not automatically protected and require specific inclusion in the Record of Protected Structures (ibid.).

The Planning and Development Act 2000-2010 also requires that a planning authority include an objective in its development plan to preserve the character of a place, area, group of structures or townscape if it is of the opinion that its inclusion is necessary for the preservation of the character of that area. Such an area is known as an Architectural Conservation Area (ACA) and is defined as a place, area, group of structures or townscape that is of special architectural, historical, archaeological, artistic, cultural, scientific, social or technical interest or that contributes to the appreciation of a protected structure (ibid).

5. Planning Policy

South Tipperary County Development Plan 2010 (As Varied) (https://www.tipperarycoco.ie/planning/south-tipperary-county-development-plan-2010- varied)

Tipperary County Council was established on the 1st June, 2014, following a decision in 2011 by the Department of Environment, Community and Local Government (DECLG) to amalgamate North and South Tipperary County Councils. Tipperary has at present two County Development Plans, these are: South Tipperary County Development Plan 2009, adopted in February 2009. North Tipperary County Development Plan 2010, adopted in July 2010.

Extension of Lifetime

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The existing County Development Plans have both had their lifetimes extended (11A Planning and Development Act 2000, (as amended)), and will remain in effect until a new Regional Spatial and Economic Strategy is made by the Southern Regional Assembly, thereafter a new Tipperary County Development Plan will be made.

A new Strategic Planning Framework for Tipperary The Council, in order to provide a unified vision and strategic planning framework to support the future economic, social and community development of the county has carried out a variation process of both County Development Plans. The written statements of both plans have been replaced with a common written statement incorporating consistent policies and objectives across the county.

Re-presentation of the County Development Plans In the interest of consistency and ease of presentation, both the North and South Tipperary County Development Plans have been republished to incorporate changes made as a result of Variation Number 1 and Variation Number 2 of both Plans.

Variation Number 1 Variation Number 1 of the North Tipperary County Development Plan 2010 was made in November 2011 and Variation Number 1 of the South Tipperary County Development Plan 2009 was made in June 2011. These variation processes incorporated changes to both Plans including the insertion of a Core Strategy as set out in Section 10 of the Planning and Development Act 2000, (as amended).

Variation Number 2 Variation Number 2 of the North Tipperary County Development Plan 2010 and Variation Number 2 of the South Tipperary County Development Plan 2009 were both made in December 2015 and establish consistent policies and objectives in both Plans in order to achieve a coherent approach to development on a countywide basis. In order to achieve consistency, the written statements of both the North and South Tipperary County Development Plans have been replaced.

Variation Number 3 Variation Number 3 of the North Tipperary County Development Plan 2010 and Variation Number 3 of the South Tipperary County Development Plan 2009 were both made in September 2016 and incorporate a new Renewable Energy Strategy 2016 for Tipperary. The Renewable Energy Strategy is set out as Appendix 6 of the County Development Plans and incorporate a new Wind Energy Strategy.

Variation to incorporate the provisions of the Urban Regeneration and Housing Act 2015: Variations of the North Tipperary County Development Plan 2010 and the South Tipperary County Development Plan 2009 were both made on the 8th May 2017 and incorporated the provisions of the Planning and Development Act (as amended by the Urban Regeneration

8 N24-N74 Tipperary Town Road Improvement Scheme Cultural Heritage Assessment and Housing Act 2015). The legislative mechanisms include the establishment of a vacant site register and levy to incentivise development and bring sites into beneficial use.

Variations – Settlement Plans Variations of the North Tipperary County Development Plan 2010 (as varied) and the South Tipperary County Development Plan 2009 (as varied) were both made on December 11th, 2017 consists of revised Settlement Plans for towns and villages identified as ‘Service Centre’, ‘Local Service Centres’ and Settlement Nodes in the County Settlement Strategy and Hierarchy.

Tipperary County Development Plan 2014–2020 The Tipperary County Development Plan 2014–2020 sets out the Council's objectives in terms of the protection and promotion of built and cultural heritage. The objectives of particular note with regard to the present scheme are set out below (Tipperary County Council 2010, 96-99).

Section 7.5 Built Heritage Built heritage describes unique and irreplaceable architecture of particular significance and merit preservation for future generation. It includes all aspects of the man-made environment including, buildings, cemeteries, streetscapes, sites, bridges, roads, railways, and monuments. These elements have acquired special interest and significance over time. Built heritage contributes to a sense of place and identity and its protection and enhancement is a key aim of the Plan (as varied).

Section 7.5.1 Protected Structures The Planning and Development Act 2000, (as amended) sets out a legal framework for the protection of built heritage and requires that Development Plans incorporate a Record of Protected Structures (RPS). Buildings or structures included in the RPS may have particular importance in terms of special architectural, historical, archaeological, artistic, cultural, scientific, social or technical interest. Works which would materially alter the character of a protected structure or any element thereof which contribute to its special architectural, historical, archaeological, artistic, cultural, scientific, social or technical interest require planning permission.

Owners and occupiers intending to carry out works to a protected structure may seek a Declaration under Section 57 of the Planning and Development Acts 2000, (as amended). This Declaration states what types of work can be carried out without materially affecting the character of the structure and hence not require permission. Applicants proposing to carry out works to a protected structure are advised to seek the advice of a conservation professional in preparing development proposals. The Council, having regard to the nature and scope of proposed works may require the

9 N24-N74 Tipperary Town Road Improvement Scheme Cultural Heritage Assessment submission of an Architectural Impact Assessment and method statements to facilitate the assessment of the development proposal. The RPS for the county is set out as a separate volume to this Plan (as varied).

Policy LH13: Protected Structures It is the policy of the Council to encourage the sympathetic restoration, re-use and maintenance of protected structures thereby ensuring their conservation and protection. In considering proposals for development, the Council will have regard to the Architectural Heritage Protection Guidelines for Planning Authorities, (DAHG 2011) or any amendment thereof, and proposals that will have an unacceptable impact on the character and integrity of a protected structure or adjoining protected structure will not be permitted.

Section 7.5.2 Architectural Conservation Areas Architectural Conservation Areas (ACAs) are places, areas, groups of structures or a townscape which are of special interest or contribute to the appreciation of a protected structure. ACAs are designated in certain towns and villages for the purposes of maintaining the unique character of such townscapes and villages. In an ACA, the carrying out of works to the exterior of a structure will be exempted development only if these works would not materially affect the character of the area. Furthermore works must be consistent with the appearance of the structure itself and neighbouring structures.

Policy LH14: Architectural Conservation Areas It is the policy of the Council to ensure the enhancement and management of ACAs. Within the ACAs the Council will have regard to (a) The impact of proposed development on the character, appearance and integrity of the ACA in terms of compatibility of design, colour and finishes, and massing of built form; (b) The impact of proposed development on the existing amenities, character and heritage of these areas; and, (c) The need to retain important architectural and townscape elements such as shopfronts, sash windows, gutters and down pipes, decorative plasterwork, etc.

Section 7.5.3 Architectural Heritage of Local Interest The Council recognises that structures of architectural merit, not included in the RPS may make a contribution to the built fabric of local areas. These structures include the many examples of vernacular architecture or traditional building forms and types which have been built using local materials, skills and techniques. These buildings contribute, both individually and collectively to the character, heritage and identity of the county, therefore, the Council will encourage the retention, maintenance and positive re-use of such buildings and features where feasible.

Policy LH15: Architectural Heritage of Local Interest

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It is the policy of the Council to encourage the sympathetic restoration, re-use and maintenance of buildings/features which are considered to be of local architectural importance.

Section 7.5.4 Archaeological and Cultural Heritage Archaeological heritage and cultural heritage includes all structures, constructions, groups of buildings, developed sites, recorded monuments and their settings and includes both terrestrial and underwater features. Archaeological Sites are legally protected under the National Monument Acts, 1930 (as amended) and the Planning and Development Act 2000, (as amended). The National Monuments Act 1994 made provision for compilation of all known monuments in the county, known as the Record of Monuments and Places (RMP). In addition, there are a number of monuments protected by virtue of being in state ownership or guardianship.

The county is rich in archaeological remains including the ring forts left by ancient farming ancestors, the Norman Mottes and Baileys and Castles. In addition, North Tipperary has many historical towns including Nenagh, Roscrea and Thurles. The Council is an active member of the Irish Walled Town Network, which co-ordinates and funds the conservation and promotion of the heritage value of the medieval walled towns of Tipperary.

Policy LH16: Archaeology and Cultural Heritage It is the policy of the Council to safeguard sites, features and objects of archaeological interest, including monuments on the Sites and Monuments Record (SMR), the Record of Monuments and Places (as established under Section 12 of the National Monuments (Amendment) Act, 1994) and archaeological remains found within Zones of Archaeological Potential (ZAPs) located in historic towns and other urban and rural areas. In safeguarding such features of archaeological interest, the Council will seek to secure the preservation (i.e. preservation in situ or in exceptional circumstances preservation by record) and will have regard to the advice and recommendation of the Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht.

Where developments, due to their location, size or nature, may have implications for archaeological heritage, the Council may require archaeological assessment to be carried out. This may include for a requirement for a detailed Visual Impact Assessment of the proposal and how it will impact on the character or setting of adjoining archaeological features. Such developments include those that are located at or close to an archaeological monument or site, those that are extensive in terms of area (1/2 ha or more) or length (1 kilometre or more), those that may impact the underwater environment and developments that require an Environmental Impact Statement.

Tipperary Heritage Plan 2017-2021

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The three key objectives of the plan Tipperary Heritage Plan 2017-2021 are:

1. Promote Awareness and Appreciation of the Heritage of Tipperary.

2. Promote Active Conservation of the Heritage of Tipperary.

3. Support Gathering and Dissemination on the Heritage of Tipperary.

Tipperary Town and Environs Development Plan, 2013–2019 The Tipperary Town Development Plan, 2013 came into effect in May, 2013. The development plan sets out the strategic planning framework, policies and objectives of the Council for land use development within the plan boundary.

Policy and Objectives of the Tipperary Town and Environs Development Plan, 2013–2019 The Tipperary Town and Environs Development Plan, 2013–2019 sets out the Council's specific objectives in terms of the protection and promotion of the cultural heritage of Tipperary. The objectives of particular note, with regard to the present scheme, are set out below.

Amenity, Built and Natural Heritage Tipperary Town benefits from very distinctive and attractive amenity, built and natural heritage such as the Tipperary Hills, the River Ara, its roots as a Garrison Market town in addition to location in the Golden Vale. Developments such as the Heritage Trial will assist the town in benefiting from these attributes. As yet undeveloped opportunities include the development of Galtee Walking Tourism, marketing Tipperary Town as a Heritage Town concentrating on the Tipperary Clans.

Architectural Heritage Protected Structures The Planning and Development Acts 2000-2012 afford protection to buildings and groups of buildings, including townscapes, of special architectural, historical, archaeological, artistic, scientific, social or technical interest. In relation to a protected structure or proposed protected structure, the term ‘structure’ includes the interior of the structure, the land lying within the curtilage of the structure, any other significant structures lying within that curtilage and their interior, and all fixtures and features which form part of the interior or exterior of that structure. The protection also extends to any features specified as being in the attendant grounds. When considering proposals for works to a protected structure or proposed protected structure, the Council will have regard to the Architectural Heritage Protection Guidelines for Planning Authorities 2004 (DoEHLG) and the Architectural

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Heritage Protection for Places of Public Worship Guidelines for Planning Authorities 2003 (DoEHLG) which set out best practise conservation principles.

Architectural Conservation Areas The Tipperary Town Architectural Conservation Area (ACA) was identified due to the quality and cohesiveness of the traditional building forms and period townscape features. The ACA has an historic character and quality that warrants protection. The Council considers that the protection of the historic townscape within this area is a critical element in the successful regeneration of the town as an attractive retail, tourism and heritage product, but also acknowledges that many of its buildings, frontages and open spaces require improvements and visual enhancement.

Traditionally change in the ACA was gradual and building alterations and additions were undertaken in a manner complementary to the built fabric of the street. Local materials were primarily used, resulting in consistency and a distinctive regional or local character.

ACA Statement In an ACA, the carrying out of works to the exterior of a structure will be exempted development only if these works would not materially affect the character of the area excluding maintenance and repair works which are carried out sensitively. Furthermore works must be consistent with the appearance of the structure itself and neighbouring structures. Owners of buildings within the ACA should consult with the Planning Authority prior to carrying out works and the following principles should apply;

Sensitivity is required in the design of buildings or extensions within an ACA.

Conversion/adaptation of an existing property should be considered before the need to demolish and replace. Older buildings can be successfully adapted to new uses and conversion can make good economic sense. Conversion can often enable an important street facade to be retained.

Extensions/alterations must complement the existing building. The extension should be subordinate in scale and in a form that allows the identity and character of the original structure to be retained. Important architectural details should be preserved and protected, including stone walls, iron railings, sash windows and moulded plasterwork.

New build should complement neighbouring properties and adjacent spaces. Proposals should have regard to the continuity of rhythm, scale, mass and outline of adjacent buildings and their details, materials, texture and colour.

Policy AH 2: Architectural Conservation Area (ACA)

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It is the policy of the Council to ensure the enhancement and management of the ACA. Within the ACA the Council will have regard to: (a) The impact of proposed development on the character and appearance of the ACA in terms of compatibility of design, colour and finishes, and massing of built form; (b) The impact of proposed development on the existing amenities, character and heritage of these areas; and, (c) The need to retain important architectural and townscape elements such as shopfronts, sash windows, gutters and down pipes, decorative plasterwork, etc.

National Monuments and Places A Zone of Archaeological Potential (Map 9) has been identified by the National Monuments Section of the Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht in Tipperary Town (Figure 13). This zone along with other sites and features of archaeological significance are listed by the National Monuments Section in the Record of Monuments and Places (RMP) and are protected by National Monument legislation.

There are currently nine registered Monuments within the Plan boundary (Figure 13-16).

RMP Ref. No. Townland(s) Classification TS067-001 Tipperary Hills Motte & Bailey TS067-002 Murgasty Motte TS067-003 Carrownreddy Enclosure possible TS067-007 Garranacanty Enclosure TS067-008 Garranacanty Enclosure TS067-005 Knockanrawley Holy well TS067-004 TS067-004009 Bohercrow, Carrownreddy Town Defences & Tipperary Town TS067-004001 Collegeland, Religious House TS067-004002 (unclassified) Castle TS067-004003 Murgasty Church TS067-004004 Town Lot Ritual Site TS067-004005 Collegeland School TS059-130 Sadlierswells Well Possible TS067-089 Garranacanty Enclosure possible

Monument TS067-008 was recorded as an enclosure on the Sites and Monuments Record (SMR) in 1992 based on an identifiable feature from an aerial photograph. It was subsequently protected in the RMP, under the National Monuments Act, based on this identification. However, recent fieldwork carried out by the Archaeological Survey in 2009, recorded this 'monument' as a natural depression, therefore giving it its current 'redundant record' classification. The 'natural depression' that is TS067-008 is still protected as a

14 N24-N74 Tipperary Town Road Improvement Scheme Cultural Heritage Assessment monument under the National Monuments Act as the RMP has not been legally updated yet.

Monuments TS067-010, TS 067-011 and TS 067-028 are located in close proximity to the boundaries of the plan and developments which 'straddle' boundary lines could affect these monuments, even though they are outside the remit of the plan. Therefore these RMP’s whilst not listed above are included in the Monuments and Places Map D.

The Council will require the preparation of archaeological assessment where a proposed development is located at or close to known archaeological monuments or sites, including site works that are extensive in terms of area (ground disturbance of half hectare or more) or length (1 kilometre or more) and developments that require an Environmental Impact Statement. In this regard the Council will consult with the DECLG and other statutory consultees when considering applications for planning permission for development on or in the vicinity of archaeological sites and/or monuments.

Policy AH 3: Archaeology It is the policy of the Council to safeguard sites, features and objects of archaeological interest generally and the Council will protect (in-situ where practicable or as a minimum, preservation by record) all monuments included in the Record of Monuments and Places and sites, features and objects of archaeological and historical interest generally.

Tipperary Town Heritage Action Plan 2020-2022 The recently published Tipperary Town Heritage Action Plan 2020-2022 is an exciting new development, aimed at promoting and enhancing Tipperary Town’s heritage. The proposed scheme and the mitigations proposed are compatible with the aims and objectives of the Tipperary Town Heritage Action Plan 2020-2022.

6. Methodology

A desktop survey of known archaeological sites and sites of archaeological and cultural heritage potential within the study area was carried out in order to assess the potential impact of the proposed scheme on the cultural heritage resource.

7. Cultural Heritage Assessment

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Archaeological and Historical Background The proposed Scheme is located in the townlands of Bohercrow, Murgasty, Town Lot, Knockanrawley, Part of Spital-Land, Gortavally, Corroge, Brodeen, Rathsasseragh, terminating at Garranacanty / Corrogemore on the N74 Cashel road.

The name Tipperary is derived from a well, which was very distinguished in ancient times, deriving from the Irish Tiobraid Arann, meaning the Well of the territory of Ára, from the ancient territory in which it was situated (O’Flanagan, 1930). This well, located on the north bank of the River Ara was closed around 1830 (Urban Arch. Survey No. 20: 5). A Holy Well, St. Bridget’s Well, is located at the eastern end of the town and has a modern stone surround and canopy (Urban Arch. Survey No. 20: 4).

Recorded prehistoric sites are few in the area. A single piece of flint debitage was recovered from the topsoil in the centre of a site in Carrownreddy (see 07E1044 entry in Table 2 below). Undated, possible prehistoric/early historic activity was excavated near the Bohercrow Road, Murgasty in the form of a keyhole-shaped cereal-drying kiln or lime-kiln— the author was undecided—an isolated 4m wide circular structure surrounded by a narrow gully (see 97E0026 entry in Table 2 below). An iron sword found at Murgasty Hill in March 1886 was originally published as being of possible Viking origin but has recently been reclassified as of Iron Age date, and thus there is no evidence for a Viking grave at Murgasty Hill (Harrison & Ó Floinn 2014, 730).

There are a number of enclosures/ringforts around the environs of the town, presumably early Medieval in date. A number of motte and bailey sites to the north, east and south- west of the town reflect the first Anglo-Norman strongholds established in the region in the late twelfth century (Bradley, 1985; Thomas, 1992). The motte and bailey in nearby Kilfeacle and Knockgraffon were destroyed by the O'Brien's in the 1190's.

Located on the site of the present Protestant Church which dates to 1832, which is immediately north of John St. is supposedly the site of a medieval church (Urban Arch. Survey No. 20: 3). There is no trace of a church or any medieval architectural fragments or pre-1700 grave slabs in the associated graveyard (Farrelly & FitzPatrick 1993, 129).

The earliest reference to a medieval settlement at Tipperary dates from 1215 when the advowson of the church was granted to Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin (Bradley, 1985). It is generally accepted that the town was both caput and deanery of the Cantred of Okanagh and in existence from the early thirteenth century. The earliest specific reference to a town is from 1300 when a murage grant of £10 was made to the bailiffs and good men of the vill of Tipperary. In 1306 the town was owned by Otto de Grandison (who also owned Clonmel town). In 1310 a smaller murage grant of £3 is recorded. In 1329 Tipperary was burnt by

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Brian Ban O’Brien (Bradley, 1985): whether this was the town or one of the many motte and baileys nearby is unclear. A reeve and community still survived in Tipperary by 1432.

The Augustinian Abbey (Urban Arch. Survey No. 20: 1) was founded in the late 13th century by Stephen Butler (Farrelly & FitzPatrick 1993, 127). Located at the south-east junction of Abbey St. and Railway Rd., it is now occupied by the Abbey School. In 1539 the priory was surrendered by the then prior. At this time the possessions of the friary included a church, chapter house, dormitory hall, two chambers, stone kitchen, stable, cemetery, gardens, 24 messauges, a mill, millrace and 44 acres of arable land (Farrelly & FitzPatrick 1993, 127). It was also recorded that the church had been the parish church “from time immemorial”. In the 1680’s the friary was largely demolished and the stone used to build the nearby Erasmus Smith Grammar School. Within a decade this School was destroyed by fire and replaced by a second building in 1702. Only a semi-pointed stone arch of the friary remained until the 1950’s when it was finally demolished. 'King John's Castle' (Urban Arch. Survey No. 20: 2) is said to be located south of the town, c. 100m west of the Clonmel Road, and c. 100m north- east of the River Ara. It may have been part of the town’s defences, acting as a south-east corner tower on the town wall circuit (Farrelly & FitzPatrick 1993, 128).

Aside from the two murage grants there is little evidence of a stone built wall around the town, either in the archaeological/cartographic records, or in the historical record. According to Bradley '...little is known of the extent of medieval Tipperary and much of the present plan, like Nenagh, may owe more to the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries than to its medieval founders. Although a clear burgage plot pattern is present along Main Street, it lacks obvious boundaries, a factor which would suggest a post-medieval date. While there can be little doubt that a town was founded here by the Anglo-Normans it seems to have declined during the fifteenth century when it fades from the record and does not surface again until the seventeenth century' (Bradley 1985, 54).

Thomas opines that Tipperary town was stone walled, with three or four fortified gates along a possible rectangular circuit, covering c. 15 hectares (see Figure 6). The proposed Town Wall outline is along the northern boundary of the Protestant Church, continuing parallel to Mitchell St., extending south immediately east of and parallel to Blind St. and down to King John’s Castle. Its western line extended southward from the western boundary of the Protestant Church and the river Ara may have acted as the southern defence line. The extent of the medieval town probably encompassed Main St., Bridge St., present day Kickham St. and the possible castle site at the south-east, all north of the river Ara (Thomas 1992, 194–6).

Thomas's proposed Town Wall outline does not follow local topographic features. For instance, unlike in Cashel where that Town Wall at the Green runs along the apex of a ridge, in Tipperary the proposed wall and tower location at Church Street lies below an east/west

17 N24-N74 Tipperary Town Road Improvement Scheme Cultural Heritage Assessment aligned ridge, actually being over-looked about 100m to the north. With reference to the Town Wall (see Figure 5 above; Urban Arch. Survey No. 20: 6), the Urban Archaeological Survey concludes 'The location and extent of the town defences is unknown...There are no indications, either from map sources or physical, to support the documentary evidence' (Farrelly & FitzPatrick 1993, 130).

Samuel Lewis’s ‘A Topographical Dictionary of Ireland’ is one of the most important early nineteenth-century, pre-Famine sources for the country. Lewis gave a detailed description of each county and town and the section on Tipperary Town is extracted below:

‘TIPPERARY, a market-town and a parish, in the barony of CLANWILLIAM, county of TIPPERARY, and province of MUNSTER, 18¼ miles (W.N.W.) from Clonmel, and 100¾ (S.W.) from Dublin, on the mail coach road from Waterford to Limerick; containing 7996 inhabitants, of which number, 6972 are in the town. This place, which is of great antiquity, is supposed to have derived its name, Tipra- Rae, signifying in the Irish language “the well of the plains,” and of which its present appellation is only a slight modification, from its situation at the base of the Slieve-na-muck hills, forming a portion of the Galtee mountains. A castle was erected here by King John for the defence of the territory acquired by the English, to which may be attributed the growth of the town; and the subsequent foundation of a monastery for Augustinian canons in the reign of Hen. III. contributed materially to its increase. The town, which gives name to the county, appears to have had formerly a corporation, from a grant made in 1310 by Edw. II. to “the Bailiffs and Good Men of Typerary,” allowing them “murage (as Adare) for three years.” In 1329 the town was burnt by Breyn O’Breyn, but the monastery appears to have subsisted till the dissolution, when it was granted by Hen. VIII. to Dermot Ryan, at a yearly rent of eightpence. The present town is situated on the river Arra, and consists of one principal street, from which several smaller streets branch off at right angles; in 1831 it contained 1042 houses, several of which are well built and of handsome appearance. The inhabitants are supplied with water from a public fountain, erected at the expense of Stafford O’Brien, Esq., who, with the representatives of John Smith Barry, Esq., is joint proprietor of the town, which has been placed under the provisions of the cleansing act, and it is intended to extend to it that for lighting and watching. Considerable improvements have been made and are still in progress; many of the old houses have bene taken down and new buildings erected, and the town has a very neat and thriving appearance: a penny post to Cappaghwhite and Bansha has been established: there are temporary barracks for the accommodation of 100 infantry. The principal trade is in agricultural produce, which is purchased in the market and sent for shipment to Waterford and Limerick, to which places also about 30,000 casks of butter are sent annually; and there is a large retail trade for the supply of the populous and extensive surrounding district. The markets, which are

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amply supplied, are on Thursday and Saturday; and fairs are held on April 5 th, June 24 th, Oct. 10 th, and Dec. 10 th. The market-house, over which is a news-room, a neat building in the centre of the town, and the shambles, were erected at the expense of the late J.S. Barry Esq. This place is the residence of the chief magistrate of police for the district, who has generally from 20 to 25 men stationed here; and there is a small bridewell, containing four cells, two day-rooms and two airing-yards. Petty sessions are held every Thursday. The parish comprises 4263 statue acres, as applotted under the tithe act: the land is of excellent quality, and in a high state of cultivation; the system of agriculture is improved, and there is no waste land. Limestone of good quality is quarried in the vicinity, and adjoining the quarry is also one of building stone. The principal seats are Sadlier’s wells, the residence of W. Sadlier, Esq., a handsome house in a fine demesne, the grounds and gardens of which are tastefully laid out; Scalliheen, of – Sadlier, Esq.; Roseborough, of J. roe, Esq., finely situated in an improved demesne; and Pegsborough, of G. Bradshaw, Esq. The living is a rectory, in the diocese of Cashel, united by act of council, in 1682, to the rectory and vicarage of Templenoe and the rectories of Clonbulloge and Kilfeacle, and in the patronage of the Archbishop: the tithes amount to £276. 18. 5½. The glebe-house is in the parish of Templenoe; the glebes together comprise 40¼ acres, and the gross value of the benefice is £967. 7. 8½. Per annum. The church, situated in the town, was erected in 1830, for which purpose the late Board of First Fruits advanced a loan of £2500, and the Ecclesiastical Commissioners have recently granted £127 for its repair. The R. C. parish is co-existent with that of the Established Church: there is a small chapel in the town, which is about to be rebuilt on a larger scale; also a place of worship for Wesleyan Methodists. A National school-house has been lately built, capable of holding about 600 children: there are two other public schools, supported by Erasmus Smith’s trustees, one of which is a classical school; and 16 private schools, in which are about 530 children, also a dispensary and a fever hospital. On the lawn in front of the classical school-house are some remains of the Augustinian monastery, consisting chiefly of an arched gateway, from which circumstance the school building is called Abbey House. There is a chalybeate spring in the adjoining hills, which is much frequented during summer.’ (Lewis 1837, 634-5).

A number of recent local publications best describe the heritage and importance of Tipperary Town: 1994 St. Ailbe’s heritage A Guide to the History, Genealogy & Towns of the Archdiocese of Cashel & Emly by the Tipperary Heritage Unit; 2003 Land and Settlement: A History of West Tipperary to 1660; 2011 Finding Tipperary Cashel & District Aspects of its History and Heritage.

Perhaps the most informative source is Tipperary-town native Dr. Denis Marnane’s The Excel Guide to the Heritage of Tipperary Town, published in 2002. This very detailed guide

19 N24-N74 Tipperary Town Road Improvement Scheme Cultural Heritage Assessment book gives eight walking tours of the town, and descriptions relevant to this report are extracted below (Marnane, 2002, 1-60):

‘Main Street is laid out on an east-west axis and forms part of the main artery connecting Cashel and Limerick. Up to the late eighteenth century, houses along Main Street were mainly single and two-storey buildings, which earlier that century were essentially cabins. A reference from 1732 mentions that stone houses were increasingly being built. While the Smith-Barry estate owned the ground, generally individuals who took out building leases put up the houses. From the late eighteenth-century, these leases stipulated that such houses be substantial three- storey stone-built premises with slate roofs. A closer look at the buildings on Main Street and elsewhere in the town, shows that is was usual for several houses to be built at the same time and to the same design. At street level because of individual shop fronts, this uniformity is not always evident but at higher stories, evidence with respect to window design is revealing. Tipperary, unlike many other towns, does not have very many lanes but a number of houses had substantial areas for stabling to their rear and in the nineteenth century there was much more public access. An example may be seen at Number 51, its archway leading to nineteenth century stables. These premises have shown considerable continuity of function, though not of ownership. For over one hundred years, there has been a newsagents here. In the 1840s, it was the house of the Smith-Barry agent. Prior to that it was a bank…Its most important customer base was small tenant farmers…Further along this street, at Number 42 and Number 48, there were other financial institutions with a very different client base; two pawnshops which were scenes of great distress during the Famine. In the business of David Ferguson at Number 42, the average number of monthly pledges in 1847, was in excess of two thousand two hundred, each transaction an indicator of individual need and probable famine disaster. Remaining on this side of Main Street, the street to your right connecting with Main Street is now James Street. In the early nineteenth century, this latter street was named Smith Street, after Erasmus Smith and his family. It was then a much shorter street, only connecting with John Street. It did not take on its present pattern until the 1850s and ‘60s, when it was lengthened and opened up for speculative development. This work was undertaken by the Smith-Barry estate. The assumption has generally been made that the names for these two streets, ‘James’ and ‘John’ refer to saints. This is unlikely. It is much more probable that these names commemorate successive members of the Smith-Barry family: John who married the Smith heiress, their son James, his son John who died in 1837 and his son James who dies in 1856. A number of houses on the opposite side of the street have interesting associations. Reference was made earlier to the location of a constabulary station in

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Davis Street from the 1840s. Prior to this (certainly in 1846), constabulary were stationed at Number 30 Main Street. Michael Coleman was a prosperous miller and tanner, based at Number 33 Main Street. He also rented property nearby in O’Brien Street. After the Famine, he was able to join the mercantile elite of the town, butter merchants. His lease for the Main Street premises dated 1834…Coleman died in November 1867. His importance lay not in his life but in his will. He left £500 to be used to encourage the Christian Brothers to open schools in the parish, on condition that this was done within a year of his death. The Christian Brothers did come and had a profound impact on countless lives over the following century. A very long established and probably reliable tradition in the town, links the house next door, Number 34, with the Emmet family. Christopher Emmet (1702-43) lived here and had a medical practice, as well as business interests such as a lease on the tolls from fairs and markets in the town, together with several hundred acres in the vicinity. He had two sons…His other son Robert (1729-1802)…had seventeen children, two of whom were Thomas Addis (1764-1827) and Robert (1778-1803). Both were members of the Society of United Irishmen…In 1803, Robert Emmet led a failed rebellion in Dublin and on 10 September was hanged, thus ensuring his status as republican icon. In Tipperary town, the year 1848 opened with the death of a young man…Edward Dalton, a native of Athassel…in January 1846 was appointed medical officer to the Tipperary workhouse. As the impact of the Famine intensified, he campaigned to improve conditions in the workhouse. However, he contracted fever in the course of his work and at the age of twenty-six, died at his residence Number 35 Main Street… Both this house and Number 36 were leased by a relative, Richard Dalton who was the second generation of his family to run a business in the town, the lease dating from 1813. Richard Dalton was an advanced nationalist and suffered three months imprisonment in Limerick Gaol in 1849 because of his support for the politics of William Smith O’Brien…He died in 1878 and was buried in Kilfeacle. …On the other side of Main Street, at the corner with Church Street, on a site vacant for many years but which once was the site of Lipton’s grocery store, is a memorial to the Manchester Martyrs: William Philip Allen, Michael Larkin and Michael O’Brien, who were executed outside Salford Jail on 23 November 1867 for their alleged role in the rescue of a Fenian prisoner in Manchester …After a decade or so in storage, this statue was sited here in 2003. Prior to this, it was located just opposite in the middle of the road, where increasingly it was a traffic nuisance. In Tipperary as in many other towns the anniversary of the executions was commemorated each year but it was not until 10 March 1907 that these ceremonies had a focus with the unveiling of the statue by Charles Doran of Cobh, a veteran member of the IRB, the secret republican movement that linked the Fenian Rising of 1867 with the Easter Rising of 1916…The local committee promoting

21 N24-N74 Tipperary Town Road Improvement Scheme Cultural Heritage Assessment the statue not only had difficulty getting a site but finance was also a problem, a factor reflected in the unlovely appearance of the monument: a female figure the ‘Maid of Erin’, holding a wreath for memory and with the other hand, a harp. Joseph O’Reilly, a Dublin mason was responsible for the statue and medallions showing the faces of Allen, Larkin and O’Brien. The base of the monument was worked locally by Michael Daly and Thomas Heffernan and the stone used was taken from Soloheadbeg Quarry, the location in January 1919 of the opening shots in the Irish War of Independence. William O’Brien Street was renamed in the early 1890s to honour one of the leaders of the Plan of Campaign, the second phase of the Land War that followed the better known Land League. O’Brien (1852-1928), a native of Mallow, became editor of Parnell’s newspaper United Ireland and an MP. With John Dillon he renewed the land war in 1886 and was a key figure in promoting New Tipperary in 1889-90. On leaving Main Street for O’Brien Street, we move into a different townland, Bohercrow and a different estate, no longer Smith-Barry but Stafford O’Brien. In the mid-nineteenth century, this street was the location of some important businesses and substantial private dwellings. The valuation of its buildings was only some twenty per cent less that St Michael Street (which had the benefit of church, courthouse and school). Because the Stafford O’Brien estate exercised less control than that of Smith-Barry, there was less uniformity in the buildings than in the centre of the town. Another aspect of this slackness was that in some cases several tenants intervened between estate and occupier and in other cases, small blocks of property were leased in perpetuity from the estate. In contrast, there was a legal prohibition against leases in excess of ninety-nine years in the Smith-Barry estate. John O’Leary’s family held five houses on the left hand side of the street, immediately before the opening beside Number 7. From here can be seen the ruins of what was a flourishing corn mill run by Michael Coleman, the man who brought the Christian Brothers to Tipperary. Before the opposite side of this street was redeveloped in the 1870s, it consisted of fourteen houses, probably two storey and with very low valuations. The National Bank with the great Daniel O’Connell as its most important promoter, was founded in 1834 and a year later a branch was established in Tipperary town. Until it was transferred to a purpose-built premises in Main Street in the late 1860s, the location of the branch was what is now a vacant site on the left- hand side of the street, just beside the building with the memorial to Canon John Hayes. In 1870, the former bank building was taken by James J. O’Driscoll who for many years ran a hardware business. The attractive house with the Hayes memorial stone in front is one of the very few Georgian buildings in the town and has had a variety of uses over the years. Uniquely in this street, it had a substantial amount of land attached, three statue acres. The house was probably built at the end of the eighteenth-century by Richard Hoops a prosperous tanner who had a lease in

22 N24-N74 Tipperary Town Road Improvement Scheme Cultural Heritage Assessment perpetuity from Henry O’Brien. Individuals like Hoops came to Tipperary as officers in a volunteer regiment, probably brought over by the earl of Derby and who then decided to settle in the town. Other such families were Hansard, Evans, Lanphier, Prosser and Wilkinson. Apparently, with such people going into business in the town in the early nineteenth century, the place became known as a town of ‘gentlemen shopkeepers’. In the mid-nineteenth century, this house was the residence of Samuel Bradshaw a local magistrate, son of a one-time mayor of Clonmel and closely related to the Bradshaws of Pegsborough. Later in the century and into the early years of the following century, the house was the home and business place of Dr John F. O’Ryan who apart from his medical practice had an extensive pharmacy business…In the late 1920s, the British Legion, an organisation of ex-servicemen, used the building. In the following decade the Catholic Young Men’s Society (C.Y.M.S) operated from there. Father John Hayes (1887-1957), was curate in Tipperary 1934- 46 and in 1937 the first guild of Muintir na Tire, the community development organization he founded, was based in this building. The memorial stone on the footpath commemorates this fact…In 1967, Tipperary Credit Union was established by Muintir na Tire and use part of the building. In 1982, after extensive renovations, the entire building was taken over and used until 1999 when a flourishing branch moved to new premises. Across the road where there is now a small car park, was the site of the town’s first cinema, opened around 1912. Initially it was called the ‘Tipperary Electric Picture Theatre’ and later was known as the ‘Tivoli’. This was the location of one of the most significant public meetings ever held in Tipperary. On 10 May 1914, amid scenes of great enthusiasm, the Irish Volunteers were established in the town. This was a military force created to defend Home Rule and which later that year split on the issue of involvement in the Great War. One of the speakers at the meeting was Sean MacDiarmada who was intent on promoting republicanism…MacDiarmada was executed for his part in the Easter Rising. Less than five years after this meeting, some Tipperary Volunteers began the War of Independence. A short distance from the site of that historic meeting was the most highly valued house on the street. The unusual right-hand side passageway is a feature of the town’s ‘gentlemen shopkeepers’ and in the early nineteenth century Charles Wilkinson had an upmarket grocery business in Main Street, as well as holding some land on the outskirts of the town. He lived in the house in question in O’Brien Street, holding it from Richard Hoops… Parts of this street have seen extensive redevelopment. To the right of the passageway mentioned above was the residence and business of an individual who made an enormous contribution to the civic life of the town at a time when it was taking on a recognizably modern pattern. He was Michael Dalton (1838-1910) whose business was supplying agricultural equipment…He played an important role in the

23 N24-N74 Tipperary Town Road Improvement Scheme Cultural Heritage Assessment committee to erect a statue commemorating Charles J. Kickham and for several months prior to the erection of this statue in its present site in Main Street, it was on display in his premises in O’Brien Street. …Remaining on the right-hand side of the street, just before the laneway, is what was once described as ‘the town mansion of the Sadlier family’. The most infamous bearer of this surname, John the Banker, is associated with a different part of the town…In the late eighteenth-century, Richard Sadlier settled at Scaleen House on the outskirts of Tipperary town. The house in O’Brien Street was built by his son, also Richard (1785-1845) shortly before his death… Given that the town had the second largest butter-market in the United Kingdom (after Cork), butter merchants who acted as middlemen between the farmers who manufactured butter and the large-scale distributors, made a good deal of money. Edmund Dunkerly, who died in December 1872, was a butter merchant and developed the site, entry to which was through the archway to the left of the Sadlier house. The date ‘1860’ can be seen at the apex of this fine stone arch. Through it and to the left were two rows of sixteen cabins, back to back, a total of thirty-two mean and miserable dwellings, the occupiers of which paid Dunkerly a weekly rent. On the opposite side of O’Brien Street, in a site now defined by an attractive cut-stone wall, an English company Casein Limited of Sheepcote Lane Battersea, established a factory in 1909. This used a large quantity of skim milk purchased from creameries in the district…For many years, a tall red-brick factory chimney was a reminder of this ill-fated enterprise. Such was the pressure of population in the nineteenth-century that working class housing sprang up everywhere. The laneway beside this factory site led to a row of houses, built on land that was part of the small Wilkinson estate. Charles Wilkinson was proprietor of the row of six houses facing the street, the first of which was the most substantial and which in the mid- nineteenth century, was the residence of a clergyman. …Beside the Credit Union is a small row of houses named in honour of Prince Albert, husband of Queen Victoria. He died in 1861 and these houses probably date from that decade. The main feature of this part of the town is Church Well, a source of water for generations of townspeople prior to a supply being piped from Lough Muscry in the late nineteenth-century. For much of the following century, when the piped supply failed, for example because of drought, Church well, at least in popular memory, never ran dry. In more recent decades, the water however has not been potable, possibly because of contamination from the nearby cemetery. The town and indeed the county is named after a famous well, the ‘Well of Ara’ or in Irish Tiobraid Arann. This however is not that well, though a feature of the town is abundance of springs. …Facing north from Church well, there is a busy intersection. To the left is the Limerick Road. In the nineteenth-century, this was known as Church Lane or (more

24 N24-N74 Tipperary Town Road Improvement Scheme Cultural Heritage Assessment obviously) Limerick Street. The present local authority housing dates from the late 1930s and the street is named in honour of Michael Davitt (1846-1906) founder of the Land League. He had no connection with the town. In the mid nineteenth- century, this was a particularly poor part of the town, with in excess of one hundred miserable cabins, held from a variety of middlemen including the O’Leary family and Charles Wilkinson. The road north from this intersection was known as Bohercrow Street and along the left-hand side of this street were nearly one hundred even more miserable cabins. The name ‘Bohercrow’ suggests a road of cabins and even in the mid seventeenth-century, this district was noted for its ‘cabins’. To the right of this intersection is Church Street, known in the mid nineteenth-century as ‘Adams Terrace’, after the middle landlord Thomas Adams. The building on the north side of Church Street was the town Butter Market. This operated from the 1870s and superseded an older market further down this street on the same side. Up until the 1870s, there was no development on the north side of this street, and at the same time the poorer housing on the south side was replaced. Until the advent of creameries, this butter market was the heart of the town’s and district’s prosperity… Church Street is so named because of its proximity to Tipperary’s Church of Ireland parish church, dedicated to the Virgin Mary. The entrance to this church and its environs is through a gate on the left hand side of John Street as it is entered from Church Street. This church site is a great deal older than the present church building and provides a link with the town’s medieval past. Unlike neighbouring towns like Cashel, Cahir or Fethard, Tipperary displays very little evidence of its medieval origin. The present church is early nineteenth-century. ‘1832’ is the date cut into the stone over the main door. There was a thirteenth-century parish church on the site, also dedicated to the Blessed Virgin. In the fourteenth-century, the town suffered a number of devastating attacks from lawless neighbours and in 1336 for example, Brian Bán O’Brien was reported to have burned both town and church, the latter with the people who had sought refuge in it, unable to escape. Exactly one hundred years before 1832, the previous church was described as having ‘a steeple of brick, tho’ it be itself of stone; ye East window is sash’d’. …The earliest headstones in St. Mary’s Churchyard are eighteenth-century, though undoubtedly there are earlier burials. …Leaving the grounds of St Mary’s and proceeding along John Street, at the right-hand corner, facing onto James Street, can be seen a simple building with a classical façade. This site was leased from the Smith-Barry estate in 1843 by the local Presbyterian community and the following year, their church was built. The builder was James K. Fahie who was responsible for a number of other important buildings in the town: the national schools in St. Michael Street and the Railway House and probably the court house. The architect was William Tinsley (1804-85), a native of Clonmel and architect of a number of important Tipperary county buildings such as

25 N24-N74 Tipperary Town Road Improvement Scheme Cultural Heritage Assessment additions to Marlfield and Grove (Fethard)…Reference was previously made to the existence of a small Presbyterian place of worship in Meeting Street. Prior to the building of this church, the congregation had almost fallen away… There are at least three examples in the town of the same street name being used for different streets. Up to the mid nineteenth-century, from the Presbyterian Church corner, it was only …The lane beside this building leads into Blind Street, an unusual name but one reflecting geography not disability. Before this lane was opened up in the early 1870s, the street was a dead-end in every way, with some forty-five miserable hovels, for which the occupants paid weekly rent to the Lanphier family who had the site leased from the Smith-Barry estate. In May 1868, the Lanphier’s lease expired and was not renewed. The hovels were levelled and the people evicted with the compensation of ten shillings per family. In place of the demolished houses, the estate built a row of much more substantial houses. At the southern corner of Mitchel and St. Michael Street stood the Roman Catholic chapel prior to the building of the present church. The earlier church dated from the 1730s and was built when this street was a suitable backwater for a place of worship with respect to a religion that was barely tolerated. Allowing for the simple nature of this building, its size was larger that was usual in the diocese and its cruciform shape very different from the usual barn-like structures common during the period. Plans to build a new church further north along this street were delayed for over twenty years, even though a site was ready. The reason was financial. In the late 1850s the new church was built and the church on this site was deconsecrated around 1860. …By 1870 the old chapel in St Michael Street had been demolished and a prime building site became available…Five houses were built, a development called ‘Old Chapel Place’. By the mid 1870s, all five houses were occupied; the corner property being a pub and grocery. …Across the road from these houses, at Number 14, a wall plaque commemorates the life and death of Sean Allen. A captain in the Third Tipperary Brigade of the IRA during the War of Independence, Allen born in 1894, grew up in this house where his family had a shoe-repair business. He was arrested in January 1921 and taken to Cork where he was tried by court martial and sentenced to death. In spite of concerted legal efforts to save him, he was executed by firing squad in Cork jail on 28 February 1921. On 28 February 1945, this plaque was unveiled by Michael Fitzpatrick, a Brigade colleague and in the presence of Allen’s father and other family members. At the intersection of St Michael and Main Streets…a brief account of the Hansard family who in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries had a grocery and pub at Number 44 Main Street, at the corner of Gas House Lane.

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Hansards settled in Tipperary in circumstances similar to the Wilkinsons and Lanphiers …The building on the right-hand side, now part of a supermarket, was a branch of the Bank of Ireland up to the 1980s. This bank was quite late arriving in Tipperary, its establishment in the town being connected with the collapse of Sadlier’s Bank. In this location in the early nineteenth-century stood the town’s two main hotels or inns. They were in fact beside each other. The larger being the ‘Kings Arms’ run for many years by Margaret Barry and being incorporated into the Bank of Ireland building. The other hostelry was the ‘Globe’ which was run by the Nevin family. …A little further along, just after the opening to the supermarket car park, there is a large Georgian style building, quite unchanged in its external appearance in nearly two hundred years…In 1866 what was clearly the premier social venue [Clanwilliam Club] for the gentlemen of the district was moved to this building from St Michael street and it continued to operate well into the twentieth-century…It was the location of Sadlier’s Bank. Originally this building was the town house of James Scully (1737-1816) of Kilfeacle, a very wealthy farmer. In 1803 he established a private bank in this building and after his death, it was taken over by his sons Denys and James. In common with such institutions, this bank had its moments of crisis but it survived. By the late 1830s, a grandson of James Scully was in charge of what was now called the Tipperary Joint Stock Bank and which over the following decades opened branches in a number of other towns. …Between this building which used to be the Tipperary Joint Stock Bank and the present supermarket, where there is now an entrance to a car park, there was a remarkable example of continuity of function in the context of changing technology. From 1824 through to the 1870s, two generations of the Conroy family conducted a coach building business on this site…By the 1880s, the McCarthy family had taken over the business and in time, with the spread of the internal combustion engine, the nature of the business changed but continued well into modern times. The large building beside what was Sadlier’s Bank and also held by the Scullys, was leased in 1847 to Richard Dobbyn who opened an hotel, a business which for over a century and even after the Dobbyn family severed their connection, flourished as ‘Dobbyn’s Hotel’. When in the mid-nineteenth century buildings in the town were valued, this was by far the most highly valued property. There were over thirty rooms and extensive stables and outbuildings, making it the town’s premier hotel for many years. …Decades later it was an indication that a new Ireland was coming into being when Eamonn de Valera, paying a visit to the town in August 1917, attended a banquet in this hotel. A few years later, the hotel was again a stage for the rites of transition, when the British police, on withdrawing from the town in March 1922,

27 N24-N74 Tipperary Town Road Improvement Scheme Cultural Heritage Assessment were fired on and had to take refuge in this hotel until the situation calmed and they could finally depart. A feature of Dobbyn’s Hotel was the formal garden on the opposite side of the road, land which has long since been developed. For more than a half century where there is now a supermarket, a cattle market told of a different kind of business, one in tune with the primary product of the region. The swimming pool, named in memory of Sean Treacy, hero of the War of Independence, dates from the early 1970s. A little further along this road, there is a major intersection: straight on for Cashel or turn right for Cahir and Clonmel. …In common with other roads leading into the town, Cashel Road was blighted by bad business. In the 1930s, the local authority promoted a major programme of housing renewal, over two hundred dwellings being built, the major part of which was called St Michael’s Avenue. The small townland that lies to the north of part of this road is Spital-land, a name that implies a connection between this land and some kind of hospital during the medieval period. However, no evidence of such a connection survives. A more modern name for this street is Father Mathew Street, commemorating the ‘apostle of temperance’, the Capuchin friar Theobald Mathew (1790-1856), born in Thomastown a short distance from Tipperary. On this street on the right-hand side is a feature worth noting: St Bridget’s Well or Tobberbreda. This was ‘discovered’ in 1991. The well was known about but its exact site had been lost. Like all such wells, it was a focus for local devotion. A short distance further on is an area known as the ‘Pike’, a reference to the turnpike gate that once stood there. This was the usual mechanism for financing road building and maintenance, a kind of toll gate. Following this road to the outskirts of the town, the parish cemetery, St Michael’s, is on the left-hand side. This is in the townland of Brodeen, a denomination which together with Spital-land (in several small parcels of land), was owned by the duke of Devonshire. From an administration perspective, it made little sense to keep such an isolated and small part of his vast estates and so in 1860, these parcels of land were sold to the Smith-Barry estate, about seventy acres for £3925. This property had come to the Devonshires when the 4th duke in 1748 married the heir of the earl of Burlington. This family was descended from Richard Boyle, the 17th century ‘Great Earl’ who amassed huge estates in Ireland, including these Tipperary lands, set aside from the medieval period for charitable purposes. St Michael’s cemetery was consecrated by the archbishop of Cashel & Emly on Sunday 13 September 1914. Of most interest is the ‘Republican Plot’, on the left- hand side just prior to the round-about at the heart of the older part of the cemetery. This monument by Joseph Maguire, unveiled on Easter Sunday 1930, is surprisingly restrained. The focal point is a central obelisk, decorated on three sides by design elements from the Book of Kells. On the pedestal is a roll of honour, the

28 N24-N74 Tipperary Town Road Improvement Scheme Cultural Heritage Assessment names of the officers and men of the 3rd Tipperary Brigade of the Irish Volunteers who were killed in action during the war of Independence and the Civil war. …Returning to the intersection of the N74 and N24, the roads to Cashel and Cahir respectively, taking a short walk along the Bansha (Cahir) Road, we turn right into what is unimaginatively called the ‘Link Road’. On your right-hand side is the ‘supposed’ site of King John’s Castle, or so OS maps indicate. This supposition is based on confusion between Tipperary and Tibberaghny in County Kilkenny, where John did indeed order a castle built in 1185. Towards the end of this short road, which only dates from the 1970s, the third turn to the right leads to what today is known as Gas House Lane but which in an earlier century was called ‘Gaol Lane’. The remains of the gas works could be seen up to the building of the Link Road but a gaol did not function at this location since the early nineteenth-century. A gas company took over this site in 1845 and for more than the next century, manufactured town gas, which was piped to subscribers and paid for by means of meters. During the industrial unrest that was such a feature of life in Tipperary at the beginning of the 1920s, this gas works was taken over by its workers in March 1922 and a Soviet proclaimed. As the company was owned by a British concern, this flying of the red flag in Tipperary seemed further proof that Ireland was unfit for self-government. Back on the Link Road, a few steps takes us to the intersection with Abbey Street and Kickham Place. Confusingly, the street facing the river is ‘Abbey Street’ but prior to houses being built here, it was the ‘Quay’, while ‘Abbey Street’ was what is now Kickham Place, a name not used until after the placing of the Kickham statue in 1898. The Smith-Barry estate intended all of these streets to be developed. Conspicuously, this did not happen; probably because of proximity to the river (an outlet for effluent) in one case and the steep gradient in the other. The 1870s was the key decade with respect to the modern development of the town and the houses facing the river date to that decade. …On the final part of this journey, at the traffic lights at the top of Bridge Street, just before turning right, we pass the site of the home of Michael Slattery (1783-1857)…After serving in Carlow College and various parishes in Cashel diocese, he very briefly acted as president of Maynooth before being consecrated archbishop of Cashel & Emly in 1834. It was during his time as archbishop that the famous Synod of Thurles was held in 1850, which had a great impact on the subsequent development of Irish Catholicism. …A short distance along Main Street and passing the building which for much of the last century was the Post Office (now a supermarket but with clear evidence of its former usage on its façade), we come to the AIB branch. This was built on the site of the original town hall, which incorporated a market house and subscription reading-room. Nearby was one of the town’s many shambles or slaughter houses. With the building of a new town hall at the other side of the market yard, this was a prime development site and was leased to the Munster & Leinster Bank…On the

29 N24-N74 Tipperary Town Road Improvement Scheme Cultural Heritage Assessment

western side of the present bank building is part of the stone work of the Tipperary Loan Fund Office, a kind of nineteenth-century credit union. What is now the Bank of Ireland branch was built in the early 1870s as a branch of the National Bank. This part of Tipperary is dominated by the statue of Charles Kickham… (1828- 1882), a native of Mullinahone, was a committed republican. He worked with John O’Leary on the Fenian newspaper The Irish People and after his arrest in 1865, spent several years in prison in England. His claim on the affections of Tipperary people is his authorship of the novel Knocknagow (first published in serial form in 1870)…After various delays, mainly for financial reasons, the Hughes statue of Chares Kickham was unveiled on Sunday 27 November 1898. The event was a gala occasion with special trains arranged from various cities; up to twenty bands; a large party from Mullinahone and such well known nationalist stars as T.D. Sullivan, John Daly and Maud Gonne. The unveiling was performed by John O’Leary who spoke about his friend’s dedication and consistency. Over the following decades, all of the well known figures in Irish political life spoke from platforms in front of this statue, as it was the site for political meetings during election times. …In a lease of the late eighteenth century, the block of property which today includes the AIB and adjacent supermarket, was let by the Smith-Barry estate to a gentleman with large scale property interests in the town, Richard Sadlier of Scalaheen. In 1802, Sadlier sub-let part of this to [Joseph] Prosser, various members of this latter family then living in Limerick held the interest. If one looks at the rear of these buildings from Market Yard, it is perhaps hard to believe that in the 1840s and probably earlier, an outbuildings (valuation £3.50) was a Methodist place of worship.

Archaeological Heritage Assessment

In the Record of Monuments and Places (Sites & Monuments Record - Archaeological Constraint Map 1997 (Date/Edition of map: 1901–05 / 1954)), there are two recorded monuments within 100 m of the proposed scheme (Table 1).

Table 1 – Archaeological Monuments within 100m of the Study Area in 1997 Dist. from Townland Site Type Legal Status RMP No. Scheme (m) Bohercrow, Carrownreddy, Collegeland, Garryskillane, Historic Town RMP TS067-004--- 0 Knockanrawley, Murgasty, Spital-Land (Tipperary Parish), Town Lot Knockanrawley Holy well RMP TS067-005 0

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The extents of the Urban Archaeological Survey is detailed in Map No. 8 of the Tipperary Town and Environs Development Plan, 2013–2019 (Figures 14-16). Most notably, the southern end of the scheme crosses the tentative line of the town wall and is located within the bounds of the historic town (TS067-004) as outlined on the RMP map.

The closest known archaeological monuments to the scheme are the Historic Town (TS067- 004) and Town Defences (TS067-004009) of Tipperary town itself, located within the Zone of Archaeological Potential of Tipperary Town, covered under various townlands, some of which are outside the scope of these works. In Murgasty townland, where the works will be located along the N24 at Church Street and Upper Church Street, the known archaeological monuments, also within the Zone of Archaeological Potential of Tipperary Town, are the ancient Burial Ground (TS067-131), Church (TS067-004003) and Graveyard (TS067-004008). None of these monuments are being directly impacted by the works.

Table 2 – Archaeological Monuments within 100m of the Study Area in 2020 Dist. from Townland Site Type Legal Status RMP No. Scheme (m) Bohercrow, Carrownreddy, Collegeland, Garryskillane, Historic Town RMP TS067-004--- 0 Knockanrawley, Murgasty, Town Lot Bohercrow Town Defences RMP TS067-004009 0 Murgasty Church RMP TS067-004003 c. 50 Murgasty Graveyard RMP TS067-004008 c. 50 Murgasty Kiln SMR TS067-123 c. 150 Murgasty Hut Site SMR TS067-124 c. 150 Murgasty Burial Ground SMR TS067-131 c. 150 Murgasty Motte RMP TS067-002 c. 220 Collegeland Religious House RMP TS067-004001 c. 250 Collegeland School RMP TS067-004005 c. 250

Previous Archaeological Investigations in Tipperary Town Thirty-three archaeological investigations/interventions in Tipperary town and immediate environs have been recorded on the Excavations Bulletin Database (www.excavations.ie ), up to and including 2020 entries (Tables 3 & 4).

Excavations including testing and excavation for the OPW near the Bohercrow Road, Murgasty (TS067-131) identified burial evidence of post-medieval date (eleven adults, five juveniles and two neonates), dated on the basis of associated pottery (see 97E0026 entry in Table 4 below). This excavation, although close to the proposed line of the Town Wall revealed no traces of masonry nor evidence for a town ditch.

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The closest excavations to the proposed scheme were undertaken in Church Street near St Mary’s Church of Ireland church. Excavation director Tracy Collins wrote 'Four trenches were opened by machine. All revealed natural sand at c. 0.4m below the surface of the yard. It was noted that the church graveyard, to the north and east, was c. 4m higher than the level of the site. After the testing, it was concluded that this site had probably been levelled in the past, so that it would be at the same level as Church Street. It is likely that any archaeological remains were removed at that time.' (see both 02E1776 entries in Table 4 below).

This evidence would suggest most, if not all traces of any sub-surface archaeological remains, including a tentative town wall and gate-tower, as proposed by Thomas at this location, would have been removed in the past when Church Street and its' junction with Bohercrow Road / Martin Breen Terrace was re-developed (Table 4). Otherwise the excavations in and around Tipperary town have revealed post-medieval or later remains which survive below the modern ground surface within the town.

Large-scale excavations in the town are few but of particular note are the excavations carried out by excavation director Mary Henry in advance of the Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN) Broadband Cable Network in 2007. The extent of this project covered more of the town but physically disturbed a much narrower corridor than the works proposed under the present scheme. Again, no evidence of archaeology pre-dating the post- medieval period was uncovered; significantly, the author concluded 'regarding the presence of a medieval town wall, no archaeological evidence emerged whatsoever to suggest Tipperary town was ever walled ' (see 07E0506 entry in Table 4 below).

In 2010 Archaeological Monitoring of gas feeder main from Raheen AGI, Co. Limerick to Tipperary Town and distribution within Tipperary Town identified no definitive archaeological features (10E0424). However, a re-assessment of an undated stone feature/drain uncovered by these works on Main Street, at the western edge of Bank Place, could be indicative of some form of medieval structure.

In 2019 the upgrade of the N24 Davitt Street Project unearthed the first traces of medieval pottery from Tipperary town (Excavation Licence No. 18E0569). These discoveries confirm that in situ medieval remains can survive beneath the modern townscape and further such discoveries should be expected should the proposed development proceed.

The proposed drainage works off O’Brien Street are located outside the Zone of Archaeological Potential of Tipperary Town. The proposed works will involve excavation of existing drains, so the potential for archaeological remains surviving is low. However, on the eastern side and to the rear of the former Corn Mill, located off O’Brien Street there is green field where the potential for previously unidentified archaeological remains could be found (Figure 5, Plate 7). This area also is located on the northern side of the river so the potential

32 N24-N74 Tipperary Town Road Improvement Scheme Cultural Heritage Assessment for archaeology from any period of Tipperary’s past being uncovered is high. Proposed mitigation for the O’Brien Street drainage works are provided in this report.

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Table 3 – List of previous archaeological investigations in Tipperary Town & immediate environs, www.excavations.ie (excavations not yet listed on www.excavations.ie have no Excavations No. entry or marked as N/A)

ITM Excavation Licenced Excavations.ie Location Co-ordinates Licence No. Director No.

Supervalu, Kickham Place 589053, 635848 95E0289 Dave Pollock 1996:378

Bohercrow Road, Murgasty 588063, 636340 97E0026 Brian Hodkinson 1997:561

Bohercrow Road, Murgasty 588063, 636340 97E0026 Tony Cummins 1998:626

Bank Place 589353, 635888 02E0939 Niall Gregory 2002:1767

Blind Street (Carrownreddy) 587490, 634673 02E1793 Ken Wiggins 2002:1768

Church Street 588753, 632849 02E1776 Tracy Collins 2002:1769

Anne-Marie Collegeland 589302, 635146 02E0263 2002:1770 Lennon

15-17 Davis Street 588945, 635963 03E0278 Richard Crumlish 2003:1820

Bank Place 605009, 659297 03E1074 Tony Cummins 2003:1819

Carrownreddy 589001, 636162 03E1587 John Tierney 2003:1718

Church Street 588753, 635848 02E1776ext Tracy Collins 2004:1641

Garranacanty 590690, 636777 04E1226 Brendon Wilkins 2004:1644

8 Davis Street 588950, 635931 04E0198 Joanne Hughes 2004:1462

22 Davis Street 588940, 635984 04E1235 John Tierney 2004:1643

Carrownreddy 589001, 636162 05E0205 Frank Coyne 2005:1411

Mitchell Street 589075, 635939 05E1417 Rose M. Cleary 2005:1467

1 Mountain View 611486, 635285 05E0061 Niall Gregory 2005:1468

Mitchell Street 589075, 635939 05E1417 Rose M. Cleary 2006:1928

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Gashouse Lane 589205, 635796 06E0258 Niall Gregory 2006:1927

Bank Place, Main St., Kickham St., Bridge St., the south half of Michael’s St., Mitchell St., O’Brien St., Church St., Bohercrow Rd., Government 605009, 659297 07E0506 Mary Henry 2007:1735 Buildings, the site of the Co-locational building, Station Rd. (north end) and Emmet St.

Carrownreddy 589332, 636444 07E1044 Goorik Dehaene 2007:1736

Anne-Marie Spital-land 608723, 617993 08E0423 2008:1166 Lennon

8 Abbey Street 589332, 636444 08E0848 Bruce Sutton 2008:1165

O'Brien Street 588742, 635798 09E0371 Avril Hayes 2009:777

Main Street/Bank Place various 10E0424 Maurice Hurley 2011:401

Carrownreddy 589332, 636444 07E1044 ext. Martin Fitzpatrick 2011:558

Rosanna Road, Carrownreddy 589187, 636421 15E0427 Tracy Collins 2015:487

Various, along the Bohercrow & Murgasty N/A Richard O’Brien 2016 N24 Limerick Road

Abbey CBS, Collegeland 589143, 635605 16E0376 Rob O’Hara 2016:378

Blind Street, Carrownreddy 589242, 635941 17E0199 Frank Coyne 2017:240

Various, along the Bohercrow & Murgasty N/A Ross MacLeod 2018 N24 Limerick Road

Bohercrow & Murgasty 58821, 635804 18E0569 Lydia Cagney 2019

Collegeland 589094, 635703 19E0111 Miriam Carroll 2020:014

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Table 4 – Summary results of archaeological investigations in Tipperary Town, based on www.excavations.ie (excavations not yet listed on www.excavations.ie have no Excavations No. entry or marked as N/A) ITM Licence Excavations Location Director Description (www.excavations.ie) Co-ords No. No. The site was assessed before the proposed demolition of a post-medieval building. A deep, Supervalu, Kickham 589053, Dave 95E0289 apparently imported soil was found below the surfaces associated with the building. The soil was 1996:378 Place 635848 Pollock not dated and not penetrated to its base.

Test-trenching, for the OPW, in a field off Bohercrow Road at the rear of Tipperary PO took place in February. Five trenches were opened and of these only one, Trench 3, in the centre of the field at right angles to the southern boundary wall, revealed material of interest. Three skeletons with an east–west orientation were uncovered but no dating evidence was retrieved. A second phase of investigation took place in October when further test-trenching took place. Three further trenches were opened and Trench 3 was extended northwards in an attempt to further define the area with burials, but no more were encountered. At the same time the area of Trench 3 with burials was widened to enable their removal. In the process two more skeletons were uncovered and removed. Bohercrow Road, 588063, Brian 97E0026 Of the five burials, two were aligned roughly parallel to the church to the south of the southern 1997:561 Murgasty 636340 Hodkinson boundary wall, while three had a more north-east/south-west orientation. Because the grave of one of the former group cut that of the latter, there may be some chronological significance in the different orientations. A single sherd of creamware retrieved from the chest area of a skeleton of the former group dates that group to the late 18th century or later. An osteological report by Jennie Coughlan concluded that one of the skeletons was a young adult of indeterminate sex, one a middle-aged adult female, one a middle-aged adult of indeterminate sex, one a child of 2–3 years, while the age and sex of the fifth were impossible to determine. There were neither skeletal indicators as to cause of death nor evidence for a deficient diet.

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ITM Licence Excavations Location Director Description (www.excavations.ie) Co-ords No. No. An excavation was carried out in a green-field site (80m east-west x 35m), adjacent to a 19th- century church (St Mary’s Church of Ireland), in advance of construction of a government office building. St Mary’s is marked on the OS map (1st edition) as the site of an earlier church. Five skeletons were excavated here during test-trenching by Brian Hodkinson in 1997...In 1998 an area measuring 15m (east-west) by 30m was opened around the location of those skeletons, and the topsoil in the remainder of the field was removed by machine, under supervision. A kiln and a hut site were uncovered. Post-medieval cultivation had caused disturbance of the archaeological remains throughout the field. Sixteen burials were recorded during the 1998 excavations, three of which were very partial skeletal remains. They were orientated in a west-east direction, heads to the west, but a number were aligned slightly along a south-west/north-east axis. All were in simple graves with no traces of any coffins or grave-markers. They appeared to represent eleven adults, one juvenile and one neonate. When the burials excavated in 1997 are included, the burials in the field represent eleven adults, five juveniles and two neonates. Associated pottery suggested a post- medieval date for the burials. An east-west-orientated kiln structure was cut into the sand subsoil to the north of the burials. This consisted of a linear flue leading to an elliptical bowl at the east Bohercrow Road, 588063, Tony end. It was 8.5m long, 3.48m wide and 1.2m deep and was keyhole-shaped in plan. The sides were 97E0026 1998:626 Murgasty 636340 Cummins stone-lined, and a single lintel stone was found over the flue. The kiln was filled with collapsed sand from the sides of the structure. There was a basal, charcoal-rich deposit under the stone lining, which may contain evidence of charred cereal grains, indicative of a corn-drying function. There were also small fragments of oxidised limestone in some of the overlying fills, which may suggest a limekiln function. A circular hut site, 4m in diameter, was excavated in the north-east corner of the field, and no enclosing bank or ditch was uncovered. The upper level of the hut had been disturbed by cultivation activity, and there was a high amount of hollows in the interior caused by root/burrowing activity. A sherd of post-medieval pottery was found in a context severely disturbed by root/burrowing activity. The hut was surrounded by a narrow gully, 0.2-0.5m wide and 0.2m deep, containing no evident post-holes or stake-holes. It may have functioned as a bedding trench. The entrance in the north was indicated by a backfill of moderately compacted sand within the gully, and a hearth lay close to the centre of the hut. The interior of the hut was occupied by overlapping sand layers containing a number of small post-holes and stake-holes. They did not indicate any identifiable structures, apart from a possible spit over the hearth. There were two shallow pits in the north-east corner, and one of these contained a fragment of a jet/lignite bracelet. Monitoring of groundworks associated with the construction of a dental surgery was conducted on 589353, Niall Bank Place 02E0939 7 July. The foundation trenches achieved a maximum depth of 0.6m. The entire depth of the 2002:1767 635888 Gregory trenches comprised modern landfill. Nothing of archaeological significance was encountered.

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ITM Licence Excavations Location Director Description (www.excavations.ie) Co-ords No. No. An archaeological impact assessment was prepared from October to December 2002 before the construction of a housing development on the western side of Blind Street, Tipperary. As part of this assessment, a series of trial cuttings, each measuring c. 6m by 1m, was excavated. The site is near the eastern limit of the conjectural outline of the medieval walled town of Tipperary, c. 50m north of Main Street. The development area comprised two conjoined rectangular plots, measuring c. 44m (north–south) by c. 35m in total. The larger area of the site was a walled garden, aligned north–south, dating from c. 1800; a garage had been built onto the eastern side of this in the 1950s. A large stretch of the western wall of the garden was demolished at some point in the 19th century. In addition, the northern end wall of the garden was destroyed by the building of a cement-block warehouse. The full extent of the garden was available for testing, but the garage property, though scheduled for demolition, was off-limits at the time of the assessment. On the western side of the garden was a back-yard area, midway between Blind Street and St Michael’s Blind Street 587490, Street, containing some cement-block sheds, as well as the remains of a limestone dwelling-house 02E1793 Ken Wiggins 2002:1768 (Carrownreddy) 634673 and a limestone wall, both of late 19th-century date. Cuttings 1 to 6 were excavated within the limits of the walled garden. Nothing of archaeological interest was revealed in any of them. The investigation indicated that the ground level in the enclosed area had been raised fairly substantially with large volumes of imported grey/brown clay. This imported material was sealed below a thick layer of more recently deposited black garden soil. Cuttings 7 and 10 revealed the foundation remains of the demolished western wall of the garden (F7). A substantial amount of 19th-century foundation masonry was also exposed in Cutting 7 on the western side of the F7 line. Cutting 8 could not be excavated owing to lack of space. Cutting 9, c. 8m west of the walled garden, revealed a number of features broadly datable to the 19th century: a small pit, a probable post- hole, foundation masonry and two large rubbish pits. Further testing on the site before development is not warranted, but groundworks during the early stages of construction will be monitored.

Testing was undertaken at this site, an enclosed yard and store, before possible development. The site is within the zone of archaeological potential of Tipperary town, near St Mary’s Church of Ireland church. Four trenches were opened by machine. All revealed natural sand at c. 0.4m below 588753, Church Street 02E1776 Tracy Collins the surface of the yard. It was noted that the church graveyard, to the north and east, was c. 4m 2002:1769 632849 higher than the level of the site. After the testing, it was concluded that this site had probably been levelled in the past, so that it would be at the same level as Church Street. It is likely that any archaeological remains were removed at that time.

38 N24-N74 Tipperary Town Road Improvement Scheme Cultural Heritage Assessment

ITM Licence Excavations Location Director Description (www.excavations.ie) Co-ords No. No. Monitoring of groundworks at this site revealed no evidence of the medieval Augustinian abbey. The exact location of the abbey is not certain. The last vestige of this structure, a stone archway, was knocked down in 1958 and is believed to be buried in the playing pitch to the north of the 589302, Anne-Marie present-day school. Monitoring of the foundations of the new development uncovered the Collegeland 02E0263 2002:1770 635146 Lennon basement and walls of the 19th-century school buildings. A stone well was also found in the courtyard of the associated 19th-century farm. This well has been incorporated in the new school buildings as an architectural feature. The cellars and other walls have been preserved in situ.

Planning permission was granted for the construction of a large housing estate and associated buildings at Carrownreddy, Tipperary, with a condition of testing. Trench 5 was located 15m to the east of an enclosure (SMR 67:3) in the north-western corner of the site. The trench measured 30m (east-west) by 2m by c. 0.5m deep. One feature of an archaeological nature was uncovered. To assess the extent of this feature, an offshoot trench was opened. This measured 8m (north-south) 589001, John by 2m. The feature comprised three contexts, including charcoal and small angular pebbles and Carrownreddy 03E1587 2003:1718 636162 Tierney stones within a black ashy layer, and is interpreted as a hearth. This was the only archaeological feature identified in the course of the testing. The location of a hearth within 15m of a natural lake is not unexpected and may be the remains of a temporary hunting camp, for example. However, as the widened trench uncovered no further archaeological remains, the risk of encountering significant archaeological remains in the area is lessened.

Monitoring was carried out of the excavation of two 1m² foundation pads during the construction of an extension of a retail premises in a carpark area to the south of Bank Place. The stratigraphy 605009, Tony Bank Place 03E1074 consisted of a modern pavement surface overlying a 0.4m-deep layer of sand and rubble that 2003:1819 659297 Cummins contained modern materials. This directly overlay natural boulder clay. Nothing of an archaeological nature was uncovered. Monitoring of groundworks associated with the construction of a dormer dwelling and associated site works was carried out on 7 March 2003, to the rear of 15-17 Davis Street, Tipperary. The development was within the zone of archaeological potential for Tipperary (SMR 67:4). The 588945, Richard stratigraphy encountered consisted of rubble fill, within which was the foundation of an 15-17 Davis Street 03E0278 2003:1820 635963 Crumlish outbuilding that had just been demolished on the site. Below the rubble was topsoil, below which were an orange/brown and mid-brown friable silt loam. The rubble fill and topsoil contained modern artefacts.

39 N24-N74 Tipperary Town Road Improvement Scheme Cultural Heritage Assessment

ITM Licence Excavations Location Director Description (www.excavations.ie) Co-ords No. No. Monitoring of the demolition of a structure in advance of the development of the site was undertaken at Church Street. Testing had previously been carried out on the site (Excavations 2002, 588753, Church Street 02E1776ext Tracy Collins No. 1769). The site lies adjacent to the zone of archaeological potential for the historic town of 2004:1641 635848 Tipperary. No ex situ fragments of archaeological or architectural interest were noted during the monitoring of the demolition. Monitoring was required for a proposed development at No. 8 Davis Street, in Tipperary town, within the zone of archaeological potential. This includes the site of a 12th-century castle and the 13th-century Augustinian abbey. The name 'Mahers' survives on the frontage of No. 8. This is a two-storey former shop front with adjoining buildings on each side. The groundworks were monitored on 19 April. A 0.25-0.3m depth of modern debris, clay, ash and stone rubble was 588950, Joanne 8 Davis Street 04E0198 removed, from which a copper-plated button from the uniform of a soldier of the 38th Regiment of 2004:1642 635931 Hughes Foot in the British Army was recovered. A post-medieval well was found at the base of the rear gable of 'Mahers'. This well would not be further impacted on by the development and so it was filled with hardcore material and sealed over. Apart from the regimental button, no archaeological finds or deposits were uncovered during the monitoring. It is clear that the site had undergone extensive renovation, reflecting changes in ownership. Monitoring was undertaken at 22 Davis Street to comply with a planning condition. The site is located immediately inside the northern limit of the zone of archaeological potential for Tipperary town. There are no recorded sites on Davis Street, but the possible line of the town wall may be located on the southern boundary of the development site. The upper layer on the site consisted of a modern tar/concrete surface. Evidence of ground disturbance was encountered in all of the 588940, John trenches in the form of sanitary and water clay pipes. The trench in the south-east corner of the 22 Davis Street 04E1235 2004:1643 635984 Tierney site contained the remains of possible disturbed cobbling. A layer of charcoal-enriched black sandy clay containing very loosely compacted small rounded stones underlay the modern surface. The layer extended for c. 3.5m and contained a number of horseshoes. It is probably associated with the recently demolished building, which had functioned as a forge. The natural subsoil was a light- yellow/orange sand. No archaeological stratigraphy or finds were recorded during monitoring of excavation of the foundation trenches.

40 N24-N74 Tipperary Town Road Improvement Scheme Cultural Heritage Assessment

ITM Licence Excavations Location Director Description (www.excavations.ie) Co-ords No. No. Testing was undertaken at Garranacanty, Tipperary town, in accordance with planning permission to construct a mixed-use development consisting of housing, an associated neighbourhood centre, retail units and apartments. A possible enclosure, visible as a cropmark, lay within the boundary of 590690, Brendon the proposed development, with two further RMP listings located in adjacent fields to the east. Garranacanty 04E1226 2004:1644 636777 Wilkins Testing of available parts of the site failed to identify archaeological evidence for the possible enclosure. Variable glacial drift geology could have resulted in the cropmark anomalies visible on aerial photographs. Drainage ditches, land drains and a cobbled surface, all associated with recent agricultural usage, were also recorded. Test-trenching was undertaken in advance of the development of a recycling centre and local area depot. The site lies within the zone of archaeological potential for a possible enclosure. Nothing of 589001, Carrownreddy 05E0205 Frank Coyne an archaeological nature was discovered during the testing. While there is a direct impact on the 2005:1411 636162 monument, this site is now completely covered in landfill, and no archaeological material was encountered. Pre-development test excavation was carried out within the zone of archaeological potential 589075, Rose M. around Tipperary town. Prior to excavation, the site was a greenfield location within a former Mitchell Street 05E1417 2005:1467 635939 Cleary walled garden. Most of the features uncovered in the excavation were modern in origin and were mainly pits filled with modern debris. Testing of a single-house development took place on 15 January 2005. The scheme was situated within the recognised medieval urban zone of Tipperary and encompassed an area of c. 340m², of which the impacts of the footprint of the proposed building took in 120m². Excavation of the test- 611486, Niall 1 Mountain View 05E0061 trench achieved depths consistent with the surface of the natural subsoil, 0.24–0.35m in overall 2005:1468 635285 Gregory depth, of which the topsoil was 0.16m, and rested directly upon the underlying natural subsoil, which consisted of a yellow clayey silt with frequent inclusions of decayed and undecayed limestone. Nothing of an archaeological nature was encountered in the course of the works. Three trenches were excavated and monitoring of surface soil-stripping took place on 31 March 2006 in the vicinity of a proposed retail development in the medieval settlement of Tipperary town. Two of the trenches measured 14m in length along a north–south axis and parallel to each other. 589205, Niall The depth achieved in these trenches was 0.22m, with 0.15m consisting of gravel and stone Gashouse Lane 06E0258 2006:1927 635796 Gregory overlying the clay natural. The third trench excavated measured 3.5m and was oriented along the same axis as the first two and situated centrally between them. A matrix of 0.1m of modern building rubble overlay a yellow clay natural subsoil. No material or cultural remains were recovered from the excavated and monitored areas.

41 N24-N74 Tipperary Town Road Improvement Scheme Cultural Heritage Assessment

ITM Licence Excavations Location Director Description (www.excavations.ie) Co-ords No. No. Test-trenching was undertaken within a proposed development area. Evidence was uncovered for use as a modern dump area in some parts of the site and a number of pits filled with modern debris were uncovered. A linear feature of unknown date but which may be part of a ditch associated with 589075, Rose M. Mitchell Street 05E1417 an old boundary fence was found. A modern drain traversed part of the site. The depth of soil 2006:1928 635939 Cleary suggests it derived from use of the site as a garden over several years, where organic material and household waste were added to increase soil fertility.

Groundworks were monitored as part of laying ducting for a broadband scheme within the zone of archaeological potential for Tipperary town. This linear scheme traversed the majority of major thoroughfares within Tipperary, offering a relatively comprehensive view of the underlying stratigraphy to a depth of 1.2m. This generally comprised a modern road surface, supported by chippings, either overlying the natural very gravelly sandy clay; or the road surface and chippings over a redeposited sandy clay with red brick and containing occasional animal bone, which itself overlay the natural. Therefore, from an archaeological aspect, physical evidence pertaining to the Main St., Church St., 605009, 07E0506 Mary Henry medieval period of the town can be considered negative, even though this scheme traversed areas 2007:1735 Bohercrow Rd. 659297 of possible high archaeological potential, such as the projected line of the town wall at various locations. It is possible the 19th- and 20th-century layers, directly overlying the natural, have removed the earlier deposits, which may have been both shallow and thin. An instance of this may be Main Street, where the redeposited natural with red brick directly overlies a brick-built sewer…Regarding the presence of a medieval town wall, no archaeological evidence emerged whatsoever to suggest Tipperary town was ever walled.

42 N24-N74 Tipperary Town Road Improvement Scheme Cultural Heritage Assessment

ITM Licence Excavations Location Director Description (www.excavations.ie) Co-ords No. No. This site was to the north of the Rosanna road and the west of the Carrownreddy road in the north of Tipperary town. It is adjacent to the zone of archaeological potential for Tipperary town classified as a medieval settlement (TS067–004). The site works were undertaken in November and December 2007 on behalf of South Tipperary County Council, which plans to develop the site. The site comprises 2.6ha. Sixteen trenches were excavated at 20m intervals across the site, totalling over 1170m. Burnt-mound material was identified in the north-west of the site. This material extended over 7.5m. A possible structure was recorded in the south-east of the site. This feature 589332, Goorik Carrownreddy 07E1044 comprised a curvilinear possible slot-trench with no associated structural elements. Two ditches 2007:1736 636444 Dehaene aligned north–south and extending across the site were identified. These ditches are thought to represent the remains of a relict boundary. Throughout the site isolated shallow pits and possible post-holes were recorded. Land reclamation works were evident in the west of the site. A single piece of flint debitage was recovered from the topsoil in the centre of the site. The demolished rubble remains of a stone and slate shed or cabin were also identified in the centre of the site. These remains have been identified as probable 19th- or 20th-century in date. Modern dumping and land reclamation was also identified. Test-trenching was undertaken in advance of a two-storey structure to be constructed in the zone 589090, Bruce 8 Abbey Street 08E0848 of archaeological potential for the historic town of Tipperary (TS067–004). Nothing of an 2008:1165 635737 Sutton archaeological nature was noted during this test-trenching. A series of test-trenches were excavated on the footprint of the proposed development in 608723, Anne-Marie compliance with the planning conditions, as the site lies at the edge of the constraint zone of Spital-land 08E0423 2008:1166 617993 Lennon TS067–004, a town. No features or finds of an archaeological nature were uncovered in any of the trenches opened. The site is located on the north side of O’Brien Street where monitoring was undertaken during the demolition of a modern workshop building at the Moorehaven Centre, the removal of the ground slab and the reinstatement of the ground to surrounding ground levels. The area occupied by the Moorehaven Centre appears to have been located to the east of and outside the medieval walled Moorehaven Centre, 588742, 09E0371 Avril Hayes town as noted in the Urban Survey (Farrelly and Carey 1994). Nothing of an archaeological nature 2009:777 O'Brien Street 635798 was noted during monitoring. Reference Farrelly, J. and Carey, H. 1994 The Urban Archaeological Survey: County Tipperary South Riding. Unpublished Report, Office of Public Works, Dublin.

43 N24-N74 Tipperary Town Road Improvement Scheme Cultural Heritage Assessment

ITM Licence Excavations Location Director Description (www.excavations.ie) Co-ords No. No. Monitoring to install a pipeline (feeder main) to provide natural gas from Raheen AGI, Galbally, Co. Limerick, to the outskirts of Tipperary Town was undertaken in December 2010–February 2011. The feeder main ran from an existing Bord Gáis AGI in the townland of Raheen and was Main Street/Bank Maurice predominantly along the R662 road. The trench for the feeder main was excavated along a public various 10E0424 2011:401 Place Hurley road; the pipe trench was generally c. 1.2m deep and c. 0.5m wide in areas that had previously been subject to disturbance. No archaeological features were exposed in the course of the monitoring.

44 N24-N74 Tipperary Town Road Improvement Scheme Cultural Heritage Assessment

ITM Licence Excavations Location Director Description (www.excavations.ie) Co-ords No. No. Pre-development testing and manual excavation of features was undertaken in advance of construction of a Government and Civic Office development in the townland of Carrownreddy on the outskirts of Tipperary town. Initial testing (undertaken by Goorik Dehaene in 2007; Excavations 2007, no. 1736) identified a burnt spread or mound feature located in the north-west of the site. The plans of the proposed development facilitated the incorporation of this feature into the new development. The area of the monument was excluded from development and retained as a green zone. As a result of the testing and monitoring in February 2011, six areas of archaeological significance were identified and manually excavated. To the east of the burnt spread/mound an east–west linear feature and a small pit were recorded. The linear feature appears to represent furrow activity which has been identified elsewhere on the site. A fragment of ceramic ware from the fill would indicate a 19th/20th-century date. The pit feature was a small sub circular cut filled with a dark brown clay and a number of angular burnt stones. It is possible that the pit feature is associated with the burnt spread/mound and, if so, may provide an early date for human activity at the site. The evidence from excavations at the other five locations on the site suggests agricultural- related practices and a habitation site from the 19th century onwards. Areas 2 and 3 involved the 589332, 07E1044 Martin excavation of a linear ditch feature that appears to run roughly north–south through the area of Carrownreddy 2011:558 636444 ext. Fitzpatrick the proposed development. This feature was first encountered in pre-development testing and subsequent excavation has recorded its extent in two locations within the development site. The form of this feature would suggest that it functioned as a boundary that was subsequently filled in. Areas 4 and 5 were located in the southern half of Field 1, where pre-development testing had identified numerous linear features that appeared to run north–south. Excavation showed that the features are agricultural furrows and remnants of furrows that run north–south and east–west, indicating a concentration of agricultural activity. A number of 19th/20th-century fragments of ceramics and glass suggest that the activity dates from the last 100 years or so. In Area 5 a possible pit feature was uncovered, but most of it had been destroyed by furrow activity. At the southern end of Field 1, monitoring of topsoil-stripping uncovered the remains of a two- roomed vernacular structure that was practically robbed of all its stone. The building would originally have faced onto Rosanna Road, but a high (2m) boundary wall was constructed over its southern wall. The stone from the building was most likely used in the construction of this boundary wall. The agricultural activity to the immediate north of the vernacular structure—and, indeed, elsewhere on the site—is possibly associated with the occupants of this building.

45 N24-N74 Tipperary Town Road Improvement Scheme Cultural Heritage Assessment

Monitoring was undertaken in advance of the construction of a primary care centre on Rosanna Rosanna Road, 589187, Road. The site lay some 300m to the north of the zone of archaeological potential for the historic 15E0427 Tracy Collins 2015:487 Carrownreddy 636421 town of Tipperary. Monitoring of ground works was undertaken over 5 days. Nothing of an archaeological nature was discovered. Ground Investigations Ireland (GII) undertook 12 No. Pavement Investigation locations (PI01 to PI12) between 19th and 24th August 2015. The depths did not exceed 0.9m below BGL. The sub- grade was predominantly a cohesive sandy gravelly clay deposit between chainages 0 to 220 (around Dunnes Stores to Upper Davitt St) and 470 to 650 (along Davitt St). The sub-grade was a sand or gravel in the other sections of the scheme (Upper Church St. / Church St). No groundwater was observed in the investigations. The stratigraphic profile consisted of bitumen ranging between 0.11–0.22m deep, underlain by stony sub-base 0.09–0.55m deep: the total pavement depth ranged between 0.2–0.7m deep. The sequences of strata encountered were similar across the site and generally consisted of - Made Ground Deposits, Cohesive Material and Granular Deposits. PI09 and PI10 were located on Upper Church St. outside the ZAP; PI11 and PI12 were located along Church Various, St. within the ZAP; PI11 immediately north of Church St. / Martin Breen Terrace junction, and PI12 along the Bohercrow & Richard located south of Church St. / John St. junction. N24 N/A 2016 Murgasty O’Brien In addition, Tipperary County Council staff undertook further site investigations along the N24 in Limerick January and February 2016, in order to verify the location and type of the town Water main. The Road works involved excavating a narrow (c. 0.5m wide & 1.5–2m long) slit trench across / along the presumed line of the Water main, and verifying its depth. Four trenches were excavated in January and four in February - the latter being monitored by TII Project Archaeologist Richard O'Brien. The depths did not exceed 1m below BGL. Slit Trench No. 7 (ST7) was excavated south of Church St. / Martin Breen Terrace junction over the Water main and revealed all infilled material beneath the Bitumen layers and Water main. In summary, the combined Ground Investigations data revealed the natural ground beneath the N24 along Davitt St. and Church St. consists of gravel or reddish brown gravelly sand. No topsoil was encountered and apart from a fragment of clay pipe stem in ST6a (beside Amber Filling Station) and portion of modern flower pot in ST7, no artefacts were uncovered. An assessment was undertaken at the Abbey CBS secondary school to the south of Tipperary Town in County Tipperary on a c. 1.14ha site in Collegeland townland. The development consisted of a Sports Hall in the area of the existing basketball/tennis courts to the rear of the school. The Abbey CBS, 589143, proposed Sports Hall site is a tarmacadam yard area to the south-east of the school approximately 16E0376 Rob O’Hara 2016:378 Collegeland 635605 120m south of the site of the former Abbey (TS067:004). A total of 2 trenches were mechanically excavated across the site under archaeological supervision. The upper levels of tarmac were c. 0.1- 0.15m deep and overlay c. 1-1.5m of imported river gravel. This overlay the natural reddish brown sand. No archaeological features were recorded.

46 N24-N74 Tipperary Town Road Improvement Scheme Cultural Heritage Assessment

Monitoring of ground works was undertaken at the site in advance of the construction of a new Blind Street, 589242, 17E0199 Frank Coyne building for a primary care centre. Nothing of an archaeological nature was uncovered during the 2017:240 Carrownreddy 635941 works. Various, along the Archaeological monitoring by Rubicon Heritage Services Ltd. of Irish Water works along the N24 Bohercrow & Ross N24 N/A road in Davitt Street / Upper Church Street / Church Street in early 2018 revealed no 2018 Murgasty MacLeod Limerick archaeological deposits or features. Road Four discrete sites (Areas 1–4) of archaeological significance were encountered during the course of the monitoring; these were located at Upper Church Street, John Street, Church Street and the junction of Davitt Street and Emmet Street. They represented the remains of a nineteenth-century pit (Area 1), two medieval plot boundary ditches (Area 2), a medieval pit (Area 3) and the remains of a ditch or large pit containing medieval pottery (Area 4). All but one of these features (Area 4) were archaeologically resolved under the monitoring licence. In Area 2 both features contained cultural material including a dump of occupational debris within their fills to include charcoal, oyster shells and numerous sherds of medieval pottery. The presence of medieval pottery within these features would indicate that they are of local significance within the context of Tipperary Town, since it is the first recorded occasion that such pottery has been Bohercrow & 58821, Lydia unearthed in the town. In total, 82 sherds of medieval pottery were obtained during the excavation 18E0569 2019 Murgasty 635804 Cagney of three of the four areas (Areas 2, 3 and 4) associated with this project. A single pit (Area 3) was exposed during the removal of the road surface from the lower end of Church Street. This was truncated on its eastern side by an Eircom service trench but was otherwise of regular shape. It comprised four fills which contained similar occupational debris to that observed in the above ditch and pit, including possibly butchered animal bone, oyster shell, charcoal and numerous medieval potsherds similar to those found at Area 2. It is therefore considered that these features may have been associated, and that the Area 3 pit would be local significance since the absence of recorded medieval pottery in this town had been significant up to this point in time. The large ditch or pit represented by Area 4 was minimally excavated at its surface, while the underlying deposits were preserved in situ. Monitoring of the excavation of a trench to accommodate an underground electricity cable was carried out over a period of two days in August and September 2019 on the recommendation of the National Monuments Service, DCHG. The cable trench was located in Collegeland townland at 589094, Miriam Collegeland 19E0111 the south side of Davitt Street / Upper Church Street / Church Street, and a short distance north of 2020:014 635703 Carroll the Abbey Christian Brothers Secondary School. The trench extends through the zone of notification for TS067-004001 – Religious House Augustinian Friars. No archaeological finds, features or deposits were uncovered in the cable trench during the monitoring.

47 N24-N74 Tipperary Town Road Improvement Scheme Cultural Heritage Assessment

Architectural Heritage Assessment

Tipperary Town has a confirmed history going back to the medieval period, potentially earlier. Tipperary is classified as a walled town, Record of Monuments and Places (RMP) No. TS067-004. To date, no in situ remains of a medieval Town Wall have come to light. As the proposed scheme involves an upgrade of the main thoroughfare of the town, the works will direct impact on the Zone of Archaeological Potential (ZAP), and the Architectural Conservation Area (ACA) of Tipperary Town, as outlined on Map No. 8 of the Tipperary Town and Environs Development Plan, 2013–2019 (see Figure 21).

The Cultural Heritage Assessment Report proposes mitigation impacts during construction involving archaeological monitoring, by a suitably qualified licenced archaeologist, of excavations within the Zone of Archaeological Potential (ZAP) and Architectural Conservation Area (ACA) of Tipperary Town.

Tipperary Town has a rich and varied architectural heritage palette, as outlined in Table 5 below. One upstanding structure is being directly impacted by the proposed works: the cast- iron post box on lower Main Street (Reg. No. 22108077: RPS Reg. No. 77). The proposed works will involve the temporary removal, storage and re-location of this structure. It is recommended that a detailed proposal outlining all aspects in relation to the removal, storage and reinstatement of this structure be prepared and submitted to the relevant authorities, in advance of works commencing. During the course of the removal and reinstatement works the monitoring archaeologist will be employed to record these works.

At the conclusion of all architectural works a fully illustrated report, supported by public dissemination events, will be produced and published.

48 N24-N74 Tipperary Town Road Improvement Scheme Cultural Heritage Assessment

Table 5 – Buildings/structures of architectural heritage value in the vicinity of the scheme, identified from the RPS and the NIAH NIAH Reg. RPS Reg. No. NIAH Location NIAH Description, Appraisal & Rating No. Freestanding cruciform-plan gable-fronted Catholic church, built 1859. Comprises five-bay nave with side aisles, three-bay transepts, two-bay chancel, three-bay projecting porch, and mortuary chapel added c.1915, three-stage bell tower with spire, and having lean- to porch to north elevation and sacristy to northeast. Pitched slate roofs with carved limestone and metal cross finials, cut limestone copings, dressed limestone brackets to clerestory, with cast-iron rainwater goods. Slightly-projecting carved limestone octagonal chimneystack to sacristy. Broached octagonal spire to tower with metal cross finial and having trefoil and pointed vent-lights, latter with louvres. Carved limestone crenellations and spires to octagonal engaged columns to porch. Snecked dressed limestone walls with cut limestone dressings, buttresses to corners of plan, to lower two stages of tower and between windows of side aisles, plinth course and having moulded string courses to porch. Carved limestone statue of Saint Michael the Archangel in gabled niche to front of bell tower. Pointed-arch window openings throughout, five-light to west front, trefoil-headed five-light to east window, three-light to gables of transepts, two-light to side aisles and front of tower, and single elsewhere, having hood mouldings to front elevation openings. Paired pointed-arch windows to porch with hood-mouldings and engaged colonnettes, with hexafoil opening over central entrance doorway with moulded limestone surround. Grouped square-headed windows and paired pointed segmental-headed windows to sacristy. All windows have tooled limestone block-and-start surrounds. Paired lancets with trefoils under dressed stone hood-moulding to first stage of bell tower. Lancets to second stage, groups of three louvered trefoil-headed windows in pointed-arch surrounds to third stage of bell tower. Pointed order arch entrance to porch with cut limestone hood-moulding with four orders, Saint Michael’s comprising engaged columns and roll mouldings, with flight of stone steps. Secondary entrances with pointed-arch opening to south Church, elevation and to south transept, with flights of limestone steps. Shouldered entrance opening to north transept and north addition. 19 Saint Michael's 22108019 All having battened timber double-leaf doors with ornate iron strap hinges. Textured and coloured glass to pitch pine porch screen Street, with trefoil-headed details. Dressed limestone pointed-arch opening to nave with six orders, comprising engaged columns and roll Carrownreddy mouldings. Pointed-arch arcade separating nave and side aisles, with sandstone columns. Ornate carved marble reredos to main altar of 1860, and to side altars, with figure sculpture. Ornate carved marble pointed segmental arcade to organ gallery with trefoil arcading detail to parapet, on polished granite columns. Boarded timber ceiling to braced truss roof supported on cut stone corbels to nave walls. Stained-glass windows, pitch pine confessionals and pews, timber and stucco Stations of the Cross. Octagonal dressed limestone piers with plinths and pyramidal caps to site entrance having decorative cast-iron piers to pedestrian entrances and decorative cast-iron railings and gates. Graveyard to north and south of site. This impressive church was designed by the celebrated church architect, J.J. McCarthy, and built by Doolins of Dublin. The additions by Ashlin and Coleman, made in the early twentieth century, enhance the entrance in particular. Its form conveys a sense of the power of the Catholic Church at the time, and presents an impressive feature in the townscape. Its spire is also visible from every approach road. Fine craftsmanship is seen throughout the building, in the quality of the stonework and stone carving, and the detailing of the various elevations. The reredos by John Hardman & Co. represents an impressive artistic achievement, and the stone carving to the organ gallery also enhances the interior, as does the attractive glazed screen. The church contributes dramatically to the townscape and particularly to the pleasant, mainly residential streetscapes of Saint Michael's Street and St Michael’s Road. National Rating

49 N24-N74 Tipperary Town Road Improvement Scheme Cultural Heritage Assessment

NIAH Reg. RPS Reg. No. NIAH Location NIAH Description, Appraisal & Rating No. Detached purpose-built H-plan seven-bay three-storey over basement RIC barracks, built 1874, and formerly in use as Garda station. Comprises central five-bay block flanked by slightly-lower gable-fronted blocks having three-bay side elevations. Gable-fronted projecting entrance porch to north block rising to height of first floor. Hipped slate roof to central block, pitched to flanking blocks, with rendered chimneystacks, cast-iron rainwater goods, rendered copings and having brackets to rendered box eaves. Painted roughcast rendered walls with plinth course to basement. Segmental-headed windows to front elevation, square-headed to basement and top floor of side elevations of flanking blocks and some to rear elevation, all having painted moulded render block- and-start surrounds, with integral sills. Round-headed windows to porch. Timber sliding sash windows throughout, nine-over-nine Davis Street, pane to middle floors of central block, six-over-six pane to flanking blocks and other floors of central block and two-over-two Saint Michael's 20 22108020 horizontal pane to porch. Segmental-headed entrance opening to front elevation and to north porch, replacement timber panelled Road, doors with moulded cornice and paned over-lights, accessed by flights of limestone steps with rendered parapets. Low painted Carrownreddy roughcast rendered boundary wall to basement area. Rubble stone boundary wall with limestone coping, tooled limestone piers with pyramidal caps, and decorative wrought- and cast-iron railings and pedestrian gates. Vehicular entrance to rear with wrought and cast-iron double-leaf gates. This imposing former barracks was one of a number of public buildings, such as the Town Hall, to be constructed in the 1870s. Its scale is an indicator of the level of Fenian activity occurring in the Tipperary area at the time. The fortress-like appearance is reinforced by gable-fronted end blocks, by its height, and by the castle-like entrance having steps over the basement area, the latter having the appearance of a moat. The prominent corner siting accentuates its dominance of the streetscape. Regional Rating Terraced two-bay two-storey house, built c.1860, with arcaded ground floor and recent gable-fronted attic addition. Pitched roof, rendered chimneystack and cast-iron rainwater goods. Painted rendered walls with moulded cornice to original roof line and to sill level of first floor, latter with egg-and-dart frieze, and painted rendered plinth course. Square-headed window openings to first floor with moulded render surrounds, moulded cornices with decorative consoles and one-over-one pane timber sliding sash windows M.A.B.S., 22108021 with decorative wrought-iron window guards. Round-headed arcaded to ground floor with continuous hood-moulding having 21 19 Davis Street, decorative stops and with Composite-style capitals to piers. Fixed timber windows with ornate wrought-iron window guards to Carrownreddy ground floor. Replacement timber panelled entrance door with plain fanlight. The arcaded ground floor of this building is a feature of many buildings in Tipperary Town. High-quality craftsmanship can be seen in the fine work to the capitals and window guards, and the building is enhanced by the render cornices to the first floor windows. This building adds architectural variety to the streetscape, and the retention of timber sash windows adds to its conservation significance. Regional Rating Terraced two-bay three-storey house, built c.1850, with shopfront to ground floor. Pitched slate roof with brick and rendered chimneystack, with boxed eaves and cast-iron rainwater goods. Painted rendered walls with vermiculated render quoins. Square- headed window openings with painted stone sills and replacement uPVC windows. Timber and render shopfront with moulded T. Furlong, 22108022 cornice and string course, panelled pilasters with moulded capitals and fascia with painted lettering. Altered square-headed display 22 18 Davis Street, window to ground floor with painted rendered sill and wrought-iron window guard. Replacement timber panelled entrance door Carrownreddy with margined glazing to timber surround and plain over-light. Diminishing window openings to the upper floors and the elegant simplicity of the shopfront create a pleasing façade. This is accentuated by the simple hand-painted lettering. Artistic quality can be seen in the detailing of the fascia and pilasters. Regional Rating

50 N24-N74 Tipperary Town Road Improvement Scheme Cultural Heritage Assessment

NIAH Reg. RPS Reg. No. NIAH Location NIAH Description, Appraisal & Rating No. Terraced three-bay two-storey house over basement, one of terrace of three, built c.1840. Pitched roof, covering not visible, with rendered parapet with coping and ball finial, moulded string course, rendered chimneystack and cast-iron rainwater goods. Ruled- and-lined rendered walls, having rendered plinth between ground floor and basement. Square-headed window openings with ‘Suncroft’, Saint rendered sills and replacement uPVC windows. Segmental-headed entrance opening with timber panelled door having stained glass 34 Michael's Street, 22108034 panels, flanked by fluted rendered engaged columns, having moulded cornice over with decorative bracket detailing to stained glass Carrownreddy fanlight, accessed by concrete steps with wrought-iron railings. Roughcast rendered boundary wall to front garden with capped rendered piers and wrought-iron pedestrian gate. The modest grandeur of this terrace is accentuated by the continuous line of the parapets, unadorned façade and good proportions. Much character has been retained. Regional Rating Terraced three-bay two-storey house over basement, one of terrace of three, built c.1840. Pitched roof, covering not visible. Rendered chimneystack and parapet with coping, moulded string course, vase finial and cast-iron rainwater goods. Ruled-and-lined rendered walls. Square-headed window openings with rendered sills and replacement uPVC windows. Segmental-headed entrance Nelson House, opening with timber panelled door flanked by fluted rendered engaged columns, having moulded cornice and decorative brackets to Saint Michael's 35 22108035 fanlight with lead spokes, accessed by concrete steps with wrought-iron railings. Roughcast rendered boundary wall to front garden Street, with capped piers and wrought-iron pedestrian gate. Carrownreddy The modest grandeur of this terrace is accentuated by the continuous line of the parapets, unadorned façade and good proportions. Its heavy parapet helps counteract the height, as does the front garden. The fine doorcase, the urn to the parapet, and the cast-iron pedestrian gate add decorative interest. Regional Rating Terraced four-bay two-storey house over basement, built c.1840, with integral carriage arch to north end of façade at basement level. Pitched roof, covering not visible. Rendered chimneystack and parapet with coping, moulded string course, ball finial and cast- iron rainwater goods. Ruled-and-lined rendered walls. Square-headed window openings with rendered sills and timber sliding sash two-over-two pane windows. Segmental-headed entrance opening with timber panelled door flanked by fluted rendered engaged columns, with moulded cornice and having spoked fanlight, accessed by concrete steps with rendered parapet walls. Roughcast 21 Saint Michael's rendered boundary wall to front garden with capped piers and wrought-iron pedestrian gate. Rock-faced capped piers to vehicular 36 Street, 22108036 entrance with wrought-iron double-leaf gates and with flat arch to carriageway and with rubble stone boundary wall to neighbouring Carrownreddy garden. The modest grandeur of this terrace is accentuated by the continuous line of the parapets, unadorned façade and good proportions. This building is the most intact in the terrace and retains its timber sash windows. The presence of a sunken carriage arch adds further interest. The fine doorcase, the ball finial to the end of the parapet, and the cast-iron pedestrian gate all add decorative interest. Regional Rating

51 N24-N74 Tipperary Town Road Improvement Scheme Cultural Heritage Assessment

NIAH Reg. RPS Reg. No. NIAH Location NIAH Description, Appraisal & Rating No. Detached U-plan two-storey school, dated 1842, with projecting two-bay ends flanking three central bays and three-bay side elevations. Now in use as community centre. Low pitched roof, covering not visible, with rendered chimneystacks, cast-iron rainwater goods and rendered eaves course. Rendered walls to front elevation, ruled-and-lined, with date plaque to central bay, necked limestone walls elsewhere, with dressed limestone quoins and plinth course. Round-headed window openings to first floor with stone sills and timber sliding sash three-over-six pane windows. Square-headed window openings to ground floor with stone Community sills and timber sliding sash six-over-six pane windows, six-over-three panes to central bay. Square-headed entrance openings to Centre, Saint 37 22108037 centre end bays, with replacement timber panelled double-leaf doors, and plain over-lights. Block-and-start surrounds to openings Michael's Street, on south elevation and dressed limestone voussoirs to rear openings. Coursed rock-faced capped low boundary wall to front Carrownreddy elevation, high random rubble stone boundary wall to rear. Built by James K. Fahie, the formal plan of this building is complemented by the unadorned façade and good proportions between wall and openings. There is a pleasing contrast between the round-headed first floor windows and square-headed ground floor windows. Its use as a former school is made clear by the traditional separate entrances for boys and girls. This well-maintained building has successfully changed use, and retained its character. Regional Rating Terraced single-bay two-storey house, built c.1800, ground floor formerly in use as shop, with intact shopfront. Pitched artificial slate roof with rendered chimneystack and cast-iron rainwater goods. Painted ruled-and-lined rendered walls. Square-headed window opening with timber sliding sash two-over-two pane window. Timber shopfront to ground floor with dentils, fascia board with hand- M. Murphy, painted timber signboard attached, and pilasters with moulded capitals and plinth blocks. Square-headed centrally-placed entrance 40 Limerick Street, 22108040 opening with timber panelled double-leaf door, plain over-light and plinth blocks. Square-headed display windows with fixed timber Bohercrow panelled shutters. The fine timber shopfront of this building is of a highly recognisable type that is becoming increasingly rare in Ireland. The timber panelled shutters are significantly intact. Its small scale makes it distinctive in the town and an interesting contributor to the variety of the architectural heritage. The lack of maintenance underlines its vulnerability. Regional Rating

52 N24-N74 Tipperary Town Road Improvement Scheme Cultural Heritage Assessment

NIAH Reg. RPS Reg. No. NIAH Location NIAH Description, Appraisal & Rating No. Freestanding cruciform-plan Church of Ireland church, built 1820-30 and dated 1832, with three-bay nave, three-stage tower to front elevation flanked by lower annexes, chancel to east elevation, and crypt. Pitched slate roofs with moulded eaves course, having octagonal spire to tower, crenellations to tower and annexes, dressed stone gabled finials, crocketed to tower and spiked elsewhere, and cast-iron rainwater goods. Coursed dressed limestone walls with stepped plinth, stepped buttresses, and having moulded string courses to tower. Blind quatrefoils to transept gables and shield plaques plaque to front elevation, with date plaque over main entrance. Coursed dressed stone to spire. Four-centered arch four-light window to east elevation and pointed arch two-light window openings elsewhere, with dressed stone hood-mouldings having quatrefoil and cinquefoil tracery. Unglazed to tower, fixed metal- framed windows with hoppers elsewhere. Dressed stone doorcase to west elevation, flanked by diagonally-set buttresses of tower, St. Mary's Church, with moulded and roll label-mouldings, pointed three-order doorway, quatrefoils to spandrels, and recessed decorative timber 41 22108041 Church Street panelled double-leaf door, accessed via stone steps. Pointed-arch door openings elsewhere, with dressed stone hood-mouldings and decorative timber panelled double-leaf doors, accessed by flights of steps. Blind doorway to front elevation of north annex. Set on elevated site surrounded by graveyard. Rendered boundary wall, with coursed rendered capped piers, and double-leaf wrought and cast-iron gates. This First Fruits church is significant in its own right, and also for its site, which has historically been the location of the medieval parish church of the town. The elegant design has been complemented by the use of high-quality materials, and a visually-pleasing repetition of form, as seen in the varied pointed-arch window and door openings, and traceried windows. The retention of panelled doors with decorative detailing adds further interest. Its elevated position, surrounded by a mature graveyard, accentuates the sense of place, as the church is approached. Regional Rating End-of-terrace two-bay three-storey house, built c.1860, with return to rear and canted oriel window. Pitched slate roof with red brick chimneystack and cast-iron rainwater goods. Pebble-dashed walls, with smooth render bands to quoins and plinth and having decorative shield and lozenge detailing. Square-headed window openings with decorative render surrounds and having wrought-iron House, 22108042 sill-guards to ground floor. Rendered sills, with moulded continuous sill course to second floor. Timber sliding sash one-over-one 42 11 James Street, pane windows. Timber frame to oriel window with moulded cornice to flat roof, covering not visible and supported on full-width Murgasty timber cornice with panelling to frieze. Recessed entrance opening with encaustic tile-work to pavement. Square-headed door opening, having timber panelled door and over-light, with replacement uPVC outer door. This house adds interest to the streetscape, through the heavy moulded cornice and the large oriel window supported by it. The retention of timber sash windows enhances the building. Regional Rating Terraced two-bay three-storey house, built c.1860, with shopfront. Pitched slate roof with coursed limestone and rendered chimneystack with moulded coping, and cast-iron rainwater goods. Rendered walls with moulded rendered plinth. Camber-arch window openings to upper floors, with painted stone sills and timber sliding sash two-over-two pane windows. Timber and rendered House, 22108043 shopfront to ground floor, having moulded dentillated cornice with modillions, plain fascia with incised decoration, and pilasters with 43 8 James Street, decorative roundels. Square-headed former display window to ground floor with replacement timber glazing and painted rendered Murgasty sill. Timber panelled entrance door with plain over-light and flanked by pilasters. This well-proportioned house and former shop is notable for its intactness. The diminishing timber sash windows create an interesting façade that is accentuated by the elegant simplicity of this shopfront with its few but finely crafted features. Regional Rating

53 N24-N74 Tipperary Town Road Improvement Scheme Cultural Heritage Assessment

NIAH Reg. RPS Reg. No. NIAH Location NIAH Description, Appraisal & Rating No. Terraced two-bay three-storey house, built c.1850, ground floor formerly used as shop, with shopfront and separate access to upper floors. Pitched slate roof with red brick chimneystack and cast-iron rainwater goods. Painted rendered walls. Segmental-headed window openings with recessed moulded surrounds and painted sills with replacement uPVC windows. Timber shopfront to ground D. Toomey, 22108042 floor with moulded cornice, dentils, raised render lettering to fasciaboard, and pilasters, with plate glass display window divided in 44 Davis Street, two and having painted rendered sill. Square-headed entrance opening with timber panelled doors, double-leaf to shop, and plain Murgasty over-lights. This modest building forms part of a good terrace of houses and shops. The camber-arch upper floor openings and the elegant simplicity of the shopfront creates a pleasing visual effect. The retention of a timber panelled doors, including the double-leaf entrance door, accentuates the character of the shopfront. Regional Rating Terraced two-bay three-storey house, built c.1860, with shopfront. Pitched slate roof with red brick chimneystack and cast-iron rainwater goods. Painted rendered walls. Square-headed window openings to upper floors, with moulded surrounds having keystone detail, painted sills and one-over-one pane timber sliding sash windows. Timber shopfront with moulded cornice, plain fascia, Fitzpatrick panelled pilasters with glazed tile decoration. Glazed tiled stall riser with lettering. Square-headed centrally-divided timber display 45 Printers, 7 Davis 22108045 window to ground floor having pseudo-three-centered arcading. Timber sheeted door and wrought-iron railing to entrance porch, Street, Murgasty with mosaic pavement. Glazed timber panelled internal doors with over-lights. This is an eye-catching structure that retains much interesting fabric, despite its lack of maintenance. It is significant in its own right, but also for the various roles it played in the social history of the town. With its Dutch-style front gable it contributes significantly to the architectural variety of the townscape. Detached gable-fronted multiple-bay two-storey hall, built c.1840, remodelled early twentieth century with Dutch style gable to front having oriel window. In former use as dysentery hospital and Temperance Hall. Pitched slate roof with rendered chimneystack, cast- iron rainwater goods, and having finials and moulded coping to gable and to flanking piers of façade. Painted rendered walls to front Kickham Band elevation with render quoins and random rubble stone walls to side elevations. Hipped slate roof and moulded cornice to timber Hall, 46 22108046 sheeted oriel window, openings now boarded up. Square-headed openings throughout, having barred timber sliding sash windows Davis Street, and stone sills. Sheeted timber entrance door with plain over-light. Sheeted metal double-leaf door to north side. Murgasty This is an eye-catching structure, which retains much interesting fabric, despite its lack of maintenance. It is significant in its own right, but also for the various roles it played in the social history of the town. It contributes significantly to the architectural variety of the streetscape. Regional Rating

54 N24-N74 Tipperary Town Road Improvement Scheme Cultural Heritage Assessment

NIAH Reg. RPS Reg. No. NIAH Location NIAH Description, Appraisal & Rating No. Corner-sited three-storey building, built c.1860, having three-bay and five-bay elevations. Hipped slate roof, with red brick chimneystacks, cast-iron rainwater goods and stone eaves course. Random rubble limestone walls, render partially removed, exposing brick infill, surrounds and arches to ground floor openings, with blank or illegible plaque to east elevation. Coursed cut limestone to quoins. Round-headed openings to northernmost bay of east elevation, square-headed openings elsewhere, having stone sills and timber sliding sash one-over-one pane windows. Replacement timber windows to ground floor set into wide infilled ex-Irish National openings having timber lintel beams with brick relieving arches above random rubble limestone. Timber panelled double-leaf door, Foresters, James with over-light to south elevation. Timber panelled door in east elevation with elliptical-headed opening, with sidelights and fanlight, 47 Street, John 22108047 now boarded up. Street, This building is sited at the corner of two streets and has the effect of unifying the long rows of buildings on each, emphasizing the Murgasty continuous lines of roofs and fenestration that makes this location visually and architecturally interesting. The several former shopfronts with brick arches, the well-crafted limestone quoins, and the retention of timber sash windows, all enhance the building. It has social and historical significance due to its link with the Irish National Foresters, a collective that supported its working class membership at times of illness and death, and was sympathetic to nationalist causes. The association was at the forefront in the campaign to erect a memorial to the Manchester Martyrs, and Charles Stewart Parnell spoke from a window of the hall in 1880. This connection with the political history of Tipperary is important to the historical development of the town. Regional Rating Detached gable-fronted four-storey building with attic, built c.1820, with two-bay front elevation and five-bay side elevations and having pub-front to ground floor. Formerly in use as grain store and workhouse hospital. Pitched slate roof, with rendered chimneystack over gables and red brick chimneystacks to middle of side elevations, with cast-iron rainwater goods. Painted rendered walls to front, with coping to parapet, gable stops, having giant-order pilasters and moulded string course to upper floors acting also as continuous sill course. Partially painted random rubble stone walls to front bays of side elevations, exposed rubble limestone with roughly-dressed quoins elsewhere. Square-headed window openings, with bracketed canopies to upper floors of front elevation and Paddy McEniry, having brick voussoirs to exposed walling. Timber casement windows to top floor, replacement aluminium to middle floors and 48 Davis Street, 22108048 recessed timber sliding sash one-over-one pane window to ground floor front, latter having moulded render surround, wrought-iron Murgasty sill guard and integral rainwater drain. Timber sliding sash ten-over-ten pane windows to top floor of side elevations, replacement aluminium windows elsewhere. Pub-front to ground floor with moulded cornice and fascia-board, square-headed display window and having timber panelled double-leaf entrance doors with over-light having decorative glass. Painted rendered boundary wall to north with coping and plaque dated 1867. Sheeted metal double-leaf door to square-headed opening. This imposing former grain store is a good example of the type and one of the town’s larger buildings. The front gable, which addresses the street, is unusual in the town, and is articulated and enhanced by good render details, including cornices to windows, and Giant Order pilasters to the upper floors. Its history of multiple usage gives it considerable interest. Regional Rating

55 N24-N74 Tipperary Town Road Improvement Scheme Cultural Heritage Assessment

NIAH Reg. RPS Reg. No. NIAH Location NIAH Description, Appraisal & Rating No. Detached temple-style single-storey structure, dated 1844, with four-bay side elevations and having single-storey twentieth-century extension to rear. Formerly church and parish hall, now in use as offices. Pitched roof, covering not visible, to main block and pitched slate to extension, with cast-iron rainwater goods. Acroteria to east gable, rendered chimneystack to west. Pediment to front elevation with moulded limestone cornices, with rendered tympanum and frieze, and having coursed dressed limestone to cornice at east elevation. Rendered walls with cut limestone pilasters to all elevations and between windows of side elevations, having moulded capitals and bases. Coursed dressed limestone plinth. Square-headed window openings to side elevations with timber sliding sash nine-over-six pane windows, having dressed limestone sills. Recessed entrance bay to front elevation, flanked by stone columns with stylised leaf capitals, and having date plaque reading 'Scots Church A.D. 1844'. Square-headed entrance opening with painted Webster rendered doorcase, having moulded canopy supported on fluted brackets, with plinth blocks and timber panelled double-leaf door, Insurances, accessed by flight of limestone steps. Wrought and cast-iron railings and gate to front boundary on moulded limestone plinth and 49 James Street, 22108049 having dressed limestone piers to ends with carved limestone caps. Random rubble stone wall with rendered coping to north John Street, elevation. Murgasty This former church and parish hall was built in the form of a freestanding classical Greek Temple. Its location, with good stone piers and decorative iron railings demarcating its site, presents it well. Rendering of the main wall surfaces has allowed the quality and diversity of the stonework of the pilasters and other features and details to be accentuated. The symmetrical proportions of the design are visually pleasing and the structure as a whole has a compactness that must have lent itself well to the intimacy of a small community. It is significant also for its association with two prominent figures of this era in Tipperary, William Tinsley, its architect and James K. Fahie, its builder. Regional Rating

Freestanding monument, erected 1907, commemorating the execution of three political activists in 1867. Relocated to this corner site in 2003. Composed of carved limestone female figure on base depicting portraits of three executed men, and pedestal with stepped plinth having dressed limestone bollards at corners. Portraits carry name in Irish of each man. Situated on stone flagged Junction of pavement behind wrought-iron railings, with information board and rubble stone planters. Painted roughcast rendered screen walls 50 Church Street & 22108050 of neighbouring buildings to rear. Main Street This memorial to the Manchester Martyrs is a landmark piece of sculpture, now located in a prominent corner site in Tipperary Town. The choice of a female figure for such a memorial has been seen as the personification of Ireland, fused with the Virgin Mary, as Irish identity during that era was tied up with Catholicism. It is a naturalistic and evocative piece of work, made all the more striking by the life-like portraits of the executed men. Regional Rating.

56 N24-N74 Tipperary Town Road Improvement Scheme Cultural Heritage Assessment

NIAH Reg. RPS Reg. No. NIAH Location NIAH Description, Appraisal & Rating No. Terraced three-storey house, built c.1880, with two-bay upper floors and four-bay arcaded ground floor, having shop to ground floor and separate access to B&B on upper floors. Pitched slate roof with rendered chimneystack, cast-iron rainwater goods and rendered eaves course. Painted rendered walls, with stucco pilaster detailing to edges of upper floors, and moulded rendered plinth. Square- headed window openings, having moulded cornices on decorative brackets. Replacement uPVC windows, with moulded continuous Central House, 45 22108051 sill course to top floor. Moulded timber and rendered shopfront, with cornice having ornate modillions, dentils and egg-and-dart 51 Main Street, decoration. Consoles have ornate details including paterae, floral work in panel, egg-and-dart and fluting. Round-headed arcade to Murgasty ground floor arcade divided by pilasters having capitals with palmette motif, moulded archivolts and decorative keystones. Centrally- placed display windows with moulded sills. Timber panelled doors and plain fanlights to entrances. The richly ornamented façade of this building has a pleasing appearance, due to the symmetry, arcading and detailing of the ground floor openings, that is a feature of many commercial buildings in this town. Fine craftsmanship is also apparent in the render detailing of the pilasters of the upper floors and the moulded cornices to the windows. Regional Rating Corner-sited building, erected c.1880, with thirteen-bay wrap-around shopfront to two streets, presenting five bays to Main Street and eight bays to west, James Street, elevation. Four storeys to five northernmost bays of west elevation, three storeys elsewhere. Arcaded ground floor to Main Street and to chamfered corner, with recent pub frontages to west. Roof not visible, rendered chimneystacks and cast-iron rainwater goods. Heavy moulded and bracketed cornice to eaves, with panelling between brackets and moulded string course beneath. Painted rendered walls. Square-headed window openings to four-storey part and recessed with moulded shouldered surrounds elsewhere, with timber sliding sash one-over-one pane windows with painted sills, having louvered vents to top floor of four-storey part. Arcaded wrap-around shopfront to Main Street and to southernmost bay of west elevation, Ó Donnabháin/ with moulded cornice, channelled rendered walls, having elliptical-arch openings separated by pilasters with plinths and having Paddy Power, 22108052 decorative keystones connected by moulded course. Replacement timber display windows with replacement uPVC shop signs to 52 Main Street, fascia. Timber panelled entrance doors with fanlights and side panels. Late twentieth-century timber pub-fronts to west elevation, James Street, having segmental-headed door and window openings to four-storey part, with replacement windows and doors. Dutch gable-style Murgasty parapet to former carriage arch beyond west elevation, having moulded cornice and applied painted stucco lettering reading 'P. Coman/ Estabd 1880', and decoration in the form of swags, rosettes and urn. This large and imposing building stands on a prominent corner site at the junction of two major streets and neatly finishes the ends of each. The heavy cornice with brackets unifies the two rows reduces the apparent height of the buildings. The rusticated ground floor of the Main Street façade and the corner adds a monumental aspect, and the render panels to the eaves are unusual. The arcading of this part of the building groups it with the distinctive arcaded shopfronts of the town. Of further note is the accomplished stucco decoration to the former carriage arch on James’s Street. Regional Rating

57 N24-N74 Tipperary Town Road Improvement Scheme Cultural Heritage Assessment

NIAH Reg. RPS Reg. No. NIAH Location NIAH Description, Appraisal & Rating No. Terraced four-bay three-storey building, erected c.1880, with shopfront to ground floor and separate access to upper floors. Roof has balustraded parapet with moulded panelled piers. Roof covering not visible. Painted rendered walls with heavy dentillated cornice to second floor and moulded string course doubling as continuous sill course to first, with full-height chamfered pilasters having stucco panels to upper floors. Decorative square panels to first floor and round masks to second floor. Square-headed window openings, having render shouldered and kneed surrounds, with render floral details to knees and shoulders, moulded cornices to first floor. W.G. Evans, 52-53 Replacement uPVC windows to second floor and timber sliding sash one-over-one pane windows to first floor. Shopfront has 53 Main Street, 22108053 twentieth-century timber boarded fascia, signboards and street number boards having gilded stucco lettering and numbering, and Murgasty channelled rendered pilasters to ends with gabled moulded consoles having masks to roundels. Square-headed openings to ground floor, boarded up to shopfront. Recessed entrance opening to upper floors, with timber panelled door, and over-light. This richly ornamented façade is a notable building on Main Street. It displays fine render details, as seen in the window surrounds and various decorative features of the upper façade. The shopfront is of good quality, as is clear from the gilded stucco lettering and numbering. The heavy balustraded parapet adds monumentality. Regional Rating

58 N24-N74 Tipperary Town Road Improvement Scheme Cultural Heritage Assessment

NIAH Reg. RPS Reg. No. NIAH Location NIAH Description, Appraisal & Rating No. Corner-sited purpose-built former bank, built 1881, comprising three-storey L-plan main block, southern three bays set back from streetscape, with five-bay long and three-bay short, northern, elevations. Double-height porch to north elevation and four-bay single- storey wing advanced from longer elevation and having single-storey block to east elevation. Hipped slate roofs with red brick chimneystacks with carved limestone copings and decorative brick detailing, rafters exposed to overhanging eaves of main block, and cast-iron rainwater goods. Red brick parapet in running bond to wing, with moulded render coping, panelled piers and finials. Red brick walls, common bond to main block with fifth course headers and with running bond to east block. Moulded brick string courses throughout, those at sill levels in main block doubling as sill courses. Decorative façade to west elevation ground floor, consisting of moulded dressed limestone entablature with dentillated cornice, coursed frieze, panelled pilasters, narrower between windows, with Composite capitals, moulded sill course, coursed limestone plinth and moulded plinth course. Arcaded group of round-headed windows to upper elevation of north porch with raised brick surrounds comprising brick voussoirs, keystones and pilasters and having timber windows with leaded coloured glazing. Square-headed window openings elsewhere, with one-over-one pane timber sliding sash windows. Moulded limestone surrounds to ground floor windows of west elevation, with cut limestone canopies over J.A. Godfrey fluted limestone brackets, latter over carved limestone string course. Timber sliding sash one-over-one pane windows throughout. Accountants, Elaborate carved limestone doorcase to entrance at ground floor of west elevation, with elliptical-headed opening surmounted by 54 Davis Street, 22108054 pediment with clam shell feature to tympanum, fluted brackets, panel to frieze, moulding to arch, fluted pilasters to door jambs, and Mitchell Street, timber panelled door, accessed by limestone steps. Porch to north elevation having square-headed entrance opening, with timber Carrownreddy canopy and carved timber brackets, moulded render surround, timber panelled door, and over-light. Red brick boundary wall in common bond with fifth course headers to north, with rendered coping. Red brick and coursed stone capped piers, wrought-iron railings and pedestrian gate. This purpose-built former bank, prominently sited in the streetscape, is notable for its varied plan and section. The three-storey corner block, that is largely of red brick, itself an unusual walling material for an Irish country town, contrasts with the single-storey street edge frontage of the former banking hall, with its very carefully crafted and detailed Italianate façade. This building was designed by the well known architectural firm of Thomas Newenham Deane & Co. The fine decorative features of the latter include pilasters flanking the windows, and an elaborate pedimented entrance. The higher parts of the building have good brick detailing to the string courses, pilasters and chimneystacks. The classical façade was a typical feature of banks in the nineteenth century, implying a link with Florentine bankers and through the use of ancient architectural detailing, a permanence expected for the institution by its customers. The building is also a reminder of the vibrancy of the town's economy in the late nineteenth century. Regional Rating

59 N24-N74 Tipperary Town Road Improvement Scheme Cultural Heritage Assessment

NIAH Reg. RPS Reg. No. NIAH Location NIAH Description, Appraisal & Rating No. Detached two-storey house, built c.1890, with three-bay first floor and four-bay ground floor, having oriel window to front with gable over having finial. Pitched replacement slate roof with cresting to ridge tiles, red brick chimneystacks, overhanging eaves, timber bargeboards to gables, and cast-iron rainwater goods. Painted roughcast rendered walls with plat-band to oriel gable. Recent gabled Avondale/ dormers to attic at rear. Square-headed window openings, paired to ground floor under oriel, with painted brick block-and-start O'Keeffe & surrounds, and having moulded cornice to oriel window. Painted sills with timber sliding sash sixteen-over-one pane windows to oriel Mooney and window underneath, one-over-one pane elsewhere. Round-headed entrance opening, with moulded archivolt, decorative 55 Veterinary 22108055 keystone and rendered pilasters with plinth blocks. Timber panelled door with plain fanlight and stone threshold. Square-headed Surgeons, entrance opening to east end of façade with rendered surround, timber panelled door and tall over-light. Mitchell Street, The building of the Town Hall, begun in 1876, and of Boston Villas, dating from c.1905, on the same street as this house, suggests a Carrownreddy regeneration of the area. This house displays many features typical of the turn of the twentieth century, such as the projecting gabled roof detail with finial and the brick window surrounds. The retention of small-pane timber sash windows enhances the building. Regional Rating Terraced seven-bay three-storey building, built c.1890, with slightly-advanced end bays, shopfront to middle bays and separate access at each end to upper floors. Roof not visible. Rendered parapet with coping and panels and dressed limestone moulded cornice with dentils and string course. Rendered walls, second floor having pilasters with dressed limestone capitals, moulded impost course and continuous moulded sill course. Polished limestone plaque to Patrick Pearse to ground floor. Round-headed window openings to second floor, with moulded render archivolts and keystones. Square-headed window openings to first floor having Discount World, engaged balustrade, moulded render surrounds and dressed limestone canopies. Timber sliding sash one-over-one pane windows 63-64 Main throughout, plain fanlights to second floor, plain over-lights to first floor. Double-height shopfront to ground floor with dressed 56 22108056 Street, limestone moulded cornice, replacement uPVC fascia and rendered pilasters. Square-headed openings with timber display windows Carrownreddy and glazed timber double-leaf door with plain over-light. Dressed limestone doorcases to advanced bays, with moulded entablatures, plain friezes, channelled pilasters with vermiculated impost and string courses, moulded bases and fluted archivolts with keystones and having glazed timber panelled doors with over-lights. This imposing building has kept its elegance and character. The end bays with their double-height doorways convey a sense of grandeur. Fine limestone work is evident in the decorative detail of the doorways and the simpler string course and other features. The strong horizontal emphasis of the building is distinctive. Regional Rating

60 N24-N74 Tipperary Town Road Improvement Scheme Cultural Heritage Assessment

NIAH Reg. RPS Reg. No. NIAH Location NIAH Description, Appraisal & Rating No. Terraced two-bay three-storey house, built c.1900, with arcaded shopfront with end doorway and integral carriage arch, and oriel windows to first floor. Now in use as financial institution. Pitched slate roof with crested ridge tiles, red brick chimneystacks, bracketed eaves course with dentils, and cast-iron rainwater goods. Hipped slate roofs to oriel windows. Painted rendered walls with decorative render quoins and moulded string course to second floor doubling as sill course. Paired square-headed window openings to second floor, with colonnettes and moulded mask to keystone, moulded shouldered and kneed surrounds and canted oriel windows to first floor with moulded cornices and plain friezes. Timber sliding sash six-over-six pane windows throughout. Shopfront Permanent TSB, to ground floor with decorative entablature including moulded bracketed cornice, egg-and-dart string course and intertwined low 57 74 Main Street, 22108057 relief foliage to frieze. Arcaded segmental-headed openings having polished granite columns with chamfered corners to plinths and Carrownreddy having rendered pilasters to outer jambs of doorways, Corinthian capitals and moulded mask keystones. Fixed timber display windows. Recessed door opening with double-leaf timber panelled door, and over-light. The number and variety of decorative features makes this a particularly notable part of the Main Street streetscape. The Italianate stuccowork to the frieze is a particularly fine example of high quality craftsmanship. Arcaded openings to the ground floor and granite columns are features of an interesting Tipperary Town group of commercial buildings. The oriel windows and the double windows above add interest. Regional Rating Terraced four-bay three-storey building, erected c.1900, with shopfront and separate entrance to upper floors. Pitched roof, covering not visible. Painted rendered chimneystacks and parapet with moulded cornice and string course. Painted rendered walls, having render quoins to east gable. Square-headed window openings to upper floors with stone sills and timber sliding sash two-over-two pane windows. Double-height shopfront with moulded cornice doubling as continuous sill course to first floor windows, and with incised lettering 'POST OFFICE' to render fascia, with pilasters on red brick bases with dressed limestone impost course and plinth. Spar, Main Street, 58 22108058 Square-headed openings to shopfront with fixed timber windows having dressed limestone cornices and with fixed replacement Carrownreddy uPVC over-lights and replacement uPVC double-leaf entrance door and over-light. Square-headed entrance opening to upper floors with replacement timber door and plain over-light. Cast-iron wall mounted letterbox, c.1950 to shopfront. The incised lettering ‘Post Office’ and wall-mounted post-box are a reminder of the former purpose of this building. The form of the structure and its detailing add much to the architectural variety of the main street. The height of the building and the double-height ground floor make it a distinctive building in Tipperary Town. Regional Rating

61 N24-N74 Tipperary Town Road Improvement Scheme Cultural Heritage Assessment

NIAH Reg. RPS Reg. No. NIAH Location NIAH Description, Appraisal & Rating No. Corner-sited three-storey bank, built c.1860, with three-bay front façade having paired windows to end bays, having single-storey addition to west and two-storey return to rear. Hipped slate roof, hipped and half-hipped to return, with rendered chimneystack, limestone bracketed eaves course and cast-iron rainwater goods. Ashlar limestone to front façade, channelled to ground floor, with corner pilasters and having string courses between all floors to front and east elevations. Painted rendered walls elsewhere, channelled to ground floor of east elevation. Dressed ashlar limestone addition to west end of façade with partly blocked former doorway, now fixed timber window, having bracketed pediment and framed within slight projection flanked by Doric columns bearing heavy plain entablature with pediment. Segmental-headed window openings to second floor with moulded surrounds, A.I.B., keystones and bracketed moulded window sills with terracotta panels under windows. Square-headed window openings to first floor 59 Main Street, 22108059 with moulded shouldered surrounds and moulded continuous sill course. Segmental-headed window openings to ground floor, with Carrownreddy polished granite columns between those of end bays, having Corinthian-style capitals, moulded surrounds, decorative keystones, continuous moulded sill course, and wrought-iron window guards. Timber sliding sash one-over-one pane windows throughout. Carved limestone doorcase with broken segmental pediment supported on scrolled brackets and panelled pilasters, having heraldic shield and foliage to tympanum. Segmental-headed door opening with timber panelled door and tall plain over-light. This imposing structure, and its proximity to other similar financial institutions, contributes to the character of this part of the town. Fine craftsmanship is apparent in the high-quality stone-carving of the doorcase and the window surrounds. The use of granite columns in paired windows is a feature of many commercial buildings in Tipperary Town. Its location, opposite another bank with high quality detailing, is significant. Regional Rating Corner-sited L-plan four-bay three-storey bank, built 1859-60, with three-storey return and seven-bay single-storey extension to rear. Hipped slate roofs with rendered chimneystacks, moulded eaves course and cast-iron rainwater goods. Arcaded ashlar limestone ground floor with string course acting as continuous sill course to first floor windows and painted rendered walls with dressed limestone quoins to upper floors. Timber sliding sash one-over-one pane windows throughout. Segmental-headed openings to second floor, having bracketed sills to west elevation, and pseudo-three-centered arch openings to first floor. Dressed stone fascia to front elevation. Round-headed openings to ground floor with impost course, recessed window openings and having slightly- Bank Of Ireland, projecting dressed limestone doorcases to entrance openings on front and west elevations with canopies, panelled spandrels, carved 60 Bank Place, 22108060 heads to keystones, and Composite capitals to pilasters. Timber panelled door with timber panel and over-light to front elevation Carrownreddy entrance opening, west elevation entrance opening now in use as window with replacement uPVC window and timber apron panel. Coursed channelled rendered west boundary wall with Diocletian windows having wrought-iron window guards and stone sills, and round-headed doorway with pilasters and timber panelled door. Car park to rear. This imposing structure, on a prominent corner site, designed by Sandham Symes, is in keeping with its purpose-built function as a branch of the former National Bank. Fine craftsmanship is apparent in the high-quality stone-carving details of the doorcases. The good maintenance and sympathetic extensions all contribute to the retention of this building’s character. Its location, at the centre of the town and opposite another bank with high-quality detailing, is significant. Regional Rating

62 N24-N74 Tipperary Town Road Improvement Scheme Cultural Heritage Assessment

NIAH Reg. RPS Reg. No. NIAH Location NIAH Description, Appraisal & Rating No. Terraced two-bay three-storey house, built c.1880, with shopfront and separate access to upper floors. Pitched artificial slate roof with red brick chimneystack, moulded eaves course and cast-iron rainwater goods. Painted rendered walls. Segmental-headed window openings to upper floors with stone sills and timber sliding sash one-over-one pane windows. Timber shopfront with moulded consoles and brackets, panelled pilasters with chevron details and coved fasciaboard with raised lettering. Timber display Ronan, 4 Bank window with decorative timber round arcade detailing to top and to shop entrance porch and having moulded sill to rendered stall 61 Place Upper, 22108061 riser and decorative cast-iron window guards. Recessed shop entrance with tiled pavement, timber panelling to sides, square-headed Carrownreddy door with glazed timber door and over-light and decorative metal gate. Square-headed entrance opening to upper floors with timber door having round-headed panels, moulded cornice, panelled frieze, and over-light. The shopfront of this building is given added elegance by its height, by the choice of an unusual coved fascia board, and by the deeply recessed entrance. Fine craftsmanship is evident in the many joinery details and the wrought-iron gate and window guard. The upper floors are enhanced by the retention of timber sash windows. Regional Rating Terraced two-bay three-storey house, built c.1880, with shopfront and separate access to upper floors. Pitched artificial slate roof with moulded eaves course, red brick chimneystack and cast-iron rainwater goods. Painted rendered walls. Segmental-headed window openings to upper floors with stone sills and timber sliding sash one-over-one pane windows. Timber shopfront with panelled pilasters, moulded cornice, decorative brackets, fasciaboard and glazed screen to top with coloured and textured glass. First Editions, Centrally-placed square-headed timber display window with moulded sill to rendered stall riser. Recessed entrance openings to each 62 5 Bank Place, 22108062 end with tiled pavements and timber panelling to sides of porches. Square-headed door openings with decoratively-glazed timber Carrownreddy doors and over-lights having coloured and textured glass. This building has a very fine, symmetrical shopfront and is given added distinction by its deeply recessed entrances to the shop and to the domestic floors. Skilled craftsmanship is evident in the joinery details and the extensive use of stained glass, combining to produce a shopfront of considerable artistic quality. The upper floors are enhanced by the retention of timber sash windows. Regional Rating Terraced three-bay three-storey house, built c.1860, with shopfront and integral carriage arch. Pitched slate roof with partly- rendered red brick chimneystack, moulded eaves course and cast-iron rainwater goods. Ruled-and-lined rendered walls. Square- headed openings to upper floors with continuous sill course to first and second floors, and replacement uPVC windows. Timber The Arch, shopfront to ground floor with moulded cornice, dentils, fasciaboard and panelled pilasters with decorative capitals and stepped Saint Michael's plinths. Timber display window divided into two pseudo-three-centered-arch lights. Recessed square-headed entrance opening with 63 22108063 Street, timber panelling to one side and tiled pavement to porch. Glazed decorative timber panelled door with over-light having pseudo Carrownreddy three-centered arch glazing. Flat-headed carriage arch with double-leaf timber doors. Fine craftsmanship in timber is evident in the shopfront of this building. The limestone sill courses to the upper floors add interest and contrasting materials to the façade, and the carriage archway, leading to a rear yard, adds context and is typical in country towns. Regional Rating

63 N24-N74 Tipperary Town Road Improvement Scheme Cultural Heritage Assessment

NIAH Reg. RPS Reg. No. NIAH Location NIAH Description, Appraisal & Rating No. Terraced three-bay three-storey house, built c.1860, with shopfront. Roof not visible, rendered chimneystack, uPVC rainwater goods and bracketed eaves course. Painted rendered walls with decorative render quoins. Square-headed openings to upper floors with moulded brackets to canopies, continuous moulded sill course to second floor, and stone sills to first floor. Replacement timber English, Leahy, windows. Timber and render shopfront with moulded cornice, brackets, dentils, egg-and-dart course, fascia and moulded fluted Donovan consoles over pilasters with moulded render capitals and bases. Square-headed replacement uPVC display windows. Square-headed 64 Solicitors, Saint 22108064 entrance opening with timber panelled door and over-light. Michael's Street, This building exemplifies the decorative treatment of so many of the historic structures in Tipperary Town. The shopfront is a tour- Carrownreddy de-force of render detailing, with its wide range of classical motifs, displaying confident use of the many styles available. Render details to the upper floors are also of good quality. The detailing, wide eaves overhang and sill courses, the latter continuous with its neighbour to the south with which it forms a pair, combines to produce a façade that is particularly unified and of high quality. Regional Rating Terraced three-bay three-storey house, built c.1860, with arcaded shopfront and integral carriage arch. Roof not visible, red brick chimneystack, cast-iron rainwater goods and bracketed eaves course. Painted rendered walls with decorative render quoins. Square- headed openings to upper floors with moulded brackets to canopies, continuous moulded sill course to second floor, stone sills to first floor. Replacement timber windows. Timber and render shopfront with moulded cornice, brackets, dentils, egg-and-dart course, moulded fluted consoles. Elliptical-arch end openings and depressed arch window opening to ground floor with moulded archivolts Taste of Asia, having masks to keystones. Replacement timber door and sidelights with plain fanlight. Replacement uPVC display window. Wrought- 7 Saint Michael's 65 22108065 iron double-leaf gates to carriage arch. Street, This building shares much of the detailing of its neighbour to the north, with which it forms a pair. The arched openings pleasantly Carrownreddy contrast with the openings of the upper floors, and provide a strong symmetry. The shopfront is a master class in decorative render detailing and high-quality craftsmanship, displaying a confident use of many styles. The painting scheme allows for full appreciation of the detail. The mask keystones are of particular note. The upper floors are given added interest by the strong render quoins and by the wide overhang to the eaves. A carriage archway, leading to a rear yard, adds context and is typical of Irish country towns. Regional Rating Corner-sited end-of-terrace three-storey house, built c.1860, with one-bay elevation to Bank Place, three-bay elevation to Blind Street and chamfered corner with wrap-around arcaded shopfront, and having separate access on side street to upper floors. Slate roof, hipped to corner, with moulded limestone eaves course, brick chimneystack and cast-iron rainwater goods. Painted ruled-and- lined rendered walls. Square-headed window openings to upper floors and ground floor middle of west elevation, and doubled to Bank Place elevation. All windows have stone sills and timber sliding sash one-over-one pane windows, with wrought-iron window R. Lewis, guard to ground floor of side street. Timber and rendered shopfront to ground floor with moulded cornice, dentils, channelled 18 Bank Place, 66 22108066 rendered pilasters with moulded capitals and moulded archivolts to segmental-headed timber display windows with stone sills and Blind Street, glazing bars and to round-headed shop entrance with glazed timber door and plain fanlight. Square-headed entrance opening to Carrownreddy upper floors with timber panelled door and plain over-light. The chamfered corner to this building creates an interesting, open effect to the junction of two narrow streets. Its wrap-around, arcaded shopfront, and the well proportioned upper floor windows, help unify the two elevations. The pilasters, with their strong channelled render, provide the impression of solidity in an otherwise very open ground floor. The handsome fascia with its simple, but good lettering, and the retention of timber sash windows to the upper floors add further interest and distinction. Regional Rating

64 N24-N74 Tipperary Town Road Improvement Scheme Cultural Heritage Assessment

NIAH Reg. RPS Reg. No. NIAH Location NIAH Description, Appraisal & Rating No. Freestanding well structure, dated 1833, with boundary wall and steps to main elevation. Coursed limestone wall to main elevation with pediment, moulded cornice, dentils, and panelled pilasters. Series of animal heads spouting water into stone trough. Carved limestone commemorative panel to pediment. Further plaque to pediment and inscriptions to tops of pilasters, all with biblical texts. Church Well, Dressed coursed stone facing to rear elevation, with metal cramps joining both faces together. Random rubble stone side boundary 67 Emmett Street, 22108067 walls with dressed limestone copings and piers. Bohercrow This is an important landmark in Tipperary Town and was a principal source of drinking water until the late nineteenth century when a piped supply from Lough Muskry was established. It is also a record of a charitable donation by Stafford O'Brien Esq (1783-1864), a prominent local landowner. The structure is enhanced by the strong classical form and detailing. The biblical quotes add solemnity to the structure, through reminding the users of the beneficence of God in nature. Regional Rating Terraced two-bay two-storey house, built c.1800, with shopfront. Pitched slate roof with red brick chimneystack, rendered eaves course and cast-iron rainwater goods. Painted ruled-and-lined rendered walls. Square-headed window openings to upper floor with blind arched recesses above, stone sills, and timber sliding sash two-over-two pane windows. Timber shopfront to ground floor with T. Dalton, moulded box-style cornice over moulded cornice, hand-painted fascia board, pilasters with limestone plinth blocks and timber 68 20 Church Street, 22108068 panelled stall risers. Unequal square-headed display windows with panelled shutters, flanking centrally-placed timber panelled Bohercrow double-leaf door and plain over-light. This building is distinctive for its very fine and rare surviving shuttered shopfront. The carved timber detailing of the pilasters, shutters and stall riser, is of good quality. The painted signboard is another particularly interesting feature, and the recessed arched window openings with timber sash windows, completes the façade treatment. Regional Rating Terraced two-bay three-storey house, built c.1880, with shopfront, and access to upper floors. Pitched slate roof with red brick chimneystacks, cresting to ridge tiles, and cast-iron rainwater goods. Painted rendered walls with stucco panelled pilaster details framing upper floors. Square-headed window openings with chamfered render pilasters, having painted moulded sills to second floor, canopy details to first floor. Elaborate timber and render shopfront to ground floor with moulded bracketed cornice having cast-iron cresting, egg-and-dart detailing, dentils, female masks to consoles, decorative capitals and fluted and panelled pilasters with Loughman's / moulded plinths. Entrance porch having timber boarded ceiling and side, and ceramic tiled pavement, with square-headed 69 Carteck, 22108069 replacement glazed timber entrance door, sidelights and over-light, closed by decorative cast-iron gate. Fixed timber display windows 11 Church Street with moulded sills. Square-headed entrance opening to upper floors with replacement glazed timber door. Loughman’s has a highly decorative façade that adds considerable interest and artistic quality to Church Street. It is one of the finest of a group of distinctive and ornate shopfronts in Tipperary Town. Details such as the cresting to the cornice and the masks to the consoles are particularly fine touches. The porch and recessed doorway imply a shop of superior quality that recognizes the impact of a well-defined entrance. The plaster motif and good render detailing are carried through the whole building, helping to create a unified façade. Regional Rating

65 N24-N74 Tipperary Town Road Improvement Scheme Cultural Heritage Assessment

NIAH Reg. RPS Reg. No. NIAH Location NIAH Description, Appraisal & Rating No. Terraced three-bay three-storey house, built c.1880, with shopfront, and access to upper floors. Pitched slate roof with red brick chimneystacks, cast-iron rainwater goods and render brackets to eaves. Painted rendered walls with render quoins. Square-headed window openings with render surrounds, shouldered and kneed to second floor and pedimented to first floor, with replacement uPVC windows. Elaborate timber and render shopfront to ground floor with moulded bracketed cornice, dentils, egg-and-dart course, elaborate consoles, channelled quoin pilasters, some quoins vermiculated and painted rendered plinth. Square-headed door The Maid of Erin openings with replacement timber doors, double-leaf to shop, with scalloped frames to over-lights, shop door and one side of other 70 Public House, 22108070 door flanked by decorative panelled pilasters with decorative capitals. Scalloped timber frames to display windows with moulded sills 9 Church Street and to door over-lights. The Maid of Erin is another embodiment of Hibernia, Ireland, in human form. This public house, named for the nearby statue of the same name, is notable for its highly ornate shopfront, displaying fine craftsmanship in render and carved timber. The scalloped timber frames to the ground floor windows and in the mouldings of the consoles and strongly presented pilasters are excellent examples of high-quality work. The upper floors also have decorative, although less refined, render surrounds to the openings, and the notably higher roof line adds distinction to this building. Regional Rating Terraced three-bay three-storey house, built c.1880, with shopfront, and access to upper floors. Pitched slate roof with red brick chimneystacks, cast-iron rainwater goods and render brackets to eaves. Painted rendered walls with render quoins. Square-headed window openings with render surrounds, shouldered and kneed to second floor and pedimented to first floor, with replacement uPVC windows. Elaborate timber and render shopfront to ground floor with moulded bracketed cornice, dentils, egg-and-dart course, elaborate consoles, channelled quoin pilasters, some quoins vermiculated and painted rendered plinth. Square-headed door O’Brien Street, openings with replacement timber doors, double-leaf to shop, with scalloped frames to over-lights, shop door and one side of other 71 22108071 Bohercrow door flanked by decorative panelled pilasters with decorative capitals. Scalloped timber frames to display windows with moulded sills and to door over-lights. This imposing house has an elegant, symmetrical façade that is interesting in having a uniform treatment of the decorative render surrounds of its window openings. A grand entrance is provided by a porch with fine craftsmanship evident in the detailing of the entrance door, with its moulded brackets and ornate fanlight. The high and finely executed carriage arch is also significant and adds interest and context. Regional Rating Terraced three-bay two-storey house, built c.1820. Pitched slate roof with red brick chimneystacks and cast-iron rainwater goods. Painted rendered walls with render quoins. Square-headed window openings with painted stone sills and timber sliding sash one- St. Jude’s, over-one pane windows, ground floor windows having sill guards. Elliptical-headed entrance opening with timber panelled door and 72 O’Brien Street, 22108072 plain fanlight. Bohercrow This well-proportioned house has an attractive double-fronted façade. The render quoins neatly frame the façade, and the retention of a timber panelled entrance door and timber sash windows, enhances the building. Regional Rating

66 N24-N74 Tipperary Town Road Improvement Scheme Cultural Heritage Assessment

NIAH Reg. RPS Reg. No. NIAH Location NIAH Description, Appraisal & Rating No. Terraced three-bay three-storey house, built c.1800, with shopfront. Pitched slate roof with red brick chimneystacks and cast-iron rainwater goods. Painted rendered walls. Square-headed window openings to upper floors with painted stone sills and timber sliding sash two-over-two pane windows. Timber shopfront to ground floor with moulded cornice, scrolled fluted consoles, timber pilasters T. Blackburn, with incised panels, moulded lettering to fasciaboard, and square-headed centrally-placed entrance with timber panelled double-leaf 73 O’Brien Street, 22108073 entrance door with over-light and flanked by replacement timber tripartite display windows. Bohercrow The symmetry of chimneystacks, diminishing window openings to the upper floors and the elegant simplicity of the shopfront create a pleasing visual effect. Artistic quality can be seen in the lettering to the fasciaboard and the retention of a double-leaf entrance door accentuates the character of the shopfront. Regional Rating Detached three-bay three-storey house, built c.1780, with single-storey extension to rear and vehicular access to side. Pitched slate roof with rendered chimneystacks, rendered eaves course and cast-iron rainwater goods. Painted rendered walls. Square-headed window openings with painted stone sills. Timber sliding sash windows, three-over-three panes to second floor, six-over-six pane to 34 O’Brien Street, first floor and six-over-six pane and tripartite windows to ground floor, latter with six-over-one central sash. Some replacement 74 22108074 Bohercrow windows to rear. Square-headed entrance opening with glazed timber panelled door. Square-headed opening to vehicular entrance with timber battened double-leaf doors. This large house has classical proportions, evident in its diminishing window openings that are interestingly well set back from the corners. The retention of varied timber sliding sash windows enhances the building. Regional Rating Terraced three-bay three-storey house, built c.1840, with shopfront and separate access to upper floors. Pitched slate roof with red brick chimneystack and cast-iron rainwater goods. Painted rendered walls. Segmental-headed openings to upper floors with painted sills, and with label-mouldings to first floor. Timber sliding sash one-over-one pane windows. Timber shopfront to ground floor with moulded cornice, decorative consoles and panelled pilasters. Centrally-placed recessed entrance porch with timber sheeting to Julie’s, ceiling and having ceramic tiled pavement. Square-headed door opening with glazed timber panelled door and margined over-light. 75 38 Main Street, 22108075 Square-headed timber display windows having colonettes to porch corners and painted timber sills. Square-headed opening to Town Lot entrance to upper floors with timber panelled door and plain over-light. Classical proportions are seen in the diminishing window openings to the upper floors of this building. The recessed porch and door opening imply a shop of superior quality that recognises the impact of a well-defined entrance, with increased area for display. The elegant shopfront and tiled lobby make it distinctive, and the retention of timber sash windows emphasizes the building’s intactness. The prominent position at a major junction adds to its significance. Regional Rating Terraced three-bay three-storey house, built c.1840, with shopfront and separate access to upper floors. Pitched slate roof with rendered red brick chimneystack, cast-iron rainwater goods and moulded rendered eaves course. Painted rendered walls with render quoins. Square-headed window openings to upper floors, with moulded brackets and cornices, painted sills and timber sliding sash one-over-one pane windows. Timber shopfront to ground floor with moulded cornice and fluted pilasters with moulded brackets. Hourigan’s, Centrally placed recessed entrance porch with timber boarding to ceiling and ceramic tiled pavement. Square-headed door opening 76 37 Main Street, 22108076 with glazed timber panelled double-leaf door and over-light with angle decoration. Pseudo-three-centered arch arcading to timber Town Lot display windows and porch. Square-headed door opening giving access to upper floors with timber panelled door and plain over- light. The large window openings to the upper floors of this building and the elegant simplicity of the shopfront create an attractive, balanced, façade. The recessed shop entrance implies a shop of superior quality, recognising the impact of a well-defined entrance. The label-mouldings to the windows, and the raised quoins, further embellish the building. Regional Rating.

67 N24-N74 Tipperary Town Road Improvement Scheme Cultural Heritage Assessment

NIAH Reg. RPS Reg. No. NIAH Location NIAH Description, Appraisal & Rating No. Freestanding cast-iron pillar post box, erected c.1905, having moulded neck, fluted cap and having royal insignia of Edward VII Post Box, insignia. 77 Main Street, 22108077 This cast-iron post box forms an attractive addition to the streetscape. The very fine insignia demonstrates the artistic qualities of Town Lot mass production at the time of its casting, and is also of historical significance as it symbolises the era before Independence. Regional Rating Terraced three-bay three-storey house, built c.1800, with shopfront, and having separate access to upper floors. Pitched slate roof with red brick chimneystack, cast-iron rainwater goods and dentillated eaves course. Painted rendered walls, ruled-and-lined, with render quoins. Segmental-headed window openings to upper floors, flanked by double-width openings, with block-and-start render surrounds, bracketed painted sills to first floor, and mixture of replacement aluminium, timber sliding sash one-over-one pane O’Connor Bros. window, and timber casement windows. Elaborate timber shopfront to ground floor with moulded cornice, dentils, elaborate and 35–36 Main ornate consoles and decorative panelled pilasters. Centrally placed square-headed shop entrance with timber panelled door having 78 22108078 Street, render panel over, flanked by paired timber display windows with moulded surrounds and depressed arch heads. Square-headed Town Lot door opening to upper floors, with timber panelled door having dentils and scrolled fluted brackets and decorative panelled pilasters to doorcase. A large and elaborate shopfront dominates this building and is a considerable feat of craftsmanship in timber, having well detailed brackets and fascia. The render details to the upper floors and the eaves compliment the timber work in a building that adds considerable ornament to the street, especially as it is so prominently sited on the approach from Limerick. Regional Rating Corner-sited terraced building, built c.1860, comprising two formerly separate buildings, being two-bay and three-storey to Main Street and five-bays and three-storey over basement to southern part on Bridge Street, with shopfronts to both elevations. Pitched and hipped slate roofs, with brick and rendered chimneystacks, cast-iron rainwater goods and bracketed eaves. Painted rendered walls, having decorative render panelling and framing to upper floors of chamfered corner. Square-headed window openings to Irish Nationwide, upper floors of corner building and throughout southern building, with chamfered surrounds and bracketed sills. Double window Main Street, 22108079 openings to corner building, with dividing colonettes and elaborate surrounds comprising ornate scroll brackets and moulded 79 Bridge Street, cornices. Label-mouldings to ground floor windows of side elevation. Timber sliding sash one-over-one pane windows throughout. Town Lot Timber and render shopfront to corner building with moulded cornice, dentils and stucco panel detailing. Square-headed timber display windows with spandrels to upper corners and to replacement glazed timber shop entrance. These well-maintained buildings are significant for the profusion of elaborate render details, especially to the windows and the chamfered corner. The double windows to the upper floors are a feature of Tipperary Town and here notably retain timber sliding sash windows. This decorative corner-sited structure, standing at Kickham Place with its very fine statue of the patriot/writer, and the bank buildings opposite, contributes to a decorative ensemble. Regional Rating

68 N24-N74 Tipperary Town Road Improvement Scheme Cultural Heritage Assessment

NIAH Reg. RPS Reg. No. NIAH Location NIAH Description, Appraisal & Rating No. Corner-sited end-of-terrace three-bay three-storey house, built c. 1870, with shopfront and having two-bay three-storey return to rear. Pitched slate roofs, partly rendered red brick chimneystack to return, and cast-iron rainwater goods. Painted rendered walls with chamfering to ground floor of corner and having tie bars between upper floors. Square-headed window openings with 16 Bridge Street, 22108080 shouldered moulded surrounds and stone sills. Replacement uPVC windows to second floor and to west elevation, and having timber Main Street, sliding sash one-over-one pane windows to first floor front. Timber shopfront to ground floor with dentils, carved bulls' heads to 80 Town Lot ornate consoles, and fluted pilasters with rendered plinth blocks. Slightly-recessed centrally-placed shop entrance with replacement glazed door, flanked by timber display windows. Recent timber shopfront to return. This building, at a prominent corner location on Kickham Place, is notable for its simple shopfront with decorative railing and the finely carved bulls’ head brackets. The ovolo surrounds to the windows of the front elevation enhance the building’s tall form and link it visually with its neighbour. Regional Rating Terraced four-bay three-storey house, built c.1870, with arcaded pub-front and integral carriage arch to ground floor. Pitched slate roof with red brick chimneystack and cast-iron rainwater goods. Painted rendered walls with paired brackets and rendered course to eaves, and having painted rendered plinth course. Square-headed window openings, with bracketed stone sills and timber sliding sash one-over-one pane windows, having shouldered moulded surrounds to second floor and render surrounds to first floor. Arcaded Nellie O'Briens, 22108081 round-arch openings to ground floor with painted moulded render archivolts and having decorative moulded capitals to chamfered 11 Main Street, 81 pilasters. Centrally placed doorway with decorative timber panelled double-leaf door with plain fanlight, flanked by timber-framed Town Lot windows with moulded sills. Shouldered arch to carriage arch having elliptical render hood-moulding with decorative moulded stops, and replacement timber double-leaf door. The robust arcaded ground floor of this building is characteristic of many commercial premises in Tipperary Town. The simply moulded arches are enhanced by the finer detail to the capitals, and the carved entrance doors. The square heads of the upper windows contrast with the ground floor and their details, and the eaves brackets, complete the façade. Regional Rating Terraced two-bay three-storey house, built c.1870, with arcaded pub-front. Pitched slate roof with red brick chimneystacks and cast- iron rainwater goods. Painted rendered walls with eaves course and render quoins having vermiculated detail. Square-headed window openings with moulded render surrounds, moulded cornices to first floor, and moulded continuous sill course to second floor. Timber sliding sash one-over-one pane windows. Rendered pub-front has moulded cornice with ornate modillions and egg-and- dart and leaf courses beneath. Rendered pilasters to ends of pub-front and polished granite columns between openings, latter with The Auld Murphy, 22108082 stopped chamfered plinths and all having Corinthian capitals. Elliptical window openings and round-headed door opening with 7 Main Street, moulded archivolts having vermiculated keystones. Timber windows with late twentieth-century wrought-iron window guards. 82 Town Lot Timber panelled entrance door with plain fanlight. In shared use as public house and guest house with next building in terrace to west. Its arcaded ground floor links this building into a distinctive and decorative series of buildings in Tipperary Town. This example incorporates polished granite columns and particularly finely carved vegetal capitals, the result of a high level of craft skill. These contrast with the rather delicate arches and keystones. The robust detailing of the plinth, the finely detailed cornice, and the simple render details to the upper façade all compliment the shopfront to make a typically well detailed structure for the town. Regional Rating

69 N24-N74 Tipperary Town Road Improvement Scheme Cultural Heritage Assessment

NIAH Reg. RPS Reg. No. NIAH Location NIAH Description, Appraisal & Rating No. Terraced three-bay three-storey house, built c.1860, with shopfront, and having separate access to upper floors. Pitched slate roof with red brick chimneystack and cast-iron rainwater goods. Rendered walls with moulded string course to second floor and render quoins to south. Square-headed openings to upper floors with shouldered moulded surrounds, concrete sills and replacement uPVC windows. Carved granite shopfront with moulded cornice, fluted scrolled brackets, chamfered pilasters with plinths, and having high Hair FX, 22108083 relief carved render panel to stall riser. Recent marble fasciaboard. Square-headed door openings to ends of elevation, flanking 2 Bridge Street, 83 centrally-placed divided recent timber display window. Timber panelled entrance doors with over-lights, stone step at entrance to Town Lot upper floors. The pleasing façade of this building is emphasised by the ovolo surrounds to the windows that are typical of many buildings in Tipperary Town. The moulded string course to the top floor and the detailed chimneystacks link it visually with its neighbours. Fine craftsmanship is evident in the stone carving to the shopfront, and the symmetry of the entrance openings is visually pleasing. The restrained decoration to the shopfront is appealing. Regional Rating Terraced three-bay three-storey house, built c.1860, with shopfront, and having separate access to upper floors. Pitched slate roof with red brick chimneystack, cast-iron rainwater goods and moulded brackets to eaves. Rendered walls having continuous sill course to second floor and friezes with floral motifs to window heads of upper floors. Concrete sills to first floor. Pseudo three-centered arch window openings to upper floors, with render scroll brackets to first floor and central bay of second floor, having moulded render Ladbrokes, 22108084 cornices and keystones to first floor. Timber sliding sash one-over-one pane windows. Recent timber shop window and door to 4 Bridge Street, 84 shopfront having panelled timber pilasters, plain caps and dressed limestone plinth to rendered stall riser. Square-headed door Town Lot opening to upper floors with timber panelled door, glazed over-light and panelled sidelights. This building is one of a fine row on the street that displays unusually ornate upper façade. The detailing includes classical devices such as rosettes, Tudor roses and scroll brackets. The rounded corners to the windows, the bracketed eaves and the well detailed chimneystack compliment the render details. The shopfront retains elements of older fabric, and the entrance with sidelights to the upper floors is intact. The retention of timber sash windows enhances this building. Regional Rating Pair of terraced three-bay three-storey houses, built c.1860, with pub-fronts to both, and separate entrance to upper floors of one house. Pitched slate roofs with red brick chimneystacks, cast-iron rainwater goods and moulded brackets to eaves. Rendered walls having continuous moulded sill course to second floor and friezes with floral motifs to window heads of upper floors. Pseudo-three- centered arch window openings to upper floors, with decorative render scroll brackets to first floor and to central bay of second O'Briens, Bridge 22108085 floor, and with moulded render cornices, render keystones and concrete sills to first floor. Timber sliding sash one-over-one pane 85 Street, Town Lot windows. Recent timber pub-fronts to ground floor. Square-headed opening to separate entrance to upper floors with recent timber panelled door, over-light and sidelights. This pair of terraced buildings steps elegantly down Kickham Place and has similar detailing to many buildings on the same side of the street neighbour to the north. The very fine, render, detailing to the upper floors, that have retained timber sash windows, is notable. The rounded corners to the windows, and the well detailed brick chimneystack complete the façade. The shopfronts retain the original limestone plinth. Regional Rating

70 N24-N74 Tipperary Town Road Improvement Scheme Cultural Heritage Assessment

NIAH Reg. RPS Reg. No. NIAH Location NIAH Description, Appraisal & Rating No. Freestanding monument to Charles Kickham, republican, poet and novelist, unveiled 1898. Composed of bronze figure of Kickham in seated pose on coursed cut limestone stepped pedestal, moulded between steps and with moulded cornice. Incised inscription to Kickham Street, 22108086 recessed panel on north face. Situated at highest elevation of Kickham Street at junction with Main Street. 86 Town Lot A fine memorial to an iconic Fenian, this sculpture captures the aging Kickham in a naturalistic pose with the attributes of paper and quill. The elegant simplicity of the pedestal complements the fine modelling of the figure, and its prominent situation in the streetscape makes it a major landmark. Regional Rating Terraced three-bay three-storey house, built c.1870, with two shopfronts to ground floor, each with separate entrance to upper floors. Pitched slate roof with rendered chimneystacks and cast-iron rainwater goods. Painted rendered walls with moulded cornice to eastern part. Square-headed double window openings to upper floors, shouldered to east bay, narrower and mullioned to middle Kickham bay, wider with dividing colonettes to end bays, all having ovolo surrounds and stone sills. Windows of end bays are divided by House/Grace's, 22108087 painted rendered colonnettes. Timber sliding sash one-over-one pane windows throughout. Timber shopfront to west part has 87 Bank Place, Town moulded cornice with dentils, gabled fluted consoles, pierced over-panel to openings, panelled pilasters to display window having Lot Ionic capitals, and dressed limestone plinth blocks, and with square-headed timber panelled doors with over-lights. Recent timber and rendered shopfront to east part. Features such as the paired windows, shouldered and ovolo window surrounds of this building are seen in many other facades in Tipperary Town. The variety of window openings provides much of the appeal of what is a wide building in the streetscape. The western shopfront has much historic fabric. Regional Rating Terraced three-bay three-storey house, built c.1870, with shopfront and separate entrance to upper floors. Pitched slate roof with rendered and red brick chimneystacks, and cast-iron rainwater goods. Painted roughcast rendered walls with moulded eaves course, render pilasters flanking upper floors of façade, and plat-band to first floor at sill level. Segmental-headed window openings with Hackett's 22108088 surrounds comprising cornices over chamfered pilasters, with concrete sills. Timber sliding sash one-over-one pane windows. Bookmakers, 88 Shopfront with timber cornice having dentils, carved timber consoles and panelled pilasters with moulded plinths. Square-headed Bank Place, Town openings with double-leaf timber panelled doors with over-lights flanking replacement timber display window. Lot This building is distinguished by the render articulation of its windows, the upper floors being framed by pilasters, the upper parts of that are exaggerated to increase the sense of scale. The shopfront retains much historic fabric and the retention of the segmental- headed timber sash windows is significant. Regional Rating End-of-terrace four-bay three-storey house with attic, built c.1840, with slightly projecting pub-front and having multiple-bay two- storey return to rear. Pitched slate roof with rendered chimneystacks and cast-iron rainwater goods. Painted rendered walls. Square- headed window openings with stone sills and timber sliding sash one-over-one pane windows. Timber and rendered pub front with moulded cornice with decorative brackets and elaborate consoles, chamfered panelled pilasters with moulded consoles and render Carew Ltd, Bank 22108089 lettering to fasciaboard. Square-headed two-light display windows with panelled stall risers and flanking splayed entrance porch with 89 Place, Gas House timber panelling, timber board flooring and timber panelled double-leaf entrance door with over-light. Lane, Town Lot This building, probably originally two buildings, has a notable projecting timber shopfront. The wide, splaying porch, dentillated cornice and splendid brackets provide decoration to the ground floor. The somewhat asymmetrical shopfront is balanced by the balanced upper window openings and the gable end chimneystacks. The building stands prominently at the end of a terrace. Regional Rating

71 N24-N74 Tipperary Town Road Improvement Scheme Cultural Heritage Assessment

NIAH Reg. RPS Reg. No. NIAH Location NIAH Description, Appraisal & Rating No. Corner-sited end-of-terrace five-bay three-storey with attic floor gable-fronted building, erected c.1890, with shopfront, having four- bay three-storey side elevation with entrance to upper floors. Roof not visible. Red brick chimneystacks to side walls, and cast-iron rainwater goods. Red brick walls in Flemish Bond. Moulded eaves course to gable with decorative brickwork to apex, pilasters to gable and apex, cornice, render frieze with render swags to third floor sill course, and brick string course between first and second floors. Unpainted render to quoins and sill course of first floor. Segmental-headed window openings with stone sills to first and O'Dwyer Bros, second floors. Group of three segmental-headed window openings to third floor with moulded brick surround. Timber sliding sash 90 Bank Place, 22108090 one-over-one pane windows throughout. Timber shopfront with moulded cornice having dentils, and panelled pilasters. Square- Town Lot headed timber display windows flanking centrally placed splayed entrance porch having glazed timber double-leaf door. Square- headed entrance opening to upper floors on west elevation with replacement glazed timber door with over-light. This red brick structure is one of the largest and most eye-catching buildings on Main Street, both for its choice of material and also for its gable-fronted façade. High-quality craftsmanship is shown in the use of moulded brick to create fine detailing. The use of red brick on the west elevation carries the eye around the corner, opens up the narrow side lane, and optically augments the scale of the façade. Regional Rating Freestanding six-bay three-storey bank building over basement, built 1860, middle four bays projecting forward of street line, and with full-height return t middle of rear elevation. Converted to supermarket in late twentieth century, and having late twentieth- century entrance porch to front of east end bay, and single-storey late twentieth-century extension to rear. Roof not visible. Painted rendered walls with render quoins to upper floors, plat band to eaves course, and continuous sill courses to all floors. Square-headed window openings with render surrounds to upper floors, having kneed surrounds with moulded cornices to first floor. Segmental- headed windows to ground floor. Timber sliding sash three-over-six pane windows to second floor, six-over-six pane to first floor and Super Valu, horizontal two-over-two pane to ground floor. Square-headed entrance opening to west end bay with raised render surround and 91 43 Bank Place, 22108091 moulded cornice, timber panelled door with over-light, and accessed by stone steps. Segmental-headed opening beyond east end of Knockanrawley building leading to rear, with timber battened door. Rendered plinth wall to area with decorative cast-iron railings and having pedestrian gate to west. This building, designed by the well-known bank architect, Sandham Symes, is one of the most elegant structures on Main Street, its grand style being typical of the bank architecture of major towns. Its combination of projecting and recessed bays, and the variety of window openings are also typical and adds interest to the streetscape. The retention of the fine timber sash windows lends an air of intactness to the building, and the railings are a fine example of iron casting. Regional Rating End-of-terrace three-bay four-storey house, built c.1840, with shopfronts, and having separate access to upper floors at centre of façade. Pitched artificial slate roof with rendered chimneystacks, cast-iron rainwater goods and moulded eaves course. Painted rendered walls, ruled-and-lined, with render quoins. Square-headed window openings to upper floors with stone sills and recessed Noel Corcoran moulded surrounds. Timber sliding sash windows to western half, three-over-three pane windows to top floor, two-over-two pane to Auctioneers/ first and second floors and replacement uPVC to eastern half. Slightly-projecting twentieth-century painted rendered shopfronts to 92 The Health Shop 22108092 ground floor with square-headed display windows and having timber panelled double-leaf door with over-light to eastern shopfront 39-40 Bank Place, and recessed opening with tiled pavement and glazed timber door to western shopfront. Knockanrawley The widely placed and diminishing windows of the upper floors are typical of the architectural fashion for classical proportions, and the different numbers of window openings adds interest. The raised quoins and lined-and-ruled render, coupled with the tall end chimneystacks, emphasize the height of the building, and the retention of many of timber sash windows enhances it. Regional Rating

72 N24-N74 Tipperary Town Road Improvement Scheme Cultural Heritage Assessment

NIAH Reg. RPS Reg. No. NIAH Location NIAH Description, Appraisal & Rating No. Corner-sited end-of-terrace one-bay three-storey house, built c.1880, with shopfront, and having three-storey return to rear. Pitched slate roofs with rendered chimneystack and eaves course and cast-iron rainwater goods. Painted rendered walls with render pilaster- 22108093 like panels flanking upper floors of façade. Continuous moulded sill courses to upper floors and moulded impost course to first floor. Double window openings to upper floors, separated by polished granite colonnettes with Corinthian capitals. Square-headed opening to second floor with chamfered render surround and round-headed to first floor with chamfered pilasters and moulded archivolts, Brudair’s Bakery, having timber sliding sash one-over-one pane windows. Square-headed one-over-one pane timber sliding sash windows to return. 93 39 Bank Place, Timber and render shopfront with gabled fluted brackets to cornice, egg-and-dart course, and pilasters with acanthus leaf Knockanrawley decoration. Square-headed tripartite timber display window with timber panelled stall riser and moulded plinth. Glazed timber panelled door with over-light. Double windows are seen in many other façades in Main Street, and the use of granite columns as a feature is also characteristic. Fine craftsmanship is apparent in the detailing of the shopfront. This well-maintained building contributes apparent aesthetic quality to the streetscape. Regional Rating End-of-terrace five-bay four-storey house, built c.1780, with four-storey central return to rear having three-storey addition, and late twentieth-century single-storey extension to west elevation. Pitched roof, covering not visible. Rendered chimneystacks and cast-iron Angel 22108094 rainwater goods. Painted rendered roughcast walls with painted rendered plinth. Square-headed window openings with round- Architectural headed window to central bay of first floor, all having stone sills and replacement uPVC windows. Square-headed entrance opening Salvage / with painted rendered block-and-start doorcase and pediment. Replacement uPVC door with over-light, accessed by flight of 94 Discount Golf, limestone steps. Low painted rendered boundary wall to front of building enclosing raised area with stone flagstones, stone steps to Bank Place, west of boundary wall. Knockanrawley This imposing structure has historically dominated this end of street, in its era as Sadleir's Bank during the first half of the nineteenth century, and in its incarnation as the Clanwilliam Club from 1866. Its façade has been much altered, but the fine carved limestone doorcase survives, along with a flight of limestone steps to give an indication of its historic appearance. Regional Rating Terraced hotel, comprising four-bay three-storey house, built c.1800, with recessed one-bay three-storey addition to west, and two- bay three-storey former house with late twentieth-century pub-front to east. Pitched roofs with felt covering to main block, slate to other blocks, rendered chimneystacks and eaves course and cast-iron rainwater goods. Painted roughcast rendered walls with painted render plinth to main block. Square-headed window openings throughout, with stone sills. Timber sliding sash six-over-six pane windows to lower floors of main block, replacement uPVC elsewhere. Round-headed entrance opening having timber canopy Times Hotel, 22108095 with moulded cornice and dentils and supported by fluted Ionic columns. Glazed timber double-leaf entrance door with sidelights 95 Bank Place, and cobweb fanlight, accessed by limestone steps and flanked by wrought-iron railings and pair of cast-iron lamp bases c.1860 with Knockanrawley late twentieth-century heads. Low painted rendered boundary wall to façade with late twentieth-century tubular steel railings and tiled pavement. This house was established as a hotel in the mid-nineteenth century and its continuing use as such contributes to its significance. The classically-proportioned façade and the features of the entrance are of interest, particularly the retention of the cast-iron lamp standards. The retention of the large timber sash windows greatly contributes to the appealing character of the building. The car park opposite the front of the hotel was once its formal garden that indicates the former grandeur of this hotel. Regional Rating

73 N24-N74 Tipperary Town Road Improvement Scheme Cultural Heritage Assessment

NIAH Reg. RPS Reg. No. NIAH Location NIAH Description, Appraisal & Rating No. End-of-terrace four-bay three-storey house, built c.1870, with arcaded pub-front to ground floor, three-storey return to rear, lean-to full-height extension c.1950 to east elevation, and late twentieth-century extensions to rear. Pitched roof, covering not visible. Rendered chimneystacks and eaves course, with cast-iron rainwater goods. Painted rendered walls with render vermiculated quoins and painted rendered plinth. Square-headed window openings to upper floors with chamfered shouldered surrounds, stone sills and timber sliding sash two-over-two pane windows. Slightly projecting ground floor frontage with arcade of round-headed openings, The Porter House, separated by faux-marble engaged columns and with pilasters to ends of frontage, all with Corinthian capitals and chamfered bases. 96 10 Bank Place, 22108096 Timber fascia-board with moulded cornice and recent painted lettering. Fixed timber windows and timber panelled single and Knockanrawley double-leaf entrance doors with plain fanlights. Arcading to the ground floor and shouldered surrounds to window openings are characteristic of many commercial premises in Tipperary Town. The diminishing windows, scale and form are similar to other large buildings on the same side of the street. The six- arch arcade is unusual and has painted marble-effect columns and well crafted capitals. The simple trompe-l’oeil lettering enhances the pub-front, and the decorative quoins frame and complete the façade. The retention of timber panelled doors and timber sash windows enhances the building. Regional Rating End-of-terrace three-bay three-storey house, built c.1880, with pub-front to ground floor, separate entrance to upper floors, and three-storey return to rear. Pitched slate roof with rendered chimneystacks and eaves course and cast-iron rainwater goods. Painted rendered walls with render quoins and having recessed panel with painted lettering between upper floors. Square-headed window openings to upper floors with chamfered shouldered surrounds and stone sills. Replacement timber sliding sash two-over-two pane windows. Slightly-projecting rendered pub-front with moulded cornice, engaged polished granite columns with chamfered bases to Cooper’s (Ryan’s), 22108097 centre of frontage and rendered pilasters to ends with moulded bases, all with Corinthian capitals. Slightly-projecting painted 97 Bank Place, rendered stall risers and square-headed replacement timber display windows with arcaded detailing to frames. Square-headed Knockanrawley entrance openings with timber panelled doors and over-lights. Double-leaf door to pub entrance, with over-light. This building stands at the end of a row of buildings that pleasingly step down the streetscape. The shouldered window openings and the use of marble columns in the ground floor are typical of commercial premises in Tipperary Town. The capitals to the columns and flanking pilasters display good craftsmanship. The wide façade is also a familiar element in this side of Main Street. The retention of timber sash windows enhances the building. Regional Rating End-of-terrace two-bay two-storey house with attic, built c.1875, with shopfront, integral carriage arch, separate access to upper floors, and single storey-return to rear. Pitched slate roof with rendered chimneystacks and eaves course and cast-iron rainwater goods. Painted rendered walls with render quoins. Square-headed double window openings to first floor, separated by colonnettes, with shouldered chamfered surrounds. Double timber window to ground floor former display window divided and flanked by timber colonettes, having continuous stone sill. Timber sliding sash one over-one pane windows to both floors, having guard rail to ground floor. Small square openings to attic in east gable. Render shopfront with moulded cornice, gabled fluted consoles, with moulded 7 Bank Place, 98 22108098 plinth and having chamfered pilasters, double to centre of frontage. Square-headed entrance openings, with decorative timber Knockanrawley panelled doors with over-lights, double-leaf to former shop. Timber battened double-leaf door to carriage arch. Random rubble stone boundary wall to east. This building stands at the end of a row of buildings that pleasingly step down the streetscape. The shouldered window openings and the use of marble columns in the ground floor are typical of commercial premises in Tipperary Town. The capitals to the columns and flanking pilasters display good craftsmanship. The wide façade is also a familiar element in this side of Main Street. The retention of timber sash windows enhances the building. Regional Rating

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NIAH Reg. RPS Reg. No. NIAH Location NIAH Description, Appraisal & Rating No. 115 Upper Bank Place N/A Tipperary County Council Record of Protected Structures List: 3 storey corner building with Wyatt facing Bank Place Toberbreda North 116 Father Matthew N/A Tipperary County Council Record of Protected Structures List: Well not including roof structure Street Tipperary County Council Record of Protected Structures List: 3-storey 19th Century shopfront with window moulds and ornate O’Rahelly’s 68-72 120 N/A plaster at first floor. Elaborate consoles and amusing figurative plasterwork. Simple cornice with Corinthian capitals on rectangular Main Street moulded columns. Sash windows on 71-72. Munster Bar, Tipperary County Council Record of Protected Structures List: Arched ground floor facade with marbleised granite columns, typical of 121 N/A Lower Bank place Tipperary Town but in poor repair. Tipperary County Council Record of Protected Structures List: 3-storey 2-bay building with sash windows and architraves. Arcaded Mart Stores, 122 N/A late 19th Century building similar to other examples on Main Street. Simple plaster columns and pilasters, moulded arches on 9 Davis Street Corinthian columns. Moloney Brothers 123 N/A Tipperary County Council Record of Protected Structures List: Public House with applied decoration of tiles. Original internal layout. Davis Street Hair Style, 124 N/A Tipperary County Council Record of Protected Structures List: Simple plaster columns with gothic consoles and cornice shopfront. 90 O’Brien Street Tipperary County Council Record of Protected Structures List: Simple plaster columns with gothic consoles and cornice shopfront. 125 91 O’Brien Street N/A Double sash windows at ground floor level. C Ryan, Tipperary County Council Record of Protected Structures List: Public House with good example of Traditional sign writing. One of 126 N/A Davitt Street oldest licenced premises in Tipperary Town.

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8. Impact Assessment

Archaeological Heritage Direct Impacts: The proposed scheme is located chiefly within the historic town of Tipperary (TS067-004) as defined on the RMP map, before terminating beyond the environs of the town centre east of St. Michael’s Cemetery on the N74 Cashel road.

Until 2019 all previous recorded archaeological investigations in the town demonstrated a complete lack of medieval remains below the modern ground surface. In 2019 the upgrade of the N24 Davitt Street Project unearthed the first traces of medieval pottery from Tipperary town (Excavation Licence No. 18E0569). These discoveries confirm that in situ medieval remains can survive beneath the modern townscape and further such discoveries should be expected should the proposed development proceed.

Due to the linear nature of the scheme both the Historic Town (TS067-004---) and Town Defences (TS067-004009) will be directly impacted by the proposed works. Due to the discoveries from the recent Tipperary County Council works on N24 Davitt Street (see above), and notwithstanding the paucity of archaeological remains found to date from previous archaeological monitoring works along Main Street, there is a very high potential that in situ archaeological features, deposits, layers, ecofacts and artefacts will survive along the proposed scheme,

Table 6 – List of Archaeological Heritage Direct Impacts Dist. from Townland Site Type Legal Status RMP No. Scheme (m) Bohercrow, Carrownreddy, Collegeland, Garryskillane, Historic Town RMP TS067-004--- 0 Knockanrawley, Murgasty, Town Lot Bohercrow Town Defences RMP TS067-004009 0

Architectural Heritage Direct Impacts: It is proposed to improve the public realm of the vicinity of this Post box (Reg. No. 22108077: RPS Reg. No. 77). During the course of the construction works the physical monument will be removed, relocated and temporarily securely stored, until the works in this area will be finished and it is deemed appropriate by Tipperary County Council to reinstate the Post Box nearby.

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Table 7 – List of Architectural Heritage Direct Impacts

Dist. from Townland Site Type Legal Status NIAH Reg. No. Scheme (m)

Bohercrow Post Box RPS / NIAH 22108077 0

Sites identified during this Assessment No new sites were identified during this assessment.

9. Conclusion and Recommendations

Archaeological Heritage Tipperary Town has a confirmed history going back to the medieval period, potentially earlier. Tipperary is classified as a walled town, Record of Monuments and Places (RMP) No. TS067-004. To date, no in-situ remains of a medieval Town Wall have come to light. As the proposed scheme involves an upgrade of the main thoroughfare of the town, the works will have a direct impact on the Zone of Archaeological Potential (ZAP), and the Architectural Conservation Area (ACA) of Tipperary Town. The Cultural Heritage Assessment Report proposes mitigation impacts during construction involving archaeological monitoring, by a suitably qualified licenced archaeologist, of excavations within the ZAP and ACA of Tipperary Town.

The Cultural Heritage Assessment Report proposes mitigation impacts during construction involving archaeological monitoring, by a suitably qualified licenced archaeologist, of excavations within the Zone of Archaeological Potential (ZAP) and Architectural Conservation Area (ACA) of Tipperary Town.

In the event that archaeological remains of the town wall are indeed identified during monitoring, it will be necessary to obtain Ministerial Consent, in accordance with Section 14 of the National Monuments Act, before any works can be carried out on, or in the immediate vicinity of the remains of the town wall uncovered. All necessary archaeological services will be procured using a specification prepared by TII Archaeology and Heritage Section in accordance with the appropriate national procurement guidelines.

Proposed Drainage off O’Brien Street It is proposed that the drainage works on O’Brien Street, although located outside the ZAP of the town, will be surveyed using geophysics, followed by targeted archaeological testing, in advance of construction works. Should archaeological remains be found, mitigation in the form of preservation in situ or preservation by record will be proposed to the relevant

77 N24-N74 Tipperary Town Road Improvement Scheme Cultural Heritage Assessment statutory authorities. All necessary archaeological services will be procured using a specification prepared by TII Archaeology and Heritage Section in accordance with the appropriate national procurement guidelines.

At the conclusion of all archaeological and architectural works a fully illustrated report, supported by public dissemination events, will be produced and published.

Architectural Heritage

Tipperary Town has a rich and varied architectural heritage palette. However, one upstanding structure is being directly impacted by the proposed works: the cast-iron post box on lower Main Street (Reg. No. 22108077: RPS Reg. No. 77). The works will involve the temporary removal, storage, and reinstatement of this structure. It is recommended that a detailed proposal outlining all aspects in relation to the removal, storage and reinstatement of this structure be prepared and submitted to the relevant authorities, in advance of works commencing. During the course of the removal and reinstatement works the monitoring archaeologist will be employed to record these works.

The present scheme seeks to improve the public realm of the vicinity of Post Box on Main Street, (RPS Reg. No. 77; NIAH Reg. No. 22108077). During the course of the construction works the physical monument will be remove, relocated and temporarily securely stored, until the works in this area will be finished and it is deemed appropriate by Tipperary County Council to reinstate the Post Box.

At the conclusion of all archaeological and architectural works a fully illustrated report, supported by public dissemination events, will be produced and published.

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10. REFERENCES

Documentary and online sources consulted The following documentary and/or online sources were consulted:

References Bradley, J. 1985 ‘The medieval towns of Tipperary’ in W Nolan & T McGrath (eds), Tipperary History & Society, 34–59. Geography Publications. Dublin.

Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government 2004. Architectural Heritage Protection: Guidelines for Planning Authorities. Dublin: The Stationery Office.

Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government 2008. National Policy on Town Defences [online]. Available from: http://www.archaeology.ie/sites/default/files/media/publications/national-policy-on- town-defences.pdf [accessed 30/04/20].

Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government 2009. National Monuments in State Care: Ownership and Guardianship [online]. Unpublished report prepared by the Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government. Available from: http://www.archaeology.ie/sites/default/files/media/pdf/monuments-in-state-care- limerick.pdf [accessed 30/04/20].

Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government 2010. Preservation Orders [online]. Unpublished report prepared by the Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government. Available from: http://www.archaeology.ie/sites/default/files/media/publications/PO10V1_AllCounti es.pdf [accessed 30/04/20].

Dúchas, National Monuments and Historic Properties Service 1998. Record of Monuments and Places (RMP) for County Tipperary North Riding. Dublin: The Stationery Office.

Farrelly, J. & FitzPatrick, L. 1993 The Urban Archaeological Survey County Tipperary South Riding Parts I & II. Archaeological Survey of Ireland. Office of Public Works. Dublin.

Harrison, S. & Ó Floinn, R. 2014 Viking Graves and Grave-Goods in Ireland. Medieval Dublin Excavations 1962–81 Ser. B, vol. 11. National Museum of Ireland. Dublin

Lewis, S. 1837 A Topographical Dictionary of Ireland. S. Lewis & Co. London. [Reissued 1970].

Marnane, D. 2002 The Excel Guide to the Heritage of Tipperary Town. Tipperary Excel Heritage Co. Ltd. Tipperary.

Marnane, D. 2003 Land and Settlement: A History of West Tipperary to 1660. The Arra Press. Tipperary.

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Marnane, D. & Darmody, M. G. 2011 Finding Tipperary Cashel & District Aspects of its History and Heritage. Tipperary Studies. Thurles.

O’Flanagan, M. (Ed) 1930 Ordnance Survey Name Books, Co. Tipperary. Reproduced under the direction of Rev. Michael O’Flanagan. Bray

O’Flanagan, M. (Ed) 1930a Letters containing information relative to the Antiquities of the County of Tipperary collected during the progress of the Ordnance Survey in 1840. Volume III. Reproduced under the direction of Rev. Michael O’Flanagan. Bray.

Taylor, G. & Skinner, A. 1778 Maps of the Roads of Ireland, surveyed 1777. G. Terry. London.

Thomas, A. 1992 The Walled Towns of Ireland. Irish Academic Press. 2 Volumes. Dublin.

Tipperary Heritage Unit 1994 St. Ailbe’s heritage A Guide to the History, Genealogy & Towns of the Archdiocese of Cashel & Emly. Tipperary Heritage Unit. Tipperary.

White, J.D. 1892 Anthologia Tipperariensis being some account of the abbeys, priories, churches, castles and other objects of interest in the county of Tipperary. "Gazette" Office. Cashel.

Web-based Sources Sites and Monuments Record (SMR) for County Tipperary, 1992 (http://webgis.archaeology.ie/historicenvironment/) (accessed June 2020)

Record of Monuments and Places (RMP) for County Tipperary North Riding, 1998 (accessed June 2020)

National Monuments in State Care: Ownership and Guardianship

National Monuments subject to Preservation Orders

Placenames Database of Ireland (www.logainm.ie) (accessed June 2020)

Excavations Bulletin summary accounts of archaeological excavations in Ireland (www.excavations.ie) (accessed (June 2020)

National Inventory of Architectural Heritage (www.buildingsofireland.ie) (accessed June 2020)

www.griffiths.askaboutireland.ie

Geological Survey Ireland Spatial Resources https://dcenr.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=ebaf90ff2d554522b438f f313b0c197a&scale=0 (accessed June 2020)

Ordnance Survey mapping 1st edition six-inch mapping (surveyed 1840-41, published 1843); Manuscript Town Plan of Tipperary (published 1840), Town Plan of Tipperary, scale 1:500

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(published 1840); 1st edition 25-inch mapping (published 1901-05); 2nd edition six-inch mapping (published 1901-05); 2nd edition 25-inch mapping (published 1938); 3rd edition six- inch mapping (published 1938, 50-54), orthophotographs (1995, 2000 and 2005) (http://www.maps.osi.ie/publicviewer) (accessed June 2020)

Satellite imagery available from Bing and Google Earth

Tipperary Heritage Plan 2017-2021 (accessed June 2020)

Tipperary Town Heritage Action Plan 2020-2022 (accessed August 2020)

Tipperary Town and Environs Development Plan, 2013–2019 https://www.tipperarycoco.ie/sites/default/files/Publications/TipperaryHeritagePlan.pdf TipperaryTown-ProtectedStructures.pdf (accessed (June 2020)

Local sources Tipperary historian Dr. Denis G. Marnane was consulted in the preparation of this report.

81 N24-N74 Tipperary Town Road Improvement Scheme Cultural Heritage Assessment 11. FIGURES

Figure 1: N24-N74 Tipperary Town Road Improvement Scheme Location Map.

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Figure 2: Taylor Skinner Road Map Limerick to Clonmel & Cashel, 1778. Figure 3: Close-up of Tipperary Town (Taylor Skinner Road Map 1778).

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Figure 4: 1st Edition Ordnance Survey Six inch to One Mile Map of Tipperary Town (surveyed 1840).

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Figure 5: 1st Edition Ordnance Survey Six inch to One Mile Map of Tipperary Town, close-up detail of Corn Mill off Henry Street (later O’Brien Street).

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Figure 6: 1st Edition Ordnance Survey Six inch to One Mile Map of Tipperary Town, showing density of buildings along Main Street.

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Figure 7: Griffiths Valuation Map of Tipperary Town (1850), based on the 1st Edition OS six inch Map. Note large land-holdings within the town.

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Figure 8: 1st Edition Ordnance Survey 25 inch Map of Tipperary Town, surveyed 1905.

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Figure 9: 1st Edition Ordnance Survey 25 inch Map of O’Brien Street (1905). The Corn Mill is no longer indicated.

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Figure 10: Cassini 2nd Edition Ordnance Survey Six inch to One Mile Map of Tipperary Town, mid 20th century.

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Figure 11: Cassini 2nd Edition Ordnance Survey Six inch to One Mile Map of O’Brien Street/Main Street.

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Figure 12: Figure 11: Cassini 2nd Edition Ordnance Survey Six inch to One Mile Map showing N74 Cashel Road. Note St. Michael’s Cemetery, consecrated 1914.

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Figure 13: National Monuments Service - Archaeological Sites Tipperary Town Zone of Notifications: Source https://webgis.archaeology.ie/historicenvironment/

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Figure 14: Zones of Archaeological Potential (ZAP) of Tipperary Town, Map 19. Source: Urban Archaeological Survey County Tipperary, 1994.

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Figure 15: Tipperary Town Zone of Archaeological Potential Map 9. Source: Tipperary Town and Environs Development Plan, 2013–2019.

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Figure 16: Zones of Archaeological Potential (ZAP) of Tipperary Town, Map 20. Source: Urban Archaeological Survey County Tipperary, 1994.

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Figure 17: Circuit of Tipperary Town Medieval Wall (as proposed by Thomas 1992, 195). Five proposed Gate Towers are indicated on this map.

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Figure 18: National Inventory of Architectural Heritage Sites in Tipperary Town. Source: https://webgis.archaeology.ie/historicenvironment/

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Figure 19: Tipperary Town Protected Structures (Map C). Source: Tipperary Town and Environs Development Plan, 2013–2019.

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Figure 20: Tipperary Town Protected Structures (Map C1). Source: Tipperary Town and Environs Development Plan, 2013–2019.

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Figure 21: Tipperary Town Architectural Conservation Area (ACA, Map 8). Source: Tipperary Town and Environs Development Plan, 2013–2019.

101 N24-N74 Tipperary Town Road Improvement Scheme Cultural Heritage Assessment 12. PLATES

The following photographs begin at the southern end of the Scheme at the junction of the N24 road at Lower Church Street / O’Brien Street, terminating at the eastern end of the Scheme on the N74 Cashel road:

Plate 1: View west from Church Well to St. Mary's Church, at junction of Church Street/ Martin Breen Terrace. This is one of the locations proposed by Thomas (1992) for the Medieval Town Wall & Gate Tower.

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Plate 2: St. Mary's, RPS Reg. No. 41 showing boundary wall at Martin Breen Terrace. Note blocked-up doorway through graveyard boundary wall with reused carved stones at top.

Plate 3: Southern end of Lower Church Street/Main Street facing north-west out the N24 Limerick Road. The Manchester Martyrs/Maid of Erin Monument is at right.

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Plate 4: View northeast along O’Brien Street. Proposed drainage area at middle right.

Plate 5: Wall Plaque commemorating the Tivoli Cinema on O’Brien Street.

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Plate 6: Proposed drainage area off O’Brien Street.

Plate 7: View south along proposed drainage area off O’Brien Street. Corn Mill ruins at rear.

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Plate 8: Junction of Lower Church Street/O'Brien Street/Main Street facing west up O'Brien Street. The Manchester Martyrs/Maid of Erin Monument stood originally at left of centre.

Plate 9: The Manchester Martyrs/Maid of Erin Monument, RPS Reg. No. 50.

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Plate 10: Post Box on Main Street, RPS Reg. No. 77.

Plate 11: O'Connor Bros. on Main Street, RPS Reg. No. 78.

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Plate 12: Hourigan's on Main Street, RPS Reg. No. 76.

Plate 13: Julie's on Main Street, RPS Reg. No. 75.

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Plate 14: View of Market Place with RPS Reg. Nos. 59 and 60 on either side

Plate 15: View west showing Kickham Statue RPS Reg. Nos. 86, with recent street improvement works

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Plate 16: View east along Bank Place from entrance to Lidl, with The Porter House RPS Reg. No. 96 at right.

Plate 17: Times Hotel RPS Reg. No. 95 & Angel Architectural Salvage / Discount Golf, RPS Reg. No. 94, both on Bank Place.

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Plate 18: View east of N74 Father Mathew Street junction with N24 Bansha Road.

Plate 19: St. Michael’s Cemetery carpark looking east.

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Plate 20: St. Michael’s Cemetery carpark looking west.

Plate 21: St. Michael’s Cemetery entranceway.

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Plate 22: View along the N74 Cashel road towards eastern boundary of scheme at Brodeen/Rathsasseragh.

113 N24-N74 Tipperary Town Road Improvement Scheme Cultural Heritage Assessment 13. Appendix 1: Extract from report on Archaeological Monitoring of Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN) Broadband Cable Network for Tipperary Town, Co. Tipperary. Licence No. 07E0506 by Mary Henry Archaeological Services Ltd.

Works for laying fibre-optic broadband Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN) Broadband Cable Networks for Tipperary town and its environs entailed opening trenches approximately averaging 800mm deep and with an average width of 700mm. At locations along the network route, such as bends and terminating points, chambers will be built. Excavations to facilitate the construction of chambers measured on average 1.8m long x 1.2m wide and not exceeding 1.2m deep. All ground works were undertaken using mini-track machines with a toothless bucket.

Ground works inside the zone of archaeological potential (ZAP) were archaeologically monitored. The areas of archaeological interest were the following: Bank Place, Main St., Kickham St., Bridge St., the south half of Michael’s St., Mitchell St., O’Brien St., Church St., Bohercrow Rd., Government Buildings, the site of the Co-locational building, Station Rd. (north end) and Emmet St.

The final stage of trenching on Main St. (Pl.17), measuring 20m in length and 700mm wide, extended from the chamber outside Julies Clothes Shop and ended at the chamber at the Maid of Erin statue. As this trench crossed from the south side of Main St. to the junction of Main St. and Church St. its depth varied between 600mm and 950mm due to the presence of numerous modern services, culverts and an extremely compact layer of concrete toward the centre of the carriageway. Stratigraphy in this section comprised an asphalt road surface, measuring 110mm thick, overlying a compact layer of hardcore/804 chippings up to 300mm thick. Underlying this and extending to the base of the trench at the north and south end was a naturally deposited mid orange brown sandy, gravelly clay with sparse pebbles and a moderate amount of small stone.

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Pl. 17 Trenching; Main St.

Conclusion This linear scheme traversed the majority of major thoroughfares within Tipperary Town, offering a relatively comprehensive view of the underlying stratigraphy to a depth of <1.2m. This generally comprised a modern road surface, supported by chippings, either overlying the natural very gravelly sandy clay; or the road surface and chippings over a re-deposited sandy clay with red brick and containing occasional animal bone, which itself, overlay the natural. Therefore, from the archaeological aspect, physical evidence pertaining to the medieval period of the town can be considered negative, even though this scheme traversed areas of possible high archaeological potential, such as the projected line of the town wall at various locations.

It is possible the nineteenth and twentieth century layers, directly overlying the natural, have removed the earlier deposits, which may have been both shallow and thin. An instance of this may be Main St, where the re-deposited natural with red brick directly overlies a brick- built sewer.

Two walls were revealed during the monitoring works: both in Station Rd. and within relatively close proximity of the Abbey site. Interestingly, both were discovered fairly deeply: the first 900mm below ground level; whilst the second was 800mm below. This would appear to support the above theory regarding the Victorian/modern works, which in the main seem to be contained to a depth of <700mm. Due to the fact the walls were revealed at the base of the trench they could not be extensively examined. However, due to their composition and bonding, in conjunction with their dimensions and location, it is considered they may be associated with the Abbey and of

115 N24-N74 Tipperary Town Road Improvement Scheme Cultural Heritage Assessment medieval provenance. Regarding the presence of a medieval town wall, a view supported by Thomas, no archaeological evidence emerged whatsoever to suggest Tipperary town was ever walled. Mary Henry. Mary Henry Archaeological Services Ltd. 27th February 2008.

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