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Cultural Contrasts and Similarities Among Five Ethnic Groups in the Nilgiri District, Madras State, India, 1800-1963

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Cultural Contrasts and Similarities Among Five Ethnic Groups in the Nilgiri District, Madras State, India, 1800-1963 Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1968 Cultural Contrasts and Similarities Among Five Ethnic Groups in the Nilgiri District, Madras State, India, 1800-1963. William Allister Noble Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Noble, William Allister, "Cultural Contrasts and Similarities Among Five Ethnic Groups in the Nilgiri District, Madras State, India, 1800-1963." (1968). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 1409. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/1409 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This dissertation has been microfilmed exactly as received 68—10,751 NOBLE, William Allister, 1932- CULTURAL CONTRASTS AND SIMILARITIES AMONG FIVE ETHNIC GROUPS IN TH E NILGIRI DISTRICT, M A D R A S STATE, INDIA, 1800-1963. Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, Ph.D., 1968 Geography University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan CULTURAL CONTRASTS AND SIMILARITIES AMONG FIVE ETHNIC GROUPS IN THE NILGIRI DISTRICT, MADRAS STATE, INDIA 1800-1963 A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Geography and Anthropology by William Allister Noble B.A., University of Georgia, 1955 M.A., University of Georgia, 1957 January, 1968 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS For their encouragement and suggestions, the writer is indebted to his advisor, Professor Robert West, and Professors William Haag, Miles Richardson, and Frederick Simoons. The interest shown in occu- pance forms and some approaches used in this work were inspired by the teachings of Professor Fred Kniffen. To Professor Richard Russell especially, but to all other members of the Geography-Anthropology Department at Louisiana State University as well, sincere appreciation for the opportunity to work in India is expressed. Indian fieldwork was carried out during 1962-63 under contract Nonr-2300(09), subcontract number 58 of the Foreign Fields Research Program, sponsored by the Geography Branch, U.S. Office of Naval Re­ search, and administered by the National Academy of Sciences. Mr. K.B. Lakshmanan, B.A., of Ketti must be heartily thanked for his help during fieldwork. Thanks are also due to the following persons: D.D. Able and wife Chellam, G. Cranston, Professor Andreas Grotewold, P.T. Isaac, Karnam C. Jaiyaraj, Joe the Shikar, N. Karia- bettan, Kwodrpn, K. Lakshmanan, B.G. Narayana Menon, Mr. and Mrs. P. Millet, The Rev. J. Nathaniel, the Ketti Nautomai, Mrs. Lillian Noble, B.N. Rangaswami, J. Seenivasagam, H. Thomas, A.R. Walker, and Mr. and Mis. J. Watts-Carter. For assistance with accommodations, the writer and his wife are grateful to Col. and Mrs. C.D. Booth, Col. and Mrs. R.M. Booth, The Rev. and Mrs. V. Elliott, J. Henshaw, M.K. Menon, ii Dr. W. A. Noble, M.D., and the Salvation Array. For plant identifica­ tions, the writer thanks Mr. S. Chinnamani, Mr. N.D. Rege, Professor Daniel Sunderaj, and Professor Jonathan Sauer. Lastly, my wife's assistance and support is gratefully acknowledged. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .......................................... ii TABLES .................................................... vii FIGURES................................................... viii PHOTOGRAPHS .............................................. x ABSTRACT .................................................. xiv CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION...................................... 1 The Study Region and Five Ethnic G r o u p s .......... 1 The study region ............................... 1 The five ethnic g r o u p s ......................... 5 The Philosophic B a s e ............................. 9 The p r e m i s e ................................... 9 Definitions of terms ........................... 10 Six descriptive steps ................. 12 The historical viewpoint ....................... 13 II. THE PHYSICAL B A S E ................................. 16 Geology and physiography ......................... 16 C l i m a t e ........................................ 20 S o i l s .......................................... 24 Vegetation...................................... 28 III. PASTORALISTS AND GRASSLANDS ....................... 37 The T o d a s .................................... 39 Occupance patterns ............................. 39 D w e l l i n g s ..................................... 46 Dairy-temples and funeral-temples............. 50 Theoretical past Toda economies ............... 55 The historic economy ........................... 59 Badaga and Kasuva Pastoralists ................... 62 The Bergani dairy-temple center ............... 63 Badaga hundis ................................. 64 Badaga-Kasuva livestock centers ............... 69 iv Page The Kotas ............................. 72 Kirgoj pastoralists ........................... 73 Grasslands...................................... 73 Temperate grassland formation ................. 74 Recent reforestation of the temperate grasslands . 77 Future temperate grassland-shola ecology ........ 79 Tropical and subtropical savannas ............. 80 IV. IRULAS AND K U R U M B A S ............................... 85 The Irul a s ...................................... 87 Occupance pattern ............................. 87 Irula houses and memorial-temples ............. 90 G a r d e n s ...................................... 92 Dry field agriculture ......................... 95 L i v e s t o c k .................................... 99 G a t h e r i n g .......................................100 H u n t i n g ........................................ 102 Handicrafts and trade ......................... 102 Irulas as p r i e s t s ............................... 103 Plantation w o r k ................................. 103 The Kurumbas.......................................105 Occupance patterns ............................. 105 Agriculture .....................................110 G a t h e r i n g .......................................112 H u n t i n g ........................................ 113 Handicrafts and trade ......................... 116 Services........................................ 116 Plantation w o r k ................................. 118 V. BADAGAS AND KOTAS OF THE UPPER NILGIRIS ............. 119 The Badagas ...................................... 120 Occupance pattern ............................. 120 H o u s e s .................. ' .......................124 T e m p l e s ........................................ 128 Thoraiyas and Badagas ......................... 130 Plants exploited by the Badagas ............... 131 G a r d e n s ........................................ 136 Shifting agriculture ................... .... 139 The agricultural cycle ......................... 141 Past and present dry field crop production .... 143 L i v e s t o c k .......................................148 H u n t i n g ........................................ 149 Other oc c u p a t i o n s ............................... 150 The K o t a s ........................................ 151 Occupance pattern ............................. 151 Houses and temples ............................. 152 v Page Agriculture .................................... 155 L i v e s t o c k ...................................... 158 H u n t i n g ........................................ 159 Kota trades and work foroutsiders ................ 160 VI. NILGIRI WYNAAD BADAGAS AND KO T A S ...................... 166 The B a d a g a s ...................................... 168 Occupance patterns ............................ 168 Houses, temples, and shrines ................... 171 Paniyas and B a d a g a s ............................. 174 G a r d e n s ........................................ 176 Dry field agriculture........................... 177 Wet rice cultivation............................. 178 Additional income ............................ 180 The K o t a s ........................................ 180 VII. CONCLUSIONS........................................ 182 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................... 212 APPENDIX A AGRICULTURAL CLASSIFICATION ............................ 223 APPENDIX B THE INTRODUCTION AND SPREAD OF PL A N T S ...................... 228 APPENDIX C RECORD OF FIRES AND GRASSLAND FORMATION .................. 232 V I T A ......................................................237 vi TABLES Table Page I. Present day Nilgiri pastoralists versus Irulas and Kurumbas .................................... 86 II. Irula garden p l a n t s ................................ 93 III. Plants grown on the upper Nilgiris prior to1836 . 132 IV. Present day Badagas and Kotas of the upper Nilgiris versus those inhabiting the Nilgiri Wynaad .......... 167 vii FIGURES Figure Page 1. Index m a p s ........................................... 2 2. Nilgiri ethnic groups ............................... 6 3. Geology of South India Physiography of Nilgiri Region ....................... 17 4. Rainfall spectrum Mean daily maximum and minimum plus highest and lowest recorded temperatures
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