• Jacob Perkins – Wikipedia
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Oliver Evans (Edited from Wikipedia)
Oliver Evans (Edited from Wikipedia) SUMMARY Oliver Evans (September 13, 1755 – April 15, 1819) was an American inventor, engineer and businessman born in rural Delaware and later rooted commercially in Philadelphia. He was one of the first Americans building steam engines and an advocate of high pressure steam (vs. low pressure steam). A pioneer in the fields of automation, materials handling and steam power, Evans was one of the most prolific and influential inventors in the early years of the United States. He left behind a long series of accomplishments, most notably designing and building the first fully automated industrial process, the first high-pressure steam engine, and the first (albeit crude) amphibious vehicle and American automobile. Born in Newport, Delaware, Evans received little formal education and in his mid-teens was apprenticed to a wheelwright. Going into business with his brothers, he worked for over a decade designing, building and perfecting an automated mill with devices such as bucket chains and conveyor belts. In doing so Evans designed a continuous process of manufacturing that required no human labor. This novel concept would prove critical to the Industrial Revolution and the development of mass production. Later in life Evans turned his attention to steam power, and built the first high-pressure steam engine in the United States in 1801, developing his design independently of Richard Trevithick, who built the first in the world a year earlier. Evans was a driving force in the development and adoption of high-pressure steam engines in the United States. Evans dreamed of building a steam-powered wagon and would eventually construct and run one in 1805. -
Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Chronology
Air Conditioning and Refrigeration C H R O N O L O G Y Significant dates pertaining to Air Conditioning and Refrigeration revised May 4, 2006 Assembled by Bernard Nagengast for American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers Additions by Gerald Groff, Dr.-Ing. Wolf Eberhard Kraus and International Institute of Refrigeration End of 3rd. Century B.C. Philon of Byzantium invented an apparatus for measuring temperature. 1550 Doctor, Blas Villafranca, mentioned process for cooling wine and water by adding potassium nitrate About 1597 Galileo’s ‘air thermoscope’ Beginning of 17th Century Francis Bacon gave several formulae for refrigeration mixtures 1624 The word thermometer first appears in literature in a book by J. Leurechon, La Recreation Mathematique 1631 Rey proposed a liquid thermometer (water) Mid 17th Century Alcohol thermometers were known in Florence 1657 The Accademia del Cimento, in Florence, used refrigerant mixtures in scientific research, as did Robert Boyle, in 1662 1662 Robert Boyle established the law linking pressure and volume of a gas a a constant temperature; this was verified experimentally by Mariotte in 1676 1665 Detailed publication by Robert Boyle with many fundamentals on the production of low temperatures. 1685 Philippe Lahire obtained ice in a phial by enveloping it in ammonium nitrate 1697 G.E. Stahl introduced the notion of “phlogiston.” This was replaced by Lavoisier, by the “calorie.” 1702 Guillaume Amontons improved the air thermometer; foresaw the existence of an absolute zero of temperature 1715 Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit developed mercury thermoneter 1730 Reamur introduced his scale on an alcohol thermometer 1742 Anders Celsius developed Centigrade Temperature Scale, later renamed Celsius Temperature Scale 1748 G. -
Perkins Vapor-Compression Cycle for Refrigeration a HISTORIC MECHANICAL ENGINEERING LANDMARK
Perkins Vapor-Compression Cycle for Refrigeration A HISTORIC MECHANICAL ENGINEERING LANDMARK The Vapor Compression Cycle for Mechanical Cooling Like many significant innovations, the development of the vapor-compression cycle can trace its origins to multiple innovators who were responsible for facets of the innovation by coming up with the concept, demonstrating its feasibility, creating the first working device and eventually manufacturing a commercial product. Tracing the development of what we now refer to as the ‘refrigerator’ provides a discourse of how innovation typically moves from concept to useful product. Copyright November 2020 Published by the History and Heritage Committee of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers Perkins Vapor-Compression Cycle for Refrigeration A Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark Refrigeration and air conditioning are often regarded as among the most significant innovations of all time.1,2,3 Both rely upon the vapor- compression cycle, first demonstrated by Jacob Perkins. While ice has been used since pre-historic times to help preserve food from spoilage, it has obvious limitations. Only the coming of mechanical vapor-compression refrigeration made it practical to store and transport foods that require cooler temperatures than that provided by ice. The same vapor-compression technology has provided us with the ability to maintain homes and other living spaces at comfortable temperatures. In addition, numerous other applications rely upon the same technology, such as processes for the manufacture of paper, drugs, soap, glue, shoe polish, perfume, celluloid, and photographic materials.4 History of the Vapor-Compression Cycle for Cooling Early humans undoubtedly noticed the cooling effect of water evaporating off their skin on a hot day. -
Steam Making; Or, Boiler Practice
UC-NI SB ES LIBRARY -CALIFORN IA IO STEAM MAKING; OR BOILER PRACTICE, OHAS. A. SMITH, 0. E., Professor of Civil and Mechanical Engineering at Washington University* St. Louis, Mo.; Member of the American Society of Civil Engineers, the Engineers' Club of St. Louis, and Associate Member of the American Association of Railway Master Mechanics. UNIVERSITY' CHICAGO : THE AMERICAN ENGINEER, 182-184 DEARBORN STREET. 1885. (o Entered according to act of Congress, in the year 1884, l>y PROPRIETORS OF THE AMERICAN ENGINEER, in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C. PRESS OF JOHN W. WESTON, CHICAGO, ILL. PUBLISHERS' PREFACE. It is believed that some knowledge of the circumstances attending the publication of this work, "STEAM MAKING," as well as its companion volume, "STEAM USING," will be of interest to the reader. The lamented author, Prof. Chas. A. Smith, had arranged with the American Engineer for the publication of the two works. While the first, "STEAM MAKING," was going through the columns of the Engineer, Pro- fessor Smith died, early in 1884, leaving also to the care of the Engineer the recently completed manuscript of "STEAM USING." To all who are familiar with the circumstances under which the books were written the author suffering from a mortal illness and struggling against death to thus round out his life work, only giving up to die on their completion will appreciate and value the more highly the broad and active experience thus crystallized. To Mr. John W. Weston, so long connected with this journal, and personally familiar with the author and his writings, has been delegated the pleasant duty of conducting these works through the various stages of bookmaking, with the result now presented. -
Vapor-Compression Cycle (Edited from Wikipedia)
Vapor-Compression Cycle (Edited from Wikipedia) SUMMARY Vapor-Compression Refrigeration or vapor-compression refrigeration system (VCRS), in which the refrigerant undergoes phase changes, is one of the many refrigeration cycles and is the most widely used method for air-conditioning of buildings and automobiles. It is also used in domestic and commercial refrigerators, large-scale warehouses for chilled or frozen storage of foods and meats, refrigerated trucks and railroad cars, and a host of other commercial and industrial services. Oil refineries, petrochemical and chemical processing plants, and natural gas processing plants are among the many types of industrial plants that often utilize large vapor-compression refrigeration systems. Refrigeration may be defined as lowering the temperature of an enclosed space (like a house or refrigerator) by removing heat from that space and transferring it elsewhere. A device that performs this function may also be called an air conditioner, refrigerator, air source heat pump, geothermal heat pump or chiller (heat pump). HISTORY In 1805, the American inventor Oliver Evans described a closed vapor-compression refrigeration cycle for the production of ice by ether under vacuum. Heat would be removed from the environment by recycling vaporized refrigerant, where it would move through a compressor and condenser and would eventually revert to a liquid form in order to repeat the refrigeration process over again. In the postscript of his Steam Engineer's Guide , Evans noted that drawing a vacuum on water reduces its boiling point and cools it. He further observed that a vacuum would have the same effect upon ether, and the resulting cooling should be sufficient to produce ice. -
History of Refrigeration
Lesson 1 History Of Refrigeration 1 Version 1 ME, IIT Kharagpur Objectives of the lesson: The objectives of this lesson are to: 1. Define refrigeration and air conditioning (Section 1.1) 2. Introduce aspects of various natural refrigeration methods, namely: a. Use of ice transported from colder regions (Section 1.2) b. Use of ice harvested in winter and stored in ice houses (Section 1.2) c. Use of ice produced by nocturnal cooling (Section 1.2.1) d. Use of evaporative cooling (Section 1.2.2) e. Cooling by salt solutions (Section 1.2.3) 3. Introduce historical aspects of various artificial refrigeration methods, namely: a. Vapour compression refrigeration systems, including i. Domestic refrigeration systems (Section 1.3.1.1) ii. Air conditioning systems (Section 1.3.1.2) b. Vapour absorption refrigeration systems (Section 1.3.2) c. Solar energy based refrigeration systems (Section 1.3.3) d. Air cycle refrigeration systems (Section 1.3.4) e. Steam and vapor jet refrigeration systems (Section 1.3.5) f. Thermoelectric refrigeration systems (Section 1.3.6), and g. Vortex tubes (Section 1.3.7) At the end of the lesson the student should be able to: 1. Identify various natural and artificial methods of refrigeration 2. List salient points of various refrigeration techniques, and 3. Name important landmarks in the history of refrigeration 1.1. Introduction Refrigeration may be defined as the process of achieving and maintaining a temperature below that of the surroundings, the aim being to cool some product or space to the required temperature. One of the most important applications of refrigeration has been the preservation of perishable food products by storing them at low temperatures. -
Guide to the Greville Bathe Papers
Guide to the Greville Bathe Papers NMAH.AC.0970 Alison Oswald 2018 Archives Center, National Museum of American History P.O. Box 37012 Suite 1100, MRC 601 Washington, D.C. 20013-7012 [email protected] http://americanhistory.si.edu/archives Table of Contents Collection Overview ........................................................................................................ 1 Administrative Information .............................................................................................. 1 Biographical...................................................................................................................... 2 Arrangement..................................................................................................................... 2 Scope and Contents note................................................................................................ 2 Names and Subjects ...................................................................................................... 3 Container Listing ............................................................................................................. 4 Series : Correspondence, 1893-1960...................................................................... 4 Series : Photographs, 1897-1954............................................................................. 5 Series : Writings, 1933-1960.................................................................................... 6 Series : Catalogs/Trade Literature, 1905-1985....................................................... -
Using the Study of Inventions and Technologies to Interest Students in History
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 362 448 SO 023 371 AUTHOR Beardsley, Donna A. TITLE Using the Study of Inventions and Technologies to Interest Students in History. PUB DATE May 93 NOTE 16p. PUB TYPE Guides Classroom Use Teaching Guides (For Teacher) (052) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC01 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Biographies; Change; Discovery Processes; Elementary Secondary Education; *History Instruction; Innovation; *Inventions; Material Culture; Science and Society; Social History; Student Research; Teaching Methods; *Technology IDENTIFIERS *Inventors; *Technological Change ABSTRACT This document suggests uses ways of using inventions and technologies to teach history. A list of inventions and technologies can suggest topics for student research. Books about inventions and technologies are plentiful and a good source of information for students. A field trip might be helpful, or students can interview people who are in a position to know so something about a device or process. Teechers can encourage students to make value judgments about the past, present, and future usefulness or importance of an invention or technology. In another activity, teachers can ask students to think of a current need or problem. Having identified the problem, students can brainstorm for a possible invention or technological advancement to solve the problem or meet the need. Inventions and technologies can be grouped and listed three different ways:(1) according to the name of the inventor or scientist;(2) according to the type of invention or technology such as transportation, communication, energy, materials, clothing, building or tools; or(3) ch,-onologically. The document includes a chronological list of some 94 inventions and areas of innovation from 1730 to 1973.