Arctic Ocean Glacial History
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Data Structure
Data structure – Water The aim of this document is to provide a short and clear description of parameters (data items) that are to be reported in the data collection forms of the Global Monitoring Plan (GMP) data collection campaigns 2013–2014. The data itself should be reported by means of MS Excel sheets as suggested in the document UNEP/POPS/COP.6/INF/31, chapter 2.3, p. 22. Aggregated data can also be reported via on-line forms available in the GMP data warehouse (GMP DWH). Structure of the database and associated code lists are based on following documents, recommendations and expert opinions as adopted by the Stockholm Convention COP6 in 2013: · Guidance on the Global Monitoring Plan for Persistent Organic Pollutants UNEP/POPS/COP.6/INF/31 (version January 2013) · Conclusions of the Meeting of the Global Coordination Group and Regional Organization Groups for the Global Monitoring Plan for POPs, held in Geneva, 10–12 October 2012 · Conclusions of the Meeting of the expert group on data handling under the global monitoring plan for persistent organic pollutants, held in Brno, Czech Republic, 13-15 June 2012 The individual reported data component is inserted as: · free text or number (e.g. Site name, Monitoring programme, Value) · a defined item selected from a particular code list (e.g., Country, Chemical – group, Sampling). All code lists (i.e., allowed values for individual parameters) are enclosed in this document, either in a particular section (e.g., Region, Method) or listed separately in the annexes below (Country, Chemical – group, Parameter) for your reference. -
Re-Evaluation of Strike-Slip Displacements Along and Bordering Nares Strait
Polarforschung 74 (1-3), 129 – 160, 2004 (erschienen 2006) In Search of the Wegener Fault: Re-Evaluation of Strike-Slip Displacements Along and Bordering Nares Strait by J. Christopher Harrison1 Abstract: A total of 28 geological-geophysical markers are identified that lich der Bache Peninsula und Linksseitenverschiebungen am Judge-Daly- relate to the question of strike slip motions along and bordering Nares Strait. Störungssystem (70 km) und schließlich die S-, später SW-gerichtete Eight of the twelve markers, located within the Phanerozoic orogen of Kompression des Sverdrup-Beckens (100 + 35 km). Die spätere Deformation Kennedy Channel – Robeson Channel region, permit between 65 and 75 km wird auf die Rotation (entgegen dem Uhrzeigersinn) und ausweichende West- of sinistral offset on the Judge Daly Fault System (JDFS). In contrast, eight of drift eines semi-rigiden nördlichen Ellesmere-Blocks während der Kollision nine markers located in Kane Basin, Smith Sound and northern Baffin Bay mit der Grönlandplatte zurückgeführt. indicate no lateral displacement at all. Especially convincing is evidence, presented by DAMASKE & OAKEY (2006), that at least one basic dyke of Neoproterozoic age extends across Smith Sound from Inglefield Land to inshore eastern Ellesmere Island without any recognizable strike slip offset. INTRODUCTION These results confirm that no major sinistral fault exists in southern Nares Strait. It is apparent to both earth scientists and the general public To account for the absence of a Wegener Fault in most parts of Nares Strait, that the shape of both coastlines and continental margins of the present paper would locate the late Paleocene-Eocene Greenland plate boundary on an interconnected system of faults that are 1) traced through western Greenland and eastern Arctic Canada provide for a Jones Sound in the south, 2) lie between the Eurekan Orogen and the Precam- satisfactory restoration of the opposing lands. -
Arctic Ocean Outflow and Glacier-Ocean Interaction Modify Water Over the Wandel Sea Shelf
Ocean Sci. Discuss., doi:10.5194/os-2017-28, 2017 Manuscript under review for journal Ocean Sci. Discussion started: 20 April 2017 c Author(s) 2017. CC-BY 3.0 License. Arctic Ocean outflow and glacier-ocean interaction modify water over the Wandel Sea shelf, northeast Greenland Igor A. Dmitrenko1*, Sergei A. Kirillov1, Bert Rudels2, David G. Babb1, Leif Toudal Pedersen3, Søren 5 Rysgaard1,4,5, Yngve Kristoffersen6,7 and David G. Barber1 1Centre for Earth Observation Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada 2Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland 3Danish Meteorological Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark 10 4Greenland Climate Research Centre, Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, Nuuk, Greenland 5Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark 6Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway 7 Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Centre, Bergen, Norway 15 *Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] Abstract: The first-ever conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) observations on the Wandel Sea shelf in North Eastern Greenland were collected in April-May 2015. They were complemented by CTD profiles taken along the continental slope during the Norwegian FRAM 2014-15 drift. The CTD profiles 1 Ocean Sci. Discuss., doi:10.5194/os-2017-28, 2017 Manuscript under review for journal Ocean Sci. Discussion started: 20 April 2017 c Author(s) 2017. CC-BY 3.0 License. 20 are used to reveal the origin of water masses and interactions with ambient water from the continental slope and the outlet glaciers. The subsurface water is associated with the Pacific Water outflow from the Arctic Ocean. The underlying Halocline separates the Pacific Water from a deeper layer of Polar Water that has interacted with the warm Atlantic water outflow through Fram Strait recorded below 140 m. -
Mountain-Derived Versus Shelf-Based Glaciations on the Western Taymyr Peninsula, Siberia Christian Hjort1 & Svend Funder2
Mountain-derived versus shelf-based glaciations on the western Taymyr Peninsula, Siberia Christian Hjort1 & Svend Funder2 1 Quaternary Sciences, Lund University, GeoCenter II, Sölvegatan 12, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden 2 Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark Keywords Abstract Siberian geology; glacial inception; glacial history. The early Russian researchers working in central Siberia seem to have preferred scenarios in which glaciations, in accordance with the classical gla- Correspondence ciological concept, originated in the mountains. However, during the last 30 C. Hjort, Quaternary Sciences, Lund years or so the interest in the glacial history of the region has concentrated on University, GeoCenter II, Sölvegatan 12, ice sheets spreading from the Kara Sea shelf. There, they could have originated SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden. E-mail: from ice caps formed on areas that, for eustatic reasons, became dry land [email protected] during global glacial maximum periods, or from grounded ice shelves. Such ice doi:10.1111/j.1751-8369.2008.00068.x sheets have been shown to repeatedly inundate much of the Taymyr Peninsula from the north-west. However, work on westernmost Taymyr has now also documented glaciations coming from inland. On at least two occasions, with the latest one dated to the Saale glaciation (marine isotope stage 6 [MIS 6]), warm-based, bedrock-sculpturing glaciers originating in the Byrranga Moun- tains, and in the hills west of the range, expanded westwards, and at least once did such glaciers, after moving 50–60 km or more over the present land areas, cross today’s Kara Sea coastline. -
The Periglacial Climate and Environment in Northern Eurasia
ARTICLE IN PRESS Quaternary Science Reviews 23 (2004) 1333–1357 The periglacial climate andenvironment in northern Eurasia during the Last Glaciation Hans W. Hubbertena,*, Andrei Andreeva, Valery I. Astakhovb, Igor Demidovc, Julian A. Dowdeswelld, Mona Henriksene, Christian Hjortf, Michael Houmark-Nielseng, Martin Jakobssonh, Svetlana Kuzminai, Eiliv Larsenj, Juha Pekka Lunkkak, AstridLys a(j, Jan Mangerude, Per Moller. f, Matti Saarnistol, Lutz Schirrmeistera, Andrei V. Sherm, Christine Siegerta, Martin J. Siegertn, John Inge Svendseno a Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), Telegrafenberg A43, Potsdam D-14473, Germany b Geological Faculty, St. Petersburg University, Universitetskaya 7/9, St. Petersburg 199034, Russian Federation c Institute of Geology, Karelian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushkinskaya 11, Petrozavodsk 125610, Russian Federation d Scott Polar Research Institute and Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CBZ IER, UK e Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, Allegt.! 41, Bergen N-5007, Norway f Quaternary Science, Department of Geology, Lund University, Geocenter II, Solvegatan. 12, Lund Sweden g Geological Institute, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 10, Copenhagen DK-1350, Denmark h Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping, Chase Ocean Engineering Lab, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA i Paleontological Institute, RAS, Profsoyuznaya ul., 123, Moscow 117868, Russia j Geological Survey of Norway, PO Box 3006 Lade, Trondheim N-7002, Norway -
Arctic Ocean Outflow and Glacier-Ocean Interaction Modify Water Over the Wandel Sea Shelf
1 1 Arctic Ocean outflow and glacier-ocean interaction modify water over the Wandel Sea shelf 2 (Northeast Greenland) 3 4 5 Igor A. Dmitrenko1*, Sergey A. Kirillov1, Bert Rudels2, David G. Babb1, Leif Toudal Pedersen3, Søren 6 Rysgaard1,4,5, Yngve Kristoffersen6,7 and David G. Barber1 7 8 9 1Centre for Earth Observation Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada 10 2Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland 11 3 Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark 12 4Greenland Climate Research Centre, Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, Nuuk, Greenland 13 5Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark 14 6Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway 15 7 Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Centre, Bergen, Norway 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 *Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] 2 23 Abstract: The first-ever conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) observations on the Wandel Sea shelf in 24 North Eastern Greenland were collected in April-May 2015. They were complemented by CTDs taken 25 along the continental slope during the Norwegian FRAM 2014-15 drift. The CTD profiles are used to 26 reveal the origin of water masses and interactions with ambient water from the continental slope and the 27 tidewater glacier outlet. The subsurface water is associated with the Pacific Water outflow from the Arctic 28 Ocean. The underlying Halocline separates the Pacific Water from a deeper layer of Polar Water that has 29 interacted with the warm Atlantic water outflow through Fram Strait recorded below 140 m. Over the outer 30 shelf, the Halocline shows numerous cold density-compensated intrusions indicating lateral interaction with 31 an ambient Polar Water mass across the continental slope. -
Stratigraphy and Depositional Evolution of the Upper Palaeozoic Sedimentary Succession in Eastem Peary Land, North Greenland
Stratigraphy and depositional evolution of the Upper Palaeozoic sedimentary succession in eastem Peary Land, North Greenland Lars Stemmerik, Eckart Håkansson, Lena Madsen, Inger Nilsson, Stefan Piasecke, Sylvie Pinard2 and Jan A. Rasmussen The Upper Palaeozoic Foldedal and Kim Fjelde formations in eastem Peary Land are redefined on the basis of new biostratigraphic data, including fusulinids, conodonts, palynomorps and small foraminifera. The Foldedal Formation in its new definition includes alllate Moscovian to Gzelian deposits in the region. It is separated by a major hiatus from the redefined Kim Fjelde Formation which includes mid-Permian (late Art inskian - Kungurian) carbonates and chert deposits. The Upper Carboniferous succes sion is dominated by cyclically interbedded siliciclastics and carbonates with minor tab- ular build-ups. The mid and Upper Permian succession consists ofcool-water carbonates, spiculitic chert and shales. L. S., S. pI & J. A. R., Geological Survey ofDenmark and Greenland, Thoravej 8, DK 2400 Copenhagen NV, Denmark. E. H. & L. M., Geological Institute, University ofCopenhagen, øster Voldgade IO, DK 1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark. I. N., Saga Petroleum a.s., Postboks /134, N-9400 Harstad, Norway. S. p2, 7146--119th Street N. w., Edmonton T6G 1V6, Canada (formerly ofthe Geological Survey ofCanada). In eastem Peary Land, the marine Upper Palaeozoic tus spanning most ofthe Early Permian, and accordingly, deposits of the Wandel Sea Basin have been included in the originally proposed lithostratigraphic scheme has to the upper Moscovian to Upper Carboniferous Foldedal be revised. Fonnation ofmixed carbonates and siliciclastics, the Upper This paper revises the lithostratigraphy of the Upper Carboniferous to (?) Kungurian carbonate-dominated Kim Palaeozoic deposits in eastem Peary Land in accordance Fjelde Formation and the shale-dominated, mid to Upper with new sedimentological and sequence stratigraphic Permian Midnatfjeld Formation (Håkansson, 1979; Stem information, and provides new biostratigraphic data from merik & Håkansson, 1989). -
Significance of K/Ar Age Determinations from Northern Peary Land
60 Dawes, P. R. & Soper, N. J. 1970: Geological investigations in northern Peary Land. Rapp. Grønlands geol. Unders. 28, 9-15. Escher, A., Escher, J., & Watterson, J. 1970: The Nagssugtoqidian boundary and the deformation of the Kångamiut dyke swarm in the Søndre Strømfjord area. Rapp. Grønlands geol. Unders. 28, 21-23. Escher, A. & Pulvertaft, T. C. R. 1968: The Precambrian rocks of the Upernavik-Kraulshavn area (72°_ 74°15' N), West Greenland. Rapp. Grønlands geol. Unders. 15, 11-14. Henriksen, N., & Jepsen, H. F. 1970: K/Ar age determinations on dolerites from southern Peary Land. Rapp. Grønlands geol. Unders. 28, 55-58. Keto, L. 1970: Isua, a major iron ore discovery in Greenland. Unpublished report from Kryolitselskabet Øresund AIS, Copenhagen. Lambert, R. St. J. & Simons, J. G. 1969: New KlAr age determinations from southern West Greenland. Rapp. Grønlands geol. Unders. 19, 68-71. Larsen, O. & Møller, J. 1968: K/Ar age determinations from western Greenland L Reconnaissance pro gramme. Rapp. Grønlands geol. Unders. 15, 82-86. Sarsadskikh, N. N., Blagul'kina, V. A. & Silin, Yu. L 1966: Absolute age of Yakutian kimberlites. Dokl. Aead. Sei. USSR, Earth Sci. Sect. 168, 48-50. Watterson, J. 1965: Plutonic development of the Ilordleq area, South Greenland. Bul!. Grønlands geol. Unders. 51 (also Meddr Grønland, 172, 7) 147 pp. Wanless, R. K., Stevens, R. D. & Loveridge, W. D. 1970: Anomalous parent-daughter isotopic relation ships in rocks adjacent to the Grenville front near Chibougamau, Quebec. Ec!og. geol. Helv. 63; I, 345 364. Windley, B. F. 1970: Primary quartz ferro-dolerite/garnet amphibolite dykes in the Sukkertoppen region of West Greenland. -
Accelerated Sea Ice Loss in the Wandel Sea Points to a Change in the Arctic’S Last Ice Area
Axel Schweiger, Michael Steele, Jinlun Zhang, G.W.K.Moore, and Kristin Laidre Accelerated Sea Ice Loss in the Wandel Sea Points to a Change in the Arctic’s Last Ice Area Key Points 1. 2. The Wandel Sea, north of Greenland An unexpected record-low in the Arctic Ocean, is the concentration of sea-ice in the easternmost part of what is known Wandel Sea was seen in August as the “Last Ice Area” where thick 2020. multi-year sea-ice has been expected to last the longest. Schweiger et al./Communications Earth & Environment. 3. 4. In the whole Arctic Ocean, sea-ice Study of long-term satellite data (extent, thickness, and age) has and sea ice modeling experiments decreased over the past couple point to climate change as a cause decades. of long-term thinning of Arctic sea- ice. Black line shows percent of sea-ice concentration for the Wandel Sea from 1 June through 31 August 2020. Solid blue line shows the climatological trend from 1979–2020 with 10/90th and 5/95th percentiles shown in dashed and dotted blue lines. Image courtesy of Schweiger et al. 5. 6. Natural changes in winds and At the beginning of the 2020 sea-ice temperatures cause more loss of melt season (spring) the Wandel sea ice in the area: Sea had unusually high amounts of a. Winds move the sea-ice out of thick ice—but it was not enough to the area prevent the record-low b. Warm air and ocean concentration in August. temperatures melt the ice 7. -
Downloaded from the Copernicus Data System Assimilation (I.E., HIST Vs
ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-021-00197-5 OPEN Accelerated sea ice loss in the Wandel Sea points to a change in the Arctic’s Last Ice Area ✉ Axel J. Schweiger1 , Michael Steele1, Jinlun Zhang1, G. W. K. Moore 2,3 & Kristin L. Laidre1 The Arctic Ocean’s Wandel Sea is the easternmost sector of the Last Ice Area, where thick, old sea ice is expected to endure longer than elsewhere. Nevertheless, in August 2020 the area experienced record-low sea ice concentration. Here we use satellite data and sea ice model experiments to determine what caused this record sea ice minimum. In our simula- tions there was a multi-year sea-ice thinning trend due to climate change. Natural climate variability expressed as wind-forced ice advection and subsequent melt added to this trend. — — 1234567890():,; In spring 2020, the Wandel Sea had a mixture of both thin and unusual for recent years thick ice, but this thick ice was not sufficiently widespread to prevent the summer sea ice concentration minimum. With continued thinning, more frequent low summer sea ice events are expected. We suggest that the Last Ice Area, an important refuge for ice-dependent species, is less resilient to warming than previously thought. 1 Polar Science Center, Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. 2 Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Ontario, ON, ✉ Canada. 3 Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, ON, Canada. email: [email protected] COMMUNICATIONS EARTH & ENVIRONMENT -
Landscapes & Vegetation Zones
Landscapes & Vegetation Zones http://arctic.ru/print/106 Landscapes & Vegetation Zones The Arctic boasts a diverse array of landscapes, ranging from pack and drift ice to rugged shorelines, flat coastal plains, rolling hills, tundra, and mountains. The region also contains abundant lakes and several of the world’s mightiest rivers. The largest mountain ranges in the Arctic include those in northeastern Asia, the Byrranga Mountains on the Taimyr Peninsula, and the northern tip of the Urals. Mount Gunnbjorn in eastern Greenland, at 3,700 meters above sea level, ranks as the highest mountain. The Arctic Ocean is littered with islands, which are mostly fragments of the Asian, European, and North American continental masses. Arctic islands are predominantly mountainous, and while some are inhabited, others are completely blanketed in snow and ice and therefore uninhabitable. The type of terrain and the amount of sunlight largely govern opportunities for plants. Moving northward, the amount of heat obtainable to support plant life drops significantly. In the northernmost areas, plants are at their metabolic limits, and minute differences in summer warmth correspond to considerable differences in the energy available for plant maintenance, growth, and reproduction. This constricts not only the variety of plants, but their sizes, abundances, and growth rates. From North to South there are Four Main Categories of Land Cover Polar desert consists mainly of bare soils and rocks. The sparse plant life is composed primarily of mosses, sedges, lichens, small tundra shrubs and, rarely, flowering plants occurring in sheltered areas. Polar desert characterizes the mountainous areas of islands and inland mountain ranges. -
Russia.Pdf 71 Chicago Tribune
Table of Contents PROFILE 5 INTRODUCTION 5 FACTS AND FIGURES 6 GEOGRAPHY 15 INTRODUCTION 15 GEOGRAPHIC REGIONS AND TOPOGRAPHIC FEATURES 15 KOLA PENINSULA 15 RUSSIAN PLAIN 15 CAUCASUS MOUNTAINS 16 URAL MOUNTAINS 16 WEST SIBERIAN PLAIN 17 CENTRAL SIBERIAN PLATEAU 17 TAYMYR PENINSULA 17 MOUNTAINS OF THE SOUTH AND EAST 18 CLIMATE 19 RIVERS AND LAKES 20 CASPIAN SEA/BLACK SEA 20 ARCTIC OCEAN 21 PACIFIC OCEAN 22 MAJOR CITIES 23 MOSCOW 24 SAINT PETERSBURG 25 NOVOSIBIRSK 26 NIZHNIY NOVGOROD 27 YEKATERINBURG 28 ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS 29 WATER POLLUTION 29 NUCLEAR ENVIRONMENTAL THREATS 29 NATURAL HAZARDS 30 HISTORY 32 EARLY HISTORY 32 ORIGIN OF THE RUSSIAN STATE 32 KIEVAN RUS 33 THE MONGOL INVASION 34 THE GOLDEN HORDE 34 THE RISE OF MUSCOVY (MOSCOW) 35 IVAN IV (THE TERRIBLE) 36 BORIS GODUNOV AND THE TIME OF TROUBLES 37 THE ROMANOVS 38 PETER I (THE GREAT) 38 THE ERA OF PALACE REVOLUTIONS 39 2 CATHERINE II 40 THE EARLY 19TH CENTURY 41 REFORM EFFORTS 41 ALEXANDER III 42 REVOLUTIONS AND CIVIL WAR 43 PROLOGUE TO REVOLUTION 43 WORLD WAR I AND THE FEBRUARY REVOLUTION 44 THE OCTOBER REVOLUTION 45 THE SOVIET ERA 46 THE ASCENT OF STALIN 46 STALIN’S PURGES 47 WORLD WAR II 47 POST WORLD WAR II 48 KHRUSHCHEV AND THE POST-STALIN THAW 49 BREZHNEV, ANDROPOV, AND CHERNENKO 50 PERESTROIKA AND GLASNOST 50 THE LAST YEARS OF THE SOVIET UNION 51 END GAME 52 POST-SOVIET RUSSIA 53 ECONOMIC TROUBLES 53 CHECHNYA 53 PUTIN AND MEDVEDEV 54 ECONOMY 56 INTRODUCTION 56 INDUSTRY AND MANUFACTURING 56 AGRICULTURE 57 BANKING AND CURRENCY 58 TRADE 59 INVESTMENT 61 ENERGY AND MINERAL