Appendix: Building a Database of Irish Officers in the British Forces

This book began life as a PhD thesis researched and written at UCD from 2008 to 2012. At a very early stage in the project I decided that the best way to study Irish officers was to identify as many officers as possible and collate information about them in a database. However, since Irish officers in this period had never previously been studied, I encountered significant challenges in carrying this out. Indeed, the successful completion of the project required much detective work. First of all, before commencing the PhD I had read Richard Doherty’s monographs on Irish participation in the Second World War, a local history of Kildare soldiers in the war and a history of Irishmen in the 1st Airborne Division. These sources provided a small sample of 43 officers. Therefore, the immediate challenge upon starting the PhD degree was to establish that Irish officers were, in fact, a significant phenomenon measuring in the thousands rather than a minor anomaly affecting only 40-odd individuals. In spite of the lack of official and personal sources relating to this tradition, it was possible to augment this modest sample to 700 officers after eight months of research, and over a thou- sand after 12 months. How this was achieved will be detailed below, but first it is necessary to outline the parameters of the project. For the purpose of this research, southern Irish officers were defined as anyone who obtained a commission in the British army, navy or air force from 1922–45, and who was born in the 26 counties that became the Irish Free State, or alter- natively an officer who was born overseas but to Irish parents and subsequently spent the majority of his formative years until adulthood in the Free State. Importantly, attendance at a boarding school in the UK did not disqualify an officer from the sample and 13 per cent of the southern Irish officers came from that background. Among the Anglo-Irish elite it was customary for their sons to be educated at home by a governess till the age of 10 or 11, after which they would be sent to an English public school, and return to Ireland during the holidays. Therefore, it can be observed that such officers had a substantial Irish connection, spending most of their childhood in the Free State where they would be exposed to the same influences as those living in the country full-time. Indeed, two officers from Anglo-Irish backgrounds, Peter Ross and Brian Inglis, asserted that their sojourn in English public schools made them more, not less, conscious of their Irish identity. Secondly, in parallel to the collection of a south- ern Irish officer sample, it was also decided to collect a smaller sample of offic- ers from Northern Ireland, which eventually reached 104 officers and enabled frequent comparisons to be made in the book. It should be noted that reference is sometimes made in the book to the experiences or views of southern Irish warrant officers, non-commissioned officers and men in the enlisted ranks. This is to illustrate similarities or differences, and does not mean that the individual forms part of the sample from which data on commissioned officers was derived. Building a sample was not a straightforward process. According to a War Office report from 1944, there were 4,300 southern Irish officers in the British army,

189 190 Appendix but their service records, along with all other British officers who served after 1922, are still held by the UK Ministry of Defence and remain closed to research- ers. However, alternative routes to identifying officers and collecting a sample were found. The first involved using the regimental histories of the southern Irish regiments (disbanded in 1922), the Northern Irish regiments and the Irish Guards. Some of these histories contained appendices listing all their current and past regimental officers. Unfortunately they gave little background infor- mation being concerned only with career details. They omitted place of birth, an important point since many of the officers in these regiments were actually English. Checking their names in several extensive online catalogues such as the National Register of Archives (NRA) and the British Library catalogue was a time- consuming process and led to few sources. The second and more productive method was to search the NRA catalogue for particular key words and dates. This led to a number of Dominion Office files from the 1939–45 period archived at Kew, dealing with Irish recruitment into the armed forces, the formation of an Irish brigade and other facets of British policy towards Irish servicemen and women. In terms of the sample the most rewarding discovery was a Dominion Office pamphlet that listed ‘Volunteers from Eire who have won distinctions serving with the British forces’ (see TNA, DO 35/1211). This pamphlet was produced as part of an effort by the British government to give recognition to the number of citizens from neutral Ireland who were serv- ing in the British forces, as their relatives in Ireland complained about the lack of information due to censorship. It was also regarded as useful propaganda for encouraging more Irish to enlist. As an unofficial document the 10,000 copies of the pamphlet were printed without the imprimatur of His Majesty’s Stationery Office and informally distributed in Ireland by the various branches of the British Legion. A total of 216 officers were identified from this document, which gave place of birth, unit, award and citation. For some officers, notably in the RAF, their date of birth and education were also detailed. This pamphlet significantly strengthened the sample. Although it was a form of propaganda, it was compiled from service records and with the aid of correspondence from family relations of Irish volunteers and much of the information can be corroborated. Another useful starting point for building a sufficient sample of officers was the records of those killed in action. The War Office’s official record, Army Roll of Honour 1939–45, is now available on CD-ROM and unlike the database of the Commonwealth War Graves Commission (CWGC), it recorded nationality. A more expansive record is the printed volume Ireland’s Roll of Honour – World War Two compiled by Yvonne McEwen, which also includes volunteers to the navy and air force and is available in Trinity College Library. Both these sources gave basic details about Irish officer casualties such as name, rank, unit and age at death. For the sample it was decided to take all the officer casualties from the Irish regiments and an equal number from other regiments and corps. A selection of officers was also taken from the lists of the navy and air force. The emergence of fully digitised and searchable databases has made this kind of historical research much easier, and with the use of several electronic research tools it was possible to gather additional details about many of these officers and build up a social picture. Thus, by cross-referencing the names of officers killed in action with the CWGC database, the officers’ next-of-kin (usually their parents) were identified. The names of the officers and their parents could then Appendix 191 be checked on the 1911 census and two extensive Irish newspaper databases, which often provided place of birth, religion, father’s occupation and schooling. Career details such as when the officer was commissioned, promoted and retired could be gathered in a majority of cases by searching the digital catalogue of the London Gazette. Similar information plus obituaries could often be found from the catalogues of niche publications such as the British Medical Journal and Flight Global, for military medical officers and RAF officers respectively. Similarly, the Irish Newspaper Archive is a digitised collection of several national and regional newspapers. When a key word search was conducted, a series of articles was discovered relating to a debate in local councils about recruitment for the British forces. This led to further research in the extensive newspaper microfilm collection at the National Library, Dublin and visits to sev- eral town council archives in Wicklow, Wexford and Cork. The resulting material helped to provide a new perspective on Irish attitudes towards the British mili- tary, counterbalancing the official narrative as derived from parliamentary and government sources. This research is encapsulated in the sixth chapter. An accessible though time-consuming resource was biographical dictionaries. The Biographical Dictionary of Tipperary lists many officers among its profiles and is testament to that county’s strong tradition of military service. Nick Smart’s Biographical Dictionary of British Generals of the Second World War provided the sample with Irish officers who filled senior positions during that conflict, though it gives little detail of their family background other than their Irish origin and education. The online editions of the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography and Dictionary of Irish Biography provided thorough information on several distinguished Irish officers, whom I was able to locate using a key word and date search of their catalogue. A trip to the Royal Military Academy, Sandhurst, provided much detail about Irish officers. Their archive has the ‘gentlemen cadet’ records of the now defunct Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, where artillery and engineering officers were trained. These records were considered important because they recorded nation- ality. Unfortunately the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, where line infantry, guards, cavalry and Indian army officers were trained did not record national- ity or even an address and therefore it was not possible to identify Irish officers from its cadet register. Examining Woolwich’s cadet registers from 1922 until its closure in 1939 provided the date of birth, religion, education and father’s occu- pation for Irish interwar officers. However, it was found that in the nationality column, ‘Irish’ was used to denote cadets from both north and south without differentiation. Therefore, to determine if an officer was from southern Ireland it was necessary to check the 1911 census or other sources. Because of the dif- ficulty in verifying the cadets’ place of birth it was only possible to incorporate 18 Woolwich officers into the sample. Other sources augmented the number of interwar Royal Artillery and Royal Engineer officers in the sample to 41. In spite of not being able to use Sandhurst’s register to gather interwar Irish officers, using other sources I was able to identify 121 Sandhurst graduates who were Irish. After gathering a preliminary sample of officers, it was possible to construct an electronic database. This recorded and collated many details about the officers, including their date and place of birth, rural or urban locality, religion, educa- tion, father’s occupation, choice of regiment or service, period of service, final rank, decorations, whether they were killed in action and whether they pursued 192 Appendix a second career after military service. Of course not all details were known about each officer, and significant amounts of time was spent reducing the number of unknown fields particularly for religion and dates of service, yet sufficient data was collected at this early stage to enable a social picture of the officers to emerge. Accordingly, analysis of the database unearthed several patterns among the officers, which helped direct the research and generate the primary sources that form the core of this thesis. One of the first patterns to emerge was in educational background. It became clear that many of the officers came from Irish boarding schools and this provided an opportunity to extend the sample and enrich the depth of social data on Irish officers. While a number of Irish schools were rep- resented in the sample, some were more prominent than others. Subsequently my attention was drawn to The Cruel Clouds of War. This book published in 2003 documented the 70 students and teachers of Belvedere College, Dublin ‘who lost their lives in military conflicts of the twentieth century’. Significantly, the book indicated the strength of the Catholic tradition of service in the British forces, with 46 past pupils dying on the various battlefields of the First World War, while only four died fighting in the Irish War of Independence or Civil War. Further research into school histories revealed that several of the oldest and most prestig- ious fee-paying schools in Ireland, both Catholic and Protestant, had a tradition of providing officers dating back to the First World War, and it was decided in the interest of efficiency to concentrate on these schools for archival research and for increasing the sample. In November 2008 Clongowes Wood College held a Mass to mark the unveil- ing of a memorial to the 95 past pupils who died in the First World War, out of a total of 604 Old Clongownians who served in that war. I was given access to a newly researched roll of honour for the Great War and copies of the school annual. Unfortunately a similar roll of honour does not exist for the Second World War, but as a substitute the annual gave much information about the careers of past pupils during the interwar and wartime periods. Moreover, these details were supplemented by a survey of the ‘In Memoriam’ section of the annual for the war period and each year after to the present day; as a result it was possible to identify 167 past pupils who joined the British forces, 99 as com- missioned officers. The obituaries indicated the background from which recruits came, and gave some clues as to motives and integration, but there were draw- backs as well. Some of the writers did not specify whether the deceased was an officer or from the other ranks, gave few details of their military service and there was the understandable tendency to present the deceased in a positive light, but for the researcher this means information about their beliefs and motives must be treated cautiously. Similar access was obtained to the school annuals of Belvedere and Castleknock Colleges, and as well as augmenting my sample and establishing the social background of Catholic officers, they provided several articles written by or about former officers. Among Protestant schools too, it was possible to gather plenty of data. Deeds Not Words by David Robertson provided a detailed analysis of recruitment from Wilson’s Hospital School, Co. Westmeath during the two world wars. The Protestant school that had the largest numbers joining the British forces during the Second World War was St. Andrews College, Dublin. Georgina Fitzpatrick’s history already established that 253 past pupils enlisted from 1939 to 1945 and that 36 were killed in action, but a visit to the school enabled the thesis to fill Appendix 193 in their social backgrounds. The register of pupils included father’s profession, which unfortunately was not available from the other schools. Their school annual also gave some idea of the outlook of students during the 1930s and 1940s, namely the positive perception of British military service. St. Columba’s College, Dublin had been sending a large proportion of its pupils to the British armed forces since the Boer War. By visiting the school it was possible to gather additional officers from their annuals and to view the imposing war memorials in their school chapel, which are a quintessential feature of British and Irish schools with a strong military tradition. Finally, as the above-named Catholic schools were larger than their Protestant counterparts, officers from a fourth Protestant school, Wesley College Dublin, were added to the sample to ensure a balanced representation from the two groups. All seven of the above-mentioned schools helped strengthen the officer sam- ple, contributing 38 per cent of the total. However, it is important to state that it is believed that the sample is representative of all southern Irish officers, as this contribution was counterbalanced by the fact that 41 per cent of the sample was derived from the lists of the war dead and those that won distinction. The remaining 21 per cent was gathered from a variety of sources, but principally from secondary sources on the Irish volunteers, newspaper reports, memoirs and oral history archives. It is believed that this broad range of sources provides a genuine cross-section of all Irish officers and thus helps avoid undue weighting in the sample. Another pattern identified from the database was the large number of doc- tors among Irish officers to the British forces. This led to a research trip to the Army Medical Services Museum in the UK, where it was possible to study records kept of medical officers. This gave the thesis a greater understanding of their background, as it recorded their places of birth, education and career details. Subsequent secondary research revealed that there was a historical tradition of Irish doctors taking employment in British industrial cities or the armed forces owing to Irish universities, like their Scottish counterparts, producing more doctors than could be absorbed in Ireland’s small agricultural-based economy. By examining medical journals, school magazines and college newspapers it was confirmed that this practice continued after 1922 and that service in the British forces was regarded as a positive career opportunity for young medicine graduates. This research forms the core of the chapter investigating the employ- ment motive among Irish officers. In the course of my research several additional samples were gathered and organised into individual databases based on the same template as used for the principal database of southern Irish officers, 1922–45. These acted as support- ing evidence for various claims in the book, how and why they were created is outlined below:

Database of Irish officer casualties, First World War In order to test the assumption that Irish officers during the Great War were largely Protestant a sample of officers was collected from the five counties for which lists of war dead have been published. This was necessary as no official figures regarding officers’ religion was kept by the government. The sample amounted to 443 officers, 16.5 per cent of all Irish officers who received direct 194 Appendix commissions up to 1916, and suggested that Catholics composed 30 per cent of Irish officers, which can hardly be considered an insignificant minority.

Database of pre-1922 Irish officers in British forces While compiling the sample of officers for the 1922–45 period, Irish officers commissioned before 1922 (but serving well beyond this date) were frequently encountered in school annuals and lists of Irish officers decorated or killed in the Second World War. It was decided to maintain a sample of these officers, whose date of commission ranged from 1900 to 1921, as they constituted the generation of career officers that preceded southern Irish secession from the UK and could provide an interesting comparison on career success, number of years served and religious proportions. The majority of the 240 officers were gathered from the seven Irish schools used in this study and one quarter came from the Dominions Office list of medal-winners or McEwen’s Roll of Honour.

Database of ‘gentlemen cadet’ register, RMA Woolwich (1923–39) This sample of 112 Irish officers who attended Woolwich in the interwar period was gathered to illustrate the reversion to a small elite officer class in the army after the social broadening experienced from 1914 to 1918. This was done by taking a selection of officers evenly distributed between the 1920s and 1930s, whose nationality was marked as Irish. By collating data on their education and father’s occupation it was possible to show that the majority were educated in English public schools and came from military families. However, this sample is not representative of the majority of interwar British army officers who would have trained at RMC Sandhurst, and this Woolwich sample would include some officers from Northern Ireland (see above).

Database of Northern Irish officers, 1922–45 As mentioned at the outset, this sample was gathered to compare officer recruit- ment on an all-island basis, and it was found that these 104 Northern officers broadly matched the social composition and motives of their southern counter- parts. The sample was collected mainly from Second World War monographs, the annuals of the seven elite Irish schools, lists of officers killed in action, medical journals and the Dictionary of Irish Biography. The principal database on southern Irish officers, 1922–45 also helped to identify primary sources, such as the 25 published memoirs used for this book. Although memoirs are written retrospectively and consequently the authors’ recollections can be distorted by the passage of time and coloured by events experienced later in life, they are still very useful for the information they pro- vide on family background and because they usually contain reflections on why they joined up and how they were treated. Additionally, in the UK significant private paper collections, including those of two air marshals and a major gen- eral, were identified and accessed at the Imperial War Museum, the Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives, the RAF Museum and Manchester University. These papers gave the perspective of lifelong officers whose careers’ were spent away from Ireland and how this affected their identity. To enrich my material on Irish Catholic identity and integration in the British forces, it was possible to access the Irish Jesuit Archive, Dublin, the British army’s Roman Catholic Chaplains’ Appendix 195

Archive, Bulford, the archive of the Bishop to the Forces, Aldershot and the British Newspaper Library, Colindale. These collections included material on the development of the lay movement, Catholic Action, within the British forces, as well as contemporary letters from Irish chaplains to their father superiors, which provided insights into the morale and identity generally of Irish people in the British forces. Oral testimony also became a key source for this thesis. There are two exten- sive oral history archives for researchers on Irish participation in the British forces. The first is the collection of taped interviews at the Imperial War Museum (IWM), London, which includes about a dozen Irish officers. The second archive is the Volunteers Project at UCC, which houses taped interviews with 57 Irish veterans. The participants had been recruited through advertisements in the national press. Tina Neylon conducted the interviews for the project. She is a journalist with a personal interest in the story of Irish veterans, as her father had served in the Royal Air Force during the Second World War. Prior to being inter- viewed the participants had completed a questionnaire, which enabled Neylon to conduct the interviews in a semi-structured style, drawing out material from the questionnaire. A catalogue summary allowed me to identify 28 interviews that were relevant. These interviews were more revealing than the IWM archive, as the Volunteers Project was specifically aimed at understanding why Irish people joined up, how they were treated in the British armed forces and how they were received when they returned to Ireland. However, in both interview archives there was an understandable focus on the officers’ operational experiences dur- ing the war. The amount of detail on their reasons for joining up and issues of identity varied from individual to individual. Therefore, to address this imbalance I was able to conduct six interviews with retired officers. This gave me the opportunity to ask questions that had not been adequately addressed in other sources and to follow up answers that raised interesting points. These interviews took place in Dublin, Wexford and Kildare. The first two were organised through contacts with the British Legion, and the ‘snowballing effect’ where interviewees give referrals to other veterans led to the remaining four interviews. These interviews gave me an appreciation of the personal dimension, and detailed data was gathered on their family backgrounds and formative years before joining the British forces. In addition, meetings were held with the families of several deceased officers in Dublin, Cork and Donegal. These families gave me access to the officer’s private papers (see private collec- tions in bibliography) and where possible provided biographical information and recollections of their relative. It should be stated here that as good as oral history sources may be they can- not replace conventional written records but only supplement them. Their utility lies in the interviewee’s description of the general circumstances that influenced their actions and their attitudes then and now. Moreover, given the passage of time and age of participants, their memory and perception can be affected and it was necessary to corroborate, as much as possible, the interviewee’s answers, or equally the author’s memoirs, by comparing the data with other memoirs and interviews, official records and secondary sources. Nevertheless, as flawed as their testimony may be, Aidan McElwaine’s conclusion is pertinent: ‘There may be much that has been forgotten, but it is what they remember, and why they remember it that is significant’. Notes

Introduction

1. Diarmaid Ferriter, The Transformation of Ireland 1900–2000 (London: Profile, 2004), 358. 2. University College Cork [UCC], Volunteers Project Sound Archive [VPSA], Sub Lt M.M. D’Alton. 3. Quoted in Thomas Bartlett, ‘“Ormuzd abroad… Ahriman at home”: some early historians of the “Wild Geese” in French service, 1840–1950’ in Franco- Irish Connections: Essays, Memoirs and Poems in Honour of Pierre Joannon, ed. Jane Conroy (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2009), 15. 4. Closing statement by minister for defence, Alan Shatter TD, on the Defence Forces (Second World War Amnesty and Immunity) Bill 2012, report stage, Dáil Eireann, 7 May 2013; available from http://www.defence.ie/WebSite. nsf/Speech+ID/A511C5D157D82AE980257B 64005EBB37?OpenDocument; accessed 10 September 2013. 5. See for example, Brian Inglis, West Briton (London: Faber, 1962); Aidan MacCarthy, A Doctor’s War (London: Robson, 1979); Peter Ross, All Valiant Dust: An Irishman Abroad (Dublin: Lilliput Press, 1992); William Magan, An Irish Boyhood (Edinburgh: Pentland, 1996) and Magan, Soldier of the Raj (Norwich: Michael Russell, 2002). 6. Tracey Connolly, ‘Irish workers in Britain during World War Two’, in Ireland and the Second World War: Politics, Society and Remembrance, ed. Brian Girvin and Geoffrey Roberts (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2000), 121, 129–30. See also Enda Delaney, Demography, State and Society: Irish Migration to Britain, 1921–1971 (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2000), chapters two and three. 7. See Taoiseach Eamon de Valera’s speech in reply to Churchill’s victory broad- cast, Irish Press, 17 May 1945, 1 and 3. See also Dorothy MacArdle, The Irish Republic (London: V. Gollancz, 1937). 8. Steven O’Connor, ‘“We want the men; Ireland wants a vent for its superabun- dant population”: the causes, course and consequences of the British govern- ment’s decision to legalise the recruitment of Irish Catholics into the British army, c.1757–1815’ (M.A. thesis, University College Dublin, 2007), 3, 16. 9. O’Connor, ‘We want the men’, 4–8. 10. Harman Murtagh, ‘Irish soldiers abroad, 1600–1800’ in A Military History of Ireland, ed. Thomas Bartlett and Keith Jeffery (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 311. 11. Lt Col. Pierre Carles, ‘Troupes irlandaises au service de la France 1635–1815’, Études irlandaises (December, 1983): 202; Sam Scott, ‘The French revolution and the Irish regiments in France’, in Ireland and the French Revolution, ed. Hugh Gough and David Dickson (Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 1990), 15–16. 12. Thomas Bartlett, ‘“a weapon of war yet untried”: Irish Catholics and the Armed Forces of the Crown, 1760–1830’, in Men, Women and War, ed. T.G. Fraser and Keith Jeffery (Dublin: Lilliput Press, 1993), 66–85.

196 Notes 197

13. Thomas Bartlett and Keith Jeffery, ‘An Irish military tradition?’ in A Military History of Ireland, ed. Thomas Bartlett and Keith Jeffery (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 12. 14. The status of Catholic officers in England was legally ambiguous until 1817, when they were grouped with other Dissenters for the purpose of benefiting from the Annual Indemnity Act. 15. While the Brigade’s service was short-lived, being decimated by malaria in the West Indies and eventually disbanded, many Catholic officers were serv- ing in the army and Royal Navy. See Bartlett, ‘a weapon of war’, 77. 16. Theobald Dillon, Arthur Dillon, Oliver Harty, Thomas Keating, Isidore Lynch, Patrick O’Keefe, Thomas O’Meara, James O’Moran, John O’Neill, Dominic Sheldon and Thomas Ward. 17. Colm Ó Conaill, ‘“Ruddy cheeks and strapping thighs”: an analysis of the ordinary soldier in the ranks of the Irish regiments of eighteenth century France’, Irish Sword 24 (2004–5): 422–3. 18. Peter Karsten, ‘Irish Soldiers in the British Army, 1792–1922: Suborned or Subordinate?’, Journal of Social History 17, no.1 (Autumn, 1983), 36; Bartlett, ‘The Irish Soldier in India, 1600–1922’, in Ireland and India: Connections, Comparisons, Contrasts, ed. Denis and Michael Holmes (Dublin: Folens, 1997), 15–6; E.M. Spiers, ‘Army organisation and society in the nineteenth century’ in A Military History of Ireland, ed. Thomas Bartlett and Keith Jeffery (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 336–40. 19. Bartlett, ‘The Irish Soldier’, 21. 20. Bartlett, ‘a weapon of war’, 77. 21. R.B. McDowell, ‘Ireland in the Eighteenth Century British Empire’, Historical Studies 9, ed. J.G. Barry (Belfast: Blackstaff Press, 1974), 61. 22. Spiers, ‘Army organisation’, 341. 23. Spiers, ‘Army organisation’, 342. 24. Bartlett, ‘The Irish Soldier’, 21. 25. C.V. Owen, revised T.R. Moreman, ‘Creagh, Sir Garrett O’Moore (1848–1923)’ in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography; available from: http://www. oxforddnb.com; accessed 15 July 2009. 26. Scott B. Cook, ‘The Irish Raj: Social origins and careers of Irishmen in the Indian Civil Service, 1855–1919’, Journal of Social History, 20 (Spring 1987): 516. 27. This assessment excludes workers in the agricultural sector whose labour was considered ‘indispensable’ to the war economy, see David Fitzpatrick, ‘The logic of collective sacrifice: Ireland and the British Army, 1914–1918’, The Historical Journal, 38 (1995): 1017–30. See also Patrick Callan, ‘Recruiting for the British army in Ireland during the First World War’, Irish Sword 17 (1987): 42–56. 28. Fitzpatrick, ‘The logic of collective sacrifice’, 1025. 29. David Fitzpatrick, ‘Militarism in Ireland, 1900–1922’ in A Military History of Ireland, ed. Thomas Bartlett and Keith Jeffery (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 389–90. 30. Keith Jeffery, ‘The Irish military tradition and the British Empire’, in ‘An Irish Empire’? Aspects of Ireland and the British Empire, ed. Keith Jeffery (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1996), 99. 31. Jeffery, ‘Irish military tradition’, 100. 32. Timothy Bowman, The Irish Regiments in the Great War: Discipline and Morale (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2003), 75. 198 Notes

33. Although in Britain several Catholic public schools, which counted many Irish among their students, had OTCs, such as Stoneyhurst, Ampleforth and Downside. 34. See MacArdle, The Irish Republic, 121. 35. Anthony P. Quinn, Wigs and Guns: Irish Barristers in the Great War (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2006), 29. 36. Quinn, Wigs and Guns, 25. 37. National Library of Ireland [NLI], Redmond Papers, MS 15,220/3, Gen. L. Parsons to J. Redmond, 11 November 1915. 38. See the Belvederian and the Clongownian for 1915. 39. I would like to thank Patrick Hugh Lynch for providing the rolls of honour. 40. The Royal Warrant for Dublin University OTC quoted in Quinn, Wigs and Guns, 44. Trinity’s War List records that 450 of its OTC cadets were not mem- bers of the university and although no details on religion are provided, a cursory examination of surnames suggests that many of them were Catholic: M. Fry (ed.), University of Dublin, Trinity College: War List (Dublin: Hodges and Figgis, 1922), 225–52. 41. Fitzpatrick, ‘Militarism in Ireland’, 399. 42. Peter Karsten, ‘Suborned or Subordinate?’, 33. 43. Karsten; ‘Suborned or Subordinate?’, 33; Tom Garvin, Nationalist Revolutionaries in Ireland 1858–1928 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987), 33–55 [Garvin uses a larger sample which also encompasses the leaders of Sinn Fein, the 1916 Rising and Dáil Eireann TDs]. 44. Peter Hart, The I.R.A. at War 1916–1923 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), 118–19. 45. Jane Leonard, ‘Survivors’ in Our War: Ireland and the Great War, ed. John Horne (Dublin: Royal Irish Academy, 2008), 219. 46. David Fitzpatrick, ‘“Unofficial emissaries”: British army boxers in the Irish Free State, 1926’ in Irish Historical Studies 30, no. 118 (November 1996): 211–12. 47. J.J. Lee, Ireland 1912–1985: Politics and Society (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989); Ronan Fanning, Independent Ireland (Dublin: Helicon, 1983); Dermot Keogh, Twentieth-Century Ireland: Nation and State (Dublin: Gill & Macmillan, 1994). 48. Brian Girvin, The Emergency: Neutral Ireland 1939–45 (London: Pan Books, 2007), 264, 274–5. 49. See various essays in Jessica Gienow-Hecht and Frank Schumacher (eds), Culture and International History (New York: Berghahn Books, 2004), and Patricia Clavin, ‘Defining transnationalism’, Contemporary European History 14, no. 4 (November 2005): 421–39. 50. Guido Müller, ‘France and Germany after the Great War: Businessmen, intellectuals and artists in nongovernmental European networks’, in Culture and International History, ed. Gienow-Hecht and Schumacher (New York: Berghahn Books, 2004), 97–114. 51. Delaney, Demography, State and Society, 45. 52. Greta Jones, ‘“Strike out boldly for the prizes that are available to you”: medical emigration from Ireland 1860–1905’, Medical History 54, no. 1 (January 2010): 55–74. Notes 199

53. Elizabeth Russell, ‘Holy crosses, guns and roses: themes in popular reading material’, in Ireland in the 1930s: New Perspectives, ed. Joost Augusteijn (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 1999), 11–28. 54. Mary Kenny, Crown and Shamrock: Love and Hate Between Ireland and the British Monarchy (Dublin: New Island, 2009). 55. Ferriter, Ireland, 364. 56. Ferriter, Ireland, 360. 57. Richard Doherty, Irish Men and Women in the Second World War (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 1999); Myles Dungan, Distant Drums: Irish Soldiers in Foreign Armies (Belfast: Appletree Press, 1993); Aidan McElwaine, ‘The oral history of the Volunteers’ in Brian Girvin and Geoffrey Roberts (eds), Ireland and the Second World War: Politics, Society and Remembrance (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2000), 107–20; Jeremy Jenkins, ‘“This a private shindy or can any bloke join in?”: Why neutral Irish volunteered for service in the British forces during the Second World War’ in Irish Sword, xxviii, no.114 (Winter 2012): 419–53. See also Doherty, Clear the Way! A History of the 38th (Irish) Infantry Brigade, 1941–1947 (Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 1993). 58. Keith Jeffery, ‘The British army and Ireland since 1922’ in A Military History of Ireland, ed. Thomas Bartlett and Keith Jeffery (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 437. 59. Jeffery, ‘The British army’, 433. 60. Yvonne McEwen, ‘Deaths in the Irish Regiments 1939–1945 and the extent of Irish volunteering for the British Army’ in Irish Sword, xxiv (2004–5): 81–98. Richard Doherty was the first to attempt such a calculation. He esti- mated that 98,296 Irish volunteers served in the British army but did not give a North–South breakdown. See Doherty, Irish Men and Women, 25. 61. Girvin, The Emergency, 274–5. 62. An exception in relation to senior officers is Richard Doherty, Ireland’s Generals in the Second World War (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2004).

1 Who Became an Officer?

1. Keith Simpson, ‘The officers’ in A Nation in Arms: A Social Study of the British Army in the First World War, ed. Ian F.W. Beckett and Keith Simpson (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1985), 70. 2. Brian Bond, ‘The army between the two World Wars 1918–1939’, in The Oxford History of the British Army, ed. David G. Chandler and Ian Beckett (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), 257. 3. Jeremy A. Crang, The British Army and the People’s War, 1939–1945 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000), 21. 4. Simpson, ‘The officers’, 70–1; David French, Raising Churchill’s Army: The British Army and the War against Germany, 1919–1945 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), 51. 5. The National Archives, UK [TNA], War Office [WO] 32/4461, minute, General W. Kirk, 19 January 1938. 6. Crang, People’s War, 21. 7. Christopher M. Bell, ‘The King’s English and the security of the empire: class, social mobilisation and democratisation in the British naval officer corps, 1918–1939’, Journal of British Studies 48, no. 3 (July 2009): 702, 704. 200 Notes

8. Tony Mansell, ‘Flying start: educational and social factors in the recruitment of pilots of the Royal Air Force in the interwar years’, History of Education 26, no. 1 (1997): 75–7. 9. Steven O’Connor, Database of Irish officers in the British forces, 1922–45. 10. Steven O’Connor, Database of Irish Officers in British Forces, 1922–45. 11. David Fitzpatrick, ‘“Unofficial emissaries”: British army boxers in the Irish Free State, 1926’ in Irish Historical Studies 30, no. 118 (November 1996): 214; Clongownian, 1982, 16; John Duggan, A History of the Irish Army (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1991), 338f. 12. Jane Leonard, ‘Survivors’, in Our War: Ireland and the Great War, ed. John Horne (Dublin: Royal Irish Academy, 2008), 219; Peter Cottrell, The Irish Civil War 1922–23 (Oxford: Osprey, 2008), 23. 13. The 1922 edition of the Clongownian lists 13 officers in the National Army, while the Belvederian records two. 14. St Columba’s College organised a detachment of the Local Security Force: G.K. White, History of St. Columba’s College, 1843–1974 (Dublin: Old Columban Society, 1980), 150. Several past pupils from this school and several from St Andrew’s College have been identified as serving as officers in the Irish army during the ‘Emergency’. 15. Nicholas Perry, ‘The Irish landed class and the British army, 1850–1950’, War in History 18, no. 3 (July 2011): 328. 16. French, Churchill’s Army, 49–51. Bond found similar objections, but also a public perception that officership in the army did not require high qualities and that the army did not recognise those with ability to the same extent as other professions: Brian Bond, British Military Policy between the Two World Wars (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980), 67. 17. Steven O’Connor, Database of Irish officers in the British forces, 1922–45. 18. Imperial War Museum [IWM], PP/MCR/353, Brig. A.D.R. Wingfield, ‘Memoirs’, 3–5; Royal Air Force Museum, Air Marshal Sir Dermot Boyle, My Life (London: RAF Benevolent Fund, 1990), 1, 13. 19. Imperial War Museum Sound Archive [IWMSA], accession nos 23787, Maj. B. Dillon; 18357, T.A. Carew; 19775, Col. P. Massey. 20. Enda Delaney, Demography, State and Society: Irish Migration to Britain, 1921–1971 (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2000), 44–5. 21. Liddell Hart Centre, GB 99, Harold Maguire to Bug, 9 November 1935. 22. University College Cork [UCC], Volunteers Project Sound Archive [VPSA], Lt Cdr K. Gibney. 23. See Michael Brennan, ‘This is it chaps: the story of Brendan Finucane’ (BA in Journalism thesis, Dublin City University, 2002). 24. IWMSA, accession no. 4610, Air Marshal Sir W. MacDonald; UCC, VPSA, Wg Cdr E. O’Toole. 25. National Archives of Ireland [NAI], Dept of Justice [D/JUS], 8/382, Chief Superintendent, Cork to Commissioner, 12 December 1936; UCC, VPSA, Lt Cdr C. Glanton. 26. UCC, VPSA, Marine Engineer John O’Regan. 27. Cormac Ó Gráda, Ireland: A New Economic History 1780–1939 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994), 434–5. 28. French, Churchill’s Army, 49–51. 29. Delaney, Demography, State and Society, 52. Notes 201

30. Royal Irish Fusiliers Museum [RIFM], Faugh-a-Ballagh: The Regimental Gazette of The Royal Irish Fusiliers 33, no. 149 (January 1939): 50; see reports in NAI, D/JUS 8/382 and 8/383. 31. Delaney, Demography, State and Society, 51. 32. NAI, Dept of the Taoiseach [DT], S6091A, Fitzgerald to de Valera, 11 July 1932. 33. Irish Press, 14 November 1936, 13. 34. Liddell Hart Centre, Maguire to Bug, 28 March 1933. 35. J.L. Granatstein, The Generals: The Canadian Armies Senior Commanders in the Second World War (Calgary: University of Calgary Press, 2005), 10–11. 36. David Horner, Strategic Command: General Sir John Wilton and Australia’s Asian Wars (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), 20, 22. 37. RMA Woolwich, Gentlemen Cadet Register, volumes 9–10. 38. T.D. Herrick, Into the Blue: A New Zealander in the Royal Navy (Tunbridge Wells: Parapress, 1997), 1–2. 39. Alternatively one could travel to Britain and take the entrance exams as an ordinary candidate; however the risk that one would not be successful com- bined with the exorbitant cost of the sea passage meant that only the most well-off families could take this route. 40. See NAI, DT S3219 and S3220, ‘RMC Sandhurst and RMA Woolwich: nomi- nations by the Governor General, 1923–25’ and 1926–28 respectively. 41. John Golley, Aircrew Unlimited: The Commonwealth Air Training Plan during World War Two (London: Patrick Stephens, 1993), 22. 42. J.A. Kent, One of the Few (London: Kimber, 1971), 32, 52–4. 43. Alan Deere, Nine Lives (Canterbury: Wingham Press, 1991), 21. 44. Hank Nelson, Chased by the Sun: The Australians in Bomber Command in World War II (Crows Nest: Allen & Unwin, 2006), 101–2. 45. H.L. Thompson, New Zealanders with the Royal Air Force, Volume I (Wellington: War History Branch, Department of Internal Affairs, 1953), 19; Nelson, Chased by the Sun, 113; Golley, Aircrew Unlimited, 151. 46. UCC, VPSA, Capt. J. Jermyn. 47. Information provided by Andrew Semple. 48. Clongownian, 1994, 274. 49. Crang, People’s War, 46, 28–9. 50. Crang, People’s War, 31. 51. Crang, People’s War, 37. 52. Mansell, ‘Flying start’, 90. 53. Bell, ‘British naval officer corps’, 715. 54. The exact religious breakdown for this occupation group was: 47.6 per cent Catholic, 40 per cent Protestant, 10 per cent other and 2.5 per cent unknown: O’Connor, Database of Irish officers in the British forces, 1922–45. 55. Steven O’Connor, Database of Officers from Northern Ireland, 1922–45. 56. Steven O’Connor, Database of Irish officers in the British forces, 1922–45. 57. IWMSA, accession no. 19814, Gp Capt T.P. McGarry. 58. IWM, James Francis Hickie, Memoirs of Military Service 1939–1945: England, Middle East and Italy (privately published, n.d.), 2. 59. David Fitzpatrick, ‘Militarism in Ireland, 1900–1922’ in A Military History of Ireland, ed. Thomas Bartlett and Keith Jeffery (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 380. 202 Notes

60. Steven O’Connor, Database of Irish officers in the British forces, 1922–45. 61. Interview with Capt. D.J. Mooney, 22 January 2010. 62. S.J. Watson, Furnished with Ability: The Lives and Times of Wills Families (Salisbury: Michael Russell, 1991), 234; UCC, VPSA, Lt J.M.H. Tobias; Brian Inglis, West Briton (London: Faber & Faber, 1962), 36. 63. Inglis, West Briton, 60; Hickie, Memoirs, 2. 64. Peter Ross, All Valiant Dust: An Irishman Abroad (Dublin: Lilliput Press, 1992), 12–14. 65. Elizabeth Dobbs, Not Like Most People (privately published), 45. 66. Ballymore House, Camolin, Co. Wexford, private papers of Capt. Rickard ‘Charlie’ Donovan, Donovan to Admiralty, 3 September 1939 and 5 July 1940. 67. According to Joe Lee, Joseph Walshe, de Valera’s secretary at the Department of External Affairs, and William Warnock, the Chargé d’Affaires in Berlin, were both known Anglophobes who imagined that after the German victo- ries in 1940, Hitler could be convinced to demand the return of the North to Dublin. This has led Lee to the conclusion that ‘Walshe seemed curiously oblivious to the fate of small and neutral continental countries’: J.J. Lee, Ireland 1912–1985: Politics and Society (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 247–8. 68. UCC, VPSA, Capt. J. Jermyn; see also Watson, Furnished with Ability, 234 and IWMSA, accession no.14594, Pilot Officer W.J.Q. Magrath. 69. UCC, VPSA, Warrant Officer D. Murnane. 70. Steven O’Connor, Database of Irish officers in the British forces, 1922–45. 71. Belfast Newsletter, 24 August 1943; Daily Telegraph, 24 September 1943; NAI, Dept of Foreign Affairs [DFA] P81, G2 Branch memo, ‘Extent of Recruiting for British Forces’, January 1944. While it should be pointed out that, according to the sample, officer recruitment to the RAF was already starting to decline by 1943, it was doing so at a much slower rate than that of the British army, which had halved since 1940. This suggests that the RAF was indeed maintaining a level of interest among Irish recruits, which the army was rapidly losing. 72. French, Churchill’s Army, 50. 73. While enthusiastically describing his training at RAF Cranwell in a letter to his family, the future air marshal, Harold Maguire, used this common military expression when referring to the army. See Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives [LHCMA], private papers of Air Marshal Sir H. Maguire. 74. Steven O’Connor, Database of Irish officers in the British forces, 1922–45. 75. For more on this see Bell, ‘British naval officer corps’, 698–704, 714–15. 76. See Chaz Bowyer, Eugene Esmonde VC, DSO (London: Kimber, 1983). 77. Tom Johnstone and James Hagerty, The Cross on the Sword: Catholic Chaplains in the Forces (London: Geoffrey Chapman, 1996), 272–3. 78. Hinsley quoted in Thomas Moloney, Westminster, Whitehall and the Vatican: the Role of Cardinal Hinsley, 1935–43 (Tunbridge Wells: Burns & Oates, an imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 1985), 146–7. 79. Bell, ‘British Naval Officer Corps’, 716. 80. Ballyellis, Buttevant, Co. Cork, Capt. J.W. Esmonde, ‘Fifty Years of Globetrotting’ [Talk delivered to Buttevant branch, Country Women’s Association, March 1973]; UCC, VPSA, Lt Cdr K. Gibney, Lt Cdr C. Glanton, Lt B. Bolingbroke, Sub Lt M.M. A. D’Alton and Lt J. Jacob. 81. A similar analysis on the choice of regiment/corps among the interwar cohort was not undertaken, as the inability to identify Irish officers from the Notes 203

interwar cadet register of Sandhurst means that the database on Southern Irish officers might under-represent the proportion of officers opting for elite units during that period. Perry’s sampling for the interwar period indicates that at least among the Irish landed officers, the majority were choosing elite units, such as the guards and cavalry regiments: Perry, ‘The Irish landed class’, 325–6. 82. There were six regiments: the Royal Ulster Rifles, Royal Irish Fusiliers, Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers, London Irish Rifles, 8th (Irish) battalion of the King’s Regiment (Liverpool) and the Irish Guards. There were also several Irish cavalry regiments but with the exception of the North Irish Horse, these units ‘were by and large just nominally Irish’: Keith Jeffery, ‘The British army and Ireland’ in A Military History of Ireland, ed. Thomas Bartlett and Keith Jeffery (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 443. 83. Steven O’Connor, Database of Irish officers in the British forces, 1922–45. 84. P.E. Razzell, ‘Social origins of officers in the Indian and British home army 1758–1962’, British Journal of Sociology 14 (1963): 255. For a full outline of the social hierarchy in the regimental system see David French, Military Identities: The Regimental System, the British Army, and the British People, c.1870–2000 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), 165. 85. Peter Martin, ‘Dulce et Decorum: Irish nobles and the Great War, 1914–19’, in Ireland and the Great War: ‘A war to unite us all’? ed. Adrian Gregory and Senia Paseta (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2002), 29–30. 86. Hickie, Memoirs, 3. 87. IWMSA, accession no. 12209, Lt Col H.M. Ervine-Andrews, VC. 88. One of the Irish schools examined in Chapter 3, St Columba’s College, had strong links to the Royal Ulster Rifles: of 72 past pupils who obtained commis- sions in the British army between 1922 and 1945, 12 (17 per cent) chose this regiment, making it the most popular regiment/corps among their military alumni. 89. TNA, PREM 3/129/5, memo, ‘“Nationality” Classification of Personnel Serving in Proposed “Irish” Bde’, 1 January 1942. 90. Yvonne McEwen Doherty, ‘Irish volunteers and volunteer deaths in Irish regiments, 1939–1945’ (MSc thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2003), 49, 59. 91. Irish Jesuit Archive [IJA], Fr Conal Murphy to Fr Provincial, 3 October 1943; UCC, VPSA, Maj. D. Fay. 92. TNA, PREM 3/129/5, memo, ‘Proposed Formation of an Irish Brigade’, 25 October 1941. 93. Fitzpatrick, ‘Militarism in Ireland’, 380. 94. Aidan McElwaine, ‘The oral history of the Volunteers’, in Ireland and the Second World War: Politics, Society and Remembrance, ed. Brian Girvin and Geoffrey Roberts (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2000), 110. 95. IWMSA, accession no. 12209, Lt Col H.M. Ervine-Andrews, VC. 96. IJA, Alan Birmingham, ‘AWOL for a start’, Interfuse: The Journal of the Irish Province of the Society of Jesus, no. 41 (1986): 28. 97. RIFM, Faugh-a-Ballagh 28, no. 132 (January 1933): 42 and Faugh-a-Ballagh 33, no. 149 (January 1939): 50. 98. Jeffery, ‘The British army and Ireland’, 433. 99. TNA, PREM 3/129/5, memo, ‘“Nationality” Classification of Personnel Serving in Proposed “Irish” Bde’, 1 January 1942. 204 Notes

100. Jeffery, ‘The British army and Ireland’, 438. Similarly, Brian Barton has found that ‘By December 1940, monthly recruitment levels had fallen to roughly 600, and despite short-term variations the long-term trend was downward’: Brian Barton, Northern Ireland in the Second World War (Belfast: Ulster Historical Foundation, 1995), 18–19. 101. Interview with Wg Cdr J.H. Simpson, 11 December 2009. 102. John W. Blake, Northern Ireland in the Second World War (Belfast: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1956), 199–200. 103. RIFM, Faugh-a-Ballagh 37, no. 165 (November 1948): 347. 104. TNA, DO 35/1230, War Office note, ‘Personnel born in Eire and Northern Ireland serving in the British army’, 13 December 1944. See also TNA, WO 73/163, return of the strength of the British army and of other military forces in British Commands on 31 December 1944. 105. TNA, WO 277/12, Maj.-Gen. A.J.K. Pigott, Manpower Problems (London: War Office, 1949), 38, 79. 106. S.D. Waters, The Royal New Zealand Navy (Wellington: War History Branch, Department of Internal Affairs, 1956), 467; J.I. Roberts Billett, ‘The Dominion Yachtsmen Scheme 1940–45’, paper delivered at the King-Hall Navy History Conference, 30–31 July 2009, Canberra, Australia, 1; available from http:// www.navy.gov.au/sites/default/files/Jan_RB_-_The_Dominion_Y’smen_ Sch_1940_.pdf; accessed 1 May 2013; Granatstein, The Generals, 10–11. 107. TNA, WO 73/165, ‘Strength of the British Army and of Other Forces in British Commands for the quarter ended on 30 September 1945’. 108. W.A.B. Douglas, R. Sarty and M. Whitby, No Higher Purpose: The Official Operational History of the Royal Canadian Navy in the Second World War, 1939–1943, Volume II, Part 1 (St Catharine’s: Vanwell Publishing, 2002), 30. 109. Golley, Aircrew Unlimited, 179. 110. Nelson, Chased by the Sun, 44; Thompson, New Zealanders with the Royal Air Force, Volume II (Wellington: War History Branch, Department of Internal Affairs, 1956), 455. 111. TNA, WO 73/165, ‘Strength of the British Army and of Other Forces in British Commands for the quarter ended on 30 September 1945’. Because of the prevailing racial policy in South Africa during the war, the large major- ity of the population were prevented from enlisting in the defence forces. Therefore, when discussing manpower questions South African military his- torians usually refer only to the total ‘white’ population of 2.4 million. Even under these criteria the Irish contribution is still proportionately higher. 112. Brian Girvin, The Emergency: Neutral Ireland 1939–45 (London: Pan Books, 2007), 266. 113. ‘An Irish Adventurer’, letter to the editor, Drogheda Independent, 7 November 1942, supplement, 2.

2 ‘I was born into an Army family’: Irish Officers and the Family Tradition

1. Steven O’Connor, Database of Irish officers in British forces, 1922–45. 2. David French, Military Identities: The Regimental System, the British Army, and the British People, c.1870–2000 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), 31–2, 38–41. Notes 205

3. Exemplars of this trend were the Townshends and Coghills of West Cork, the Vandeleurs of Clare, the Bomfords of Meath and the Massys of Limerick (see Burke’s Irish Family Records). 4. Alan J. Guy, ‘The Irish military establishment, 1660–1776’ in A Military History of Ireland, ed. Thomas Bartlett and Keith Jeffery (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 219. 5. Randal Sadleir, Tanzania: Journey to Republic (London: Radcliffe Press, 1999), 5. 6. R.B. McDowell, ‘Ireland in the eighteenth century British empire’, Historical Studies 9, ed. J.G. Barry (Belfast: Blackstaff Press, 1974), 61; E.M. Spiers, ‘Army organisation and society in the nineteenth century’ in A Military History of Ireland, ed. Thomas Bartlett and Keith Jeffery (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 341; Peter Karsten, ‘Irish soldiers in the British army, 1792–1922: suborned or subordinate?’, Journal of Social History 17, no.1 (Autumn, 1983): 36. 7. Peter Martin, ‘Irish peers 1909–24: the decline of an aristocratic class’ (MA thesis, University College Dublin, 1998), 124. 8. Martin, ‘Irish peers’, 123. 9. Peter Martin, ‘Dulce et Decorum: Irish nobles and the Great War, 1914–19’, in Ireland and the Great War: ‘A war to unite us all’?, ed. Adrian Gregory and Senia Paseta (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2002), 29–30. 10. Keith Simpson, ‘The officers’ in A Nation in Arms: A Social Study of the British Army in the First World War, ed. Ian F.W. Beckett and Keith Simpson (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1985), 67. 11. Thomas Bartlett, ‘The Irish soldier in India, 1600–1922’, in Ireland and India, Connections, Comparisons, Contrasts, ed. Denis and Michael Holmes (Dublin: Folens, 1997), 21. 12. Nicholas Perry, ‘The Irish landed class and the British army, 1850–1950’, War in History 18, no. 3 (July 2011): 320, 332. Although he also points out that the most prominent military families generally came from ‘middling-sized estates, which could support military careers without offering too many alternatives’. 13. Simpson, ‘The officers’, 92. 14. However, for those aspiring officers who were not academically proficient, a regular commission could be obtained after service in the militia, thus bypassing Sandhurst altogether. Henry Wilson, John French, Oliver Nugent and Bryan Mahon all entered the army through this ‘back door’. See Keith Jeffery, Field Marshal Sir Henry Wilson: A Political Soldier (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), 11–12. 15. C.B. Otley, ‘Militarism and militarization in the public schools, 1900–1972’, British Journal of Sociology 29, no. 3 (September, 1978): 328. 16. Otley, ‘Militarism and militarization’, 323. 17. C.B. Otley, ‘The social origins of British army officers’, Sociological Review 18, no. 2 (1970): 238f. 18. Gifford Lewis, Edith Somerville: A Biography (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2005), 32. 19. Jeffery, Henry Wilson, 11. 20. Hugh Montgomery-Massingberd (ed.), Burke’s Irish Family Records (London: Burke’s Peerage, 1976), 1042. 21. Lewis, Edith Somerville, 32–3, 65. 206 Notes

22. Montgomery-Massingberd, Irish Family Records, 1042–3. 23. French, Military Identities, 165. 24. Perry, ‘The Irish landed class’, 325–6; Spiers, ‘Army organisation’, 341. 25. Perry, ‘The Irish landed class’, 325–6. 26. Bartlett, ‘The Irish soldier’, 21; C.V. Owen, revised T.R. Moreman, ‘Creagh, Sir Garrett O’Moore (1848–1923)’ in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography; available from: http://www.oxforddnb.com; accessed 15 July 2009; James H. Murphy, Nos Autem: Castleknock College and Its Contribution (Dublin: Gill & Macmillan, 1996), 99. 27. Nick Smart, Biographical Dictionary of British Generals of the Second World War (Barnsley: Pen and Sword Books, 2005), 71–2. 28. IWM, James Francis Hickie, Memoirs of Military Service 1939–1945: England, Middle East and Italy (privately printed), 3. 29. William Magan, An Irish Boyhood (Edinburgh: Pentland Press, 1996), 3. 30. Quoted in Anthony P. Quinn, Wigs and Guns: Irish Barristers in the Great War (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2006), 25. 31. School prospectus quoted in Brian P. Murphy, St. Gerard’s School Bray (Bray: Kestrel Books, 1999), 37. 32. John Rylands Library, University of Manchester, Papers of Maj. Gen. E.E.D. O’Gowan (formerly Dorman-Smith), GOW 1/9: Empire News, 5 September 1954, 2. 33. Simpson, ‘The officers’, 68, 92. 34. In order of contribution: Wellington, Cheltenham, Clifton, Campbell, Marlborough and Malvern Colleges. For details of the military reputation of certain schools see Brian Gardner, The Public Schools: An Historical Survey (London: Hamilton, 1973), 184. 35. Steven O’Connor, Database of Gentlemen Cadet Register, RMA Woolwich, vols 9–10. 36. Imperial War Museum Sound Archive [IWMSA], accession no. 23787, Maj. B. Dillon; IWMSA, accession no. 18357, T.A. Carew; IWMSA, accession no. 19775, Col. P. Massey. 37. IWMSA, accession no. 12807, Wg Cdr R.C. Rotheram. 38. IWMSA, accession no. 4610, Air Marshal William MacDonald. 39. Magan, An Irish Boyhood, 64. 40. UCC, VPSA, Capt. J. Jermyn. 41. UCC, VPSA, Lt Cdr C. Glanton. 42. Interview with Maj. Gen. D. O’Morchoe, 9 November 2009. 43. Interview with Maj. Gen. D. O’Morchoe, 9 November 2009. 44. Interview with Capt. D.J. Mooney, 22 January 2010. 45. Interview with Capt. D.J. Mooney 22 January and 23 March 2010. 46. Interview with Maj. W.H. Roche, 17 November 2009. 47. Interview with Maj. W.H. Roche, 17 November 2009. 48. Richard Doherty, Irish Men and Women in the Second World War (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 1999), 38. 49. IWMSA, accession no. 25513, Columbanus Deegan, OFM; UCC, VPSA, Deegan. 50. UCC, VPSA, Warrant Officer J.J. Drumm. 51. UCC, VPSA, Wg Cdr Eamon O’Toole. 52. Interview with Wg Cdr J.H. Simpson, 11 December 2009. Notes 207

53. Steven O’Connor, Database of Officers from Northern Ireland, 1922–45. 54. Patrick Callan, ‘Recruiting for the British army in Ireland during the First World War’, Irish Sword 17 (1987): 43. 55. Steven O’Connor, Database of Irish Officer Casualties, First World War.

3 ‘A great training school for the army’: Irish Officers and the School Influence

1. C.B. Otley, ‘The educational background of British army officers’, Sociology 7, no. 2 (May 1973): 194. 2. Christopher M. Bell, ‘The King’s English and the security of the empire: class, social mobilisation and democratisation in the British naval officer corps, 1918–1939’, Journal of British Studies 48, no. 3 (July 2009): 695. 3. See Jeremy A. Crang, The British Army and the People’s War, 1939–1945 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000), 21–39. 4. In Ireland, unlike in Britain, all secondary schools with the exception of the preparatory colleges were privately owned and fee-paying. State involve- ment was limited to providing a small number of scholarships, about 600 annually, and a capitation grant to schools following the Department of Education’s curriculum. In this context, all secondary students were part of an elite and it was only the level of fees that determined a school’s exclusive- ness, and hence which strata it catered for. Here ‘elite’ schools refers to those charging the top rate; Seán Ó Catháin, Secondary Education in Ireland (Dublin: Talbot Press, 1958), 10, 14. 5. C.B. Otley, ‘Militarism and militarization in the public schools, 1900–1972’. British Journal of Sociology 29, no. 3 (September, 1978), 322. 6. Sir David Cole, Rough Road to Rome (London: Kimber, 1983), 19. Cole is not in the sample of southern Irish officers, as his father was born in Antrim and Cole himself seems to have been born in England. 7. Brian Inglis, West Briton (London: Faber & Faber, 1962), 36. 8. Steven O’Connor, Database of Irish officers in British forces, 1922–45. 9. This book adheres to David Fitzpatrick’s definition of ‘militarism’ as ‘the spirit and tendencies characteristic of the professional soldier; the prevalence of military sentiments or ideals among a people’. See Fitzpatrick, ‘Militarism in Ireland, 1900–1922’ in A Military History of Ireland, ed. Thomas Bartlett and Keith Jeffery (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 498f. 10. Randal Sadleir, Tanzania: Journey to Republic (London: Radcliffe Press, 1999), 10. 11. Otley, ‘Militarism and militarization’, 323. 12. O’Connor, Database of Irish officers in the British forces, 1922–45. 13. Otley, ‘Militarism and militarization’, 328–9. 14. IWMSA, accession no. 21295, Col. C.H.T. MacFetridge. 15. Lord Haldane quoted in Otley, ‘Militarism and militarization’, 330. 16. Otley, ‘Militarism and militarization’, 330–1. 17. H.L. Kirby and R.R. Walsh, The Seven V.C.s of Stonyhurst College (Blackburn: THCL Books, 1987), 106, 123. The two were Capt. Harold Marcus Ervine- Andrews, VC and Capt. James Joseph Bernard Jackman, VC, respectively. 18. Brian Gardner, The Public Schools: An Historical Survey (London: Hamilton, 1973), 183. 208 Notes

19. Otley, ‘Militarism and militarization’, 332. 20. Imperial War Museum, anon., Eton and the First World War (Windsor: Eton College, 1992), 39. 21. Otley, ‘Militarism and militarization’, 333. 22. University College Cork [UCC], Volunteer Project Sound Archive [VPSA], Capt. J. Jermyn. 23. Sadleir, Tanzania, 11–2. 24. Sadleir, Tanzania, 12. 25. Jonathan Bardon, The 1608 Royal Schools Celebrate 400 Years of History, 1608–2008 (Belfast: 1608 Royal Schools, 2007), 200. 26. Bardon, 1608 Royal Schools, 200. 27. Sadleir, Tanzania, 13. 28. MacFarland quoted in Keith Haines, To the Ends of the Earth: Campbellians at War (Belfast: Campbell College, 2002), 21–2. 29. Keith Haines, Campbell College (Stroud: Tempus, 2004), 8. 30. Quoted in Haines, Campbellians at War, 48. 31. Haines, Campbellians at War, 48. 32. The Irish Catholic Directory and Almanac, 1922 (Dublin: John Mullaney, 1922), 14, 16, 34. 33. The Irish Catholic Directory and Almanac, 1938 (Dublin: John Mullaney, 1938), 21. 34. Gardner, The Public Schools, 145. 35. T.E. Muir, Stonyhurst (Cirencester: St Omer’s Press, 2007), 150. 36. Dom Lucius Graham, Downside and the War, 1914–1919 (London: Hudson & Kearns, 1925), 59. 37. See Kirby and Walsh, The Seven V.C.s. 38. Gardner, The Public Schools, 145; Graham, Downside, 81–232. 39. Kirby and Walsh, The Seven V.C.s, 7. 40. Quoted in Gardner, The Public Schools, 214. 41. S.J. Watson, Furnished with Ability: The Lives and Times of Wills Families (Salisbury: Michael Russell, 1991), 234. 42. IWM, James Francis Hickie, Memoirs of Military Service 1939–1945: England, Middle East and Italy (privately published), 2. 43. Columban Annual, 1941, 39–45; O’Connor, Database of Irish officers in the British forces, 1922–45. 44. G.K. White, History of St. Columba’s College, 1843–1974 (Dublin: Old Columban Society, 1980), 124. 45. Royal Air Force Museum, Dermot Boyle, My Life (London: RAF Benevolent Fund, 1990), 13. 46. Boyle, My Life, 15–6. 47. For an early reference to St Columba’s OTC see the London Gazette, 11 June 1912, 4223. 48. White, St. Columba’s, 136. 49. Columban, 1952, 2–3. 50. White, St. Columba’s, 138. 51. White, St. Columba’s, 138, 141–2. 52. Interview with Maj. Gen. D. O’Morchoe, 9 November 2009. 53. Boyle, My Life, 11. 54. Irish Times, 27 March 1934, 4. Notes 209

55. Irish Times, 27 March 1934, 4. 56. Georgina Fitzpatrick, St. Andrew’s College 1894–1994 (Dublin: St Andrew’s College, 1994), 19–21. 57. See General Sir Frederick Pile, Ack-ack: Britain’s Defence against Air Attack during the Second World War (London: Harrap, 1949). 58. Fitzpatrick, St. Andrew’s, 46. See also reference to St Andrew’s OTC in the London Gazette, 26 April 1912, 2992. 59. Quoted in Fitzpatrick, St. Andrew’s, 48–9. 60. Fitzpatrick, St. Andrew’s, 50. 61. See the Clongownian 1915–19; Anon., College of St. Columba’s – Roll of Honour 1914–1918 (Dublin: St Columba’s College, 1920) and Fitzpatrick, St. Andrew’s, 54. 62. Fitzpatrick, St. Andrew’s, 63, 66, 69. 63. O’Connor, Database of Irish Officers, 1922–45; Fitzpatrick, St. Andrew’s, 125–6. 64. The following is taken from Maurice Digby Seymour, ‘On H.M.S. Barham’, St. Andrew’s College Annual, 1934, 17–18. 65. St. Andrew’s College Annual, 1936, 22. 66. St. Andrew’s College Annual, 1936, 40. 67. St. Andrew’s College Annual, 1938, 16–7. 68. Fitzpatrick, St. Andrew’s, 69, 123. 69. St. Andrew’s College Annual, 1946, 7. 70. See his ‘Annual Prizes’ speeches in St. Andrew’s College Annual, 1935–38. 71. St. Andrew’s College Annual, 1945, 57. 72. Inglis, West Briton, 59–60. 73. David Robertson, Deeds Not Words: Irish Soldiers, Sailors and Airmen in Two World Wars (Multyfarnham: David Robertson, 1998), 13, 63, 147. 74. Robertson, Deeds Not Words, 136–9. 75. Robertson, Deeds Not Words, 14. 76. Quoted in Robertson, Deeds Not Words, 66. 77. Robertson, Deeds Not Words, 66. 78. O’Connor, Database of Irish Officers, 1922–45. 79. Clongownian, 2002, 4–5. 80. C.S. Andrews, Dublin Made Me (Dublin: Mercier Press, 1979), 10–11, 74; Barry Coldrey, Faith and Fatherland: The Christian Brothers and the Development of Irish Nationalism, 1838–1921 (Dublin: Gill & Macmillan, 1988), 73. 81. Andrews, Dublin Made Me, 10. 82. Clongownian, 2002, 10–11. 83. Senia Paseta, Before the Revolution: Nationalism, Social Change and Ireland’s Catholic Elite, 1879–1922 (Cork: Cork University Press, 1999), 40. 84. Paseta, Before the Revolution, 42. 85. Oliver Murphy, The Cruel Clouds of War (Dublin: Belvedere Museum, 2003), 4. 86. Clongowes Wood College Archive, ‘Clongownians in the Great War’. 13 past pupils were listed as IRA members: Clongownian, 1922, 255–7. 87. James H. Murphy, Nos Autem: Castleknock College and Its Contribution (Dublin: Gill & Macmillan, 1996), 107. 88. Belvederian, 1916, 36, 43–8; 1917, 2–7. 89. Murphy, Nos Autem, 108–9. 90. Clongownian, 1919, 282, 292–3. 210 Notes

91. Murphy, Nos Autem, 121. See also Alvin Jackson, Ireland 1798–1998: Politics and War (Oxford: Blackwell, 1999), 276–8 and Dermot Keogh, Twentieth- Century Ireland: Nation and State (Dublin: Gill & Macmillan, 1994), 37. 92. Old Clongownian pro-Treaty TDs included Pierce McCann, James O’Mara, Seamus Burke, Dr V. White and Minister for Justice, Kevin O’Higgins. Two of O’Higgins brothers had served in the Great War. The sole anti-Treaty TD was Count Plunkett: Clongownian, 1922, 249. While five Castleknock past- men were elected in the 1920s; three for Cumann na nGaedheal, one for Fianna Fáil and one independent. The school also educated W.T. Cosgrave’s son and the future Taoiseach, Liam: Murphy, Nos Autem, 122–3. 93. Interview with Maj. W.H. Roche, 17 November 2009. 94. Information provided by Andrew Semple. 95. Murphy, Nos Autem, 95. 96. Murphy, Nos Autem, 95–6. 97. James Quinn, ‘Butler, William Francis’ in Dictionary of Irish Biography; available from http://dib.cambridge.org; accessed 8 December 2010. 98. Clongownian, 1931, 14. 99. Paseta, Before the Revolution, 42. 100. Clongownian, 1939, 78–9. 101. Patrick Heffernan, An Irish Doctor’s Memories (Dublin: Clonmore & Reynolds, 1958), 7. 102. Steven O’Connor, Database of Pre-1922 Irish Officers in British Forces. 103. Belvederian, 1930, 37. 104. See, for example, notes on three old boys in the Indian Medical Service in Clongownian, 1934, 56. 105. Clongownian, 1928, 72 and 1937, 78–9. 106. Information provided by Peter Sheil. 107. Belvederian, 1931, 36. 108. Belvederian, 1936, 36. 109. Clongownian, 1939, 30. 110. Clongownian, 1982, 18–19. 111. Clongownian, 1937, 47–8. 112. Clongownian, 1940, 47–8 and 60–1. Additional information provided by the family of Billy Murphy. Billy’s brother, Kiely, was also killed in the war, see Chapter 5. 113. Clongownian, 1942, 49. 114. See Chaz Bowyer, Eugene Esmonde VC, DSO (London: Kimber, 1983). 115. Belvederian, 1930, 31–2. 116. Belvederian, 1931, 40; O’Connor, Database of Irish Officers, 1922–45. 117. Belvederian, 1940, 18. 118. Quoted in Belvederian, 1938, 41–2. 119. Quoted in Murphy, Nos Autem, 97. 120. Irish Military Archives [IMA], Office of the Controller of Censorship (OCC), 2/144, memo, 10 July 1944. 121. IMA, OCC, 2/144, Coyne to Purcell, 12 February 1944. 122. Belvederian, 1945, 3. 123. Interview with Capt. D.J. Mooney, 22 January 2010 and Maj. Gen. D. O’Morchoe, 9 November 2009. 124. Belvederian, 1945, 3. Notes 211

4 ‘We were an unwanted surplus’: Irish Medical Emigration and the British Forces

1. David Fitzpatrick, ‘Militarism in Ireland, 1900–1922’ in A Military History of Ireland, ed. Thomas Bartlett and Keith Jeffery (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 399. 2. Tracey Connolly, ‘Irish workers in Britain during World War Two’, in Ireland and the Second World War: Politics, Society and Remembrance, ed. Brian Girvin and Geoffrey Roberts (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2000), 121, 129–30. 3. The sampling of 4,265 medical graduates by Greta Jones suggests that 41 per cent of Irish medical graduates between 1860 and 1960 were practising outside of Ireland, the overwhelming majority in Britain, see Greta Jones, ‘“Strike out boldly for the prizes that are available to you”: Medical emigration from Ireland 1860–1905’, Medical History 54, no. 1 (January 2010): 55–74. 4. Steven O’Connor, Database of Irish Officers in British Forces, 1922–45; in the British army during the Second World War officers of the Army Medical Services comprised on average only 7.2 per cent of the total officer strength: The National Archives, UK [TNA], War Office [WO] 73/143–165, quarterly returns of the strength of the British army. 5. Dr E.T. Freeman, ‘The medical profession’, Belvederian, 1939, 45–8. 6. See Grattan Esmonde’s speech to the Dáil in Denis Gwynn, The Irish Free State: 1922–1927 (London, 1928), 181. 7. Medical students of the Catholic University generally sat their exams at, and appeared on the graduation rolls of, one of these institutes. 8. Jones, ‘Medical emigration’, 59. 9. Ruth Barrington, Health, Medicine and Politics in Ireland, 1900–1970 (Dublin: Institute of Public Administration, 1987), 8–9. 10. Jones, ‘Medical emigration’, 60. 11. Jones, ‘Medical emigration’, 71. 12. Jones, ‘Medical emigration’, 71–2. 13. James H. Murphy, Nos Autem: Castleknock College and Its Contribution (Dublin: Gill & Macmillan, 1996), 95–6. 14. J.B. Lyons, Brief Lives of Irish Doctors (Dublin: Blackwater, 1978), 126–9. 15. Mark Harrison, Public Health in British India: Anglo-Indian Preventative Medicine 1859–1914 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 30. 16. Scott B. Cook, ‘The Irish Raj: Social origins and careers of Irishmen in the ICS, 1855–1919’, Journal of Social History 20 (Spring 1987): 525. 17. Nelson D. Lankford, ‘The Victorian medical profession and military practice: Army doctors and national origins’, Bulletin of the History of Medicine 54, no. 4 (Winter 1980): 515. 18. Harrison, Public Health in British India, 7–8. 19. Lankford, ‘Army doctors and national origins’, 513. 20. Lankford, ‘Army Doctors and national origins’, 528. 21. Lankford, ‘Army doctors and national origins’, 515, 522–4. 22. F.O.C. Meenan, Cecilia Street: The Catholic University School of Medicine, 1855–1931 (Dublin: Gill & Macmillan, 1987), 38–9. 23. Meenan, Cecilia Street, 16. 24. David Murphy, ‘Lyons, Robert Spencer Dyer’ in Dictionary of Irish Biography; available from http://dib.cambridge.org; accessed 28 June 2011. 212 Notes

25. Keith Jeffery, ‘The Irish military tradition and the British empire’, in ‘An Irish Empire’? Aspects of Ireland and the British Empire, ed. Keith Jeffery (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1996), 95. 26. Myles quoted in Jones, ‘Medical emigration’, 74. 27. Lankford, ‘Army doctors and national origins’, 528. 28. See issues of the Clongownian and the Belvederian after 1900. 29. C.S. Andrews, Dublin Made Me (Dublin: Mercier Press, 1979), 4–5, 10. 30. Steven O’Connor, Database of Irish Medical Officers in British Forces pre-1922. The sample was gathered primarily from the Catholic schools of Clongowes and Belvedere, and the Protestant schools of St Andrew’s and Wesley College. The remaining 25 per cent came from obituaries in the British Medical Journal and the Irish Journal of Medical Science. 31. Data collated from lists of Old Clongownians serving with the British and Allied armies published in the Clongownian, 1915–19. 32. Patrick Heffernan, An Irish Doctor’s Memories (Dublin: Clonmore & Reynolds, 1958), 48. 33. Anon., ‘Obituary Notices’, British Medical Journal 2, no. 5797 (February 1972): 449. 34. Heffernan, Doctor’s Memories, 7. 35. O’Connor, Database of Irish Medical Officers in British Forces pre-1922. 36. Anon., ‘Obituary’, British Medical Journal 2, no. 5314 (November 1962): 1263–4. 37. Mark Harrison, ‘Keogh, Sir Alfred’ in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography; available from http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/34296?docPos=1; accessed 1 July 2011. 38. Clongownian, 1946, 18–9. 39. Clongownian, 1948, 20–1. 40. Jones, ‘Medical emigration’, 72. 41. Jones, ‘Medical emigration’, 68–9. 42. Jones, ‘Medical emigration’, 57, 70; table detailing destinations of interwar cohorts (1920, 1925, 1930, 1935 and 1940), totalling 540 medical graduates provided to me by Dr Greta Jones. 43. Fionan O’Shea, ‘Doctors for export’, The Bell 2, no. 2 (May 1941): 47. 44. Aidan MacCarthy, A Doctor’s War (London: Robson, 1979), 11. 45. Mary Daly, ‘Local appointments’ in County and Town: One Hundred Years of Local Government in Ireland, ed. Mary Daly (Dublin: Institute of Public Administration, 2001), 46–50. 46. A.S. Ffrench-O’Carroll, ‘When you qualify’, Irish Journal of Medical Science, 6th Series (1942): 589. 47. Ffrench-O’Carroll, ‘When you qualify’, 589. 48. Jones, ‘Medical emigration’, 55. 49. Ken O’Flaherty, From Slyne Head to Malin Head: A Rural GP Remembers (Letterkenny: Ken O’Flaherty, 2003), 151. 50. J.C. Martin, ‘Dispensary salaries’, Journal of the Irish Free State Medical Union 2, no. 10 (April 1938): 42–3. 51. Anon., ‘Dispensary medical officers group committee’, Journal of the Irish Free State Medical Union 1, no. 5 (November 1937): 59. 52. T.J. Bourke, ‘Cavan and Monaghan branch annual report, 1937’, Journal of the Irish Free State Medical Union 2, no. 10 (April 1938): 41. 53. O’Flaherty, From Slyne Head to Malin Head, 151. Notes 213

54. National Student, December 1941, 1. 55. R.J. Rowlette and J.C. Flood, ‘Editorial: medicine as a career’, Journal of the Irish Free State Medical Union 1, no. 3 (September 1937): 27. 56. Belvederian, 1939, 47. 57. Belvederian, 1939, 47. 58. Anon., ‘The army medical service’, Journal of the Irish Free State Medical Union 4, no. 19 (January 1939): 76. 59. Anon., ‘The army and the medical student’, Journal of the Irish Free State Medical Union 4, no. 20 (February 1939): 18. 60. The paper reported that ‘the Army’s decision to reduce the rank of future doc- tors entering the service to that of Lieutenant – is bound to react adversely upon recruiting. Between 60 and 70 per cent of the Regiment of Pearse [the Irish equivalent of a university officers training corps] is composed of medical students’. Irish Press, 14 February 1939, 6. 61. Anon., ‘Army medical service’, 76–7. 62. Anon., ‘A war problem’, Journal of the Irish Free State Medical Union 6, no. 36 (June 1940): 63. 63. Steven O’Connor, Database of Irish Officers in British Forces, 1922–45. 64. Mark Harrison, Medicine and Victory: British Military Medicine in the Second World War (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008), 13. 65. Harrison, Medicine and Victory, 17. 66. Lankford, ‘Army doctors and national origins’, 528. 67. Harrison, Medicine and Victory, 19. 68. O’Connor, Database of Irish Officers in British Forces, 1922–45. 69. Harrison, Medicine and Victory, 30. 70. MacCarthy, Doctor’s War, 12. 71. MacCarthy, Doctor’s War, 15. 72. RTÉ Radio Libraries and Archives, Away to the War (produced by Brian Lynch, first broadcast 18 October 1995 on RTÉ Radio One). 73. Information provided by the family of T.K. Murphy. 74. Clongownian, 1993, 15. 75. Clongownian, 2005, 157–8. 76. Clongownian, 1993, 20. 77. O’Connor, Database of Irish Officers in the British Forces, 1922–45. 78. J.C. Flood, ‘English medicine in war time’, Journal of the Irish Free State Medical Union 5, no. 28 (October 1939): 42–3. 79. Anon., ‘Doctors and the war’, Journal of the Irish Free State Medical Union 8, no. 42 (May 1941): 55. 80. O’Connor, Database of Irish Officers in the British Forces, 1922–45. 81. University College Cork [UCC], Volunteers Project Sound Archive [VPSA], Prof. Richard Garrett George Barry. 82. O’Connor, Database of Irish Officers in British Forces, 1922–45. 83. The early decision to join up did not always signify loyalty to Britain; for some it was sheer pragmatism. Under the terms of the National Service Acts passed in 1939 Irishmen living in Britain were liable to be conscripted after two years’ residence in the country. This would mean being sent to wherever the authorities determined there was a manpower shortage; whereas if a person enlisted voluntarily they had at least the right to choose which branch of the armed forces they would serve in. 214 Notes

84. Information provided by the Bermingham family. 85. Nicholas S. Mair, Not by the Book: Recollections of Peace and War (Edinburgh: Pentland Press, 1993), 113. 86. Interview with Margaret Doyle, 11 February 2012. 87. London Gazette, 12 August 1941, 4650. 88. Andy Parsons, Exit at Anzio (privately published), ii–iii. 89. Parsons, Exit at Anzio, 49. 90. TNA, Dominions Office [DO] 35/1211, pamphlet entitled ‘Volunteers from Eire who have won distinction serving with the British Forces: September 1939 – February 1944’, 27. 91. Interview with Majella [pseudonym], 10 December 2009. 92. IWM, Sister M. Morris, QAIMNS, MSS 80/38/1, ‘The Diary of a Wartime Nurse’, 20. 93. O’Connor, Database of Irish Officers in British Forces, 1922–45. 94. Anon., ‘Doctors and the war’, 56. 95. O’Connor, Database of Irish Medical Officers in British Forces pre-1922 and O’Connor, Database of Irish Officers in British Forces, 1922–45. However there is limited information in the sample on what interwar medical offi- cers did after leaving the services: for 35 per cent of the officers post-service careers are known and of these 36 per cent continued to practice medicine in civilian life. 96. Senia Paseta, Before the Revolution: Nationalism, Social Change and Ireland’s Catholic Elite, 1879–1922 (Cork: Cork University Press, 1999), 3. 97. National Student, May 1946, 6–7; Second Year to Final Year medical students were well above average with 76 per cent expecting to have to emigrate. 98. O’Flaherty, From Slyne Head to Malin Head, 139–40. 99. National Student, December 1945, 62.

5 ‘We were all Paddys’: the Irish Experience of the British Forces

1. Albert Grundligh, ‘The King’s Afrikaners? Enlistment and ethnic identity in the Union of South Africa’s defence forces during the Second World War, 1939–45’, Journal of African History 40, no. 3 (1999): 351–65. 2. Keith Jeffery, ‘The British army and Ireland’, in A Military History of Ireland, ed. Thomas Bartlett and Keith Jeffery (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 432–3. 3. See Anthony Babington, The Devil to Pay: The Mutiny of the Connaught Rangers, India, July, 1920 (London: Leo Cooper, 1991) and Sam Pollock, Mutiny for the Cause: The Story of the Revolt of Ireland’s “Devil’s Own” in British India (London: Leo Cooper, 1969). 4. The National Archives, UK [TNA], Admiralty [ADM] 178/144, H.I. Allen, War Office to Lt Col. C.H. Congdon, Admiralty, 16 May 1936. 5. TNA, ADM 178/144, minute by P.J. Henniker Heaton, 3 November 1936. 6. TNA ADM 1/8705/186, Admiralty to Maj. W.A. Phillips, MI5, 20 October 1926. 7. They were also required to provide a testimonial from a British officer and pass a medical examination. 8. TNA, ADM 178/144, minute by Director of Naval Recruiting, 5 February 1937. Notes 215

9. TNA, Dominions Office [DO] 35/1230, C.B. Pugh to G. Bradford, 8 October 1946. 10. TNA, ADM 178/144, minute by Director of Personal Services, 12 October 1936. 11. National Archives of Ireland [NAI], Dept of the Taoiseach [DT] S6091A, Superintendent J. Kelly to Chief Superintendent W.P. Quinn, 9 March 1939. 12. Even if the British army had continued to make inquiries through the Gardaí, it is unlikely that this cooperation would have been allowed to con- tinue once the war had started and Irish neutrality had come into operation. 13. TNA, ADM 178/144, H. James, Admiralty to J.E.W. Flood, Colonial Office, 25 August 1936 and reply, 11 September 1936. 14. TNA, CAB 53/28 [Cabinet Committee on Imperial Defence], COS [Chiefs of Staff Sub-Committee] 503: Report by Joint-Planning Sub-Committee, ‘Relations with the Irish Free State regarding defence matters under certain circumstances’, 23 July 1936, 4–5. 15. TNA, CAB 53/28, COS 503, 5. 16. TNA, Prime Minister’s Office [PREM] 3/129/5, memo, ‘Formation of an Irish Brigade’, 22 October 1941. 17. Shane Leslie, ‘The Shamrock Club’, British Legion Annual, 1946, 39. 18. Imperial War Museum Sound Archive [IWMSA], accession no. 25513, Columbanus Deegan, OFM. 19. University College Cork [UCC], Volunteer Project Sound Archive [VPSA], M. Downey. 20. UCC, VPSA, Lt Cdr C. Glanton. 21. UCC, VPSA, Wg Cdr E. O’Toole. 22. Irish Jesuit Archive [IJA], Fergus Cronin, ‘A Bed of Roses’, Interfuse, no. 41 (1986): 54. 23. Brian Inglis, West Briton (London: Faber & Faber, 1962), 60–1. 24. Devlin quoted in Richard Doherty, Irish Men and Women in the Second World War (Dublin: Fours Courts Press, 1999), 49. 25. TNA, WO 204/10381, British North African Force [BNAF], appreciation and censorship report no. 12 covering period 19–25 March 1943, 29 March 1943, 2. 26. Ibid. 27. See Jeremy A. Crang, ‘The British soldier on the home front: Army morale reports, 1940–45’, in Time to Kill: The Soldier’s Experience of War in the West, 1939–1945, ed. Paul Addison and Angus Calder (London: Pimlico, 1997), 60–76. 28. TNA, WO 163/51, morale report, February–May 1942, AC/G(42)20, 12 June 1942, 14. 29. TNA, WO 163/161, morale report, May–July 1942, MC/P(42)1, 11 September 1942, 6. 30. TNA, WO 204/10381, BNAF, appreciation and censorship report no. 21 covering period 23–29 May 1943, 1 June 1943, 4. 31. TNA, WO 163/51, morale report, February–May 1942, 7. 32. TNA, WO 163/161, minutes of the 18th meeting of the Morale Committee, MC/M(43)8, 31 August 1943, 1–2. 33. TNA, War Office [WO] 204/714, memo, ‘Irish Troops Mail, 31 Mar – 13 Apr 44’, 17 April 1944. 34. Ibid. 35. Ibid. 216 Notes

36. TNA, WO 204/714, memo, ‘Report on Mail to Éire examined by No. 6 Base Censor Group, 15–30 Apr 44’, 3 May 1944. 37. This process applied equally to English, Scottish and Welsh troops in the British army. For an overview of how regimental traditions and distinctions were invented in order to cultivate an imagined community with a strong esprit de corps see David French, Military Identities: The regimental system, the British army, and the British people, c.1870–2000 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), 76–98. 38. TNA, PREM 3/129/5, ‘Extract from Postal Censorship Report’, 1 October 1941. 39. TNA, PREM 3/129/5, newspaper cutting, 26 September 1941. 40. TNA, PREM 3/129/5, minute by Winston Churchill, 6 October 1941. 41. TNA, PREM 3/129/5, memo, ‘Proposed Formation of an Irish Brigade’, 25 October 1941. 42. Ibid. 43. Yvonne McEwen Doherty, ‘Irish volunteers and volunteer deaths in Irish regiments, 1939–1945’ (MSc thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2003), 49, 59. 44. By 1944 three Irish battalions ceased to exist owing to their inability to replace gruelling losses in the Mediterranean theatre: Jeffery, ‘The British army and Ireland’, 442–3. 45. John Horsfall, an officer in the Royal Irish Fusiliers, wrote that his company received a draft of soldiers mainly from Warwickshire and Stafford in 1943: John Horsfall, The Wild Geese are Flighting (Kineton: Roundwood, 1976), 96–7. Similarly, in 1942 Sydney Swift, a conscript in the Royal Sussex Regiment, was assigned to a draft for the London Irish Regiment. He had no Irish connec- tions. IWM, S.F. Swift, MSS 19814, p. 21. 46. TNA, PREM 3/129/5, memo, ‘Proposed Formation of an Irish Brigade’, 25 October 1941. 47. TNA, PREM 3/129/5, John Andrews to Winston Churchill, 18 December 1941. 48. TNA, PREM 3/129/5, Andrews to Clement Atlee, Lord Privy Seal, 23 January 1942. 49. TNA, PREM 3/129/5, memo, ‘“Nationality” Classification of Personnel Serving in Proposed “Irish” Bde’, 1 January 1942. The Southern Irish propor- tion in these regiments was even smaller: 4% and 19.2% respectively. 50. John Blake, Northern Ireland in the Second World War (Belfast, 1956), 200. 51. Richard Doherty, Clear the Way! A History of the 38th (Irish) Infantry Brigade, 1941–1947 (Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 1993), p. 57. See also remarks of men from the Special Raiding Squadron serving alongside the Irish Brigade at Termoli, October 1944 in Gavin Mortimer, Stirling’s Men: The Inside History of the SAS in World War Two (London: Cassell, 2005), p. 155. 52. TNA, PREM 3/129/5, Clement Atlee, Deputy Prime Minister to John Andrews, Prime Minister of Northern Ireland, 2 January 1942; Doherty, Clear the Way, 7. 53. Terence Denman, Ireland’s Unknown Soldiers: The 16th (Irish) Division in the Great War, 1914–1918 (Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 1992), 105; Doherty, Clear the Way, 2. 54. Tom Johnstone, Orange, Green and Khaki: The Story of the Irish Regiments in the Great War, 1914–18 (Dublin: Gill & Macmillan, 1992), 214; Denman, Ireland’s Unknown Soldiers, 94 (photograph). Notes 217

55. Timothy Bowman, The Irish Regiments in the Great War: Discipline and Morale (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2003), 61–75. 56. Royal Irish Fusiliers’ Museum, regimental booklet, ‘Songs of the Irish Brigade’. 57. Interview with Maj. Gen. D. O’Morchoe, 9 November 2009; Dom Rudesind Brookes, Father Dolly: The Guardsman Monk (London: Melland, 1983), 126. 58. Mary Whittle, He Walked Tall: The Biography of Canon Michael Casey (Wigan: Mary Whittle, 2002), 66; interviews with Maj. Gen. D. O’Morchoe, 9 November 2009 and Maj. W.H. Roche, 17 November 2009. 59. UCC, VPSA, Maj. D. Fay. 60. Doherty, Clear the Way, 297. 61. Interview with Maj. Gen. D. O’Morchoe, 9 November 2009. 62. UCC, VPSA, Pte J. Harte. 63. Maj. Gen. H.E.N. Bredin, ‘Foreword’, in Doherty, Clear the Way, viii; UCC, VPSA, Maj. D. Fay. 64. Interview with Maj. W.H. Roche, 17 November 2009; UCC, VPSA, Pte J. Harte. 65. UCC, VPSA, Fl. Lt M. Quayle. 66. Interview with Wg Cdr J.H. Simpson, 11 December 2009. 67. UCC, VPSA, Wt Officer D. Murnane. 68. Interviews with Maj. Gen. D. O’Morchoe, 9 November 2009, Maj. W.H. Roche, 17 November 2009 and Wg Cdr J.H. Simpson, 11 December 2009. 69. Michael Brennan, ‘This is it chaps: the story of Brendan Finucane’ (BA in Journalism thesis, Dublin City University, 2002), 30. 70. Peter Ross, All Valiant Dust: An Irishman Abroad (Dublin: Lilliput Press, 1992), 10. 71. IWM, Sister M. Morris, QAIMNS, MSS 80/38/1, ‘The Diary of a Wartime Nurse’, 127. 72. McAughtry quoted in Doherty, Irish Men and Women in the Second World War, 50–1. 73. UCC, VPSA, Wg Cdr E. O’Toole. 74. Interview with Capt. Don Mooney, 22 January 2010. 75. Irish Times, 13 May 1985. 76. UCC, VPSA, Wt Officer D. Murnane. 77. IWM, S.F. Swift, MSS 19814, 21. 78. Robert Jocelyn, Major D.M. (John) Kennedy, M.C.: A Tribute (Galway, n.d.), p. 44. 79. NAI, Dept of Foreign Affairs [DFA] P81, memo, December 1946. 80. Tracey Connolly, ‘Irish workers in Britain during World War Two’, in Ireland and the Second World War: Politics, Society and Remembrance, ed. Brian Girvin and Geoffrey Roberts (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2000), 125. 81. ‘An Irish Adventurer’, letter to the editor, Drogheda Independent, supplement, 7 November 1942, 2. 82. Catholic Herald, 20 March 1942, 1; see also ‘Irish worker’, letter to the editor, The Irish Catholic, 7 February 1946, 3. 83. ‘Senex Ignotus’, letter to the editor, Catholic Herald, 2 January 1942, 2; ‘An Irish Priest’, letter to the editor, Catholic Herald, 15 January 1943, 2. 84. See reports in TNA, Northern Ireland Office, CJ 4/30. 85. Report of Tom Leyland, chief welfare officer responsible for Irish workers in Britain, quoted in Catholic Herald, 1 January 1943, 6; see also Peadar O’Donnell, ‘The Irish in Britain’, The Bell 6, no. 5 (August 1943): 370. 86. IWM, Miss N. O’Connor, MSS 87/14/1, ‘Irish versus Irish’, 1–4. 218 Notes

87. NAI, Dept of Industry and Commerce [D/INDC], S11582, memo, 18 November 1942. 88. Tracey Connolly, ‘Emigration from Ireland to Britain during the Second World War’, The Irish Diaspora, ed. Andy Bielenberg (Harlow: Longman, 2000), 55. 89. NAI, D/INDC S11582, memo, 18 November 1942. 90. UCC, VPSA, Warrant Officer J.J. Drumm and Corporal J. Neylon. 91. Norah Cassidy, ‘Exiles’, The Bell 10, no. 3 (June 1945): 217–18. 92. TNA, ADM 1/6713, W. Watson, Shipbuilding Employers’ Federation to P. Hancock, Admiralty, 21 June 1943. 93. See M.A.G. Ó Tuathaigh, ‘The Irish in nineteenth century Britain: prob- lems of integration’, in The Irish in the Victorian City, ed. Roger Swift and Sheridan Gilley (Beckenham: Croom Helm, 1985), 20–30. 94. Catholic Herald, 9 August 1946, 5. 95. UCC, VPSA, Fl. Lt M. Quayle. See also Sister M. Morris, QAIMNS, MSS 80/38/1, ‘The Diary of a Wartime Nurse’, 225. 96. Interview with Capt. Don Mooney, 22 January 2010; UCC, VPSA, Fl. Lt M. Quayle. 97. UCC, VPSA, Lt J. Jacob. 98. TNA, WO 204/10381, CMF–BNAF, appreciation and censorship report no. 34 covering period 16 Nov – 15 Dec 1943, Part B – Canadian Expeditionary Force, 19 December 1943, p. 4. 99. TNA, WO 204/10381, CMF–BNAF, appreciation and censorship report no. 38 covering period 1–15 Feb 1944, Part B – Canadian Expeditionary Force, 17 February 1944, p. 4. 100. TNA, WO 204/10381, CMF–BNAF, appreciation and censorship report no. 34 covering period 16 Nov – 15 Dec 1943, Part C – New Zealand Expeditionary Force, 19 December 1943, 3. 101. Alan Deere, Nine Lives (Canterbury: Wingham Press, 1991), 25. 102. Hank Nelson, Chased by the Sun: The Australians in Bomber Command in World War II (Crow’s Nest: Allen & Unwin, 2006), 57. 103. David Horner, Strategic Command: General Sir John Wilton and Australia’s Asian Wars (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), 35. 104. Grundligh, ‘The King’s Afrikaners?’, 363. 105. Grundligh, ‘The King’s Afrikaners?’, 358. 106. Grundligh, ‘The King’s Afrikaners?’, 365. 107. This theme is explored in greater detail in the following chapter. See also Keith Jeffery, Ireland and the Great War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 107–43. 108. NAI, DT S6091A, memo, ‘Assistance being afforded to Irish citizens to enlist in the British Army’ by Minister for Defence, 5 September 1941. 109. UCC, VPSA, Wg Cdr E. O’Toole. See also UCC, VPSA, Fl. Lt M. Quayle; IWMSA, accession no. 4610, Air Marshal W. MacDonald; and Sqn Ldr Tim Vigors, Life’s Too Short To Cry: The Compelling Memoir of a Battle of Britain Ace (London: Grub Street, 2008), 78, 203. 110. UCC, VPSA, Columbanus Deegan, OFM. 111. UCC, VPSA, Lt J. Jacob. 112. UCC, VPSA, Lt J. Jacob. 113. UCC, VPSA, Wt Officer D. Murnane. Notes 219

114. Clair Wills, That Neutral Island: A History of Ireland during the Second World War (London: Faber & Faber, 2008), 4–5. 115. TNA, Air Ministry [AIR] 2/9985, minute by E.W. Handley, 25 May 1949. 116. O’Connor, Database of Irish Officers in British Forces, 1922–45. 117. IWM, Sister M. Morris, QAIMNS, MSS 80/38/1, ‘The Diary of a Wartime Nurse’, 322. 118. See Tom Johnstone and James Hagerty, The Cross on the Sword: Catholic Chaplains in the Forces (London: Geoffrey Chapman, 1996), 80–1, 85–7. Linda Colley has argued that it was the Protestantism of the English, Welsh and Scottish that was central to ‘the invention of a British nation’, by enabling these disparate peoples to unite in common fear of ‘that Catholic Other’, France and that this hostility towards France and Catholicism persisted as a hallmark of British national identity well into the twentieth century: Linda Colley, Britons: Forging the Nation, 1707–1837 (E-book edition, 2003), 367–8. 119. Graham Davis, ‘The Irish in Britain, 1815–1939’ in The Irish Diaspora, ed. Andy Bielenberg (Harlow: Longman, 2000), 33. 120. In the British army alone, the War Office calculated that there were 250,000 Catholics by 1942: Michael Snape, God and the British Soldier: Religion and the British Army in the First and Second World Wars (London: Routledge, 2005), 146. 121. Thomas Moloney, Westminster, Whitehall and the Vatican: The Role of Cardinal Hinsley, 1935–43 (Tunbridge Wells: Burns & Oates, 1985), 134. 122. NAI, DT S12381, memo by T.J. Coyne, Controller of Censorship, March 1941. 123. A.C. Robinson, ‘The role of British army chaplains during World War Two’ (PhD thesis, University of Liverpool, 1999), 82. 124. Moloney, Westminster, Whitehall and the Vatican, 134. 125. John C. Heenan, Cardinal Hinsley (London: Burns & Oates, 1944), 115. 126. Westminster Diocesan Archives, His Eminence Cardinal Hinsley, The Bond of Peace and Other War-time Addresses (London: Burns & Oates, 1941), 43–4. 127. Quoted in Chaz Bowyer, Eugene Esmonde VC, DSO (London: Kimber, 1983), 13. 128. Philip Williamson, ‘Christian conservatives and the totalitarian challenge, 1933–40’, English Historical Journal 115, no. 462 (June 2000): 607–8. 129. Robinson, ‘British army chaplains’, 82. 130. Hinsley quoted in John Murray, SJ, ‘Some successful experiments in Christian formation, in the British army and the Royal Air Force’, Lumen Vitae 2, no. 1 (March 1947): 140–1. 131. Murray, ‘Experiments in Christian formation’, 141. 132. Quoted in James Hagerty, Cardinal Hinsley: Priest and Patriot (Oxford: Family Publications, 2008), 295. 133. Sir John Gorman, The Times of My Life (Barnsley: Leo Cooper, 2002), 36. 134. Robinson, ‘British army chaplains’, 104, 110–11. 135. TNA, WO 277/16, report on ‘Morale of the Army 1939–1945’. 136. Johnstone and Hagerty, The Cross on the Sword, 80–1, 193. 137. Robinson, ‘British army chaplains’, 104. 138. Johnstone and Hagerty, The Cross on the Sword, 85–7. 139. Edward Madigan, ‘Anglican army chaplains on the Western Front, 1914–1918’ (PhD thesis, Trinity College Dublin, 2006), 65–9. 220 Notes

140. Johnstone and Hagerty, The Cross on the Sword, 224. 141. Moloney, Westminster, Whitehall and the Vatican, 194. 142. P. Pollock Hamilton, Wings on the Cross: A Padre with the R.A.F. (Dublin: Clonmore & Reynolds, 1954), 11. 143. Irish Jesuit Archive [IJA], Fr J. MacSeumais to Father Provincial, 12 April 1944. 144. Fl. Lt P.J. Farrell, letter to the editor, Catholic Herald, 25 September 1942, 2. 145. Murray, ‘Some successful experiments in Christian formation’, 143. 146. Murray, ‘Some successful experiments in Christian formation’, 144. 147. J.A. Ryan, letter to the editor, Catholic Herald, 20 April 1945, 2. 148. Murray, ‘Some successful experiments in Christian formation’, 146–7. 149. Roman Catholic Chaplains Archive [RCCA], box 40, ‘Syllabus for Royal Air Force Catholic Leaders’ Week, August 28th – September 3rd 1943’. 150. Murray, ‘Some successful experiments in Christian formation’, 144. 151. UCC, VPSA, Corporal J. Neylon. 152. Cpl Arthur W. Doyle, letter to the editor, Catholic Herald, 12 May 1944, 2. 153. Hamilton, Wings on the Cross, 53, 70. 154. Fr Alured Ozanne quoted in Johnstone and Hagerty, The Cross on the Sword, 273. 155. Johnstone and Hagerty, The Cross on the Sword, 273. 156. UCC, VPSA, Lt Cdr K. Gibney and Lt Cdr C. Glanton. 157. UCC, VPSA, J. O’Regan. 158. Snape, God and the British Soldier, 151. 159. Mary Kenny, Crown and Shamrock: Love and Hate between Ireland and the British Monarchy (Dublin: New Island, 2009), 8–9; Diarmaid Ferriter, The Transformation of Ireland 1900–2000 (London: Profile, 2004), 408. 160. Belvederian, 1941, 29. 161. IJA, Fr G. Guinane to Fr Provincial, 1 July 1944. 162. IJA, Guinane to Fr Provincial, 4 December 1941 and 15 May 1942. 163. Archive of the Irish Redemptorists, Fr D. Cummings to Fr Provincial, 21 November 1943. 164. British Jesuit Archive [BJA], Fr Clement Tigar, ‘Retreats for service men’, Stella Maris no. 355 (July 1942): 102; Fr Gerard Lake, ‘Retreats in the army’ in Martin Dempsey, The Priest among the Soldiers (London: Burns & Oates, 1946), 178. 165. Brookes, Father Dolly, 126. 166. Murray, ‘Some successful experiments in Christian formation’, 153–7. 167. Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers’ Museum, anon., ‘The Irish Brigade visits the Pope’, The Sprig of Shillelagh 27 (1943–5): 24. 168. IJA, Fr M. Pelly to Fr Provincial, 30 June 1944. 169. BJA, Fr Clement Tigar, ‘Answers to correspondents’, Stella Maris no. 349 (January 1942): 14. 170. IJA, Fr A. Birmingham to Fr Provincial, 7 May 1946. 171. IJA, Birmingham to Fr Provincial, 17 June 1946. 172. BJA, Capt. J.C. Lamb, ‘A retreat for soldiers’, Stella Maris no. 356 (August 1942): 112. 173. Lake, ‘Retreats in the army’, 172. 174. Fr Cyril P. Crean, ‘Retreat house for the Rhine army’, in The Priest among the Soldiers, ed. Martin Dempsey (London: Burns & Oates, 1946), 182. Notes 221

175. IJA, Fr C. Murphy to Fr Provincial, 9 December 1944. 176. Murray, ‘Some successful experiments in Christian formation’, 158. 177. Leading Aircraftman W. Clifford, letter to the editor, Catholic Herald, 5 October 1945, 2. 178. Griffin quoted in Catholic Herald, 12 July 1946, 5. 179. Roman Catholic Bishop to the Forces Archive [RCBFA], Mgr Beauchamp to Cardinal Griffin, 25 January 1947. 180. Catholic Herald, 13 September 1946, 5. 181. Catholic Herald, 9 August 1946, 1 182. The Irish Catholic, 13 June 1946, 1. 183. Rev. Michael Carroll, ‘The Legion of Mary’, Irish Ecclesiastical Record 5th series, vol. 66 (July–December 1945): 355. 184. The Irish Catholic, 20 June 1946, 1. 185. UCC, VPSA, Capt. J. Jermyn and Cpl J. Neylon. 186. UCC, VPSA, Lt J. Jacob. 187. UCC, VPSA, Lt B. Bolingbroke, Sub Lt M.M.A. D’Alton and Wt Off. J.J. Drumm. 188. UCC, VPSA, Capt. D. Baynham. 189. Robert Jocelyn, Major D.M. (John) Kennedy, M.C.: A Tribute (Galway, n.d.), 86; interview with Capt. Don Mooney, 22 January 2010; UCC, VPSA, Fl. Lt M. Quayle; IWM, Wg Cdr B. ‘Paddy’ Finucane, MSS 97/43/1; Vigors, Life’s Too Short To Cry, 220, 225. 190. UCC, VPSA, Warrant Officer J.J. Drumm.

6 ‘The irreconcilable attitude is apparently confined to the purely political sphere’: Responses in Independent Ireland to an Irish Military Tradition

1. Michael S. O’Neill, ‘The organisation of the Irish Army 1939–45: an overview’ in History Matters: Selected Papers from the UCD School of History Postgraduate Conferences, 2001–3, ed. M.S. O’Neill et al. (Dublin: School of History, UCD, 2004), 88; Tom MacGinty, The Irish Navy: A Story of Courage and Tenacity (Tralee: Kerryman Ltd, 1995), 41; Brian Girvin, The Emergency: Neutral Ireland 1939–45 (London: Pan Books, 2007), 274–5. 2. Cian McMahon, ‘Irish Free State newspapers and the Abyssinian crisis, 1935–6’, Irish Historical Studies 36, no. 143 (May 2009): 371, 387. 3. University College Dublin Archives [UCDA], Frank Aiken Papers, P104/3433, memo by J.P. Walshe, 16 September 1939. 4. The National Archives, UK [TNA], Admiralty [ADM] 1/8737/100, Admiral R.W. Bentinck, C-in-C Plymouth, to Secretary of the Admiralty, 6 April 1929. 5. Until 1933 the government permitted nominated TDs and senators to lay wreaths on its behalf. See Jane Leonard, ‘The twinge of memory’ in Unionism in Modern Ireland, ed. R. English and G. Walker (London: Macmillan, 1996), 105–6. 6. Dáil Debates, vol. 19 (29 March 1927), cols 400–3. 7. Commonwealth War Graves Commission Archives, 1076/1089/2 Part 2, Col. H. Chettle to F. Ware and A. Browne, 11 June 1928. 8. David Fitzpatrick, ‘Militarism in Ireland, 1900–1922’ in A Military History of Ireland, ed. Thomas Bartlett and Keith Jeffery (Cambridge, 1996), 399. 222 Notes

9. Robert Jocelyn, Earl of Roden, Major D.M. (John) Kennedy, M.C.: A Tribute (Galway, n.d.), 44. 10. Dáil Debates, vol. 18 (8 February 1927), col. 384. The TD was Grattan Esmonde. 11. John ‘Tim’ Finnerty, All Quiet on the Irrawaddy (Bognor Regis: New Horizon, 1979), 7. 12. British Legion Annual, 1946, 90. The three counties were Clare, Leitrim and Westmeath. 13. See British Legion annuals, regional and national newspapers. 14. Irish Press, 29 November 1934, 5. See also Anon., ‘Current affairs’, The Leader: A Review of Current Affairs, Politics, Literature, Art and Industry 78, no. 6 (15 April 1939): 128–9. 15. Leonard, ‘The twinge of memory’, 102; Irish Independent, 23 January 1930, 10. 16. Irish Independent, 9 November 1936, 12. 17. Irish Times, 13 November 1933, 7–8. 18. Irish Independent, 13 November 1933, 6; Irish Press, 13 November 1933, 6. 19. Saturday Record, 18 November 1933, 2. 20. Irish Times, 12 November 1933, 10. 21. See the Irish Times and Irish Independent, 1925–39. 22. Munster Express, 14 November 1930, 2. 23. Tom Johnstone and James Hagerty, The Cross on the Sword: Catholic Chaplains in the Forces (London: Geoffrey Chapman, 1996), 174, 184, 186. 24. British Legion Annual, 1935, 113. 25. See Irish Times, 1925–39. 26. John ‘Tim’ Finnerty, All Quiet, 7. 27. NAI, DT S6091A, untitled memorandum from Department of Justice, 4 November 1930. 28. NAI, DT S6091A, Roche to O’Hegarty, 12 November 1931. 29. NAI, DT S6091A, O’Hegarty to Roche, 17 November 1931. 30. NAI, DT S6091A, minute by Sheehy, 17 November 1930; see also O’Hegarty to Cosgrave, 9 November 1931. 31. Diarmaid Ferriter, The Transformation of Ireland 1900–2000 (London: Profile, 2004), 317–18. 32. NAI, DT S6091A, untitled memorandum from Department of Justice, 4 November 1930. 33. Quoted in Fitzpatrick, ‘Militarism in Ireland’, 400. 34. Col. J.J. O’Connell, ‘Can Ireland remain neutral in war?’, Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review 27, no. 108 (December 1938): 647–55. 35. University College Cork [UCC], Volunteers Project Sound Archive [VPSA], Warrant Officer J.J. Drumm. 36. Irish Independent, 11 November 1930, 11. 37. See for example M. O’Clery’s election speech in Irish Press, 5 January 1933, 2. 38. Irish Independent, 11 November 1932, 10. 39. Irish Independent, 12 November 1932, 9. 40. Irish Independent, 11 November 1932, 10. 41. NAI, DT S6091A, minute by the Minister for Justice, 4 August 1932. 42. Irish Independent, 7 April 1936, 10; Wicklow People, 11 April 1936, 4; Southern Star, 11 April 1936, 4 and Meath Chronicle, 11 April 1936, 5. 43. General Annual Report on the British Army for the Year Ending 31st December 1938 (1938–39, Cmd. 5950), 23; available from http://parlipapers.chadwyck. co.uk; accessed 13 October 2011. Notes 223

44. Margaret Ward, Maud Gonne: A Life (London: Pandora, 1993), 134–5. 45. Maud Gonne MacBride, letter to the Catholic hierarchy in The Field Day Anthology of Irish Writing. Volume V, ed. Angela Bourke et al. (Cork: Cork University Press, 2002), 141–2. 46. Karen Steele (ed.), Maud Gonne’s Irish Nationalist Writings (Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 2004), 227–30; Ward, Gonne, 160–2. 47. See Terence Denman, ‘“The red livery of shame”: the campaign against army recruitment in Ireland, 1899–1914’, Irish Historical Studies 29, no. 114 (November 1994): 212–13. 48. Quoted in Irish Press, 6 April 1936, 10. 49. Quoted in Irish Press, 16 March 1936, 7. 50. Maud Gonne MacBride, letter to the editor, Irish Press, 4 October 1947, 10. 51. NAI, Dept of Foreign Affairs [DFA], P81, memo, December 1946. 52. NAI, DT S11582a, memo, May 1942. 53. General Annual Report on the British Army for the Year Ending 30th September 1936 (1937, Cmd. 5398), 63; available from http://parlipapers.chadwyck. co.uk; accessed 2 March 2011. 54. NAI, DT S1741, A.W. Cope, Vice Regal Lodge to the Provisional Government, 14 September 1922. 55. NAI, DT S1741, Maj. Gen. Cameron, General Officer Commanding Northern Ireland District to Under Secretary of State, War Office, 12 June 1925; DFA, 241/95, H. Batterbee, Dominions Office to J. Dulanty, Irish High Commissioner, 3 March 1937. 56. NAI, DT S1741, Finlay to O’Hegarty, 12 June 1925 57. NAI, DT S1741, extract from Morning Post, 4 June 1925. 58. NAI, DT S1741, D. O’Hegarty to T.A. Finlay, 19 June 1925. 59. NAI, Dept of Justice [D/JUS], 8/382, Garda Commissioner to all officers and stations, Order M.17, ‘Members of the Army, Navy or Police Forces of other Countries appearing in Uniform in the Saorstat’, 17 July 1925. 60. Collation of Garda reports in NAI, D/JUS 8/382 and 8/383. 61. NAI, D/JUS 8/383, Superintendent Meehan to Commissioner, 2 September 1937. 62. NAI, D/JUS 8/382, Garda Commissioner to Secretary, Dept of Justice, 10 November 1930. 63. NAI, D/JUS 8/382, Superintendent, Tralee to Commissioner, 11 August 1936 and 7 November 1936. 64. NAI, D/JUS 8/383, Superintendent McNeill to Chief Superintendent, Naas, 12 May 1937. 65. NAI, D/JUS 8/382, Chief Superintendent, Cork to Commissioner, 12 December 1936. 66. NAI, D/JUS 8/382, Chief Superintendent, Cork to Commissioner, 22 October 1928. 67. NAI, D/JUS 8/382, Chief Superintendent T. Clarke to Commissioner, 13 October 1936; D/JUS 8/383, Chief Superintendent Clarke to Commissioner, 24 December 1937. 68. Irish Times, 3 September 1932, 6; 16 August 1935, 4 and 31 December 1937, 4. 69. Irish Times, 18 December 1936, 11. 70. General Annual Report on the British Army for the Year Ending 30th September 1936 (1937, Cmd. 5398), 8; available from http://parlipapers.chadwyck. co.uk; accessed 7 February 2012. 224 Notes

71. NAI, D/JUS 8/383, Roche to Walshe, 30 November 1937. 72. NAI, DFA 241/95, J.P. Walshe to J. Dulanty, 23 October 1936. 73. NAI, DFA 241/95, Roche to Walshe, 14 October 1936. 74. NAI, DFA 241/95, External Affairs note, 24 October 1936. 75. The four counties were Cavan, Leitrim, Roscommon and Westmeath. 76. An Phoblacht, 21 March 1936, 1. 77. Wicklow People, 14 March 1936, 6. 78. Ibid. 79. Ibid. 80. UCDA, Fianna Fáil Party Papers, P176/444, Parliamentary Party Minute Book, 2 April 1936. 81. NAI, DFA 241/95, Garda Commissioner to Secretary, Dept of Justice, 14 April 1937 and 13 April 1938. 82. NAI, S6091A, Dáil question from William Norton TD, 8 March 1939 and ‘Note for the Minister’s Information’, undated, unsigned. 83. TNA, DO 35/1230, Pugh to Bradford, 8 October 1946. 84. NAI, DFA P81, G2 Branch memo, ‘Recruiting from Ireland (Twenty Six Counties) for the British Forces’, November 1945. 85. Fitzpatrick, ‘Militarism in Ireland’, 389; Steven O’Connor, Database of Irish Officers in British Forces, 1922–45. 86. W.E. Vaughan and A.J. Fitzpatrick (eds), Irish Historical Statistics: Population, 1821–1971 (Dublin: Royal Irish Academy, 1978), 4, 22–3; Irish Military Archives [IMA], VF 23.8, ‘List of Sluaighe including dates for formation’. 87. Fitzpatrick, ‘Militarism in Ireland’, 389. 88. Connacht Tribune, 4 April 1936, 5. 89. Munster Express, 27 March 1936, 3. 90. Irish Press, 8 April 1936, 6. 91. Wicklow People, 11 April 1936, 11. 92. Southern Star, 11 April 1936, 10. 93. Irish Press, 9 April 1936, 2. 94. Sligo Champion, 4 April 1936, 10. 95. Captain Michael Gilvary, letter to the editor, Wicklow People, 18 April 1936, 6. 96. Gilvary letter, Wicklow People, 18 April 1936, 6. 97. ‘Bored’, letter to the editor, Irish Times, 11 April 1936, 6. 98. Irish Times, 26 March 1936, 9. 99. Richard English, Radicals and the Republic: Socialist Republicanism in the Irish Free State 1925–1937 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994), 244; Richard Dunphy, The Making of Fianna Fail Power in Ireland (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), 189. 100. TNA, ADM 178/144, ‘Recruitment in Irish Free State’. 101. Irish Times, 28 March 1936, 9. 102. TNA, ADM 178/144, minute by Head of Naval Branch, 22 May 1936 and minute by Director of Naval Recruiting, 11 June 1936. 103. Quoted in Cork Examiner, 28 March 1936, 9. 104. Quoted in Cork Examiner, 27 March 1936, 11. 105. Quoted in Cork Examiner, 30 March 1936, 7. 106. Quoted in Cork Examiner, 27 March 1936, 11. 107. NAI, DT S6091A, untitled memorandum, Department of Justice, 4 November 1930. Notes 225

108. TNA, ADM 178/144, H.I. Allen, War Office to Lt-Col. C.H. Congdon, Admiralty, 16 May 1936; ADM 1/8705/186, Admiralty to Maj. W.A. Phillips, MI5, 20 October 1926. 109. An Phoblacht, 24 April 1936, 1. 110. Irish Press, 13 May 1937, 11. 111. Quoted in Irish Press, 13 May 1937, 11. 112. Fitzpatrick, ‘Militarism in Ireland’, 399. 113. Royal Irish Fusiliers Museum, Faugh-a-Ballagh: The Regimental Gazette of The Royal Irish Fusiliers 33, no. 149 (January, 1939): 50. 114. UCC, VPSA, Pte J. Harte. 115. UCC, VPSA, Pte M. Connell. 116. Irish Press, 10 November 1936, 8. 117. Quoted in Irish Press, 25 February 1937, 1. 118. Mary Kenny, Crown and Shamrock: Love and Hate between Ireland and the British Monarchy (Dublin: New Island, 2009), 220. 119. Irish Independent, 30 October 1937, 11; Irish Press, 1 November 1937, 1. 120. Irish Independent, 2 February 1938, 9 and 8 October 1938, 9; Irish Press, 10 September 1938, 7 and 15 February 1939, 1. 121. National Library of Ireland [NAI], MS 18361(3), Frank Gallagher Papers, undated. 122. Anon., ‘Current affairs’, The Leader: A Review of Current Affairs, Politics, Literature, Art and Industry 78, no. 6 (15 April 1939): 128–9. 123. See UCDA, Prof. M. Tierney Papers, LA 30/351 (3), undated memo and LA 30/353, manuscript article, ‘Partition and a Policy of National Unity’, 1935. 124. Michael Tierney, ‘Ireland in the European chaos’ in Ireland Today 2, no. 4 (April 1937): 13. 125. Ibid., 13–14. 126. Conor Cruise O’Brien, Memoir: My Life and Themes (Dublin: Poolbeg Press, 1999), 91. 127. F. Funnell to the editor, Ireland Today 2, no. 4 (April 1937): 72–3. 128. UCC, VPSA, Fl. Lt M. Quayle. 129. UCC, VPSA, P.W. Quinn. 130. Richard Doherty, Irish Men and women in the Second World War (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 1999), 38. 131. Cathal O’Shannon to the editor, Irish Times, 12 December 2001. 132. TNA, Dominions Office [DO] 35/528/13, Sir Herbert Creedy, Note on meeting with Col. Charles Russell, 8 September 1939. 133. TNA, DO 35/528/13, Sir Edward Harding to Creedy, 15 September 1939. 134. J.J. Lee, Ireland 1912–1985: Politics and Society (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 265. 135. NAI, Dept of Justice, Papers of the Office of the Controller of Censorship [D/JUS OCC], no. 24, Drogheda Independent, editor to Chief Press Censor, 7 June 1943. 136. See the Emergency Powers Act, 1939. 137. IMA, Dept of Defence [DOD], 3/42672, Col. G. Hodnett, Deputy Judge Advocate General, to Adjutant General, 8 December 1941. 138. NAI, DT S6091A, Memo, ‘Assistance being afforded to Irish citizens to enlist in the British Army’ by Minister for Defence, 6 May 1941. 226 Notes

139. NAI, DFA P81, G2 Branch, ‘Memo on Recruiting for the British Forces’, 14 October 1943. 140. NAI, DT S6091A, ‘Report re Major Tynan, 97 St. Stephen’s Green’ by Private R. O’Callaghan, 5 March 1941. 141. NAI, DT S6091A, memo, ‘Assistance being afforded to Irish citizens to enlist in the British Army’ by Minister for Defence, 5 September 1941. 142. NAI, DT S6091A, Cabinet Committee on Emergency Problems, Extract from Minutes of Meeting held on 19 January 1942. 143. NAI, DFA P81, G2 Branch, ‘Memo on Recruiting for the British Forces’, 14 October 1943. 144. Irish Independent, 19 October 1945, 3. The author possesses the official list of deserters who were discharged in 1945, but in spite of extensive research none have been identified as obtaining commissions in the British forces, and it seems likely that most, if they did enlist, served in the other ranks. 145. NAI, DT S6091A, memo, ‘Assistance being afforded to Irish citizens to enlist in the British Army’ by Minister for Defence, 5 September 1941. 146. See NAI, D/JUS 8/383. 147. Terry de Valera, A Memoir (Blackrock: Currach Press, 2004), 191. 148. UCC, VPSA, M. Lynch and B. Bolingbroke; S. O’Connor interview with Capt. D.J. Mooney, 22 January 2010; Girvin, The Emergency, 277–8. 149. IMA, Office of the Controller of Censorship [OCC], 2/13, Coyne to Curran, 8 October 1943. 150. NAI, D/JUS OCC 1/110, note, 16 February 1942. 151. NAI, D/JUS OCC 1/201, Irish Jesuit Publications. 152. Liddell Hart Centre, Harold Maguire to family, 27 September 1945. 153. UCC, VPSA, Wt. Officer J.J. Drumm. 154. NAI, DFA P81, Newspaper cuttings, Belfast Newsletter, 24 August 1943 and Daily Telegraph, 24 September 1943. 155. NAI, DFA P81, G2 Branch memo, ‘Extent of Recruiting for British Forces’, January 1944. 156. NAI, DFA P81, minute by F.H. Boland, 3 December 1945. 157. NAI, DFA P81, memo, December 1946; Girvin, The Emergency, 264, 274–5. 158. NAI, DFA P81, G2 Branch memo, ‘Recruiting from Ireland (Twenty Six Counties) for the British Forces’, November 1945. 159. See de Valera’s speech in reply to Churchill’s victory broadcast, Irish Press, 17 May 1945, 1, 3. 160. Irish Press, 17 May 1945, 3. 161. TNA, DO 35/1229, memo by Sir John Maffey, 21 May 1945. 162. UCC, VPSA, Fl. Lt M. Quayle. For a similar reaction from an Irish Protestant officer see Brian Inglis, West Briton (London: Faber & Faber, 1962), 67–8. 163. In September 1945 Mary Morris’s brother returned to Ireland wearing his US army uniform: Imperial War Museum, Sister M. Morris, QAIMNS, MSS 80/38/1, ‘The Diary of a Wartime Nurse’, 245, 306. 164. See Bernard Kelly, Returning Home: Irish Ex-Servicemen after the Second World War (Dublin: Merrion, 2012), 55–60. 165. UCC, VPSA, Capt. D. Baynham. 166. UCC, VPSA, Lt Cdr C. Glanton. 167. Irish Jesuit Archive, Laurence Kearns, ‘Pretty Bad Times’, Interfuse: The Journal of the Irish Province of the Society of Jesus, no. 41 (1986): 26. Notes 227

168. UCC, VPSA, Maj. J.F. Hickie. 169. UCC, VPSA, Lt Cdr K. Gibney. 170. UCC, VPSA, Columbanus Deegan, OFM. 171. Leonard, ‘The twinge of memory’, 102, 107; UCC, VPSA, Capt. J. Jermyn. 172. UCC, VPSA, Maj. J.F. Hickie. 173. Irish Press, 17 May 1945, 1. 174. Enda Delaney, Demography, State and Society: Irish Migration to Britain, 1921– 1971 (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2000), 162; Robert McNamara, ‘Blueprints from Britain: Irish responses to post-war plans’, in Ireland in World War Two: Neutrality and Survival, ed. Dermot Keogh and Mervyn O’Driscoll (Cork: Mercier Press, 2004), 250, 257. 175. Peter Mulvaney letter to the editor, Irish Times, 28 June 2011, 15. 176. Announcement in the Dáil by minister for defence, Alan Shatter TD, 12 June 2012; available from http://www.defence.ie/WebSite.nsf/Speech+ID/ 5B10F5F99D5DE0D880257A 1B00 545 839?OpenDocument; accessed 10 September 2013. 177. Closing statement by minister for defence, Alan Shatter TD, on the Defence Forces (Second World War Amnesty and Immunity) Bill 2012, report stage, Dáil Eireann, 7 May 2013; available from http://www.defence.ie/WebSite.nsf/ Speech+ID/A511C5D157D82AE98 0257B 64005EBB37?OpenDocument; accessed 10 September 2013. 178. Michael Kennedy, ‘Wrong to assume all Irish deserters were Allied veter- ans’, Irish Times, 15 February 2012, 14. 179. Cmdt J. Fallon, letter to the editor, Irish Times, 27 January 2012, 17; Tommy Graham, letter to the editor, Irish Times, 27 January 2012, 17; Col. Donal O’Carroll, letter to the editor, Irish Times, 4 February 2012, 15. 180. Alan Shatter TD in the Dáil, 12 June 2012. 181. UCDA, Frank Aiken Papers, P104/3433, memo by J.P. Walshe, 16 September 1939. 182. Tracey Connolly, ‘Irish workers in Britain during World War Two’, in Ireland and the Second World War: Politics, Society and Remembrance, ed. Brian Girvin and Geoffrey Roberts (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2000), 121, 129–30.

Conclusion

1. Quoted in Ian F.W. Beckett, ‘War, identity and memory in Ireland’, Irish Economic and Social History, xxxvi (2009), 64. 2. Jeremy A. Crang, The British Army and the People’s War, 1939–1945 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000); Timothy Harrison Place, Military Training in the British Army, 1940–1944: From Dunkirk to D-Day (London: Frank Cass, 2000); David French, Raising Churchill’s Army: The British Army and the War against Germany, 1919–1945 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001). 3. Niall Barr, Pendulum of War: The Three Battles of El Alamein (London: Pimlico, 2005), 46. At the final battle of El Alamein roughly 50 per cent of Montgomery’s forces were not British but Indian, Australian, New Zealand, South African, Free French, Polish and Greek. 4. Martin Conway and José Gotovitch (eds), Europe in Exile: European Exile Communities in Britain 1940–1945 (New York: Berghahn Books, 2001). See also 228 Notes

Matthew Bennett and Paul Latawski (eds), Exile Armies (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004). 5. David French, Military Identities: The Regimental System, the British Army, and the British People, c.1870–2000 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), 76–98. 6. Richard Doherty, Clear the Way! A History of the 38th (Irish) Infantry Brigade, 1941–1947 (Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 1993), 57. 7. Adam Zamoyski, The Forgotten Few: The Polish Air Force in the Second World War (London: J. Murray, 1995), 44–60. 8. See Alan Brown, Airmen in Exile: The Allied Air Forces in the Second World War (Stroud: Sutton, 2000); Paul Latawski, ‘Polish exile armies, 1939–45: man- power and military effectiveness’, in Exile Armies, ed. Matthew Bennett and Paul Latawski (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), 31–41 and Anthony Clayton, ‘French exile armies, 1940–44’, in ibid., 18–30. 9. Tom Johnstone, Orange, Green and Khaki: The Story of the Irish Regiments in the Great War, 1914–18 (Dublin: Gill & Macmillan, 1992); Myles Dungan, Distant Drums: Irish Soldiers in Foreign Armies (Belfast: Appletree, 1993). 10. David Fitzpatrick, ‘Militarism in Ireland, 1900–1922’ in A Military History of Ireland, ed. Thomas Bartlett and Keith Jeffery (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 381, 499f; Keith Jeffery, ‘The Irish military tradition and the British Empire’, in ‘An Irish Empire’? Aspects of Ireland and the British Empire, ed. Keith Jeffery (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1996), 108; Peter Martin, ‘Dulce et Decorum: Irish nobles and the Great War, 1914–19’, in Ireland and the Great War: ‘A war to unite us all’? ed. Adrian Gregory and Senia Paseta (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2002), 28–9. 11. C.B. Otley, ‘Militarism and militarization in the public schools, 1900–1972’, British Journal of Sociology 29, no. 3 (September, 1978): 321–39; Tony Mansell, ‘Flying start: educational and social factors in the recruitment of pilots of the Royal Air Force in the interwar years’, History of Education 26, no. 1 (1997): 71–90; Christopher M. Bell, ‘The King’s English and the security of the empire: class, social mobilisation and democratisation in the British naval officer corps, 1918–1939’, Journal of British Studies 48, no. 3 (July 2009): 695–716. 12. Otley, ‘Militarism and militarization’, 322. 13. Belvederian, 1945, 3. 14. Nelson D. Lankford, ‘The Victorian medical profession and military practice: army doctors and national origins’, Bulletin of the History of Medicine 54, no. 4 (Winter 1980): 511–28; Greta Jones, ‘“Strike out boldly for the prizes that are available to you”: medical emigration from Ireland 1860–1905’, Medical History 54, no. 1 (January 2010): 55–74. 15. The National Archives, UK, War Office 106/5900, Maj. Gen. G. Bucknall, Headquarters Northern Ireland District to Lt Gen. F. Simpson, War Office, 1 July 1946. 16. Indeed Lowry has found that the maintenance of an undefined dominion status was central to de Valera’s diplomacy and that it is likely, had he stayed in power in the late 1940s, that he would have accepted, like India, ‘the status of a republic within the Commonwealth’. See Donal Lowry, ‘The captive dominion: imperial realities behind Irish diplomacy, 1922–45’, Irish Historical Studies 36, no. 142 (November 2008): 223–4. Bibliography

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Periodicals

The Bell Belvederian British Legion Annual British Medical Journal Capuchin Annual Castleknock College Chronicle Clongownian Columban Annual Ireland Today Irish Ecclesiastical Record Irish Journal of Medical Science Journal of the Irish Free State Medical Union The Leader: A Review of Current Affairs, Politics, Literature, Art and Industry St. Andrew’s College Annual Stella Maris Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review Bibliography 235

Internet sources

1901/1911 Census of Ireland: http://www.census.nationalarchives.ie Commonwealth War Graves Commission Database: http://www.cwgc.org Dictionary of Irish Biography: http://dib.cambridge.org.eproxy.ucd.ie Dictionary of National Biography: http://www.oxforddnb.com.eproxy.ucd.ie Flight Global: http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/index.html House of Common Parliamentary Papers: http://parlipapers.chadwyck.co.uk.eproxy. ucd.ie/home.do Irish Newspaper Archives: http://www.irishnewsarchive.com Irish Times (1859–2010): http://search.proquest.com.eproxy.ucd.ie/hnpirishtimes/ index Seanad Debates: http://historical-debates.oireachtas.ie London Gazette: http://www.london-gazette.co.uk

Theses

Brennan, Michael. ‘This is it chaps: the story of Brendan Finucane’. BA in Journalism thesis, Dublin City University, 2002. Madigan, Edward. ‘Anglican army chaplains on the Western Front, 1914–1918’. PhD thesis, Trinity College Dublin, 2006. Martin, Peter. ‘Irish peers 1909–24: The decline of an aristocratic class’. MA thesis, University College Dublin, 1998. McEwen Doherty, Yvonne. ‘Irish volunteers and volunteer deaths in Irish regi- ments, 1939–1945’. MSc thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2003. O’Connor, Steven. ‘“We want the men; Ireland wants a vent for its superabun- dant population”: the causes, course and consequences of the British govern- ment’s decision to legalise the recruitment of Irish Catholics into the British army, c.1757–1815’. MA thesis, University College Dublin, 2007. Robinson, A.C. ‘The role of British army chaplains during World War Two’. PhD thesis, University of Liverpool, 1999.

Books and articles

Addison, Paul and Calder, Angus (eds). Time to Kill: The Soldier’s Experience of War in the West, 1939–1945. London: Pimlico, 1997. Anonymous. College of St. Columba’s – Roll of Honour 1914–1918. Dublin: St Columba’s College, 1920. Anonymous. Eton and the First World War. Windsor: Eton College, 1992. Augusteijn, Joost. Ireland in the 1930s. Dublin: Four Courts Press, 1999. Babington, Anthony. The Devil to Pay: The Mutiny of the Connaught Rangers, India, July, 1920. London: Leo Cooper, 1991. Bardon, Jonathan. The 1608 Royal Schools Celebrate 400 Years of History, 1608–2008. Belfast: 1608 Royal Schools, 2007. Barr, Niall. Pendulum of War: The Three Battles of El Alamein. London: Pimlico, 2005. Barrington, Ruth. Health, Medicine and Politics in Ireland, 1900–1970. Dublin: Institute of Public Administration, 1987. 236 Bibliography

Bartlett, Thomas and Jeffery, Keith (eds). A Military History of Ireland. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. Barton, Brian. Northern Ireland in the Second World War. Belfast: Ulster Historical Foundation, 1995. Beckett, Ian F.W. and Simpson, Keith. A Nation in Arms: A Social Study of the British Army in the First World War. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1985. Beckett, Ian F.W. ‘War, identity and memory in Ireland’. Irish Economic and Social History, xxxvi (2009): 68–84. Bell, Christopher M. ‘The King’s English and the security of the empire: Class, social mobilisation and democratisation in the British naval officer corps, 1918–1939’. Journal of British Studies 48, no. 3 (July 2009): 695–716. Bennett, Matthew and Latawski, Paul. Exile Armies. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004. Bielenberg, Andy (ed.). The Irish Diaspora. Harlow: Longman, 2000. Blake, John W. Northern Ireland in the Second World War. Belfast: HMSO, 1956. Bond, Brian. British Military Policy between the Two World Wars. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980. Bourke, Angela et al. (eds). The Field Day Anthology of Irish Writing. Volume V. Cork: Cork University Press, 2002. Bowman, Timothy. The Irish Regiments in the Great War: Discipline and Morale. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2003. Bowyer, Chaz. Eugene Esmonde VC, DSO. London: Kimber, 1983. Brown, Alan. Airmen in Exile: The Allied Air Forces in the Second World War. Stroud: Sutton, 2000. Callan, Patrick. ‘Recruiting for the British army in Ireland during the First World War’. Irish Sword 17 (1987): 42–56. Canning, Paul. British Policy towards Ireland, 1921–1941. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1985. Carles, Lt Col. Pierre. ‘Troupes irlandaises au service de la France 1635–1815’. Études irlandaises (December, 1983): 193–212. Chandler, David and Beckett, Ian (eds). The Oxford Illustrated History of the British Army. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994. Clavin, Patricia. ‘Defining transnationalism’. Contemporary European History 14, no. 4 (November 2005): 421–39. Coldrey, Barry. Faith and Fatherland: The Christian Brothers and the Development of Irish Nationalism, 1838–1921. Dublin: Gill & Macmillan, 1988. Cole, Richard L. Wesley College Dublin: An Historical Summary, 1845–1962. Dublin: APCK, 1963. Colley, Linda. Britons: Forging the Nation, 1707–1837. E-book edition, 2003. Conroy, Jane (ed.). Franco-Irish Connections: Essays, Memoirs and Poems in Honour of Pierre Joannon. Dublin: Fours Courts Press, 2009. Conway, Martin and Gotovitch, José (eds). Europe in Exile: European Exile Communities in Britain 1940–1945. New York: Berghahn Books, 2001. Cook, Scott B. ‘The Irish Raj: Social origins and careers of Irishmen in the ICS, 1855–1919’. Journal of Social History, 20 (Spring 1987): 510–20. Cottrell, Peter. The Irish Civil War 1922–23. Oxford: Osprey, 2008. Crang, Jeremy A. The British Army and the People’s War, 1939–1945. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000. D’Arcy, Fergus A. Remembering the War Dead. Dublin: The Stationery Office, 2007. Bibliography 237

Daly, Mary E. (ed.). County and Town: One Hundred Years of Local Government in Ireland. Dublin: Institute of Public Administration, 2001. Delaney, Enda. Demography, State and Society: Irish Migration to Britain, 1921–1971. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2000. Dempsey, Martin (ed.). The Priest among the Soldiers. London: Burns & Oates, 1946. Denman, Terence. Ireland’s Unknown Soldiers: The 16th (Irish) Division in the Great War. Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 1992. Denman, Terence. ‘“The red livery of shame”: The campaign against army recruit- ment in Ireland, 1899–1914’. Irish Historical Studies 29, no. 114 (November 1994): 208–33. Doherty, Richard. Clear the Way! A History of the 38th (Irish) Infantry Brigade, 1941–1947. Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 1993. Doherty, Richard. Irish Men and Women in the Second World War. Dublin: Four Courts Press, 1999. Doherty, Richard. Ireland’s Generals in the Second World War. Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2004. Dooley, Thomas P. Irishmen or English Soldiers? The Times and World of a Southern Catholic Irish Man (1876–1916) Enlisting in the British Army during the First World War. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1995. Douglas, W.A.B., Sarty, R. and Whitby, M. No Higher Purpose: The Official Operational History of the Royal Canadian Navy in the Second World War, 1939–1943, Volume II, Part 1. St Catharine’s: Vanwell Publishing, 2002. Duggan, John. A History of the Irish Army. Dublin: Gill & Macmillan, 1991. Dungan, Myles. Distant Drums: Irish Soldiers in Foreign Armies. Belfast: Appletree, 1993. Dunphy, Richard. The Making of Fianna Fáil Power in Ireland. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995. Durney, James. Far from the Short Grass: The Story of Kildare Men in Two World Wars. Naas, 1999. English, Richard. Radicals and the Republic: Socialist Republicanism in the Irish Free State 1925–1937. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994. English, R. and Walker, G. (eds). Unionism in Modern Ireland. London: Macmillan, 1996. Fanning, Ronan. Independent Ireland. Dublin: Helicon, 1983. Ferriter, Diarmaid. The Transformation of Ireland, 1900–2000. London: Profile, 2004. Fisk, Robert. In Time of War: Ireland, Ulster and the Price of Neutrality 1939–45. Dublin: Gill & Macmillan, 1996. Fitzpatrick, David (ed.). Ireland and the First World War. Dublin: Lilliput Press, 1988. Fitzpatrick, David. ‘The logic of collective sacrifice: Ireland and the British army, 1914–1918’. The Historical Journal 38 (1995): 1017–30. Fitzpatrick, David. ‘“Unofficial emissaries”: British army boxers in the Irish Free State, 1926’. Irish Historical Studies 30, No. 118 (November 1996): 206–32. Fitzpatrick, David. Politics and Irish Life, 1913–1921: Provincial Experience of War and Revolution. Cork: Cork University Press, 1998. Fitzpatrick, Georgina. St. Andrew’s College 1894–1994. Dublin: St Andrew’s College, 1994. 238 Bibliography

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Jackson, Alvin. Ireland 1798–1998: Politics and War. Oxford: Blackwell, 1999. Jeffery, Keith (ed.). An Irish Empire’? Aspects of Ireland and the British Empire. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1996. Jeffery, Keith. Ireland and the Great War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. Jeffery, Keith. Field Marshal Sir Henry Wilson: A Political Soldier. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006. Jenkins, Jeremy. ‘“This a private shindy or can any bloke join in?”: Why neutral Irish volunteered for service in the British forces during the Second World War’. Irish Sword 28, no. 114 (2012): 419–53. Jocelyn, Robert. Major D.M. (John) Kennedy, M.C.: A Tribute. Galway, no date. Johnstone, Tom. Orange, Green and Khaki: The Story of the Irish Regiments in the Great War, 1914–18. Dublin: Gill & Macmillan, 1992. Johnstone, Tom and Hagerty, James. The Cross on the Sword: Catholic Chaplains in the Forces. London: Geoffrey Chapman, 1996. Jones, Greta. ‘“Strike out boldly for the prizes that are available to you”: Medical emigration from Ireland 1860–1905’. Medical History 54, no. 1 (January 2010): 55–74. Karsten, Peter. ‘Irish soldiers in the British army, 1792–1922: suborned or subordi- nate?’. Journal of Social History 17, no. 1 (Autumn 1983): 31–64. Keane, Vincent. ‘Westport Sluagh na Fianna Éireann’. Cathair na Mart 25 (2006–7): 37–47. Kelly, Bernard. Returning Home: Irish Ex-Servicemen after the Second World War. Dublin: Merrion, 2012. Kenny, Mary. Crown and Shamrock: Love and Hate between Ireland and the British Monarchy. Dublin: New Island, 2009. Keogh, Dermot. Twentieth-Century Ireland: Nation and State. Dublin: Gill & Macmillan, 1994. Keogh, Dermot and O’Driscoll, Mervyn (eds). Ireland in World War Two: Neutrality and Survival. Cork: Mercier Press, 2004. Kirby, H.L. and Walsh, R.R. The Seven V.C.s of Stoneyhurst College. Blackburn: THCL Books, 1987. Lankford, Nelson D. ‘The Victorian medical profession and military practice: Army doctors and national origins’, Bulletin of the History of Medicine 54, no. 4 (Winter 1980): 511–28. Lee, J.J. Ireland 1912–1985: Politics and Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989. Lewis, Gifford. Edith Somerville: A Biography. Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2005. Lowry, Donal. ‘The captive dominion: Imperial realities behind Irish diplomacy, 1922–49’. Irish Historical Studies 36, no. 142 (November 2008): 202–26. Lyons, J.B. Brief Lives of Irish Doctors. Dublin: Blackwater, 1978. MacArdle, Dorothy. The Irish Republic. London: V. Gollancz, 1937. MacGinty, Tom. The Irish Navy: A Story of Courage and Tenacity. Tralee: Kerryman Ltd, 1995. Mansell, Tony. ‘Flying start: Educational and social factors in the recruitment of pilots of the Royal Air Force in the interwar years’. History of Education 26, no. 1 (1997): 71–90. McDowell, R.B. ‘Ireland in the Eighteenth Century British Empire’. In Historical Studies 9 edited by J.G. Barry. Belfast: Blackstaff, 1974, 49–64. 240 Bibliography

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Abyssinia, 145, 171–2 Boer War, 30, 48, 59, 66, 76–7, 88–9, Aiken, Frank, 41, 94, 123–4 118, 129, 155 Alexandra College, 81 Boland, Frederick H., 177 America, United States of, 4, 19, 75, Boyle, Marshal of the RAF Dermot, 100, 111, 126, 133, 171, 178–9 18, 65 Ampleforth, 48, 62, 64, 198 Boys’ Brigade, 8 Andrews, C.S., 73 Boy Scouts, 53, 69, 158 Andrews, John, 118–19 Bredin, Major General H.F.N., 120 Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921, 11, 76, 90, Brennan, Michael, 121 109, 152, 188 British army Anglo-Irish War, see Irish War of Brigades: 38th (Irish), 36–7, 116–21, Independence 138, 173, 184, 190 Anti-Imperial League, 152–3 Catholic chaplains, 36–7, 80, 113, Antrim, County, 53, 113, 122, 169 137–40 Armagh, County, 169 censorship reports on Irish service Armistice Day, 51–2, 60, 63, 66–7, 70, mail, 114–16 145, 147–50, 152–3, 179–80, 188 church parades, 138 Arnold, Matthew, 61 committee on morale, 115 Athlone, see garrison towns Curragh Mutiny, 129 Australia, 19, 23–5, 39–40, 106, 126, Divisions: 36th (Ulster), 9, 120; 128, 142 16th (Irish), 10, 48, 119–20; 7th Armoured, 47 Ball, Air Vice Marshal Benjamin, 19–20 difficulty of recruiting for infantry, Barr, Niall, 183 18, 34 Barry, Kevin, 74, 120 dominion forces serving with, 40, Barry, Major Richard Garrett George, 128–9, 184–5 99–100 European exiles in, 184–5 Barry, Tom, 152, 169 General Annual Report on, 38, 154, Bartlett, Thomas, xi, 5 159 Baynham, Captain David, 142, 179 Irish recruitment to, 22, 35–7, 111, Beauchamp, Monsignor Henry, 135, 117–18, 154, 156, 168 140 number of Irish officers in, 39 Belfast, 10, 38, 53, 60, 121–2, 125, officer shortage, 16, 18, 95–6 141, 151, 177 Regiments/corps: Army Service Belvedere College, 10, 17, 68, 72–3, Corps, 51, 118; Auxiliary 77, 80–2, 93, 95, 137, 186, 192 Territorial Service (ATS), 39; Bentinck, Admiral R.W., 145 Connaught Rangers, 6, 17, 75, Bermingham, Major Patrick, 100–1 109; East Lancashire Regiment, Beveridge, Major General Arthur, 77 36; Essex Regiment, 152; Birmingham, Fr Alan, 37, 124, 139 Grenadier Guards, 173; Irish Blackrock College, 10, 72, 76, 81, 88 Guards, 17, 36, 109, 120, 123, Blake, John, 119 132, 134, 138, 158–9; King’s Blueshirts, 148, 172 African Rifles, 43, 77; King’s

242 Index 243

Royal Rifle Corps, 46; Leinster Royal Naval College, Dartmouth, Regiment, 51, 173; London 16, 24 Irish Rifles, 117, 203; North Quetta Cadet College, 23 Irish Horse, 115, 203; Queen Campbell College, 9, 61–2, 206 Alexandra’s Imperial Military Canada, 23–5, 39–40, 64, 75, 106, 126–8 Nursing Service (QAIMNS), 39, Carlow, County, 161 102, 105, 121; Rifle Brigade, 35, Castleknock College, 10, 47, 49, 68, 46; Royal Army Medical Corps, 72, 74–5, 80–2, 86, 95, 186, 192 77–8, 85–9, 93–4, 96–100; Royal Catholic Relief Act of 1793, 5–6 Artillery, 23, 44, 47, 66, 118, Catholicism in the British forces, 34, 128, 191; Royal Dublin Fusiliers, 80, 112–13, 131–41 9; Royal Engineers, 118, 191; Cavan, County, 48, 63, 163, 175 Royal Fusiliers, 36, 48; Royal Chamberlain, Third Officer Elizabeth Inniskilling Fusiliers, 26, 43, 57, (see Dobbs) 115, 117–18, 150, 156; Royal Chartres, Colonel R.B., 22 Irish Fusiliers, 6, 22, 26, 36–8, 51, Cheltenham College, 59, 206 111, 117–18, 120, 169, 216; Royal Christian Brothers, 73, 112 Irish Regiment, 6, 150; Royal Christian Brothers’ College, Cork, 10 Irish Rifles, 149; Royal Munster Churchill, Winston, 77, 81, 90, 111, Fusiliers, 51; Royal Ulster Rifles, 117–18, 132–3, 178 111, 138, 149, 170, 203; Royal Clare, County, 47, 136, 148, 160–1, 222 Scots Fusiliers, 158; The Buffs Clifford, Leading Aircraftman W., 140 (Royal East Kent Regiment), 46; Clifton College, 59, 206 Worcestershire Regiment, 62 Clinch, Captain Andrew, 77 recruiting procedures for southern Clongowes Wood College, 10, 17, 52, Irish applicants, 109–10 57, 67–8, 72–7, 81–2, 88, 90, 95, recruitment from other dominions 97, 186, 192 to, 23, 39, 126–8 Clonmel, see garrison towns British Commonwealth Air Training Cole, David, 57, 207 Plan, 40 Collins, Michael, 156, 173 British Legion, 70, 89, 129, 147–50, Commonwealth War Graves 152–3, 175, 187, 190, 195 Commission, 146, 190 Bruen, William, 17 Condon, William, 37 Brugha, Cathal, 74 Connell, Private Michael, 169 Bucknall, Major General Gerard, 187 Cork, County, 8, 17, 21–2, 34, 45–6, Burke-Gaffney, Colonel Jack, 137–8 49–50, 91, 95, 97–9, 126, 148, Butler, Lieutenant General William, 150, 158, 161, 163, 164–8, 180, 75–6 182, 191, 195 Byrne, Colonel J.V.M., 80 Cork Grammar School, 9, 61 Cosgrave, William, 144, 210 Cadet Colleges Costello, John A., 188 RAF College Cranwell, 16, 49, 65, 77 Cottrell, Peter, 17 RMA Woolwich, 15–6, 23, 28, 44–5, Coyne, Thomas, 176 48–9, 56, 59, 62, 65, 191, 194 Crang, Jeremy A., 183 RMC Duntroon, 23, 128 Crapp, Pilot Officer Errol, 128 RMC Kingston, 23, 39 Crean, Fr Cyril, 140 RMC Sandhurst, 15–6, 23, 26, 44–5, Crimean War, 46, 48, 87, 129 48–9, 56, 59, 62, 65, 128, 191, Cronin, Fr Fergus, 113 203, 205 Cumann na nGaedheal, see Fine Gael 244 Index

Dáil Eireann, 1, 146–7, 162, 170, 181, Economic War, 11, 19, 21–2, 96, 145, 198 153–5 Dawson, Christopher, 133 Edwards, Hughie, 25 de Valera, Éamon, Emigration, Commission on, 19 and recruitment to the British Empire Air Training Scheme, 40 forces, 22, 144, 153, 159 Ervine-Andrews, Lieutenant Colonel and the dismantling of the Harold Marcus, 36–7, 63 Anglo-Irish Treaty, 11, 110–11, Esmonde, Captain John Witham, 34 153, 167 Esmonde, Grattan, 147 officers’ criticism of, 116 Esmonde, Lieutenant Commander officers’ support for, 1, 113–14, 142, Eugene, 34, 78, 133 178, 182 Eton College, 18, 59–60, 64, 66 replies to Churchill’s victory broadcast, 178, 180 Famine, The, 6–7, 84, 112 republican pressure on, 148, 155, 170 Farrell, Flight Lieutenant P.J., 135 the foreign policy of, 145, 188, 228 Fay, Major Desmond, 36, 120 de Valera, Terry, 175 Ferriter, Diarmaid, 12 Deegan, Sean (Columbanus), 52–3, Fianna Fáil, 12, 148, 153–5, 159–60, 112, 180 162, 164, 168, 170, 182, 187, 210 Delaney, Enda, 12 Fine Gael, 74, 145–6, 153, 164–5, 171, Deere, Air Commodore Alan, 25, 127 210 Devlin, Paddy, 114 Finnerty, Major John, 147, 150 Devoto, Flying Officer David, 77–8 Finucane, Thomas, 20, 52, 172–3 Dobbs (née Chamberlain), Third Finucane, Wing Commander Brendan Officer Elizabeth, 31, 33 (Paddy), 20–1, 52, 121, 173 Doherty, Richard, xi, 13, 189, 199 First World War Donovan, Captain Rickard, 32 and the family military tradition, Donegal, County, 22, 150, 157, 50–5, 169 160–1, 195 and the school military tradition, Doman-Smith, Major General Eric, 48 59–68, 73–5, 77 Down, County, 121 Catholic military chaplains in, Downey, Mark, 112 134–5 Downside School, 48, 62–3, 198 commemorations, 129, 145–50, Doyle, Corporal Arthur, 136 152–3, 179–80 Doyle, Company Sergeant Major Irish medical officers in, 88–90 Martin, 17 Irish recruitment during, 8–10, 164 Doyle, Surgeon Lieutenant Hugh officers database, 193–4 Aiden Daly, 100, 103 Fitzgerald, William, 22 Drogheda Independent, 123, 174 Fitzpatrick, David, 8–9, 30, 164, 207 Drumm, Warrant Officer John Joseph Fitzpatrick, Georgina, 192 (Sean), 53, 152, 176–7, 181 Flaherty, Dr Ken, 92–3, 106 Dublin, recruitment from, 8–10, 17, Flynn, Flight Lieutenant Bill, 136 22, 28, 34, 51–2, 83, 95, 98, 100, Freeman, Dr E.T., 93–4 112, 120–1, 147, 150, 159, 161, French, David, 34, 183–4 164, 168–70, 182 Dungan, Myles, 13 Gallipoli, 48, 50 Galway, County, 95, 105, 114, 150, East India Company, 4, 6–8 161, 163–4 Easter Rising, 1, 8, 52–3, 73–4, 129, Garda Síochána, 21–2, 109–10, 144, 169, 173 157–62, 175, 187–8 Index 245 garrison towns Indian army, 7–8, 23, 44, 47, 49, Athlone, 50, 148, 163 51–2, 63, 77, 99, 191 Clonmel, 10, 22, 148, 150, 163 Indian Civil Service, 8 Tullamore, 152 Indian Medical Service, 76, 85–6, 89, Garvin, Tom, 11 93–4 George V, 52 Inglis, Squadron Leader Brian, 31, 57, George VI, 70, 169 70, 113, 189 Girvin, Brian, 13, 178 Ireland Today, 171–2 Gibney, Lieutenant Commander Irish army Kevin, 20, 179 air corps, 21, 53, 126, 129, 152, Gill, Lieutenant Colonel James G., 77 173, 177 Glanton, Lieutenant Commander British ex-servicemen serving in, Cornelius, 21, 50, 113, 179 11, 17 Godley, General Alexander, 62 deserters, 1, 109, 174–5, 176–8, Gorman, Captain John, 134 180–1 Gough, General Hubert, 116 ex-soldiers joining British army, Griffin, Cardinal Bernard, 140 147, 151–2 Griffith, Arthur, 155 G2, 34, 174, 177–8 Grundlingh, Albert, 128 medical service, 94 Guinane, Fr Gerard, 138 strength of, 144 volunteer force, 94, 163 Haileybury College, 59 Irish Catholic, The, 141 Hamilton, Patrick, 37 Irish Catholic Directory, The, 62 Hamilton, Fr P. Pollock, 135–6 Irish Free State Medical Union, 92–5, Harrison, Colonel A.J., 77 105 Harrow College, 59 Irish government Hart, Peter, 11 and British–Irish military Harte, Corporal John (Jack), 120–1, co-operation, 187–8 169 and ex-servicemen, 145–6, 180 Hartigan, Lieutenant General James, and neutrality, 145, 173–4 89 and recruitment to the British Headmasters’ Conference (HMC), forces, 150–2, 153–4, 156, 162, 57–8 174–8 Heffernan, Major Patrick, 76, 88–9 and the wearing of British Herrick, Captain Terence, 24 uniforms, 156–60, 175–6, 178–9 Hickie, Major James F., 30, 36, 47–8, censorship policy, 145, 173–4, 176, 64, 179 182 Hickie, Major General W.B., 48, 119 Irish Independent, 12, 153–4, 170, 173 Hinsley, Cardinal Arthur, 34, 132–3, Irish National Volunteers, 8, 73, 120 135 Irish officers Hitler, Adolf, 32, 69, 71–2, 99, 122, and neutrality, 51, 113–14, 116, 132–3, 172, 177, 202 130, 142–3, 178–9 Hodnett, Colonel George, 17, 174 and relations with volunteers from Howard, Michael, 183 Northern Ireland, 120–3, 130 and the mercenary motive, 129–30 Imperial War Graves Commission, and the ‘Paddy’ nickname, 121–2, see Commonwealth War Graves 128 Commission in postwar Ireland, 178–80 India, 26, 34, 50, 75, 102, 109, 128, social and religious distribution of, 139, 147 17, 28–31 246 Index

Irish Press, The, 22, 94, 155, 170 League of Nations, 72 Irish Republican Army (IRA) Leitrim, County, 92, 222, 224 infiltration of Crown forces, Leonard, Jane, 17 109–10, 117–18 Leslie, Shane, 112 opposition to Irish enlistment in Limerick, County, 89, 148, 150, 159, the British forces, 158, 160, 166–9 161, 163, 180, 182, 205 social structure, 10–11 Local Defence Force, 53, 82, 124 veterans from War of Local Security Force, 32, 200 Independence, 53, 105, 152, 173 Longford, County, 92, 158, 161 Irish Times, The, 1, 12, 19, 70, 158, Louth, County, 161 166, 172, 180–1 Lyons, R.S.D., 87 Irish Volunteers, 73, 151, 173 Irish War of Independence, 10–11, 37, MacBride, Maud Gonne, 155–6 74, 105, 109, 129, 152, 184 MacBride, Sean, 152 Italy, 102, 114, 116, 133 MacCarthy, Air Commodore Aidan, 91–2, 97 Jacob, Lieutenant John, 126, 130 MacDonald, Air Marshal William, 21, Japan, 97, 170, 176 49 Jeffery, Keith, 5, 9, 13, 38 MacSeumais, Fr John, 135 Jermyn, John, 26, 32, 50, 60–1 Maffey, John, 178 Johnston, Denis, 67, 70 Magan, Brigadier General William, Jones, Greta, 12, 84, 85, 87, 90, 92 49–50 Jones, Paul, 63 Maguire, Air Marshal Harold, 19, 23, 176 Kane, Admiral Henry, 75 Mair, Dr Nicholas, 100 Karsten, Peter, 10–11 Majella (pseudonym), Nursing Sister, Kearns, Fr Laurence, 179 102 Keating, Captain Victor, 78 Mangan, Sergeant Major Patrick J., 65 Kelleher, Fr Dan, 139 Martin, Peter, 35, 44 Kelly, Air Vice Marshal Thomas, 90 Mayo, County, 8, 150, 161, 163–4 Kelly, Major Henry, 17 McAleer, Air Commodore Gerald, 78 Kelly-Rogers, Flight Lieutenant John, McAughtry, Flying Officer Sam, 122–3 77 McCarthy, Robert, 69 Kennedy, Major D.M., 123 McDonagh, Section Officer Peggy, 137 Kent, Group Captain John, 24–5 McElwaine, Aidan, 195 Keogh, Surgeon General Alfred, 89 McEwen, Yvonne, 13, 36, 117, 190 Kerry, County, 148, 158, 160–1, 163 McGarry, Group Captain Thomas, 30 Kettle, Captain Thomas, 73, 81 McHugh, Fr James Brendan, 135 Kildare, County, 22, 43, 52, 102, 148, McKenna, Lieutenant General Dan, 150, 158, 161, 189, 195 187 Kilkenny, County, 158, 161, 163, 165 McNabb, Fr Vincent, 136 King’s County, see Offaly Meath, County, 161 Kingsford-Smith, Charles, 25 MI5, 109 Milne, Field Marshal George, 15 Labour Party, 164–5, 169 Monaghan, County, 86, 91–2, 160–1 Lake, Fr Gerard, 139 Montagu-Douglas-Scott, Brigadier Lamb, Captain J.C., 139 General Claud Andrew, 138 Laois, County, 65, 148, 161 Montgomery, Field Marshal Bernard Leader, The, 171 Law, 114 Index 247

Mooney, Captain Douglas John Offaly, County, 152, 161, 163 (Don), 31, 51, 122 Officer Cadet Training Unit (OCTU), Morris, Nursing Sister Mary, 102, 105, 26, 28, 56 121, 131 Officers’ Training Corps (OTC), 9–10, Mottingham House, 48 26, 36, 51, 59–63, 65, 67, 70, 198 Mountjoy School, 81 O’Flynn, Rear Admiral Joseph, 90 Mulcahy, Lieutenant General Patrick, Ó Gráda, Cormac, 22 152 O’Higgins, Kevin, 146, 210 Müller, Guido, 12 Old IRA, National Association of, 155, Mungret College, 81 160, 169 Murnane, Warrant Officer Denis, 32, O’Moore Creagh, General Garrett, 8, 121, 123, 130 47 Murphy, Fr Conal, 140 O’Morchoe, Major General David, 51, Murphy, Brigadier General Desmond, 120 97 O’Regan, Marine Engineer John, 21 Murphy, James, 74 O’Shea, Dr Fionan, 90–1 Murphy, Lieutenant Colonel Thomas O’Sullivan, Fr Declan, 141 Kiely, 97–8 O’Toole, Wing Commander Eamon, Murphy, Pilot Officer William (Billy), 21, 53, 113, 122, 129 79 Otley, C.B., 57, 59, 186 Murray, Fr John, 136, 140 Myles, Thomas, 88 Parke, Surgeon Major Thomas H., 86 Parsons, Captain Andy, 100, 102, 104 Newbridge College, 81 Parsons, Lieutenant General Newman, Cardinal John Henry, 87 Lawrence, 10 New Zealand, 24–5, 39–40, 126–7 Paseta, Senia, 73, 106 Neylon, Corporal Joseph, 136 Pearse, Patrick, 81 Northern Ireland Pelly, Fr Michael, 139 and the family military tradition, Pitt, William, 5, 47 53–4 Pile, General Frederick, 66–7 officers database, 194 Place, Timothy Harrison, 183 prime minister’s objections to Portora Royal School, 26, 60–1 formation of an Irish Brigade, Perry, Nicholas, 18, 44, 47 118–19 Plunkett, Joseph, 74, 210 recruitment to the Irish regiments from, 13, 37–8, 117 Quayle, Flight Lieutenant Michael, schools with military tradition, 121, 126, 172, 178 60–2 Queen’s County, see Laois treatment of Irish workers in, 125 Queen’s University, Belfast, 9, 84 nurses, Irish, 22, 102, 105, 121, 131 Quinn, Anthony, 9 Quinn, Peter Ward, 172 O’Brien, Conor Cruise, 172 O’Connell, Colonel J.J., 152 Redmond, John, 8, 11, 18, 73 O’Connor, Welfare Officer Nora, 124 Repton School, 61 O’Daire, Major Paddy, 173 Reynolds, Lieutenant Colonel James, O’Donovan, Brigadier General M.J.W., 75, 86 119 Robertson, David, 72, 192 O’Donovan, Lieutenant Colonel W.J., Roche, Major William, 51–2, 75 138 Rockwell College, 81, 88 248 Index

Rommel, Field Marshal Erwin, 119 Russell, Elizabeth, 12 Roosevelt, Franklin, 77 Ryan, Frank, 153 Roscommon, County, 121, 224 Ross, Peter, 31, 121, 189 Sadleir, Randal, 43, 61 Rotheram, Wing Commander R.C., 49 St Andrew’s College, 9, 66–70, 72, 82, Royal Air Force (RAF) 95, 200 Catholic chaplains in, 135–7 St Columba’s College, 9, 51, 57, 65–8, church parades, 112 70, 72, 82, 95, 193, 200 Irish recruitment to, 19–21, 32–4, St George’s College, 62 40, 177 St Gerard’s College, 48 creation of the Volunteer Reserve Salesian College, Farnborough, 62 in, 28 Sandhurst, see Cadet Colleges medical officers, 90–1, 97 Scotland, 6, 22, 26, 32, 87, 154 number of Irish officers in, 39 Semple, George, 26–7, 75 recruiting procedures for southern Semple, Lyle, 75 Irish applicants, 110 Seymour, Maurice, 68–9 recruitment from other dominions Shatter, Alan, 1–2, 181 to, 24–5, 40, 127–8 Sheil, Patrick H., 77 Shamrock Squadron, proposed, 118 Simpson, Wing Commander J.H. Women’s Auxiliary Air Force ( Jack), 38, 53–4, 121 (WAAF), 137 Sinn Féin, 8–9, 74, 198 Royal Australian Air Force, 25, 40 Skibbereen, 21, 158, 163, 165 Royal Australian Navy, 24 Sligo, County, 148, 161, 163, 165, Royal Canadian Air Force, 25, 40 172 Royal Canadian Navy, 24, 40 Somerville, Commander Philip, 46 Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Somerville, Lieutenant Colonel (RCSI), 9, 21, 67, 84, 86, 88, 91 Thomas Henry, 45–6 Royal Irish Constabulary, 52 Somerville, Vice Admiral Boyle, Royal Marines, 4 166–8 Royal Navy Somerville, Vice Admiral Hugh, 46 Fleet Air Arm, 20, 78 South Africa, 40, 75–6, 88, 108, Irish recruitment to, 20–1, 34–5, 46, 128–9, 170, 204 154, 166–8 Spanish Civil War, 111, 172–3 lack of Catholic chaplains in, 34, Spiers, E.M., 7 137 Stonyhurst College, 36, 48, 60, 62–3 medical service, 86, 90, 93–4, 100 number of Irish officers in, 39 Taylor, Flying Officer J.C., 159 recruiting procedures for southern Tierney, Professor Michael, 171 Irish applicants, 109–10 Times, The, 116, 124, 132–3 recruitment from other dominions Tipperary, County, 10, 17, 22, 30, 34, to, 24, 39 110, 133, 150, 158, 161, 163, 182, ships: HMS Aphis, 78; HMS Barham, 191 68–9; HMS Furious, 137; HMS Trinity College Dublin (TCD), 9, 19, Kingston, 46 24, 32, 51, 65, 84, 87, 153, 190 Women’s Royal Naval Service (the Tobias, Lieutenant J.M.H., 31 ‘Wrens’), 31 Tufnell, Dr Thomas, 97 Royal New Zealand Air Force, 25, 40 Tullamore, see garrison towns Rugby School, 61 Tully, Farrell, 17 Russell, Colonel Charles, 173 Tunisia, 114, 184 Index 249

Ulster Volunteer Force, 8, 120 Westmeath, County, 50, 64, 71, 148, University College Dublin (UCD), 87, 163, 192, 222 89, 93, 100, 106 West British, 1, 76, 88 Ushaw College, 62 Wexford, County, 10, 22, 32, 51, 97, 148, 161, 163, 182, 191 Versailles, Treaty of, 71 Wicklow, County, 150, 160–2, 165–6, Victoria Cross winners, 17, 34, 59–60, 182, 191, 195 63, 72, 75, 78, 86 Wild Geese, 4–6 Victoria, Queen, 48 Williams, Major J.W., 77 Wills, Clair, 130–1 Walsh, Surgeon Lieutenant Dermot, Wilson’s Hospital School, 64, 68, 78 71–2, 192 Walshaw, R.S., 19 Wilton, General John, 23, 128 Waterford, County, 34, 148, 161, 164, Wimbledon College, 62 166, 182 Wingfield, Brigadier General Anthony, Waterloo, battle of, 6, 69 18 Watson, Colonel Sidney J., 31, 64 Women’s Prisoners’ Defence League Wellington College, 58, 60 (WPDL), 155 Wellington, Duke of, 7, 47 Woolwich, see Cadet Colleges Wesley College, 95, 193 Wyndham Land Act, 1903, 43