Lecture 14 Global Economy and the Rise of Gunpowder States Four Dimensions
1. Alterity: sense of otherness; non-self a. not a mere encounter! But cultural construction of others 2. Knowledge:
3. Sovereignty
4. Capital Early modern era: rationalization in the making Adam Smith
“The discovery of America, and that of the passage to the East Indies by the Cape of Good Hope, are the two greatest events recorded in the history of [human] kind” Trans-hemispheric transformation: New territories
New inventions New sovereignty New material culture Sliver (1545 onwards) Sugar: 3,000 small sugar mills before 1550 alone New labor (Putting out system) & Slave market New class, new family, new consumers New Self (1740) What’s wrong with these pictures? Modernity’s darker side Colonial Modernity A new world economy? Non-colonial explanations
population growth Conquest of Americas and its treasures capital accumulation& protoindustrialization, the Renaissance or Reformation 1)Not because of cultural traits but geographical advantages
2) Advancements of Eurasian-based skills, knowledge and technology
3) Don’t forget the role of luck
4) Agency: Merchants as leading economic actors Merchants Economic growth led to private parties (merchants and entrepreneurs) making their goods and services available in the free market.
Networked Empires
network of all-globalizing power relations flows of: 1) people, 2) information, 3) Wealth Sun Juan, Puerto Rico
Sun Juan, Puerto Rico
English Dutch French Sea Battles Economy of the Americas
Monoculture, an economy dependent on the production and export of one chief commodity Triangular trade: Americas; Europe; Americas 1) Tobacco (Cuba; North America) 2) Furs (North America) 3) Silver (central America. 4) Sugar (Brazil, Hispaniola, etc)
Plantation zone
A group of societies with economies that relied on enslaved African labor; it stretched from Virginia and Kentucky southward through the West Indies and the east coast of Central America to Central Brazil and the Pacific coast of Colombia. Plantation Societies
Tropical and subtropical regions. 1516 island of Hispaniola (Haiti and Dominican Republic). Brazil and the Caribbean. Products: a) Sugar; (b) tobacco; (c) cotton; (d) coffee. Plantations: a distinct culture. Sugar “factories”
The plantations of the Caribbean islands; southeastern North America and coastal South America. Relyed on mass production of raw sugar by enslaved workers. “without sugar, no Brazil; without slaves, no sugar; without Angola, no slaves.” Why Sugar?
Rum (from West Indies for northern America).
Diet for new cuisine. Rise of African Slavery as a source of labor Not the natives: disease and not sedentary cultivators.
● Portuguese plantation managers imported slaves as early as 1530s. ● 1580s height of Portuguese slavery. ● Average age of a slave at a planet: 5 to 6 years.
Slavery in Africa
An institution dating back to antiquity. War captives, criminals and people expelled from their clans. (Gladiator). Islamic slave trade: African slaves for sale since the 8th century. European sub-Saharan Africa (15th & 16th centuries): slave traffic was a well-established feature of African society. European Slavery Trans-Atlantic. Human Cargoes. Began in 1441. 1460 Portuguese began to purchase slaves. A demand for labor in the western hemisphere. Worked as miners, porters or domestic servants. Later in the sugar plantations.
Triangular Trade: (1) Europe: carried horses and European manufactured goods; (2) Africa: took enslaved Africans to Caribbean and American destinations; (3)Americas: upon arrival merchants sold (or traded for sugar) their human cargoes to plantation owners.
Trans-Atlantic Slavery: “The Middle-Passage” Enslaved passengers Travelled below Decks in the worst conditions Imaginable. ● Sick slaves: thrown off the vessel. Slavery in North America
1619 Virginia. 1661 Virginia law recognized all blacks as slaves. 1680s slaves worked on tobacco and cotton plantations. Northern states benefited from building slave vessels.
Slave markets European encounters with non- Europeans: not just encounters Europeanization? What’s love got to do with it? Empire of letters
They Came to Japan (EIC) Imagining the early modern Ottoman Space “The Military Revolution”
The Military Revolution: Successive transformation of methods of warfare in the European-Mediterranean regions (15th to 16th centuries)
a) Introduction of Fire weapons or gunpowder weapons, such as cannon and musket. b) increase in army size and the expansion of territorial state through organized violence.
* Ottomans are leading the way. Turkic People EURASIA “Islamic Empires” Ottoman(1299-1922); Safavid (1501-1722); Mughal (1526-1707)
1. Mediterranean-Mesopotamia Zone. 2. Asian (sub) continent zone.
1. Mediterranean Sea 2. Indian Oceanic base. “Islamic Empires”
The name could be misleading Example: Safavid and Ottomans as “Islamic” “Islamic Empires” in name, but not necessarily share an essential identity. Used multiple sources of identity and law. Made alliances with Europeans to compete with one another. Eastern Hemispheric Complex
1. Ottomans: expansion of global commerce through import of goods (silver) from Americas.
2. Safavids: land-based silk trade throughout Eurasia.
3. Mughals: Production of manufactured goods shipbuilding industry, textile, and steel. They are also Gunpowder States States constituted of organized violence, gunpowder and use of weapons for explosives (muskets; canons..) “Southernization”: China; Western Middle East and Eastern Europe. Gunpowder state also Territorial: taxes; Army; territory. Early modern states (Eurasia: The Ming Army). Napoleonic Wars:1792 to 1815. OTTOMANS They played a leading role in the expansion of gunpowder warfare.
The most enduring world power that ever existed. One of the most cosmopolitan empires in human history.
State: Expansionist and militaristic. Janissaries (“New Troops”)
Slave troops: constituted the Cavalry force.
◦ Devshirme: an Ottoman institution that recruited male Christian children from the Balkans. ● Trained and converted to Islam. ● Famous for use of military technology. Janissaries (“New Troops”)
Slave troops: constituted the Cavalry force.
◦ Devshirme: an Ottoman institution that recruited male Christian children from the Balkans. ● Trained and converted to Islam. ● Famous for use of military technology.
Constantinople
1453 Siege of Vienna (1529)
Ottoman’s extent into Central Europe with the aim to control Hungary. ● Brought to standstill the Ottoman waves of conquest. Why Ottomans failed? ● Despite 300 various artillery pieces and cannons ● shortages of supplies. ● Bad weather condition. ● Military: a) Not enough heavy artillery b) Light cavalry and lightly-armed. c) Failure to blow up the walls. Second Siege of Vienna (1683)
The Mughal Empire claim descent from the Mongols Another Gunpowder State (though much weaker than the Ottomans). 1523: Zahir al-Din Muhammad, known as Babur (“The Tiger”), conquers northern India. Conquest of Delhi (1526) ● Akbar, grandson of Babur. (reigned 1556-1605). Akbar, grandson of Babur. (reigned 1556-1605). Charismatic and shrewd emperor. ● Created a centralized state with ministries regulating The various provinces of the empire. ● Advanced syncretic religion: Divine faith” with the emperor as the common symbol to all subjects of diverse ethnic, religious and social groups. Taj Mahal (1653)
Muhammad Shah Jahan I (reigned 1628-1658).
● Mughal architecture a) Mix of Muslim and Hindu features b) delicate elegance and refinement of detail. Mughal Court Mumtaz Mahal (1593 – 1631) Nur Jahan Safavids Origin
Sheikh Safi (spiritual leader) Sunni-Sufi movement. Junayd (d. 1460s). Haydar (d. 1488) married to the daughter of the leader of Aqquyunlu (White Sheep), Uzun Hassan. Ismail in 1487. Shah Ismail (1487-1524) Established the Safavid Empire in 1501. 1501 conquered Eastern Anatolia (Tabriz) to Eastern Iran (Heart)
A Prolific poet. Battle of Chaldiran August 23, 1514 Defeated by Selim I (1465-1520)
●End of Ismail’s Claim to be a Mahdi Qizilbash “Red hats” A Turkish-tribal confederacy. Anatolia.
Supporters of Safavid order. Conversion of Persia
Sunni to Shia Islam.
1) Popular Rituals.
2) And clerical migration from (southern) Lebanon. Muharram Rituals Muharram Rituals as state rituals New Isfahan: Shah Abbas I (1587-1629) Centralized State. Replaced Qizilbash with standing army (Ghulams or slaves) ● European visitors. ● Promoted economic activities (Armenians) ● Urbanization
We end where we begin
Conquest, labor, capital, fashion and politics Revolutions to come New possible worlds Facebook & Instagram: babakrahimisandiego