Ingmar Bergman's Persona As a Modernist Example of Media
Filozofski vestnik | Volume XXXV | Number 2 | 2014 | 219–237 Ernest Ženko* Ingmar Bergman’s Persona as a Modernist Example of Media Determinism Introduction The film medium developed during a time of the rapid expansion of modernism, which took over almost all of art. Nevertheless, mainstream narrative cinema joined this movement only after a considerable delay. During the 1920s certain movements in cinema appropriated the main ideas of modernism, but it was only after the Second World War, in fact during the 1960s, that modernism in cinema came to full bloom. Due to its reflexive nature, the role of its auteur, and its open-endedness, Ing- mar Bergman’s film Persona (1966) is considered one of the finest examples of modernism in cinema. Persona is, nevertheless, also an exceptional example of media and technological determinism. In this film, Bergman accomplishes a reversal of a crucial modernist problem related to technology: he does not show how to animate an apparatus, but rather how media technology have infiltrated the prevailing frame of mind so deeply that the psyche can at best be grasped through the film medium itself. We should, for clarity, distinguish between a “vulgar” understanding of me- dia determinism as a reductionist, causal relation between the appearance of technological media and their impact on society, culture, art, and subjectiv- 219 ity, on the one hand, and its “soft” (or dialectical) version, on the other. In the latter, there is more space for various, sometimes even mutually opposed processes that obscure the main orientation, which nevertheless remains pre- sent in both crucial mantras of the so-called “media turn”—Marshall McLu- han’s “medium is the message”1 and Friedrich Kittler’s “media determine our 1 Marshall McLuhan, Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1994, 7.
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