Assessment of Avian and Mammalian Diversity at Selected Sites Along River Chenab By
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ASSESSMENT OF AVIAN AND MAMMALIAN DIVERSITY AT SELECTED SITES ALONG RIVER CHENAB BY MUHAMMAD ALTAF 2008-VA-725 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN WILDLIFE & ECOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES, LAHORE, PAKISTAN 2016 The Controller of Examinations, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore. We, the Supervisory Committee, certify that the contents and form of the thesis submitted by Mr. Muhammad Altaf Registration No. 2008-VA-725, have been found satisfactory and recommend that it should be processed for the evaluation by the External Examiner (s) for the award of the Degree. SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE Supervisor: __________________________________________ DR. ARSHAD JAVID Member: ___________________________________________ DR. WASEEM AHMAD KHAN Member: ___________________________________________ PROF. DR. MUHAMMAD ASHRAF DEDICATION Every word of this manuscript is dedicated TO My Father (Late) Muhammad Latif Who sowed seed of Education in my life And to My Mother “Razia Bibi” Who,s Prayers and Efforts Grow it in Full tree i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am thankful to the most gracious ALMIGHTY ALLAH (AZAWAJAL), Who gave me the health and opportunity to complete this work. I bow my compassionate endowments before THE HOLY PROPHET, HAZRAT MUHAMMAD (PEACE BE UPON HIM) who is ever an ember of guidance and knowledge for humanity. I am highly thank full to UVAS for providing me financial support and scholarship for admission and completion of this task. I have the honor to express my deep sense of gratitude to my ever affectionate supervisor, Dr. Arshad Javid, Assistant professor of Department of Wildlife and Ecology, for his guidance, thoughtful discussions and inspiring attitude at all times that made it very easy to understand this research and to bring it in the present form. A lot of thanks to members of my supervisory committee, Dr. Waseem Ahmad Khan, Chairman, Department of Wildlife and Ecology and Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf, Dean, Faculty of Fisheries and Wildlife, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore for time to time guidance and advice. I feel deepest gratitude for Dr. Abdul Majid Khan, Assistant Professor and Dr. Zulfiqar Ali, Associate Professor, Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, who were always there to help me. Special thanks to my younger brother Mr. Muhammad Umair and my fellows Dr. Irfan, Mr. Muhammad Asif Munir, Dr Khalid Javid Iqbal, Dr. Muhammad Sultan Haider, Dr. Ali Husain, Dr. Qaiser Nadeem, M. Yaqoob, Muhammad Yaseen, Muhammad Zahid and Sohail Arif for constant interaction, sharing views and valuable suggestions for the successful accomplishment of present study. I am also thankful to all the people who supported me in the field and research Mr. Wakas, Mr. Wasif, Rafaqat Ranjha, Mr. M. Shabir Jan, Mr. Abubakar, M. Imran, M. Usman, Noomi. Last but not least, I must acknowledge my indebtedness to my father (Late) Muhammad Latif and my ever loving Mother Razia Latif. Only due to them, I am here, at this stage of my life. My all qualities, my all assets, my all success are only due to them and their prayers. May Allah bless father souls in Jannah. My acknowledgments will remain incomplete if I don’t ii appreciate my sisters, Samina and Rizwana and brothers, Muhammad Sohail, Muhammad Awais, Muhammad Ahmad and Muhammad Umair for the motivation to take up this program of studies, financial support and their hands in prayers for my success. MAY ALLAH BLESS THEM ALL (AAMIN) Muhammad Altaf iii TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION (i) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS (ii) TABLE OF CONTENTS (iv) LIST OF TABLES (v) LIST OF FIGURES (vi) CHAPTERS TITLE PAGE NO 1 INTRODUCTION 01 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 05 Experiment 1 22 Assessment of waterfowl diversity of River Chenab, Pakistan. Experiment 2 37 Habitat preferences of avian diversity along the river Chenab, Pakistan. Experiment 3 63 Habitat preferences of wild mammalian species along the river Chenab, Pakistan. 3 Experiment 4 79 The status of fish diversity of river Chenab, Pakistan. Experiment 5 94 Cultural and medicinal significance of avian species along the river Chenab, Punjab, Pakistan Experiment 6 115 Cultural and medicinal significance of mammalian fauna of river Chenab, Punjab, Pakistan. Experiment 7 138 Assessment of human-wildlife conflict along river Chenab, Pakistan. 4 SUMMARY 151 5 Appendices 155 iv LIST OF TABLES TABLE. NO TITLE PAGE NO. Experiment 3. 1 1 Coordinates of river Chenab. 26 2 Waterfowl diversity of the study area. 32 3 Diversity, Richness, Evenness and Density of waterfowls 33 of study area. Experiment 3.2 1 GPS coordinates of various sampling stations in the study 40 area. 2 Scientific and common names, food habits (FH), 56 distribution (Dist.), IUCN status (Status) and code of avian species recorded from the study area. 3 Values of various diversity indices for the avian species 62 recorded from different habitat types in the study area (UVH = Urban vegetative habitat; UNVH = Urban non vegetative habitat; ARH = Agriculture rural habitat; AH = Agriculture habitat; FH = Forest habitat; RFH = Rural forest habitat) Experiment 3.3 1 GPS coordinates of sampling stations in the study area. 67 2 Distribution of mammalian species in various habitat types 70 in the study area. 3 Values of diversity indices for mammalian species 71 recorded from different habitat types in the study area. Experiment 3.4 1 Fish diversity record from river Chenab. 85 2 Statistical analysis of the fish diversity of river Chenab. 86 Experiment 3.5. 1 GPS coordinates of sampling sites in the study area. 97 2 Avian species recorded from the study area and their 109 significance in the life of the local people. 3 Medicinal use of avian species by the local health 113 practitioners. Experiment 3.6 1 Medicinal uses of mammalian species recorded from the 132 study area. 2 Significance of mammalian species in the livelihood of 135 local communities. v LIST OF FIGURES SR NO. CONTENTS PAGE NO Experiment 3.1 Figure 1 Map of river Chenab along with three study sites i.e. head Marala, 27 Khanki, and Qadirabad. Figure 2a Diversity of the birds at the river Chenab. 28 Figure 2b Diversity of the birds at the river Chenab. 29 Experiment 3.2 Figure 1 Map of study area showing forest, wetland, rural, agriculture, urban 42 and semi-urban habitat types in the study area. Figure 2 Cluster analysis showing usage of various habitat types by the avian 46 species of the study area (UVH = Urban vegetative habitat; UNVH = Urban non vegetative habitat; ARH = Agriculture rural habitat; AH = Agriculture habitat; FH = Forest habitat; RFH = Rural forest habitat). Figure 3 Principal components analysis showing diversity and distribution of 47 avian species (codes are mentioned in table 2) across different habitats (UVH = Urban vegetative habitat; UNVH = Urban non vegetative habitat; ARH = Agriculture rural habitat; AH = Agriculture habitat; FH = Forest habitat; RFH = Rural forest habitat). Experiment 3.3 Figure 1 Map of study area showing forest, rural, agriculture, urban and semi- 69 urban habitat types in the study area (UVH = Urban vegetative habitat; UNVH = Urban non vegetative habitat; ARH = Agriculture rural habitat; AFH = Agriculture forest habitat; FH = Forest habitat; RFH = Rural forest habitat). Figure 2 Cluster analysis showing use of different habitat types by the 71 mammalian species recorded from the study area (UVH = Urban vegetative habitat; UNVH = Urban non vegetative habitat; ARH = Agriculture rural habitat; AFH = Agriculture forest habitat; FH = Forest habitat; RFH = Rural forest habitat). Figure 3 Dentrended component analysis (DCA) indicating interaction of the 72 species with specific habitat type (UVH = Urban vegetative habitat; UNVH = Urban non vegetative habitat; ARH = Agriculture rural habitat; AFH = Agriculture forest habitat; FH = Forest habitat; RFH = Rural forest habitat). Experiment 3.4 Figure 1 The Map of river Chenab along with three study sites i.e. head 83 Marala, Khanki, and Qadirabad. Figure 2 Diversity of the fish and relative abundance, numbers showed the 86 species, serial number in table 1. Experiment 3.5 Figure 1 Showing relative priority level (RPL) indicating relative priority of 114 various species in the life of local communities (Numbers in figure vi represent sr. number of the species as mentioned in table 3). Figure 2 Showing frequency of mention (FM) (Numbers in figure represent sr. 114 number of the species as mentioned in table 3). Experiment 3.6 Figure 1 Showing applications of animals’ body secretions and parts in 121 treatment of different ailments. Figure 2 Showing relative priority level (RPL) indicating relative priority of 137 various mammalian species in the life of local communities (Numbers in figure represent sr. number of the species as mentioned in table 2). Figure 3 Showing frequency of mention (FM) for various mammalian species 137 recorded from the study area (Numbers in figure represent sr. number of the species as mentioned in table 2). Experiment 3.7 Figure 1 Map of the study area showing sites of data collection. 142 Figure 2 Damage to crops by wild animals. 143 Figure 3 Damage to livestock by wild animals. 143 Figure 4 Protective measures for cropland. 145 Figure 5 Potential times of livestock predation. 145 vii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Global avian diversity is represented by 9993 species (Jetz et al. 2012), while the mammals of the world are represented by 5490 species (IUCN 2009). Out of total six bio-geographic regions, three viz. Palearctic, Oriental and Ethiopian are present in Pakistan therefore the country represents a unique blend of floral and faunal diversity. More than 668 avian species have been observed within territory of Pakistan (Mirza and Wasiq 2007) while mammalian fauna of Pakistan is represented by 195 species (Roberts 1997). The country owns 225 wetlands and abrupt changes in altitude provoke changes in diversity within short distances. The human population of the world took more than 50,000 years to reach the first billion but it now exceeds 7 billion.