AER/AGS Special Report 112: Chapter 14: Illinois State Geological

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Chapter 14: Illinois State Geological Survey: Three- Dimensional Geological Mapping and Modelling in Illinois, USA Steven E. Brown, Jason F. Thomason, Richard C. Berg, and Olivier Caron

Illinois State Geological Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 615 East Peabody Drive, Champaign, IL 61820, USA

Brown, S.E., Thomason, J.F., Berg, R.C., and Caron, O. 2019. Illinois State Geological Survey: three-dimensional geological mapping and modelling in Illinois, USA; Chapter 14 in 2019 Synopsis of Current Three-Dimensional Geological Mapping and Modelling in Geological Survey Organizations, K.E. MacCormack, R.C. Berg, H. Kessler, H.A.J. Russell, and L.H. Thorleifson (ed.), Alberta Energy Regulator / Alberta Geological Survey, AER/AGS Special Report 112, p. 138–158.

Introduction changed the ISGS’ institutional geo- ferred to the University of Illinois by logical mapping approach through the state legislative act. The Surveys em- The Illinois State Geological Survey integration of GIS with surface and ploy about 1000 scientific and sup- (ISGS) has engaged in three-dimen- volume modelling. Krumm et al. port staff and are administratively or- sional (3D) geological mapping and (1992) and Riggs et al. (1993) report ganized under what is now called the modelling since the mid 1970s on some of the earliest 3D models of Prairie Research Institute housed on (Bogner, Cartwright, and Kempton surficial deposits. From the mid campus at the University of Illinois at 1976). It grew from the need for sub- 1990s to the present, the ISGS has Urbana-Champaign and at a number surface information in complex gla- undertaken a lithostratigraphic ap- of field offices throughout the state. cial terrain, particularly in the heavily proach to 3D geological mapping and populated Chicago metropolitan re- modelling, with a focus on the Chi- The ISGS, in FY2018, had a State ap- gion. Importantly, the influence of lo- cago metropolitan area counties (e.g., propriation of ~$4.3M, and contrac- cal funding partners, typically coun- Dey, Davis, and Curry 2007). tual expenditures of >$14.8M. It has ties, determined the mapping areas, Changes in technology, both hard and ~170 scientific and support staff that and to some extent the type or style of soft, have migrated the process of di- are divided into nine discipline fo- map product. A more detailed under- gital mapping from those specifically cused sections - Applied Research standing of the subsurface was trained in technology to those trained Laboratory, Coal Bedrock Geology needed to (1) support resource-based in thinking about geology. A more de- and Industrial Minerals, Environmen- land-use planning by decision mak- tailed discussion of the 3D mapping tal Site Assessments, Geochemistry, ers, and (2) directly balance the deli- and modelling history at the ISGS can Geoscience Information Stewardship, cate relationships between groundwa- be found in Berg and Leetaru (2011). Hydrogeology and Geophysics, Petro- ter and mineral resource extraction, leum Geology, Quaternary and Engi- waste disposal, and engineering/con- Organizational Structure neering Geology, and Wetlands Geol- struction considerations with environ- and Business Model ogy. The Applied Research mental concerns (Frye 1967). Laboratory, Coal Bedrock Geology The ISGS initially was founded in the and Industrial Minerals, and Petro- To initially address the above issues, 1850s, but it was not until 1905 that it leum Geology sections are within the “stack-unit maps” were developed became continuously operational with ISGS’ Energy and Minerals group, showing the succession, thickness, dedicated State funding. For more where considerable effort is focused and extent of deposits of the upper 6, than 100 years, the ISGS was a divi- on managing large U.S. Department 15, or 30 meters, (e.g., Kempton, sion within various Illinois State gov- of Energy contracts. Three-dimen- Bogner, and Cartwright 1977; Berg, ernment agencies, lastly being part of sional geological mapping and model- Kempton, and Stecyk 1984), and later the Illinois Department of Natural Re- ling of surficial deposits is conducted the entire glacigenic succession and sources. In 2008, the State Scientific in the Quaternary and Engineering this was supplemented by targeted de- Surveys, which in addition to the Geology Section and the Hydrogeol- rivative maps (e.g., geologic condi- ISGS presently include the Illinois ogy and Geophysics Section, with tions for surface spreading of wastes). State Water Survey, Illinois Natural cartographic and database support The late 1980s experienced the ad- History Survey, Illinois State Archeo- from the Geoscience Information vent of systematic computer mapping logical Survey, and Illinois Sustain- Stewardship Section. Bedrock map- (Krumm et al. 1989) that completely able Technology Center, were trans- ping primarily is conducted in the

AER/AGS Special Report 112 • 138 Coal Bedrock Geology and Industrial Overview of 3D pography, thickness of Quaternary Minerals Section, as well as the Pe- Modelling Activities deposits, cumulative sand and troleum Geology Section, the latter of gravel thickness, sand thicknesses which has focus on hydrocarbon and Three-dimensional geological model- at various depth slices, and cross- carbon sequestration reservoir modelling in Illinois primarily has focused sectional views and geologic inter- ling. on Quaternary glacial and postglacial pretations from the 3D models. sediments. These very complex sedi- • 2000s - There was a partial geo- The ISGS’ 3D geological mapping ments, deposited in various environ- logic model developed for all or and modelling program clearly re- ments, during different times, and parts of five counties – Bureau, flects the overall mission of the insti- with varying degrees of erosion, pro- Marshall, Putnam, Peoria, and tution, dictated by Public Law: “to vide major groundwater and aggre- Woodford - along the middle Illi- provide the citizens and institutions of gate resources, host waste disposal nois River valley in central-north- Illinois with earth science research sites, underpin ecosystems, and pro- ern Illinois (Berg et al. 2002). Pro- and information that are accurate, vide support and environmental con- ducts include maps for surficial objective, and relevant to our State’s ditions for infrastructure. Very de- geology, bedrock topography, drift environmental quality, economic tailed mapping and modelling is thickness, elevation and thickness prosperity, and public safety”, and its required because land-and water-use of a deep glacial aquifer, and aqui- concurrent long-range vision of planning and policy decisions are fer sensitivity. There was signifi- “…upholding the highest standards based on the maps and models. cant funding provided by the Illi- for scientific research, service to our Since the early 1990s, 3D geological nois Department of Transportation, constituents, and professionalism in as this effort was developed as all our activities”. The concepts of modelling of surficial deposits has focused on three regions – east-central part of a transportation planning both engineering geology, that emer- endeavor. Also during this decade, ged in the 1940s, and environmental Illinois and the Mahomet aquifer, middle Illinois River valley, and the the Great Lakes Geologic Map- geology, that emerged in the 1960s, ping Coalition (GLGMC) was were first conceived by ISGS geolo- northeastern Illinois Chicago metropolitan region. formed specifically to address a gists driven by the need to address national shortfall in funding for • 1990s - The first published re- critical societal issues with relevant, 3D geologic mapping within the gional geologic model of any sur- accurate, detailed, unbiased, and nation’s central economic hub. ficial deposit was done in the early timely geological information. It is • 2010s - The first comprehensive within this context that our current and mid 1990s and published in 1999 by Soller et al. It portrays the county-wide 3D model in north- 3D mapping and modelling efforts eastern Illinois was completed for have evolved and are presently fo- Quaternary geology in a 15-county region that overlies the Mahomet Kane County west of Chicago cused. The three case study examples (Abert et al. 2007) (Figure 2). Sig- below “tackle” the deciphering of the Bedrock Valley in east-central Illi- nois. Three atlas sheets offer mul- nificant county funds supple- very complex glacial deposits of mented the effort as there was con- northeastern Illinois in three of Illi- tiple 3D perspectives of the bedrock valley that contains a thick cern regarding population growth nois’ “collar” counties surrounding and competing water resource Chicago, all of which are experienc- sand and gravel, known as the Ma- homet aquifer (Figure 1). This re- needs among their more than 30 ing rapidly increasing urbanization. It municipalities. This modelling re- is here where critical decisions regional aquifer is now designated by the U.S. Environmental Protec- sultedinmapsofLiDARderived garding water and land use, as well as surface topography, bedrock geol- aggregate extraction, are needed, but tion Agency as a Sole Source Aquifer. Also in the early 1990s, ogy, major Quaternary aquifers, answers to planning scenarios are aquifer sensitivity, and numerous complicated by the desire for ecosys- the ISGS’ County Assistance Pro- gram with funding by the Illinois geologic cross sections. This was tem health, open-space scenarios, and followed by 3D hydrogeological groundwater recharge optimization. Department of Energy and Natural Resources, used interactive vol- mapping for Kendall County, west Importantly, these issues cross urban, of Chicago (Figure 3) that has not suburban, and rural areas that are ume modelling to produce 3D models for the north-central por- been published (Keefer et al. ruled, taxed, and managed by more 2013).The most recent 3D model- than 1000 county and local non- tion of Lake County, north of Chi- cago (e.g., Riggs et al. 1993) and ling by the ISGS of surficial sedi- county (e.g., township, town, city) ments, center on three counties governmental jurisdictions. southern Will County, south of Chicago (e.g., Abert et al. 1993). within the Chicago metropolitan Maps, models, and other products region – Lake County north of included surface and bedrock to- Chicago, McHenry County north-

AER/AGS Special Report 112 • 139 Figure 1. Examples of 3D maps and models of Quater- nary sediments in the Mahomet Bedrock Valley in east- central Illinois (Soller et al. 1999). Maps are ~145 km east-west and 80 km north-south. The maximum model depth is >140 m, but the valley thalweg generally has between 100-120 m of sediment. Quaternary deposits are diamicton and sand and gravel. Green are primarily Figure 2. Example of a portion of the 3D model for Wisconsin Episode diamictons. Purple are Illinois Epi- Kane County, Illinois showing the bedrock surface at the sode diamictons. Brown and gold are pre-Illinois Epi- bottom and successive layers of Quaternary sediments sode diamictons and sand and gravel (Mahomet aqui- above. North is to the upper right and the southern bor- fer) respectively. The gray surface is bedrock der of the county is ~19 km wide. The total model thick- topography. Copyright © 1999 University of Illinois ness is ~100 m. (Abert et al. 2007). Copyright © 2007 Board of Trustees. Used by permission of the Illinois University of Illinois Board of Trustees. Used by permis- State Geological Survey. sion of the Illinois State Geological Survey.

AER/AGS Special Report 112 • 140 west of Chicago, and Will County lected bedrock units, includ- south and southwest of Chicago ing the Precambrian basement (Figure 3). These three geologic (e.g., Marshak, Larson, and modelling activities are the subject Abert 2016), are available and of our case studies, described in serve as building blocks for detail below. the eventual construction of a statewide 3D model of There has not been an ongoing insti- Illinois’ bedrock. tutional effort for 3D modelling of the bedrock in Illinois due to staffing Resources constraints and contractual obliga- Allocated to 3D tions. However, specific projects have Modelling Activities resulted in two modelling efforts – Cook County (Chicago region) and There is no consistent revenue the central Illinois CO2 sequestration stream that provides for the project. needed staffing and other re- • Leetaru, Sargent, and Kolata sources for a systematic state- (2004) produced a geologic atlas wide 3D modelling effort that of Cook County to address the can be accomplished within a quality, quantity, distribution, and reasonable time frame. Re- accessibility of bedrock ground- source allocation is driven by water resources, underground con- federal funding priorities, sup- struction conditions, and mineral plemented by occasional local resource assessment and manage- support, and typically on a Figure 3. Counties in northeastern Illinois ment. The atlas portrays the thick- contractual basis. State fund- where 3D modelling of geology has been done. ness, distribution, lithologic char- ing support typically consists Despite the above constraints, the acter, and structure of major of existing ISGS personnel under the ISGS’ mapping and modelling pro- bedrock units from the Paleozoic University of Illinois State Scientific gram has benefitted by continuous rocks immediately beneath the Surveys Act (110 Illinois Compiled funding since 1993 (average award of Quaternary sediments down to the Statutes (ILCS) 425/20 (7)) and is $168,293 per year) from the U.S. top of the Precambrian crystalline prioritized or redirected for contract Geological Survey’s STATEMAP basement. Formation tops were match requirements. Required staffing component of the National Coopera- determined from approximately needs are defined by project objective Geologic Mapping Program that 5,900 drillhole records. tives. Most federal or local support is supports traditional 2D geological • Greenberg et al. (2017) report that insufficient for supporting salaries of mapping. However, it was recognized 3D geologic modelling was central staff required for geologic mapping, in the late 1990s that additional funds to the success of a U.S. Depart- as well as geoscience sub-discipline were needed for “subsurface map- ment of Energy-funded carbon se- and technological computing exper- ping” at a detailed scale usable by lo- questration project in central Illi- tise. On occasion, real cash resources cal jurisdictions for land- and water- nois. It is here that the safety, support infrastructure (e.g., technol- use planning, as well as a more multi- effectiveness, and efficiency of ogy) or field data acquisition (e.g., agency and multi-jurisdictional map- deep storage of CO2 in a deep sa- drilling). Financial sustainability is ping approach. This was particularly line reservoir >2000 m below land dependent on project-by-project fi- the case in complex glacial settings surface was proven. Through use nancial resource availability. There- where considerable exploratory drill- of extensive geophysical site char- fore, long-term planning is hampered ing and geophysics were required. In acterization efforts, a 3D geologi- by an uncertain funding outlook. The response, what is now called the cal model was developed and sys- current ISGS larger business model Great Lakes Geologic Mapping Co- tematically updated as new supports a pool of geologists with alition (GLGMC) was formed in 1997 geological and geophysical data geologic mapping and modelling ex- to supplement STATEMAP-driven became available. The model in- pertise so that from time to time, a surficial geologic mapping (Berg et cluded data from drilling ~45 m few staff from the pool may focus on al. 1999). into the Precambrian. a 3D geologic mapping and modelling activity within a project- The GLGMC now comprises State In addition to the above, a statewide defined geographic extent. Geological Surveys from all eight compilation of bedrock topography GreatLakesstatesaswellastheOn- and structure contour maps of se-

AER/AGS Special Report 112 • 141 tario Provincial Geological Survey, one data-entry staff person ($45,000, project proposals as reviewers recog- the latter of which does not receive including fringe benefits) and support nize the benefits of multiple funding any U.S. State or Federal funding un- of one field geologist’s expenses for sources to address specific issues. der the described programs. Accord- drilling, analytical tests, supplies, ing to Berg et al. (2016), “The strat- travel, and other non-salary costs. Be- There are 35 scientific and support egy involved establishing a mapping cause of the cost of drilling, a county- staff involved with the ISGS geologi- coalition of geological surveys that scale project typically has a minimum cal mapping program – 23 with ex- would seek federal funds, pool physi- timeline of five years just to acquire pertise in surficial sediments and 12 cal and personnel resources, and the adequate 3D geological informa- with expertise primarily in Paleozoic share mapping expertise to character- tion at this funding level. bedrock geology. However, only four ize the thick cover of glacial sedi- have the expertise in full 3D mapping ments and shallow bedrock in three At the ISGS, it has been a specific or modelling (not including petroleum dimensions, particularly in areas of strategy to increase project efficiency reservoir modelling). Table 1 shows greatest societal need…leaders felt by applying funding from several pro- the funding associated with geologi- that the combined resources of multi- grams with separate contract deliver- cal modelling of surficial deposits in ple agencies, in concert with in- ables to a geographic area. Therefore, Illinois from 2000 to 2018 with 54% creased targeted federal funding for STATEMAP funded work occurs in derived from State appropriations in the coalition, would allow 3-D geo- the same geographic areas as the form of salaries, 31% from Fed- logical mapping to be conducted in a GLGMC projects, as does the addi- eral sources (USGS’ STATEMAP and cost-efficient and cost-effective tion from time-to-time of county or Great Lakes Geologic Mapping Co- manner”. other funds (Table 1). It is essential alition), 9% from county funds, and that accounting practices verify the 6% from the Illinois Department of The GLGMC, a Congressionally proper asset allocation, and the pro- Transportation (IDOT). mandated activity, has supported 3D ject design has to accommodate dif- modelling at a funding level for the ferent funding cycles, non-duplication Overview of Regional ISGS of ~$100,000 per year since of effort, and the clear separation of Geological Setting 2000. Overhead (indirect) costs re- contract deliverables (e.g., 2D sur- duce this amount to about $85,000 for ficial geologic maps vs. 3D subsur- As described in Berg et al. (2011), 3D spendable (direct) project funds. This face maps and models). This ap- geological mapping and modelling annual amount is sufficient to fund proach significantly strengthens currently is focused on describing the

Table 1. Geological modelling of surficial deposits 2000-2018, showing percent allocations from funding sources.

AER/AGS Special Report 112 • 142 distribution and character of Quater- information, in vector and raster takes that single staff member three or nary glacial and postglacial deposits format. more years to fully review the 10s of (Figure 10-1 in Berg et al. 2011), 4) Photographic or remote sensing 1000s of all subsurface data for a which are as thick as 150 m and over- imagery acquired by plane, heli- county-scale project. lie a bedrock surface with a shape and copter, or satellite in raster format. depth that varies greatly across the 5) Digital elevation data, preferably 3D Modelling Approach state. Most Quaternary deposits in Il- obtained by LiDAR method, in linois are glacigenic diamictons vector (e.g., point cloud, digital As described above, geological mod- (poorly sorted deposits, typically rich line graph) and raster format (e.g., elling has been ongoing at the ISGS in clay and silt) or sorted glaciofluvial interpolated digital elevation since the early-mid 1990s, and nu- or glaciolacustrine deposits. Glacio- model, digital surface model). merous approaches have been under- fluvial and glaciolacustrine sand and taken with several different software gravel can form important aquifers Descriptive geologic records and logs packages. However, this article fo- and those typically are identified on include: cuses on the ISGS’ most recent 3D drillers’ records. Correlation and map- 1) Archived outcrop or landscape geological modelling endeavors in ping of diamictons is challenging be- geologic field notes and photo- northeastern Illinois, and even now cause many of the diamictons are graphs. three different technological ap- similar in color, texture, and mineral- 2) Well and boring records related to proaches to 3D modelling were im- ogy. Occurrence of glacigenic sand water, oil, natural gas, coal, injec- plemented for the three counties of and gravel beds can therefore serve as tion, geotechnical, infrastructure Lake, McHenry, and Will (Figure 3). important bounding units. Glacioflu- site design, waste disposal, and ex- Each method was determined by the vial beds could be under represented ploratory test drilling. project geologist based on a variety of as they can occur as multiple, thin de- circumstances. Each case considered The need to access, use, and/or retain the client’s technological expertise posits and not reported on drillers’ re- confidential records is infrequent, but cords. The Lake Michigan (one of the and software use, software training not uncommon. Protocols are in place requirements, internal computing sup- Great Lakes) basin extends into areas to store and manage access to confi- that are now terrestrial, but that are port, formats of existing datasets, dential records. State mandate re- availability of particular proprietary underlain by thick glaciolacustrine se- quires the ISGS to steward some quences. In these areas, diamicton software applications, and previous types of records (e.g., state repository software use experience. The ISGS stratigraphy is regionally absent and for drill-hole samples - 225 ILCS therefore requiring geologic mapping defines models as being constructed 730/2). Other data (digital and paper) from representations of 2D surfaces to be based on sequence stratigraphy are acquired and archived through co- with mapping units defined by bound- that are essentially geologic structure operative relationships or tradition. contour maps, in the traditional sense, ing surfaces or marker beds, rather Extensive effort is undertaken to en- than lithologic properties of mapping done by traditional analytical practice, sure that data meet scientific mapping but using digital tools. units. requirements, although the value or quality of any particular dataset, data In the Lake County case study, the Data Sources type, or even individual data record ISGS modeller (author Brown) joined ISGS data sources, typical of any ge- can be evaluated by both subjective the project at the end, and needed to ologic mapping and modelling en- and objective standards. Factors in- rely on existing technological exper- deavor, include: clude overall data quantity and qual- tise to finish contract deliverables that 1) Thousands of descriptive geologic ity, as well as the geologic problem to were overdue. Although the client records, each usually represented be solved, the background and experi- used ESRI software products, the use as a point location. ence of the project geologist, and the of the geologic map layers in the 3D 2) Geophysical data represented as a ability to acquire primary geologic software environment or visualizing point location (e.g., borehole geo- data such as core or samples from the maps in the appropriate strati- physics) or cross sectional profile stratigraphic test holes. graphic order in the traditional 2D GIS view, required an understanding (e.g., seismic refraction or reflec- During the last 15 years, one staff tion) and typically interpreted or of the stratigraphic assembly. A person supported by external funds “cookbook” was required to specify displayed in raster format. has been fully dedicated to data entry, 3) Existing geologic maps or other the layer order, and text described locality verification, and location con- what could otherwise be seen in a true natural resource thematic maps, fidence quality control of water-well such as USDA-NRCS Soil Survey 3D model. In the McHenry County and engineering borehole record in- case study (author Thomason), soft- formation. This process typically ware was used that had the promise of

AER/AGS Special Report 112 • 143 a viewer or user plug-in that would planning. Different from Lake 3D models likely are most accurate enable very little user training to County, McHenry County includes where geologic test boring and geo- achieve an interactive 3D viewing ex- proportionally more rural area, and physical data acquisition occurred, es- perience. For Will County (author therefore different planning and wa- pecially when the data derived from Caron), the ISGS is currently collabo- ter-use issues. Since model comple- these methods are coupled with high- rating with the county for a 3D tion in 2013, the ISGS continually has quality, high-density water-well and viewer on their website. In all cases, engaged with these constituents. For other records sourced from other enti- text based records describing subsur- example, the 3D model was used as a ties, such as water-well drilling com- face geology were processed through geologic framework when addressing panies. The 3D models may be less a data dictionary so that descriptive local volatile-organic compound con- accurate in geographic extent and in- terminology was standardized follow- tamination by a local industry. The terpreted thickness in areas of low ing the method described by Brown contamination was impacting domes- data density or poor quality data. Ac- (2013). Specifics of these three geo- tic supplies and threatening municipal curacy also depends on the level of logical modelling approaches are supplies. The Illinois Environmental geologic complexity in any given found in the below section on Recent Protection Agency and private envi- area, and whether or not complexity Jurisdictional-Scale Case Studies ronmental consultants regularly que- or heterogeneity was described on Showcasing Application of 3D ried the 3D model for geologic in- any records at all, and importantly, Models. sights. Additionally, the ISGS the overall experience of the geolo- regularly has engaged with county ad- gists involved with mapping and Clients ministrators while they develop long- modelling. term planning guidelines and statutes, Lake County The ISGS’ county-based projects which include water-resource man- have established a strong awareness agement and environmental protec- For the Lake County project, more of the broader resources that a state tion policies. The ISGS has helped than 30% of all water-well and engi- geological survey offers to solve nat- McHenry County use the 3D geologic neering bore-hole records (15,000 of ural resource issues. The Lake County model to revise/update aquifer con- 39,000) were excluded because of the project began without a specific client tamination-potential maps and discre- inability to meet a location verifica- or end user in mind, but as a result of tize countywide planning zones. Part tion threshold determined by the pro- marketing the yet-to-be-complete pro- of this continued engagement has ject geologist. In addition, 200 strati- duct, it became a referenced source of been ISGS-led field trips and work- graphic test holes (7,300 m of information in a county planning doc- shops, which regularly are attended sediment), 400 bore-hole geophysical ument (Lake County Illinois 2004). by local elected officials, county lead- logs, and 35 km of 2D geophysical Expectations for use were established ers, and the public. transect data were acquired. before any practical analysis of the ability to map or reveal subsurface Recent Jurisdictional- Traditional geologic mapping was ac- features. While a number of different Scale Case Studies complished primarily with ESRI county agencies had interest based on ArcGIS software modules and tools, their mandated functions, use by the Showcasing Application of 3D Models as well as Adobe Illustrator with the health department gained traction for AVENZA MAPublisher plug-in as de- water quality issues related to private, Each of the three county case studies scribed by Brown (2013). Structure single-parcel land ownership. Before are compared below. The workflows contour maps in raster format were the completion of the mapping, a ma- to build 3D geologic models for the created for 18 subsurface geologic jor regional effort related to with- three cases were an iterative process units. The surface interpolation in- drawal of Lake Michigan surface wa- of visualization, interpretation, and cluded interpreted point data and ter for public water supply at a model construction. The reliability of hand drawn, but digitally created, proposed cost of more than $200 mil- the resultant 3D geologic maps and structure contour lines that controlled lion was a contentious issue for which models is a function of the spatial dis- the shape of computational driven the yet unfinished work was used to tribution and density of data, quality mapping. The raster surface interpola- help evaluate the availability of of data, density of interpreted cross tion was achieved using the ESRI shallow groundwater resources. sections (for workflows where cross Spatial Analyst, Topo to Raster Tool. - The entire suite of interpolation Tools The McHenry County 3D model has section construction is part of the in - available with the Spatial Analyst been a vital tool for local industry, as terpretative process, rather than a de were tested. None were ideal, and the well as county and state organizations rived product from the model), and ones that used more complex geosta- that are addressing acute water and the inherent complexity within and tistical algorithms were the worst at environmental issues and long-term between geological units. Thus, the

AER/AGS Special Report 112 • 144 deriving a result that was satisfactory check, such as the extent of former photography of McHenry County to the geologist. The entire workflow ice blocks and glacial lakes (Fig- were viewed readily in relation to wa- process required a high level of tech- ure 5). The GeoVisionary application ter-well records, 1D and 2D geophys- nical knowledge of ESRI GIS appli- that the British Geological Survey ical profiles, as well as other existing cations (i.e., scripts and tools), (BGS) developed in partnership with subsurface information represented in Boolean logic, and raster mathematics Virtalis Ltd., enabled visualization of raster grid format. More than 22,000 specific to the capabilities of the high resolution aerial imagery water well records, created as multi- Tools available in the ArcGIS Tool- blended with LiDAR derived digital patch shape files with the ArcGIS 3D box. Workflows were invented elevation models to analyze and un- Borehole script (Carrell 2014), were through trial and error, and driven by derstand realistic geometries of gla- graphically displayed at the same time user experience. Most likely, the cial depositional features at the land in GeoVisionary, which was key to ef- workflow created for this project will surface. Key to the visualization with ficient and effective interpretation of not and possibly cannot be repro- this application was reducing exag- the subsurface geology. Subsequently, duced by another user because it was geration as low as possible and align- with GeoVisionary as the primary 3D experience driven with considerable ing the software’s azimuthal illumina- visualization tool, ArcGIS was used customization. The decision to use tion to match the shadow angle and as a data-interpretation tool. Like the ESRI GIS as a mapping workflow shape depicted on aerial imagery that Lake County project, the ArcGIS was influenced by the client’s institu- was acquired at a specific time of day 3DBorehole, script allowed for query- tional use of, and reliance on, ESRI and month of the year (different times ing and editing of shapefile attributes software applications and the need for and dates result in different shadow in the 3D viewing environment of easily transferable digital file formats. angles, shapes, and intensities). This ArcScene (Figure 4.). It was used to effect accentuated relief derived from interpret 11,000 stratigraphic water- The ISGS has had a long-term reli- LiDAR data and enabled realistic size well records across the county. It also ance on ESRI software applications and shape comparison to subsurface allowed the user to generate on-the- and delivery of data through continu- data displayed in ArcScene for local fly 2D raster format structure contour ously evolving Web interfaces and scale features, such as alluvial fans surfaces from selected water-well re- other customer-driven data delivery and deltas, in settings of extreme cordsaswellas3Dshapefilesof methods. A key element for using sedimentological variation. Vector downhole geophysical data. Thus the ESRI software components was the format cross sections with X, Y, and 3DBorehole script was the primary development of custom scripts (i.e., Z geospatial reference for 3D use in interpretive component of the 3D 3D Borehole and X-acto-section ArcScene were created directly from modelling process. Different from scripts by ISGS staff) for productive the 18 raster format structure contour Lake County, the final step in the 3D geologic classification of subsurface surfaces with the ArcGIS X-acto- modelling process used cross-section information (the ability to visualize section script (Figures 6 and 7). based modelling within Subsurface subsurface information in 3D en- Viewer and GSI3D (Mathers et al. McHenry County hanced the ability to understand geo- 2011), which were developed by logic relationships) in ESRI ArcScene The 3D geologic model of McHenry INSIGHT Geologische Software- (Figure 4; Carrell 2014; DeMeritt County was developed using explicit systeme GmbH, and the BGS. These 2012). The AVENZA MAPublisher modelling strategies to guide implicit software packages allowed for con- plug-in for Adobe Illustrator enabled modelling techniques. Initially, 3D vi- struction of 3D geologic models pri- rapid drawing of structure contour sualization of geologic data was inte- marily from interpreted geological lines and other features for depiction grated with 3D modelling tools that cross sections (Figure 9). Interpreta- in 3D. This was particularly important allowed for interactive stratigraphic tions of borehole stratigraphy and as some surfaces required 10s of iter- interpretation, stacked-surface grid geologic boundaries, most often gen- ations to achieve a desired shape and production, and editing capabilities in erated through ArcGIS and GeoVi- extent, and the creation of a few the 3D viewing environment. This sionary as described above, were in- structure contour lines as input data in was achieved using ESRI ArcGIS and corporated into a dense network of the Topo to Raster Tool provided geo- GeoVisionary. Different from the cross-section interpretations. Further- logic control not achieved with other Lake County project, GeoVisionary more, the spatial distribution of geo- interpolation methods. The use of was used extensively to display high- logic units were interpreted and mod- MAPublisher also allowed for the resolution aerial photographic and el- elled in congruence with the cross- creation of graphically depicted evation datasets in full resolution section network. Thus, coupling the paleo-environment reconstructions, along with other subsurface geologic lateral extents of geologic units with with actual geospatial data, that data (Figure 8). For example, LiDAR the cross-section network allowed for guided mapping and served as a logic land surface models and color aerial

AER/AGS Special Report 112 • 145 - - - raster surface g.) Custom toolbar with a.) ameter to highlight better quality infor ent lithologic records, and note that only in ation for geologic unit identified in field by key to 3D borehole representations, based on stan h.) features that repres exploration test hole shown in larger di d.) ed as attribute table records, interpret tool based on tops or bottoms of selected intervals (user choice); natural gamma-ray log traces; ure of an ArcScene window showing elements of the 3D geologic mapping workflow. als using the “Create Surface” window shown in f.) and c.) selected multipatch features highlight e.) selected intervals (highlighted in light blue) of 3D multipatch b.) “Create Surface” script executes the TopotoRaster geoprocessing f.) Lake County project example. Screen capt Figure 4. buttons that execute customtervals scripts; that represent sorted sediment are shown; mation, displayed as ared separate arrow; dataset; rendered from selection of interpreted record interv dardized terms. From Brown 2013. ©2013 by the Regents of the University of Minnesota.

AER/AGS Special Report 112 • 146 significant interpretive control of each unit (Figure 10). The Subsurface Viewer and GSI3D applications built triangulated irregu- lar network (TIN) surfaces based on digitized node locations along cross sections and node locations along the mapped extents of each geologic unit in the model. Stratigraphic-hierarchi- cal criteria were also included in the modelling protocol, which con- strained model results and enforced geologic control. This workflow was parallel to the step in the Lake County project in which digital structure con- tours were created as input elements in the ArcGIS Topo to Raster surface interpolation process. The 3D model of McHenry County is comprised of 22 geologic units asso- Figure 5. Lake County project example. One of many paleo-environmental illus- ciated with the unconsolidated, Qua- trations to aid 3D interpretation. Line of cross-section is about 40 km long. North is up. ternary glacial deposits. The regional geologic framework of the model is dependent upon 40 key-cross sections (Figure 9). In general, those key-cross sections are oriented north-south and east-west and located approximately 1.5-3 km (1-2 miles) apart. The key- cross sections were interpreted using the highest-quality water-well logs, test-hole data, and geophysical profile data. Secondary-cross sections (total of 70) were interpreted most often along topographic valley edges and valley bottoms to further delineate the boundaries and geometries of individual units (e.g., uppermost glaciofluvial and modern stream deposits). The secondary cross sections were critical to increase the quality and confidence of the 3D model between key cross sections and to improve the modelled contacts between units near land surface. The secondary cross sections also helped, in part, to control geologic boundaries in areas with very thin, shallow geologic units and in areas of high topographic relief. Differ- Figure 6. Lake County project example. Intersecting cross sections spaced approximately 3.2 km apart and derived from 3D data set produced with an ISGS ent from Lake County, the cross-sec- created ESRI ArcGIS X-acto-section script. Originally developed for assisting the tion building process was a step in development for cartographic cross sections by accurately depicting land surface making the model, whereas for Lake and bedrock topography for typical 2D geologic maps, application of the X-acto- County, cross sections were an output section script to create vector polygons from the complete geology stack of raster after the model was created. structure contour surfaces was completely unintended. North is to the upper right.

AER/AGS Special Report 112 • 147 dfrom tation rizontal scale in o be legible. Cross section automatically derive tical scale in 100-foot graduations, and the ho reatly reduced from original; text not intended t ball cap indicate a bend in the cross section as shown in 3D, and those with a black ball cap with no . through d.); light blue dashed lines depict the ver Lake County project cross section example. Scale g such as “NS-24” show the location of an intersecting cross section. Figure 7. 3D data set highlighting1000-foot a graduations. few Vertical geologic “push features pins” (a with a red

AER/AGS Special Report 112 • 148 Figure 8. Three-dimensional visualization of (a) land-surface elevation model and (b) subsurface data in Geovisionary. In (a), the geologic map of McHenry County is overlain on the land-surface elevation model. In (b), ESRI shapefiles of lithologic descriptions of water-well logs and test holes are color-coded and viewed with 2D geophysical profile data in Geovisionary.

AER/AGS Special Report 112 • 149 The McHenry modelling workflow was aimed at reducing uncertainty and optimizing modelled resolution by integrating the highest quality and density of geologic data and extrapo- lating their interpretations into a network of cross sections at a scale relative to the understanding of geologic complexity.

A primary goal was to develop an interactive, digital product to query and visualize the 3D geologic model data with an interface that the user or client could download and use. INSIGHT GmbH offers a free model- viewer software version of Subsur- face Viewer, which allows a user to view and manipulate exported and en- crypted Subsurface Viewer/GSI3D geologic models. The graphic-user interface in Subsurface Viewer includes map-view, 3D-view, and section-view windows (Figure 11). It also includes a borehole viewer to show the geology of selected water-well or test- Figure 9. Locations and names of key-cross sections used in the Subsurface Viewer/GSI3D model of McHenry County. County is ~42 km wide. North is up. hole data, or the interpreted geology at any user-defined point location or cross section within the 3D geologic model. Similarly, the ISGS has developed an open-source web viewer called IL3D (http://maps.isgs.illinois.edu/vxs/mchenry), which queries data from the McHenry County model to generate interpreted stratigraphic boreholes and cross sections at any location within the model domain (Figure 12). The data for Lake County and Will County are also loaded into IL3D and available in a somewhat seamless fashion to users. Therefore, despite any differences in the mapping and modelling approaches, the final products can be merged into an institutional data structure that is manageable and deliverable in a consistent and reliable manner. Will County Similar to Lake and McHenry Coun- ties, a database was developed con- sisting of ISGS test holes and archival water-well descriptive logs from Figure 10. Distribution of a modelled geologic unit (orange) relative to the key ISGS holdings and from private cross section network in McHenry County. County is ~42 km wide. North is up.

AER/AGS Special Report 112 • 150 - y County 3D model showing the cross section network, block diagram, and se Graphical user interface of the Subsurface Viewer/GSI3D and the McHenr lected cross section. On the block diagram, north is to the upper left. The county is ~42 km wide. Figure 11.

AER/AGS Special Report 112 • 151 - and Will County datasets, cre me application applies to the Lake IL3D web viewer interface for the McHenry County 3D model. The sa ating a unified delivery protocol for all 3D geologic maps and models. Figure 12.

AER/AGS Special Report 112 • 152 firms. Data representing ~29,000 and placed stratigraphically above the surfaces are not regionally modified boreholes were reviewed and com- bedrock topographic surface, and then on the basis of a reference layer, as piled, assigned accurate geospatial correlated (if possible) to other parts opposed to what is often done in coordinates, and given elevation val- of the county. This was followed by multi-layered modelling using stan- ues derived from the best available el- successive construction of structure dard GIS tools. evation datasets. Earth electrical resis- contour surfaces representing succes- tivity (EER) profiles totaling 14 km sively younger geologic units. Conse- The completed 3D voxel model cov- were acquired along 8 lines, and quently, structure contour maps were ers the entire study area with a grid mostly across an expansive moraine, created for 16 subsurface geologic discretization of 50 m laterally and known as the Valparaiso Morainic units, and then based on the structure 5 m vertically. These dimensions System. Siting resistivity targets was contour maps, 65 cross sections were were chosen to achieve a proper reso- difficult because of an extensive sub- built across the county from known lution of the mapped buried bedrock surface oil pipeline network and the data points. The cross sections and valley structures. The voxel model- adverse impact of that subsurface in- geological map contacts were used as ling was performed using a manual frastructure on geophysical data. The the primary expert knowledge con- approach, where geological units subsurface data also included infor- straints (Figure 14). were interpreted without any auto- mation from 105 stratigraphic test mated routines. This was done by us- holes (drilled by the ISGS). Drilling Differences in lithological informa- ing a set of specific tools in Geo- methods included hydraulic push tion from boreholes were used to Scene3D, where it was possible to (representing 660 m of core at 70 lo- place interpretation points. These select and populate the voxels in dif- cations) and continuous wireline cor- points were used to create raster grids ferent ways (Jørgensen et al. 2013). ing (representing 1,200 m of core at using the kriging interpolation meth- GeoScene3D tools subsequently were 35 locations). Holes drilled by the od to obtain the base of each unit (in used that enabled the selection of wireline method typically reached contrast, the top of each unit was voxels within volumes delineated by bedrock and were also logged by the mapped in the Lake County project, the interpolated raster surfaces, and natural gamma-ray borehole geophys- and bases were calculated after the where voxels were selected within ical technique. mapping was completed). Since digitized polygons on cross-sections. building surfaces separately does not Using these tools, major volumetric The 3D geologic modelling for Will ensure that they are consistently in bodies were populated by picking County relied on lithological informa- the correct stratigraphic order (in groups of voxels that were con- tion from subsurface data, as de- other words ensuring that lower sur- strained by the initially modelled sur- scribed above, used in tandem with faces do not “pop out” above upper faces. Minor geologic bodies were data from more than 100 field out- surfaces) in areas between cross sec- manually digitized. Importantly, the crops. Different from Lake and tions, increased mesh density and ability to create smaller geologic bod- McHenry Counties, Will County’s minimum thickness constraints were ies as voxels within the larger mapped geomorphology provided a greater applied locally to remove most cross- units provided a means to demon- distribution of outcrops which was overs which were frequent where strate variability within mapped units. key for solving particular strati- units were thin, especially if the vari- This is an aspect of geologic model- graphic problems. Also, different ability of the top elevation of a unit ling that was not accommodated in from the Lake and McHenry County was larger than its thickness. During the Lake and McHenry County exam- projects, GeoScene3D software was this trimming exercise, the surfaces of ples. In those cases, internal unit vari- used to define the thickness and stra- older valleys were cut by younger ation could only be described in text, tigraphic distribution of Quaternary valleys. The remaining crossovers not visually, unless subsequently dis- deposits and it enabled strict coher- were removed manually by adjusting played graphically as additional con- ence between the surface distribution grid nodes. Special attention was also tent in cross sections. of the various deposits (deduced from given to reliable boreholes that did geologic maps) and borehole stratig- not reach bedrock in order to respect Current Challenges raphy (Figure 13). This software ap- minimum thickness constraints using plication provided the ability to create interactive tools. Thus, crossovers and 1. Funding the first 3D voxel model at the ISGS. other thickness problems were cor- The long standing challenge is the During the basic geological interpre- rected locally depending on the spe- low funding level for geological map- tation for the model building, a struc- cific problem instead of taking a ref- ping and modelling. The inability of ture contour map of the lowermost erence surface, calculating its the United States to fund this effort at sand and gravel unit (typically within thickness, and then adjusting all of the levels required to understand the a bedrock valley) was first evaluated the others to fit that layer. Therefore, country’s natural resources will likely

AER/AGS Special Report 112 • 153 t-west, and all images are looking north. odel showing boreholes and surfaces. The red surface is bedrock, green ine sediments. The below image is ~4.8 km eas Graphical user interface of GeoScene 3D and a portion of the Will County 3D m is Quaternary sediments, and purple is lacustr Figure 13.

AER/AGS Special Report 112 • 154 - ediments. Cross-section AB is 2.25 km long and lected cross sections from Geoscene 3D. On the map and cross sec llow is sand and gravel, and purple is lacustrine s Surficial geology of the Eagle Lake area located in Will County and se tions, orange is bedrock,cross-section green CD is is diamictons, 4.54 ye km long. Figure 14.

AER/AGS Special Report 112 • 155 result in an economic disadvantage, remains with implementing a consis- namically changing constituency. Fur- as globalization continues to increase tent software workflow that thermore, consistent communication competition for resources between na- withstands time and also is financially and productive 3D model applications tions. Possible redistribution of popu- sustainable. The ISGS followed the are particularly successful within lations and shifting agricultural pro- lead of the BGS with investment in counties that employ professional duction resulting from climate change the same software and similar com- positions that are charged with will require more robust knowledge puting infrastructure, and joined the meeting natural-resource planning of groundwater resources and the de- 5-year GSI3D Research Consortium objectives. fining of geologic units that contain managed by the BGS under license the water. The lack of adequate 3D from INSIGHT GmbH. With demise For Will County, geological model- geologic models to respond to these of the license agreement, and dissolu- ling is scheduled for completion by potential national challenges could be tion of the Consortium, the outlook the end of 2019. Therefore, time has devastating (Reidmiller et al. 2018). for continued software support and not elapsed to provide any lessons the promise of a solution for client/ learned. The lack of adequate federal and state customer user interface, no longer 2. User-Client Needs vs. funding to minimally support one or appeared as a viable strategic direc- Jurisdictional Constraints two concurrent 3D geologic mapping tion. projects in Illinois that construct Ask any public employee responsible products within a 3-year or less time Lessons Learned for delivery of services related to nat- frame means that progress will be ural resources, enforcement of public slow. However, technological devel- 1. User-Client Technological ordinances or laws, or involved in opments, and particularly airborne Expertise public education, regarding their geophysics, have proven that the up- The Lake County project included a needs and they will respond “yes” to front cost is worth the investment. group of very advanced county level every possible mapping or modelling Every 3D mapping project should re- GIS managers and users. Even after product that can be created. They will quire this so that complete high-reso- onsite demonstrations, clear commu- do so without analysis of existing ju- lution low altitude geophysical sur- nication regarding 3D models, and risdictional constraints, actual action- veys are conducted to supplement how 2D information could be visual- able ordinances or laws, and realistic traditional methods of subsurface data ized or used for analysis in ESRI ap- analysis of their own day-to-day, acquisition, as has been done rou- plications, the county customer re- month-to-month, and year-to-year tinely in Denmark (Thomsen 2011). vealed on the day of product delivery workflow, defined work protocols, As of this writing, there appears to be that they did not use the 3D compo- and bureaucratic hurdles. Unless the an effort through the Illinois General nent of ArcGIS, ArcScene. In addi- use of geologic information is imbed- Assembly for legislation that would tion, they had no other software that ded in a required workflow for public fund 3D mapping of the area under- could accommodate 3D visualization. employees, most likely the informa- lain by the Mahomet aquifer in east- A clear gap exists in the ability for tion will not be used as intended by central Illinois for approximately most government clients or customers the geological community. $20 million. This would be the first to use any 3D software application, 3. Map Product Convergence fully funded, state supported, 3D geo- nor can we expect them to do so. logic mapping project in Illinois using Despite the different technological all available exploration techniques In McHenry County, awareness and approaches used to make 3D geologic including high resolution helicopter utility of the 3D geologic model has maps and models described in the borne time-domain electro-magnetic been challenging because of county case studies, the robust technology in- geophysics (Brown et al. 2018). administrative turnover. New admin- frastructure at the ISGS has allowed istrative staff have been largely unfa- geologists to produce digital geologic 2. Technology Platforms miliar with the project and had to be map data that can be ingested into Technology changes, and typically re-educated about the 3D model and web delivery services. Instead of does so with outcomes that improve re-convinced of its value and utility. packaged viewers, the promise to productivity. A review of every type Similarly, new locally-elected offi- show it all, and imposed software of 3D modelling or mapping project cials often have been unaware of the learning requirements on the user, at the ISGS shows that each used a model and its benefits. Consistent simple tools that allow users to select uniquely different technological communication and follow-up meet- a line of profile that creates a user de- workflow. No two were exactly alike ings by ISGS scientists and county fined cross section from continuous in the use of software and develop- decision makers is absolutely neces- structure contour surface data, ap- ment of digital products. A challenge sary for forward progress by a dy- pears to have great appeal by clients.

AER/AGS Special Report 112 • 156 The ISGS concept of 3D and the 5) Begin 3D geological modelling Association and the Canadian Chapter user’s concept of 3D may be very dif- northwest of Chicago in Boone of the International Association of Hydrogeologists, Proceedings Papers, ferent considering the client’s expo- County, where glacial sediments August 28-31, Quebec City, Quebec, sure to IMAX movies, video gaming, are complex and deep glacial aqui- Canada, 6p (DOC-2206). and other consumer oriented prod- fers require improved delineation. Berg, R.C., S.J. Mathers, H. Kessler, and ucts. Thus, expectations on what the 6) Begin 3D geological modelling in D.A. Keefer [eds.]. 2011. Synopsis of client receives could be much differ- DuPage County, west of Chicago, current three-dimensional geological ent from what the client expects to be where infrastructure issues prevail. mapping and modeling in geological delivered. Depictions of the 3D stack 7) Update and complete the unpub- survey organizations: Illinois State Geological Survey Circular 578, 92p. of maps has a useful, perhaps dra- lished Kendall County geological Berg, R.C., E.D. McKay, D.A. Keefer, matic, effect of showing the complex- model (Keefer et al. 2013). R.A. Bauer, P.D. Johnstone, B.J. Stiff, ity of geologic relationships, but is 8) Construct a 3D geological model A. Pugin, C.P. Weibel, A.J. Stumpf, quite useless for problem solving. We of the state (perhaps at 1:500,000 T.H. Larson, W.-J. Su, and G.T. have found, through one-on-one trial scale). Homrighous. 2002. Three-dimensional with clients/users, that most users un- geological mapping for transportation planning in central-northern Illinois: derstand the simple concept of cross References data selection, map constructions, and sections. The concept is reinforced Abert, C.C., W.S. Dey, A.M. Davis, and model development, in Three-dimen- when the user can create his or her B.B. Curry. 2007. Three-dimensional sional geologic mapping for ground- own cross section from the 3D data. geologic model Kane County Illinois: water applications, workshop extended The delivery of data as shown in Fig- Illinois State Geological Survey Illi- abstracts: Geological Survey of Can- nois County Geological Map ICGM ada Open File 1449, Denver, CO, Oc- ure 12 both achieves the goal of pro- tober 26, 2002, p. 13-17. viding 3D information, and an institu- Kane-3D. Bogner, J.E., K. Cartwright, and J.P. tional data management solution by Abert, C.C., E.D. McKay, M.M. Riggs, R.J. Krumm, and M.M. McLean. Kempton. 1976. Geology for planning providing a single point of delivery. 1993. Computer-generated cross sec- in northeastern Illinois: Illinois State New data can be added at any time, tions, southern Will County: Illinois Geological Survey Open File Series and it appears to be seamless. Perhaps State Geological Survey Open-File 1976-01, 47p. most importantly, there is no vendor Series1993-9K. Brown, S.E., J.F. Thomason, and K.E. created obsolescence through proprie- Berg. R.C., N.K. Bleuer, B.E. Jones, K.A. Mwakanyamale. 2018. The future of Kincare, R.R. Pavey, and B.D. Stone. science of the Mahomet aquifer: Illi- tary reliance and the continued finan- nois State Geological Survey Circular cial investment for technology that 1999. Mapping the glacial geology of the central Great Lakes region in three 594, 25 p. serves a single purpose. dimensions - A model of state-federal Brown, S.E. 2013. Three-dimensional geo- cooperation: U.S. Geological Survey logic mapping of Lake County, Illi- Next Steps Open-File Report 99-349, 40p. nois: No small task. In H. Thorleifson, Berg, R.C., S.E. Brown, J.E. Thomason, R.C. Berg, and H. Russell (Eds.), The future of 3D geological model- N.R. Hasenmueller, S.L. Letsinger, Three-Dimensional Geological Map- ling at the ISGS is to: K.A. Kincare, J.M. Esch, A.E. Kehew, ping Workshop Extended Abstracts, 1) Complete geological modelling for L.H. Thorleifson, A.L Kozlowski, Geological Society of America Annual B.C. Bird, R.R. Pavey, A.J. Bajc, A.K Meeting Denver, Colorado – October Will County in 2019, and transi- 26, 2013, Minnesota Geological Sur- tion to the northeast to Cook Burt, G.M. Fleeger, and E.C. Carson. 2016. A multiagency and multijuris- vey Open-File Report OFR-13-2, 84 p. County, which includes urban dictional approach to mapping the gla- Carrell, J. 2014. Tools and Techniques for mapping and modelling of the city cial deposits of the Great Lakes region 3D Geologic Mapping in ArcScene: of Chicago. in three dimensions, in Geoscience for Boreholes, Cross Sections, and Block 2) Complete nearshore modelling of the Public Good and Global Develop- Diagrams. IN: Digital Mapping Tech- niques ‘11–12 Workshop Proceedings bottom sediments along Lake ment: Towards a Sustainable Future, Edited by G.R. Wessel and J.K (D.R. Soller; Ed.). U.S. Geological Michigan’s Illinois shoreline to be Greenberg: Geological Society of Survey Open-File Report 2014–1167. integrated into the Cook and Lake America Special Paper 520, p. 415- p. 19-29. County geological models. 447. Dey, W.S., A.M. Davis, and B.B. Curry. 3) Expand the Will County modelling Berg, R.C., J.P. Kempton, and A.N. 2007. Major Quaternary aquifers, southward to Kankakee County Stecyk. 1984. Geology for planning in Kane County, Illinois: Illinois State where groundwater and aggregate Boone and Winnebago Counties: Illi- Geological Survey, Illinois County nois State Geological Survey Circular Geological Map, ICGM Kane –QA, extraction are issues. 531, 69p. scale 1:100,000. 4) Update the 2007 Kane County Berg, R.C. and H.E. Leetaru. 2011. Three- DeMeritt, M., 2012, Modeling the Terrain geological model (Dey, Davis, and dimensional geological mapping, mod- Below, Creating dynamic subsurface Curry 2007). eling, and geomodeling: An historical perspectives in ArcScene: ESRI, perspective: First Joint Meeting (Geo- ArcUser Magazine for Software Users, Hydro 2011), Canadian Quaternary Volume 15, No. 2., p. 28-31.

AER/AGS Special Report 112 • 157 Frye, 1967. Geological information for Krumm, R.J., C.C. Abert, E.D. McKay, Reidmiller, D.R., C.W. Avery, D.R. managing the environment: Illinois R.R. Pool, M.H. Riggs, and M.M. Easterling, K.E. Kunkel, K.L.M. State Geological Survey Environmen- Mclean, M.M. 1992. Geologic map- Lewis, T.K. Maycock, and B.C. Stew- tal Geology Notes 18, 12p. ping to support county-level screening art (eds.). 2018. Impacts, Risks, and Greenberg, S.E., R. Bauer, R. Will, R. for solid waste facility sites: Illinois Adaptation in the United States: Locke II, M. Carney, H. Leetaru, and GIS and Mapnotes, 11, p. 10-13. Fourth National Climate Assessment, J. Medler. 2017. Geologic carbon stor- Krumm, R.J., R.R. Pool, G.D. Graettinger, Volume II: Report-in-Brief: U.S. age at a one million tonne demonstra- L.R. Smith, and E.D. McKay. 1989. Global Change Research Program, tion project: Lessons learned from the Geologic applications of ARC/INFO: Washington, DC, USA, 186 p. Illinois Basin – Decatur Project: 13th Examples from Illinois: ESRI Interna- Riggs, M.H., C.C. Abert, M.M. McLean, International Congress on Greenhouse tional User Conference Proceedings, R.J. Krumm, and E.D. McKay. 1993. Gas Control Technologies, GHGT-13, Palm Springs, CA. Cross-sectional views and geologic in- 14-18 November 2016, Lausanne, Lake County Illinois. 2004. Lake County terpretations from a three-dimensional Switzerland, Energy Procedia 2017, regional framework plan, Chapter 5, model, north central Lake County: Illi- 11p. Infrastructure and services, 150p. nois State Geological Survey Open- Jørgensen, F., Møller, R.R., Nebel, L., https://www.lakecountyil.gov/1974/ file Series 1993-10k, scale 1:62,500. Jensen, N.-P., Christiansen, A.V., and Framework-Plan Soller, D.R., S.D. Price, J.P. Kempton, and Sandersen, P. B., 2013: A method for Leetaru, H.E., M.L. Sargent, and D.R. R.C. Berg. 1999. Three-dimensional cognitive 3D geological voxel model- Kolata. 2004. Geologic atlas of Cook geologic maps of Quaternary sedi- ling of AEM data. Bulletin of Engi- County for planning purposes: Illinois ments in east-central Illinois: U.S. neering Geology and the Environment, State Geological Survey Open-File Se- Geological Survey Geological Investi- v. 72, p. 421-432. ries 2004-12, 35p. gations Series, Map I-2669, scale 1:250,000. Keefer, D.A., B.B. Curry, C.C. Abert, and Marshak, S., T.H. Larson, and C.C. Abert J.E. Carrell. 2013. Three-dimensional [Compilers]. 2016. Geological and Thomsen, R. 2011. 3D groundwater map- hydrogeologic mapping of Kendall geophysical maps of the Illinois Basin- ping in Denmark based on calibrated County: Illinois State Geological Sur- Ozark Dome region: Illinois State high-resolution airborne geophysical vey unpublished contract report, 73p. Geological Survey Illinois Map 23, data, in Three-dimensional geologic Kempton, J.P. J.E. Bogner, and KI. Cart- 13p. mapping, workshop extended abstracts: Geological Survey of Canada wright. 1977. Geology for planning in Mathers, S.J., B. Wood, and H. Kessler. northeastern Illinois: VIII. Regional Open File 6998, Minneapolis, MN, 2011. GSI3D 2011 Software Manual October 8, 2011, p. 73-77. summary: Illinois State Geological and Methodology; British Geological Survey Open File Series 1977-02, 63p. Survey Internal Report, OR/11/020, 152 p.

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