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GIS-Based Hydrogeological Platform for Sedimentary Media

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GIS-Based Hydrogeological Platform for Sedimentary Media [Annex I: Articles and reports related to the development of this thesis] GIS-based hydrogeological platform for sedimentary media PhD Thesis Domitila Violeta Velasco Mansilla Advisor: Dr. Enric Vázquez Suñè Hydrogeology Group (GHS) Institute of Environmental Assesment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Research Council(CSIC) Dept. Geotechnical Engineering and Geosciences, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya (UPC), Barcelona Chapter 1: Introduction I. ABSTRACT The detailed 3D hydrogeological modelling of sedimentary media (e.g. alluvial, deltaic, etc) that form important aquifers is very complex because of: (1) the natural intrinsic heterogeneity of the geological media, (2) the need for integrating reliable 3D geological models that represent this heterogeneity in the hydrogeological modelling process and (3) the scarcity of comprenhensive tools for the systematic management of spatial and temporal dependent data. The first aim of this thesis was the development of a software platform to facilitate the creation of 3D hydrogeological models in sedimentary media. It is composed of a hydrogeological geospatial database and several sets of instruments working within a GIS environment. They were designed to manage, visualise, analyse, interpret and pre and post- process the data stored in the spatial database The geospatial database (HYDOR) is based on the Personal Geodatabase structure of ArcGIS(ESRI) and enables the user to integrate into a logical and consistent structure the wide range of spatio-temporal dependent groundwater information ( e.g. geological, hydrogeological, geographical, etc data) from different sources( other database, field tests, etc) and different formats( e.g. digital data, maps etc). A set of applications in the database were established to facilitate and ensure the correct data entry in accordance with existing international standards. The set of analysis tools was developed as an extension of ArcMap environment (ArcGIS; ESRI).This set of tools was separated into three main modules represented by different toolbars. The first toolbar, termed HEROS, allows the user to exploit the geological data stored in the database and facilitate the generation of 3D geological models. Detailed stratigraphic columns of the selected boreholes can be generated using customized queries. The automatic creation of a geological profile is possible by displaying the borehole lithological columns, the geophysical and geotechnical field-test results, and the defined stratigraphic units. The user is able to analyse and to define the possible existing correlation surfaces, units, and faults on the basis of an interactive analysis environment. These spatial elements can then be converted within a 3D environment. Finally, the use of the resulting geological model to support the hydraulic parameterisation for hydrogeological modelling is also possible by employing another command. The second toolbar, which is known as QUIMET, is composed of a set of instruments for analysis that cover a wide range of methodologies for querying, interpreting and comparing groundwater quality parameters. They include, among others, chemical time-series analysis, 1 Chapter 1: Introduction ionic balance calculations, correlation of chemical parameters, and calculation of various common hydrogeochemical diagrams (e.g. Schöeller-Berkaloff, Piper, and Stiff). Moreover, it is also possible to perform a complete statistical analysis of the data including descriptive statistical univariate and bivariate analyses, the generation of correlation matrices of several components, calculation of correlation graphics, etc. The last toolbar (HYYH) was designed to analyse and visualise different hydrogeological measurements and hydraulic field test results. Contour maps and further spatial operations of the depth or thickness of the aquifers could be generated using customized queries. Likewise, piezometric maps can be created for the selected points and for the selected period of time with another command included in this toolbar. Additionally, multi-criteria query forms enable the user to analyse and visualise different data and interpretations derived from pumping and tracer tests. The interpreted data and calculations can be easily stored and consulted in the same platform and can be used to build an updatable model database for further interpretations. Thus, each new study does not have to start from scratch. The second aim of this thesis is to implement this modelling platform in the urban area of Barcelona (NE, Spain) to structure all the available data and to set up a working framework of groundwater resources in terms of both quantity and quality. Concretely, in the Besòs Delta area (NE of Barcelona), the integration of the available data into the HYDOR database and the use of the aforementioned instruments and methods allowed us to: 1) delimit the geological units by means of sequence stratigraphic subdivision, 2) generate the 3D facies belt-based model of the Besòs Delta built on the basis of this geological characterisation and 3) use this model to constrain the distribution of hydraulic parameters and thus obtain a consistent hydrogeological model of the delta , which was calibrated by water management and production data recorded over the last hundreds years. Because of this marked improvement in the characterisation of the geology of the Besòs Delta complex, the lower aquifer was incorporated into the model, which significantly contributes to our understanding of the hydrogeological characteristics of the delta. 2 Chapter 1: Introduction II. RESUMEN La modelización hidrogeológica tridimensional de los medios sedimentarios (p.ej. sedimentos aluviales, deltas) que suelen constituir acuíferos importantes es compleja debido principalmente a tres factores: (1) la heterogeneidad natural intrínseca del medio, (2) la necesidad de integrar un modelo geológico tridimensional que represente dicha heterogeneidad adecuadamente en los procesos de modelización hidrogeológica y (3) la escasez de herramientas apropiadas para gestionar grandes cantidades de datos hidrogeológicos espacio- temporales. El primer objetivo de esta tesis ha sido el desarrollo de una plataforma software en un entorno GIS que facilite la realización de modelos hidrogeológicos 3D. Está compuesta por una base de datos geoespacial y un conjunto de herramientas que permiten al usuario gestionar, visualizar, analizar, interpretar y pre-post procesar los datos almacenados en dicha base de datos. El modelo de bases de datos propuesta en esta tesis (HYDOR) se ha implementado en una base de datos geoespacial del tipo Personal Geodatabase (ArcGIS, ESRI) y permite la integración en una estructura coherente y lógica de un amplio rango de tipos de información hidrogeológica procedentes de diversas fuentes y con diferentes formatos. Los diferentes instrumentos desarrollados para explotar los datos almacenados en la base de datos se han creado como una extensión de ArcMap (ArcGIS; ESRI) y se reagrupan formando tres barras de herramientas. La primera barra de herramientas (HEROS) además de facilitarnos el análisis y la interpretación de los datos geológicos almacenados en la base de datos, nos permite generar modelos geológicos tridimensionales. Entre las funciones de dichas herramientas, está la de poder visualizar la información geológica aportada por los sondeos en forma de columna estratigráfica así como la generación automática de perfiles geológicos que muestran las diferentes columnas estratigráficas de los sondeos seleccionados. Información útil como los resultados de los ensayos geofísicos así como las unidades geológicas definidas aparecen también en la pantalla del mismo perfil geológico. Este entorno es óptimo para que el usuario analice y defina las superficies de correlación, las diferentes unidades geológicas y las posibles fallas. Estos elementos espaciales se pueden visualizar en tres dimensiones. Finalmente, otra herramienta nos proporciona la parametrización hidráulica inicial (para el modelo hidrogeológico) de las diferentes unidades geológicas partiendo de las características texturales de las mismas. La segunda barra de herramientas, QUIMET, cubre un amplio rango de metodologías para consultar, interpretar y comparar diferentes parámetros hidroquímicos. Además nos 3 Chapter 1: Introduction permite desarrollar un análisis estadístico completo en el que se incluyen entre otros, análisis estadísticos univariante, bivariante y generación de matrices de correlación de diferentes compuestos químicos. La última barra de herramientas (HYYH) se ha diseñado para visualizar y analizar los datos hidrogeológicos entre los que se incluyen los procedentes de ensayos hidráulicos. Usando estas herramientas se pueden generar mapas de isolineas y otras representaciones espaciales que nos permitan visualizar la profundidad o el espesor de los acuíferos. Del mismo modo, se pueden obtener mapas piezometricos de los puntos seleccionados para un intervalo de tiempo determinado por el usuario. Finalmente, otra herramienta nos permite consultar las interpretaciones procedentes de ensayos hidráulicos. La información obtenida usando todas estas herramientas, también se almacenan en la base de datos constituyendo de este modo una base para futuras interpretaciones. El segundo objetivo de esta tesis ha sido la aplicación de esta plataforma software en la gestión de los datos disponibles del área urbana de Barcelona (NE de España) obteniendo con ello una herramienta apropiada de gestión de los recursos hídricos
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