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Towards a Radical Body Positive: Reading the Online Body Positive Movement

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Towards a Radical Body Positive: Reading the Online Body Positive Movement University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2016 Towards A Radical Body Positive: Reading The Online Body Positive Movement Alexandra Sastre University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the Communication Commons, and the Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Studies Commons Recommended Citation Sastre, Alexandra, "Towards A Radical Body Positive: Reading The Online Body Positive Movement" (2016). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 2569. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2569 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2569 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Towards A Radical Body Positive: Reading The Online Body Positive Movement Abstract Under the auspices of the “body positive movement,” there has recently been an explosion of web-based content dedicated to confronting narrow Western beauty ideals that privilege the white, thin, cis-gendered and able-bodied. Body positivity challenges this exclusionary culture by encouraging the circulation of empowering body-images and advocating for the visibility of bodies that do not fit mainstream beauty norms. This dissertation is a visual and textual analysis of five English-language body positive web spaces, Herself, Stop Hating Your Body, The Body is Not An Apology, My Body Gallery and Body Revolution. Exploring site mission statements, submission guidelines, “seed images” of site creators, and participant images and stories, it maps the representational tropes that frame digital body positive practices and the ideological formations that undergird them. It reads body positivity through an interdisciplinary lens, grounding it within a history of discourses on the relationship between subjectivity, the body and its representation to address how narratives of authenticity, visibility, and embodiment are negotiated when the body is digitally performed and disseminated. This dissertation argues that ultimately, the way the body and the image operate within digital body positivity does not significantly distance the practice from the cultural formations it attempts to combat; Instead, it proposes a radical body positive to open up productive possibilities for representing embodiment in the digital age. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group Communication First Advisor Marwan Kraidy Keywords Blogs, Body, Body Positivity, Digital Media, Feminism Subject Categories Communication | Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Studies This dissertation is available at ScholarlyCommons: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2569 TOWARDS A RADICAL BODY POSITIVE: READING THE ONLINE BODY POSITIVE MOVEMENT Alexandra Sastre A DISSERTATION in Communication Presented to the Faculties of the University of Pennsylvania in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2016 Supervisor of Dissertation ______________________ Marwan Kraidy, The Anthony Shadid Chair in Global Media, Politics & Culture Graduate Group Chairperson ______________________ Joseph Turow, Robert Lewis Shayon Professor of Communication Dissertation Committee: Guobin Yang, Associate Professor of Communication and Sociology John Jackson, Dean of the School of Social Policy and Practice, Professor of Communication, Anthropology & Africana Studies COPYRIGHT TOWARDS A RADICAL BODY POSITIVE: READING THE ONLINE BODY POSITIVE MOVEMENT COPYRIGHT 2016 Alexandra Sastre This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 License To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/us/ Acknowledgments I am so grateful to the many people who have counseled, supported and encouraged me during the long- and sometimes painful- process of writing this dissertation. I would like to extend a heartfelt thanks my advisor, Marwan Kraidy, for his guidance and consistent positivity. Over the years, has given me the room to develop my voice as a scholar, and inspired me to forge onward in difficult moments. I am also thankful to my three gracious committee members, John Jackson, Guobin Yang and Gigi Durham, for their perpetual kindness, patience and support. Thank you to Katherine Sender, who first helped me to see the possibility in this line of work. I am so grateful to have had Felicity Paxton’s mentorship in the area of teaching, and Sharrona Pearl as an engaging collaborator. I am indebted to Annenberg’s ever-helpful and attentive staff, in particular Rose Halligan and Joanne Murray, for the many (sometimes frantic!) questions they have promptly answered. I also extend a tremendous thanks to Luz Marin, Demie Kurz and Nancy Hirschmann of Penn’s Gender, Sexuality and Women's Studies department, and Anne Esacove of the Alice Paul Center, for their invaluable generosity. To the friends and colleagues that shared in this process with me- I could not have done it without you. The work of being a graduate student can be as lonely and frustrating as it is exciting and rewarding. Thanks to you, it has been more the latter than the former. And to my family- my husband, Alejandro, my parents, Marcos and Rosa, my brother, Marcos, my Tia, Elsa and my Abu, Elvira- thanks does not begin to cover it. I love you. iii ABSTRACT TOWARDS A RADICAL BODY POSITIVE: READING THE ONLINE BODY POSITIVE MOVEMENT Alexandra Sastre Marwan Kraidy Under the auspices of the “body positive movement,” there has recently been an explosion of web-based content dedicated to confronting narrow Western beauty ideals that privilege the white, thin, cis-gendered and able-bodied. Body positivity challenges this exclusionary culture by encouraging the circulation of empowering body-images and advocating for the visibility of bodies that do not fit mainstream beauty norms. This dissertation is a visual and textual analysis of five English-language body positive web spaces, Herself, Stop Hating Your Body, The Body is Not An Apology, My Body Gallery and Body Revolution. Exploring site mission statements, submission guidelines, “seed images” of site creators, and participant images and stories, it maps the representational tropes that frame digital body positive practices and the ideological formations that undergird them. It reads body positivity through an interdisciplinary lens, grounding it within a history of discourses on the relationship between subjectivity, the body and its representation to address how narratives of authenticity, visibility, and embodiment are negotiated when the body is digitally performed and disseminated. This dissertation argues that ultimately, the way the body and the image operate within digital body positivity does not significantly distance the practice from the cultural formations it attempts to combat; Instead, it proposes a radical body positive to open up productive possibilities for representing embodiment in the digital age. iv Table of Contents Acknowledgments............................................................................................................................. i Abstract ............................................................................................................................................ ii Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 1 Mapping the Digital Body Positive ............................................................................................. 9 Body Positivity in Context ........................................................................................................ 15 Reading the Body Positive Movement ...................................................................................... 19 Visibility, representation and the docile body ....................................................................... 26 The body and the (digital) archive ........................................................................................ 29 Affect, embodiment and representation ................................................................................ 34 Methodology .............................................................................................................................. 40 A genealogical imperative and queer optic ........................................................................... 41 Critical discourse analysis ..................................................................................................... 44 Analytical approach .............................................................................................................. 46 Chapter 1 Authentic Exposure: Body Positivity and the Performance of “Realness” Online ..... 54 Visibility, Representation and the Docile Body ........................................................................ 61 Visual and Ideological Mechanisms of “Body Positive” Practice ............................................. 71 Site guidelines, artwork and words on skin- outlining participatory tropes .......................... 71 Seed images and origin stories as paradigmatic body positive models ................................. 78 Authentic(ated) body positivity- the visible body as “real” body. ........................................ 89 Chapter 2 A Beautiful Revolution of Self-Love: Narrative Practices of Body Positivity ............ 97 Body Positive Practice
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