DOCSLIB.ORG

New Fossils of Sambar (Rusa Unicolor) from Bailong Cave, a Middle Pleistocene Human Site in Hubei, China T

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
New Fossils of Sambar (Rusa Unicolor) from Bailong Cave, a Middle Pleistocene Human Site in Hubei, China T Quaternary International 550 (2020) 120–129 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Quaternary International journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/quaint New fossils of sambar (Rusa unicolor) from Bailong Cave, a Middle Pleistocene human site in Hubei, China T ∗ Bei Zhanga,b,c, , Haowen Tonga,b,c a Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100044, China b CAS Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Beijing, 100044, China c University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: The sambar (Rusa unicolor) is among the main elements of the Oriental Realm. The sambar fossils unearthed Antler from Bailong Cave site dated back to the Middle Pleistocene were better preserved than those from any other Bony labyrinth fossil site. We described these remains especially focusing on the deciduous teeth and petrosal bone as well as the Dentition bony labyrinth which have never been studied before. The measurements of antler and cheek teeth fall within East Asia the range of intraspecific variations of extant specimens. The sambar's antler and cheek teeth differ from other Petrosal bone allied cervids in having more rugose three-tined antlers, thicker enamel of cheek teeth, and in possessing tapered Rusa yunnanensis entostyles on upper molars and stout anterior ectostylid on dp4. The petrosal bone is similar to that of the extant sambar in 3D reconstructions, but different from those of Cervus nippon and Axis axis. The differences are mainly related to the size and overall shape of petrosal bone as well as the dorsolateral outline of tegmen tympani. There are variations in the shape of internal acoustic meatus and subarcuate fossa as well as the position of hiatus Fallopii between extant and fossil sambar specimen. The bony labyrinth of sambar resembles that of Javan deer (Rusa timorensis), while the shape of endolymphatic sac of sambar is paddle-like instead of funnel-like as in R. timorensis. R. unicolor maybe originated from southern China during Mid-Pleistocene Transition, and we pro- visionally regard Rusa yunnanensis rather than Rusa elegans as the direct ancestor of sambar based on the morphological characters of antler and tooth. 1. Introduction recognized currently (Mattioli, 2011; Hedges et al., 2015; MacKinnon et al., 2015; Timmins et al., 2015; Brook, 2016). There are a lot of fossil Cervidae is the second most diverse family among terrestrial artio- sites with Rusa fossils unearthed in China (Fig. 1). The earliest fossil dactyls with more than 50 extant species that widely distribute across record of Rusa in China was from the Mazegou Formation (Late Plio- Eurasia and the Americas (Groves and Grubb, 2011; Mattioli, 2011). cene) of Yushe Basin (Flynn et al., 1991; Tedford et al., 1991). The The systematics and phylogeny of Cervidae have been debated for over genus Rusa was distributed both in North and South China during the one century, and morphology and molecular biology failed to produce Early Pleistocene, but after that period they retreated to the southern the same results (e.g. Brooke, 1878; Pitra et al., 2004; Gilbert et al., part of Asia and became one of the dominant elements of the Oriental 2006; Hassanin et al., 2012; Mennecart et al., 2017; Heckeberg and Realm (Dong, 1993). In the fossil records, six species of Rusa (R. mi- Wörheide, 2019; Zurano et al., 2019). Among the Cervidae, the genus crota, R. stehlini, R. timorensis, R. elegans, R. yunnanensis and R. unicolor) Rusa is one of the most complex genera whose origin and evolution as were reported throughout China in the past (Dong, 1993), but the well as classification still remain unclear (Brooke, 1878; Pocock, 1942, former two lacked enough fossil materials and detailed stratigraphic 1943; Leslie, 2011). The number of species referred to this genus is information. Recent review studies indicated that R. unicolor rather different according to the various authors especially in regard to the than R. timorensis existed in Taiwan during the Pleistocene epoch (Wei, fossil forms (Di Stefano and Petronio, 2002). Four allopatric extant 2007; Kawamura et al., 2016). species (R. unicolor, R. timorensis, R. marianna and R. alfredi)(Fig. 1) are Bailong Cave (32°59′40.0′′N, 110°31′33.6′′E) (Fig. 1), an important ∗ Corresponding author. Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100044, China. E-mail address: [email protected] (B. Zhang). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2020.03.048 Received 24 October 2019; Received in revised form 20 March 2020; Accepted 23 March 2020 Available online 04 April 2020 1040-6182/ © 2020 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA. All rights reserved. B. Zhang and H. Tong Quaternary International 550 (2020) 120–129 Fig. 1. Pleistocene sites* with Rusa fossils unearthed in China and the distribution map of the extant Rusa taxa. *The detailed information of fossil sites is listed in Table 1. Middle Pleistocene hominid site in China, is located in Yunxi County, collection of IVPP in Beijing. Living comparative specimens are de- Hubei Province (Wu et al., 2009; Liu et al., 2015; Dong, 2016; Han posited in the collection of IOZ and IVPP in Beijing. The classification et al., 2019; Kong et al., 2018; Tong et al., 2019; Dong et al., 2020). The system follows Mattioli (2011). The terminology for antler is after preliminary study of mammalian fossils reported five cervid species Bubenik (1990) and Groves (2003). The dental terminology is after including Elaphodus cephalophus, Muntiacus cf. reevesi, Muntiacus Heintz (1970), Janis and Scott (1987), Bärmann and Rössner (2011), muntjak, R. unicolor and Cervus grayi (Tong et al., 2019). The sambar Tong and Zhang (2019). Nomenclature follows O’Leary (2010) for fossils are dominant elements which include nicely preserved antlers, petrosal bone, Orliac et al. (2012) and Costeur et al. (2018) for bony mandible fragments, isolated teeth and an isolated petrosal bone. Pre- labyrinth. The measurements of antler and dentition are after Heintz viously, the study on the sambar fossils were mainly concentrated on (1970) . Measurements of each specimen were taken with a digital ca- the broken antlers and isolated permanent cheek teeth. Here, we liper. We scanned the petrosal bone at the IVPP and the bony labyrinth broadened the research scope by adding the almost complete antlers, was segmented using the Mimics 19.0. Linear, angular, and volumetric deciduous teeth and a petrosal bone as well as the bony labyrinth it measurements of the bony labyrinth were made in the Mimics 19.0. The houses. The intricate petrosal bone and the embedded bony labyrinth measuring method of bony labyrinth follows Ekdale (2013) and Macrini have received more and more attentions because these two regions et al. (2013). have considerable potential to elucidate the phylogenetic relationships Institution abbreviations: IOZ, Institute of Zoology, Beijing; IVPP, in many ruminants (Webb and Taylor, 1980; Vislobokova, 1990; Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology; V, Prefix O’Leary, 2010; Costeur, 2014; Mennecart and Costeur, 2016a, b; in the catalog numbers for vertebrate fossils in IVPP. Mennecart et al., 2016, 2017; Costeur et al., 2018), and the present Abbreviations for the petrosal bone: ap, apex; aptt, anterior study on the petrosal bone of sambar will definitely contribute to stu- process of tegmen tympani; ca, cochlear aqueduct; ci, crista inter- dies on deer phylogeny. fenestralis; ew, epitympanic wing; fai, foramen acusticum inferius; fas, foramen acusticum superius; fc, fenestra cochleae; fsl, facial sulcus; ftt, fossa for tensor tympani; fv, fenestra vestibuli; hf, hiatus Fallopii; mr, 2. Materials and methods mastoid region; pr, promontorium; smf, stapedial muscle fossa; sf, subarcuate fossa; sff, secondary facial foramen; tt, tegmen tympani; va, All the fossil specimens described in this paper are housed in the 121 B. Zhang and H. Tong Quaternary International 550 (2020) 120–129 vestibular aqueduct. base of the main beam and forms an acute angle with the main beam. Abbreviations for the bony labyrinth: aa, asc ampulla; asc, The anterolateral tine is longer than the posteromedial tine. The dis- anterior semi-circular canal; ca, cochlear aqueduct; cc, common crus; tance between brow tine and anterolateral tine is large. The orna- co, cochlea; es, endolymphatic sac; fc, fenestra cochleae; fv, fenestra mentations are mainly developed longitudinal furrows and ridges as vestibuli; la, lsc ampulla; lsc, lateral semi-circular canal; pa, psc am- well as some small pearls. The cross section of the main beam is roughly pulla; psc, posterior semi-circular canal; sac, sacculus; ut, utriculus; va, rounded. The bifurcation part between anterolateral tine and poster- vestibular aqueduct. omedial tine is tabular. 3. Systematic paleontology 3.1.2. Upper teeth 3.1.2.1. Deciduous upper teeth. From DP2 to DP4 (Fig. 3 a-c), both the Cervidae Gray, 1821 size and molarization degree are increasing. In occlusal view, DP2 is Cervinae Goldfuss, 1820 quite elongated and moderately molarized; the second lobe is slightly Cervini Goldfuss, 1820 wider than the first lobe; the protocone separated from metaconule by a Rusa Hamilton-Smith, 1827 distinct lingual groove at the lingual side. There are some folds on the Rusa unicolor (Kerr, 1792) inner side of metaconule and the metaconule fold is prominent. The Referred materials: V26044.1, left antler with broken anterolateral parastyle, metastyle as well as paracone rib are robust. The tine; V26044.2, right antler with broken brow tine and posteromedial precingulum is developed. There are two roots on both lingual and tine; V26044.3, right antler with all tines broken off; V26044.4, prox- buccal sides, but all of them are broken. DP3 is almost molarized and its imal fragment of left antler; V26044.5, proximal fragment of left antler; first lobe is remarkably narrower than the second lobe.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Dreams of Nature Dossier Immerse Yourself Tour │23 Days│Active Guilin – Yangshuo – Zhangjiajie - Yangtze River Cruise - Wulong – Emeishan - Chengdu
    Dreams of Nature Dossier Immerse Yourself Tour │23 Days│Active Guilin – Yangshuo – Zhangjiajie - Yangtze River Cruise - Wulong – Emeishan - Chengdu Towering pinnacles swathed in mist, sky-skimming mountains and nature at its most verdant are just some of the wonders included on this scenic tour. Indulge your senses with China’s most dramatic natural highlights. TOUR HIGHLIGHTS: Cruise peacefully on the Li Lose yourself amongst the pinnacles of Zhangjiajie Four nights on the Yangtze Explore Wulong Visit Pandas in Chengdu Visit wendywutours.com.au Call 1300 727 998 to speak to a Reservations Consultant Dreams of Nature tour inclusions . Return international flights, taxes and current fuel surcharges (unless a land only option is selected) . All accommodation . Meals as stated on itinerary . All sightseeing and entrance fees . All transportation and transfers . English-speaking National Escort (If your group is 10 or more passengers) Personal expenditures e.g. drinks, optional excursions or shows, insurance of any kind, customary tipping, early check in or late checkout and other items not specified on the itinerary are at your own expense. Immerse Yourself Designed for those who wish to be further immersed in the authentic charm of Asia; our Immerse Yourself Tours include more cultural and active experiences. You will be accompanied by our dedicated and professional National Escorts or Local Guides, whose unparalleled knowledge will turn your holiday into an unforgettable experience. Our Immerse Yourself tours include: Cycling and walking through classic sites Unique cultural experiences and encounters Off the beaten track destinations More evenings at leisure for independent exploration Active Tour ‘Dreams of Nature’ is an active tour.
    [Show full text]
  • Ancient DNA and Multimethod Dating Confirm the Late Arrival of Anatomically Modern Humans in Southern China
    Ancient DNA and multimethod dating confirm the late arrival of anatomically modern humans in southern China Xue-feng Suna,1,2, Shao-qing Wenb,1, Cheng-qiu Luc, Bo-yan Zhoub, Darren Curnoed,2, Hua-yu Lua, Hong-chun Lie, Wei Wangf, Hai Chengg, Shuang-wen Yia, Xin Jiah, Pan-xin Dub, Xing-hua Xua, Yi-ming Lua, Ying Lua, Hong-xiang Zheng (郑鸿翔)b, Hong Zhangb, Chang Sunb, Lan-hai Weib, Fei Hani, Juan Huangj, R. Lawrence Edwardsk, Li Jinb, and Hui Li (李辉)b,l,2 aSchool of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, China; bSchool of Life Sciences & Institute of Archaeological Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; cHubei Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archeology, 430077 Wuhan, China; dAustralian Museum Research Institute, Australian Museum, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; eDepartment of Geosciences, National Taiwan University, 106 Taipei, Taiwan; fInstitute of Cultural Heritage, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, China; gInstitute of Global Environmental Change, Xi’an Jiaotong University, 710049 Xi’an, China; hSchool of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, 210023 Nanjing, China; iResearch Centre for Earth System Science, Yunnan University, 650500 Kunming, China; jCultural Relics Administration of Daoxian County, Daoxian 425300, China; kDepartment of Geology and Geophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and lFudan-Datong Institute of Chinese Origin, Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, 037006 Datong, China Edited by Richard G. Klein, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, and approved November 13, 2020 (received for review September 10, 2020) The expansion of anatomically modern humans (AMHs) from year before present, i.e., before AD1950) Ust’-Ishim femur Africa around 65,000 to 45,000 y ago (ca.
    [Show full text]
  • Supplementary Materials
    Supplementary Materials: Linsheng Zhong 1, 2 and Dongjun Chen 1, 2, * 1 Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China 2 College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China * Correspondence: [email protected] 272 Individual Relevant Core Articles 1. Bai Qinfeng, Huo Zhiguo, He Nan, et al. Analysis of human body comfort index of 20 tourist cities in China. J. Chinese Journal of Ecology. 2009, 28(8): 173–178. 2. Bao Jigang, Deng Lizi. Impact of climate on vacation–oriented second home demand: a comparative study of Tengchong and Xishuangbanna. J. Tropical Geography. 2018, 38(5): 606–616. 3. Cai Bifan, Meng Minghao, Chen Guisong. Construction of the performance evaluation system for rural tourism region and its application. J. Tourism Forum. 2009, 2(5): 81–88. 4. Cai Meng, Ge Linsi, Ding Yue. Research progress on countermeasures for tourism emission reduction in overseas. J. Ecological Economy. 2014, 30(10): 28–33. 5. Cao Hui, Zhang Xiaoping, Chen Pingliu. The appraising of tourism climate resource in Fuzhou National Forest Park. J. Issues of Forestry Economics. 2007, (1): 36–39. 6. Cao Kaijun, Yang Zhaoping, Meng Xianyong, et al. An evaluation of tourism climatic suitability in Altay Prefecture. J. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology. 2015, 37(5): 1420–1427. 7. Cao Weihong, He Yuanqing, Li Zongsheng, et al. A correlation analysis between climatic comfort degree and monthly variation of tourists in Lijiang. J. Scientia Geographica Sinica. 2012, 32(12): 1459– 1464. 8. Cao Weihong, He Yuanqing, Li Zongsheng, et al.
    [Show full text]
  • BE IJING ^^^-J^-^ a CHINESE WEEKLY of £VIEW NEWS and VIEWS
    Vol. 28, No. 37 September 16, 1985 BE IJING ^^^-j^-^ A CHINESE WEEKLY OF £VIEW NEWS AND VIEWS Yc!ei Plan Owerfulfilled Making lew iiiiprint at OPO Oonference A Typical Wulii^g Scene There is magical place for tourism in the depths of the Wuling Mountains, located in the northwestern part of Hunan Province. This picturesque place in• cludes the Zhangjiajie State Forest Park in Dayong County, the Suoxiyu Natural Scenic Spot in Cili County and the Tianiishan Naturol Scenic Spot in Sangzhi County. A scene of Nantianmen in the Tianzishan Natural Scenic Spot. A sea of clouds over peaks in Ridges and peaks. Suoxiyu Natural Scenic Spot. The Mengdong River in the Zhang- jiajie State Forest Park. Huanglong Cave, one of the karst caves in Hunan. SPOTLIQHT BEIJING n REVIEW HIGHLIGHTS OF THE WEEK Vol. 28, No. 37 September 16. 1985 Meeting Heralds Complete Success CONTENTS The Party conference, scheduled for this month to discuss the CPC Central Committee's proposals for the Seventh Five- NOTES FROM THE EDITORS 4 Year Plan and name younger personnel to the Party's leading Meeting Heralds New Success bodies, will lead the economic reforms to complete success (p. 4). LEHERS 5 EVENTS & TRENDS 6-10 Economy Girded to Beat Deficit Sixth Five-Year Plan Succeeds Spending Controls Holt Construc• tion With some quotas fulfilled and others overfulfilled, the Thousands Battle Northeast Floods success of the Sixth Five-Year Plan is reviewed when it is Modern Heroes for New Age drawing to a close by the end of 1985 (p. 14). INTERNATIONAL 11-13 United States: Sanctions Against S Africa Ordered Recent Transformations in Tibetan Life Nigeria: New Coup Brings High Hopes What has happened to Tibet's former serfs and slaves in Geneva: For Equal Use of Space the past 25 years? How are the one-time nobles faring now and Sea that their days of privilege have ended? Our correspondent US-USSR: Flexing Pre-Summit attempts to answer these questions in this second part of her Muscle report on her recent trip to Tibet (p.
    [Show full text]
  • Our Award-Winning Collection of Escorted Tours & Tailormade Holidays ARMENIA
    CHINA ARMENIA | AZERBAIJAN | GEORGIA | HONG KONG | KAZAKHSTAN KYRGYZSTAN | MONGOLIA | RUSSIA | SOUTH KOREA | TAIWAN TAJIKISTAN | TIBET | TURKMENISTAN | UZBEKISTAN 2020– 2021 Our AwardCALL-Winning 0808 239 Collection 9175 OR of VISITEscorted YOUR Tours LOCAL & TRAVEL Tailormade AGENT Holidays 1 CONTENTS YOUR GUIDE TO CHINA AND CENTRAL ASIA 4–17 The Wendy Wu Tours difference .................................... 4 Cultural encounters ................................................... 10 WELCOME TO Your tour, your way ..................................................... 6 Discover China with Wendy Wu Tours ...........................12 You’re in safe hands .......................................................8 Introduction to Central Asia ........................................ 14 CHINA & CENTRAL ASIA! Award-winning expertise & Recommended by you ............ 9 Discover Central Asia with Wendy Wu Tours ..................16 CLASSIC TOURS 18–61 In Pursuit of Pandas ........................................ 9 days 20 Classic China ............................................... 21 days 42 A China Experience .......................................10 days 22 Magnificent China ........................................ 22 days 44 Glories of China............................................14 days 24 China Encounters ......................................... 23 days 46 Majestic Yangtze .........................................14 days 26 Grand Tour of China ...................................... 26 days 48 China Splendour ..........................................14
    [Show full text]
  • Sights on the Roads Less Traveled New Book Features Authoritative Coverage of China’S Best Sights, a F As Ye Jun Discovers
    LIFETRAVEL 19 CHINA DAILY THURSDAY MARCH 1, 2007 Sights on the roads less traveled New book features authoritative coverage of China’s best sights, A F as Ye Jun discovers oreign tourists visiting China might fi nd many more alternatives for their travel destinations with the help of a recently published book, FScenic Splendor of China by Chinese National Geography magazine. The book aims to expand people’s understanding of the country’s most beautiful places, and differs greatly from conventional wisdom. “The book gives a fresh ranking of scenic spots in China, which are B no longer restricted to more known G tourist destinations such as Mount Taishan in Shandong Province and West Lake in Zhejiang Province, but cover a whole lot of different natural and cultural sceneries,” said Li Shuanke, a general manager with Chinese National Geography. The book lists 114 of the most beautiful places in 17 categories. These include more conventional classifications such as mountains, lakes, coastlines, waterfalls, forests, desserts, gorges, islands, grass- lands, cities, countryside towns and villages. But others fall into unusual classifications, such as the most beautiful caves, marshlands, Yadan (wind-eroded precipitous hillock) landforms, Danxia (red sandstone and conglomerate) landscapes, peak forests, and even glaciers. Contradictory to the fact that China’s national-level scenic areas are mostly located in the densely populated eastern part of China, most of the places mentioned in the H C book are located in the western part of the country. Li explained that in the past, the scenic spots most familiar to the Chinese people are mostly associated with poems, paintings and legends about them.
    [Show full text]
  • Diet of the Earliest Modern Humans in East Asia
    Diet of the earliest modern humans in East Asia Yan Wu ( [email protected] ) Chinese Academy of Sciences Dawei Tao Department of Archaeology, School of History, Zhengzhou University https://orcid.org/0000-0003- 1836-4390 Xiujie Wu Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Wu Liu Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Article Keywords: Hominins, Diet, Starch analysis, Dental calculus, Plants Posted Date: May 7th, 2021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-442096/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License Page 1/15 Abstract Reconstructing diet can offer an improved understanding of the origin and evolution of modern humans. However, the diet of early modern humans in East Asia is poorly understood. Starch analysis of dental calculus is harmless to precious fossil hominins and provides the most direct evidence of plant food sources in early modern human dietary records. In this paper, we examined starch grains in dental calculus from Fuyan Cave hominins in Daoxian (South China), which were the earliest modern humans in East Asia. Our results reveal the earliest direct evidence of a hominin diet made of acorns, roots, tubers, grass seeds, and other yet-unidentied plants in marine isotope stage 5 between 120–80 ka. Our study also provides the earliest evidence that acorns may have played an important role in subsistence strategies. There may have been a long-lasting tradition of using these plants during the Late Pleistocene in China. Plant foods would have been a plentiful source of carbohydrates that greatly increased energy availability to human tissues with high glucose demands, such as the brain, red blood cells, and developing fetuses.
    [Show full text]
  • 155 New Finds in China Suggesting Different Story of Human
    Vol.30 No.3 2016 Highlight New Finds in China Suggesting Different Story of Human Evolutionary History By CHEN Pingfu Bulletin of the Chinese Academy of Sciences 155 BCAS Vol.30 No.3 2016 pdated fossil evidence from Asia and more accurate analysis with aid from state-of-the- Uart methods are showing that a dazzling variety of Homo species once roamed the continent, posing challenges to conventional ideas about the evolutionary history of humanity. “But it’s increasingly clear that many Asian materials cannot fit into the traditional narrative of human evolution,” said WU Xinzhi, a senior professor of the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology (IVPP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, commenting on the implication of the confluence of new findings. “Asia has been a forgotten continent,” agreed Chris Stringer, a palaeoanthropologist at the Natural History Museum in London: “Its role in human evolution may have been largely under-appreciated.” The Maba 1 specimen, in right lateral (a), frontal (b), and The most common story of Human evolution is inferior (c) views. The areas reconstructed with plaster in 1959 that our species, Homo sapiens, first appeared in East are visible. (Image by WU Xiujie) Africa around 200,000 years ago, and then dispersed into Eurasia 60,000 years ago, where they replaced local hominins with a minuscule amount of interbreeding. In this “Out of Africa” model, Homo heidelbergensis, the oldest remains of which have been found in Ethiopia, was According to a re-study published online 12 March 2016 viewed as a transitional form between H. erectus and H.
    [Show full text]
  • Dreams of Nature Tour Dossier
    Dreams of Nature Tour Dossier Discovery Tour │23 Days│Active Guilin - Yangshuo - Zhangjiajie - Yangtze River - Nine Villages Valley - Chengdu - Mt Emei (Emeishan) Towering pinnacles swathed in mist, sky-skimming mountains and nature at its most verdant are some of the wonders included on this scenic tour. Indulge your sense s with China’s most dramatic natural highlights. Tour Highlights: Guilin & Yangshuo - Beautiful landscapes of the Li River Zhangjiajie - Magnificent topography often referred to locally as ‘a goddess dancing on a heavenly stage’ Yangtze River - Spectacular scenery of the Three Gorges Nine Villages Valley - ‘Jiuzhaigou’ Nature Reserve; breathtaking natural scenery Chengdu - View modern day Chinese lifestyle at People’s Park Mt Emei (Emeishan) - Sacred Buddhist mountain Dreams of Nature Tour Inclusions Return international economy flights, taxes and current fuel surcharges (unless a land only option is selected) All accommodation Meals as stated on your itinerary All sightseeing and entrance fees All transportation and transfers English-speaking National Escort (if your group is 10 or more passengers) Visa fees for Australian passport holders Personal expenditures e.g. drinks, optional excursions or shows, insurance of any kind, meals not stated in the itinerary, early check in or late checkout and other items not specified on the itinerary are at your own expense. Discovery Tours Designed for those who wish to be further immersed in the authentic charm of Asia; our Discovery Tours include more cultural and active experiences. You will be accompanied by our dedicated and professional National Escorts or Local Guides, whose unparalleled knowledge will turn your holiday into an unforgettable experience.
    [Show full text]
  • Freebies from Golden Destinations at Travel Fair * Only Fair Series Booking Are Entitled to Redeem GD Gift
    ICE Holidays Sdn Bhd (230643-X), KPL: 2441 Suite 3.46 & 3.47, 3RD Floor, Wisma MPL, 57, Jalan Raja Chulan, 50200 Kuala Lumpur. Tel: 603-2144 6801(Hunting) Fax: 603-2078 7334 / 2144 6716 / 2143 0888 E-Mail: [email protected] Website: www.goldendestinations.com Update: 12 JAN 2018 Page 01 of 122 FAQ Q1: If you have 5 PAXS would like to join the tour, but the SUPER PROMO sales only left with 4 seats? A1: Offer the 4 PAXS under SUPER PROMO sales and the balance 1 under PROMO / NORMAL prices. Freebies from Golden Destinations at Travel Fair * Only fair Series booking are entitled to redeem GD gift. * Gift are limited so it will be given out only while stock lasts. Terms & Condition apply. Earning points is easy, when booking a Golden Destinations travel packages. 1) Normal Packages = 120 Point/Pax. 2) Promo Packages = 60 Point/Pax. 3) Super Promo Packages = 30 Point/Pax. • All Super Promo fare only valid to booking by 13 Jan 2018. • GD gift redemption dateline : Agent mest submit redemption list before 26 Jan 2018 or consider forfeited. • Bookings base on a first come first serve basis. • We are strongly suggest agents do not offer any discount to customer as we wish agents are making profit during Travel Fair. Page 02 ❖ICE HOLIDAYS RESERVE THE RIGHT TO COLLECT TOUR FARE / YQ / YR AND AIRPORT TAX DIFFERENCES DUE TO CURRENCY FLUCTUATION. ❖ICE HOLIDAYS WILL NOT RESPONSIBLE FOR TOUR FARE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NORMAL & PROMOTION PACKAGES. ❖THE SALE OF THE OUTBOUND PACKAGE AND THE AGENCY SERVICE ARE NOT SUBJECT TO GST.
    [Show full text]
  • 7H Changsa Zhangjiajie Guilin 7H Changsa
    7H CHANGSA ZHANGJIAJIE GUILIN HIGHLIGHT : • Gunung Tianzi (Inspirasi film “Avatar”) • Golden Whip Brook & Huanglong Cave • Li River Cruise Day 1 : JAKARTA – XIAMEN / FUZHOU – CHANGSA (MM) Hari ini Anda akan memulai perjalanan dengan penerbangan Xiamen Airlines menuju Changsa melewati Fuzhou/Xiamen. Tiba di Fuzhou/Xiamen, anda akan menunggu untuk melanjutkan perjalanan menuju kota Changsa dengan pesawat domestik. Setibanya di Changsa, Anda akan diantar ke hotel untuk beristirahat. Hotel : Xiya Hotel / Setaraf Day 2 : CHANGSA – ZHANGJIAJIE (MP,MS,MM) Setelah santap pagi, Anda akan diantar city tour untuk mengunjungi Hunan Bamboo Slips Museum . Kemudian melanjutkan perjalanan menuju Zhangjiajie menggunakan bis pariwisata. Setibanya, Anda akan langsung diantar menuju hotel untuk beristirahat. Hotel : Guobin Hotel / Setaraf Biaya sudah termasuk : Day 3 : ZHANGJIA JIE (MP,MS,MM) * Tiket pesawat kelas Setelah makan pagi, Anda akan diantar mengunjungi GUNUNG TIANZI dengan cable car. ekonomi dengan Anda akan menikmati keindahan gunung batu dari sisi atas yang dihiasi tanaman secara Xiamen Airlines alamiah, untuk menyaksikan suasana alam yang sangat menakjubkan. Obyek-obyek menarik * 6 Malam akomodasi yang juga dapat dilihat antara lain Helong Park, Nature Bridge (termasuk Bailong Elevator), * Makan, Local Guide & dan Baofeng Lake. Tour sesuai acara * Tour Leader dari Day 4 : ZHANGJIA JIE (MP,MS,MM) Jakarta (Jika group Setelah makan pagi, Anda akan diantar mengunjungi GOLDEN WHIP BROOK dengan mencapai minimum 15 pemandangan sungai yang indah dan HUANGLONG CAVE dengan menggunakan kereta listrik. Orang dewasa) Day 5 : ZHANGJIAJIE – CHANGSA – GUILIN (MP,MS,MM) Biaya belum termasuk: Hari ini, Anda akan melanjutkan perjalanan menuju Changsa. Tiba di Changsa, anda akan * Airport Tax Jakarta : melanjutkan perjalanan menuju Guilin menggunakan kereta.
    [Show full text]
  • 1000011391729.Pdf
    Quaternary International 347 (2014) 148e162 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Quaternary International journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/quaint A macroscopic technological perspective on lithic production from the Early to Late Pleistocene in the Hanshui River Valley, central China * Yinghua Li a, b, , Xuefeng Sun c, Erika Bodin b a School of History, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China b C.N.R.S.-UMR7041, Anthropologie des Techniques des Espaces et des Territoires aux Plio-Pleistocene, Maison de l'Archeologie et de l'Ethnologie, Nanterre Cedex 92023, France c School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, The MOE Key Lab of Coast and Island Development, Nanjing University, No. 22, Hankou Road, Nanjing 210093, China article info abstract Article history: The nature and variability of Chinese Paleolithic culture remain unclear because the method of studying Available online 23 June 2014 lithic industries has been essentially typological, and few regions have been intensively researched. A technological and techno-functional methodology provides a new perspective for exploring the cognitive Keywords: modes of hominids and interpreting the intra and inter-regional homogeneity and variability of Paleo- Lithic technological and techno-functional lithic cultures. Over the last few decades, numerous Paleolithic sites with stone artifacts were excavated method in the Hanshui River Valley. Based on a new methodology and recent discoveries, this paper reviews the Techno-cognitive mode Paleolithic sites of the Hanshui River Valley and studies representative industries to investigate regional Hanshui River Valley ç East Asia lithic production and human behaviors. In terms of operative schemes, debitage and fa onnage coexisted Pleistocene at nearly all sites and showed continuity and stability throughout the Pleistocene.
    [Show full text]