Les Genres Archidistoma Et Clavelina (Ascidiacea, Clavelinidae) Dans Le Canal Du Mozambique

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Les Genres Archidistoma Et Clavelina (Ascidiacea, Clavelinidae) Dans Le Canal Du Mozambique Les genres Archidistoma et Clavelina (Ascidiacea, Clavelinidae) dans le canal du Mozambique Claude MONNIOT Laboratoire de Biologie des Invertébrés marins et Malacologie, CNRS D 0699, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, 55 rue de Buffon, F-75231 Paris cedex 05 (France) RESUME Sur les neuf espèces présentes dans cette zone, deux du genre Archidistoma et sept du genre Clavelina, six se rencontrent à la fois sur la côte nord-est du MOTS CLÉS Ascidies, Mozambique et sur la côte nord-ouest de Madagascar. Une seule espèce de Clavelinidae, Clavelina était connue dans cette zone. Trois espèces sont nouvelles, les systématique, autres ont été décrites d'Australie, de Nouvelle-Calédonie et du Pacifique Madagascar, Mozambique. occidental. ABSTRACT Among nine Clavelinidae species collected in the Mozambique Channel, two KEYWORDS belong to the genus Archidistoma and seven to the genus Clavelina. Six of Ascidians, them are common to north-eastern Mozambique and north-western Clavelinidae, Madagascar. Only one Clavelina was recorded in this area. Two Clavelina systematics, Madagascar, and one Archidistoma are new species. The others have been described from Mozambique. the western Pacific, Australia and New Caledonia. ZOOSYSTEMA • 1997 • 19(2-3) 193 Monniot C. INTRODUCTION Archiascidia ; les Clavelinidae pour le reste du genre Clavelina. La division en deux familles se Les ascidies de la côte orientale de l'Afrique n'ont fonde principalement sur la structure des papilles fait l'objet que d'un nombre très restreint de adhésives des larves. Dans un travail précédent publications déjà anciennes (fin du XIXe et pre­ (F. Monniot & C. Monniot 1996), nous esti­ mier quart du XXe siècle). Presque toutes les mions cette division injustifiée. Nous conservons espèces citées de cette région ont été récoltées donc ici les genres Archidistoma, caractérisé par soit dans la zone des marées, soit à partir de trois rangées de stigmates et Clavelina, qui en navires à des profondeurs supérieures à 20 ou comporte au moins quatre. 30 m (Hartmeyer 1913 ; Michaelsen 1919, Neuf espèces sont présentes dans cette zone dont 1920). Or, la diversité des ascidies en zone tropi­ trois sont nouvelles pour la science. Seule, une cale est maximale entre 3 et 30 m, profondeur espèce de Clavelina et une & Archidistoma avaient accessible en plongée seulement. Le matériel étu­ été signalées dans cette zone géographique. dié dans ce travail provient de deux régions situées de part et d'autre du canal du Mozambique : Madagascar et Mozambique de 0 Genre Archidistoma Garstang, 1891 à 40 m. À Madagascar, les récoltes ont été effectuées au Les caractères qui permettent de distinguer les nord-ouest de l'île dans la région de Nosy-Be espèces & Archidistoma sont peu nombreux. Le (13°24'S - 48°17'E) par Pierre Laboute (ORS- thorax a toujours une forme globuleuse avec le TOM). premier et le dernier rang de stigmates rebroussés Au Mozambique, j'ai participé à la mission vers l'avant et vers l'arrière au niveau du raphé. La « Auracea 1995 », organisée par l'association musculature, souvent décrite en détail sur des Ardoukoba et Daniel Jouvence avec le soutien du échantillons contractés, nous semble toujours du Ministère de la Coopération et de Marins sans même type. Le thorax étant sphérique avec le Frontières. Cette campagne de plongée s'est siphon buccal en position polaire, la musculature déroulée en novembre 1996 au nord-est du se dispose selon les méridiens. Autour des siphons Mozambique, à partir de l'île d'Ibo, archipel de buccaux et cloacaux, il y a quelques fibres circu­ Quirimba (12°21'S - 40°40'E). laires. Les fibres longitudinales ne s'organisent en Je tiens à remercier particulièrement Alain rubans qu'à une certaine distance de la marge des Coûté, responsable de la mission « Auracea siphons. Le nombre de rubans musculaires n'est 1996 », Claude Rives et Pierre Laboute qui pas fixe et peut varier du simple au double dans m'ont permis d'utiliser leurs photographies, ainsi une même colonie, certains se divisant ou échan­ que tous les participants à la mission. geant des fibres. Sur des spécimens parfaitement Les espèces des genres Archidistoma et Clavelina étalés, nous n'avons pas vu de fibres croisant l'axe sont parmi les plus spectaculaires des ascidies. entre les siphons. Les rubans latéro-dorsaux sont Elles se présentent le plus souvent sous la forme formés d'un mélange de fibres longitudinales pro­ de bouquets brillamment colorés, formés de venant des deux siphons ; ce n'est que dans la par­ zoïdes à thorax élargis montés sur des pédoncules tie tout à fait dorsale, postérieurement au siphon isolés ou en grappes. Les genres Archidistoma et cloacal, que les rubans méridiens proviennent Clavelina présentent le même aspect, de grandes exclusivement des fibres du siphon cloacal. Si la analogies structurales et se rencontrent souvent contraction, presque toujours présente chez les ensemble dans les mêmes milieux. exemplaires examinés, est limitée à la région tho- Récemment Kott (1990) a remanié profondé­ racique, la sphère est aplatie, les siphons rappro­ ment le genre Clavelina en répartissant les chés et des rubans musculaires semblent provenir espèces en deux genres, Pycnoclavella et de la région dorsale. Si la contraction est plus bru­ Clavelina, eux-mêmes placés dans deux familles tale, le thorax, en pénétrant dans le pédoncule, distinctes : les Pycnoclavellidae pour le genre prend un aspect cylindrique, les muscles situés Pycnoclavella et ses synonymes Archidistoma et ventralement paraissent croiser l'endostyle. 194 ZOOSYSTEM A • 1997 • 19(2-3) Les genres Archidistoma et Clavelina L'estomac et les gonades sont toujours situés à la sept, de petite taille (moins de 1 mm) et incubées base de l'abdomen. L'incubation des larves dans la partie moyenne de l'abdomen. A. richeri s'effectue dans l'oviducte, à un niveau variable présente une coloration violacée translucide selon les espèces, ou même dans la cavité bran­ (Monniot et al. 1991 : 157) qui ressemble aux chiale (A. aggregatuni). La taille des larves dépend colorations figurées par Kott (1990 : pl. 6, figs b, beaucoup de leur stade de maturité. Enfin, la e). Tous les autres caractères, concernant la bran- coloration des Archidistoma est très variable. Le chie, le tube digestif et les gonades ne présentent nombre de stigmates par rang semble l'un des pas de différences significatives dans l'ensemble caractères les plus discriminants. des descriptions. Les exemplaires du Mozambique présentent plu­ sieurs colorations dont l'une correspond exacte­ Archidistoma diminutum (Kott, 1957) ment à celle de A. richeri. Mais au Mozambique, sensu lato les exemplaires montrent une variabilité impor­ Synonymie et répartition : Cf. Pycnoclavella diminu­ tante du nombre et de la position des larves. Les ta - Kott 1990 : 73, fig. 24, pl. 6 a-f. zoïdes possèdent de deux à une dizaine de larves incubées dans la partie postérieure de l'abdomen, DESCRIPTION et ceci sans relation avec le type de coloration. Au Mozambique, cette espèce a été trouvée à la Au contraire, les larves sont toujours de petite fois sur les coraux morts du récif externe, sur la taille, la plus développée ne dépassant pas le mil­ falaise au sud de l'île de Materno et sur des limètre. Les exemplaires du Mozambique sont roches situées dans les chenaux entre les herbiers. morphologiquement intermédiaires entre C'est une petite espèce, d'environ 1 cm, avec un A. diminutum et A. richeri. Dans l'état actuel de thorax élargi, de 3 ou 4 mm de diamètre, coloré nos connaissances, nous suivrons l'opinion de en rouge vermillon, jaune soufre ou bleu translu­ Kott qui considère que les trois espèces sont cide. Elle a également été récoltée à Madagascar synonymes. L'autre espèce de Pycnoclavella décri­ dans la région de Nosy-Be. te par Kott (1990), P. tabella, possède trois rangs De nombreux exemplaires de petits Archidistoma de stigmates et un testicule bilobé. ont été décrits d'Australie, de Nouvelle- Les colonies de Nosy-Be sont dépourvues de Calédonie, des Philippines et des îles Palau. Kott larves. (1990) les rassemble tous sous le nom de Pycnoclavella diminuta (Kott, 1957) en considé­ Archidistoma dublum n.sp. rant que l'espèce présente une très grande varia­ (Figs 1, 4A, B) bilité de coloration (six types de coloration sont figurés pl. 6 a-f) ainsi que dans le nombre et la MATHRIKI, EXAMINÉ. — Mozambique. Falaise au sud disposition des muscles thoraciques. F. Monniot de l'île de Matemo, 20 m. Syntypes : MNHN A3 (1988) a décrit deux espèces cY Archidistoma de Arc. A 14. Nouvelle-Calédonie qui diffèrent essentiellement par le nombre, la taille et la position des larves DESCRIPTION dans l'oviducte. L'une des espèces, A. rubripunc- Cette espèce, de très grande taille pour le genre, tum, a un type de coloration différent des exem­ possède un thorax sphérique de plus d'un centi­ plaires australiens figurés dans Monniot et al. mètre de diamètre sur un pédoncule de 2 à 4 cm (1991 : 55, 159), mais les caractères morpholo­ de long. Le siphon buccal circulaire est en posi­ giques correspondent parfaitement à la descrip­ tion apicale alors que le siphon cloacal, légère­ tion de Kott (1990) et cette espèce est un ment décalé sur le côté, a parfois une ouverture synonyme de A. diminutum avec un petit transversale. La coloration est verdâtre avec des nombre de larves, de une à trois, de très grande amas de pigment blanc opaque sur le thorax. Il y taille (2,5 mm), incubées dans la partie posté­ a une tache transversale blanche entre les siphons rieure de l'oviducte. L'autre espèce, A. richeri, et une bande blanche correspondant à l'endostyle possède un plus grand nombre de larves, jusqu'à (Fig. 4A). La tunique du thorax est fine et trans- ZOOSYSTEMA • 1997 • 19(2-3) 195 Monniot C.
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