A Evolução Do Mito Do Herói Dos Quadrinhos

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A Evolução Do Mito Do Herói Dos Quadrinhos A EVOLUÇÃO DO MITO DO HERÓI DOS QUADRINHOS por Leonardo Martinelli de Campos Mattos Rafael Cardoso Sampaio (Alunos do Curso de Comunicação Social) Monografia apresentada à banca examinadora na disciplina Projetos Experimentais II. Orientador Acadêmico: Prof. Dr. José Luiz Ribeiro. Co-orientador Acadêmico: Prof.Álvaro Americano UFJF FACOM 1º.Sem.2004 2 MATTOS, Leonardo Martinelli de Campos e SAMPAIO, Rafael Cardoso. A evolução do mito do herói dos quadrinhos. Juiz de Fora: UFJF; FACOM, 1º. sem. 2004. 234 fl. Mimeo. Projeto Experimental do Curso de Comunicação Social. BANCA EXAMINADORA ________________________________________ Professor Fernando Fiorese Relator ________________________________________ Professor José Luiz Ribeiro Orientador ________________________________________ Professor Álvaro Americano Co-orientador ________________________________________ Professora Márcia Falabella Professora Convidada Projeto examinado: Em: Conceito: 3 Dedicamos esta obra respeitosamente à memória de Joe Shuster e Jerry Siegel, os criadores do Superman, por terem nos ensinado que o homem podia voar. 4 Leonardo Martinelli de Campos Mattos A Waltencyr Mattos, meu pai, que nem precisa dizer Shazam para se tranformar em um super-herói, à minha mãe e a todos os meus familiares e amigos. A Gustavo Goulart, Marcelo Miranda e Raphael Salimena cujo inestimável auxílio possibilitou este trabalho. Aos mestres Álvaro Americano, José Luiz Ribeiro, Marise Mendes e Márcia Falabella por terem acreditado neste projeto. Rafael Cardoso Sampaio Ao meu pai, por heroicamente ter me criado; À minha mãe, por ser melhor que qualquer heroína; À minha irmã, por me mostrar a coragem do vencedor; À Chantal, por todo apoio e principalmente por entender; Ao professor José Luís, por ter aceitado voar nesta viagem; Ao professor Álvaro Americano, pela Sabedoria de Salomão; À professora Marise Mendes, pelo apoio desde o início; À professora Márcia Falabella, pela ajuda inestimável; À Facom, pelo saber adquirido; Ao Superman, por existir. 5 SINOPSE Estudo da trajetória da figura do herói das histórias em quadrinhos, através de determinados personagens-chave, levando-se em conta sua inserção no contexto histórico, objetivando o reflexo desta mídia como documento social. 6 SUMÁRIO 1 INTRODUÇÃO 2 “PARA O ALTO E AVANTE!” 2.1 O HERÓI PERFEITO 2.2 “É UM PÁSSARO? É UM AVIÃO? NÃO... É O SUPERMAN!” 2.3 “SHAZAM!” 3 “GRANDES PODERES TRAZEM GRANDES RESPONSABILIDADES.” 3.1 O HERÓI HUMANIZADO 3.2 O AMIGO DA VIZINHANÇA 3.3 “VOCÊ TEME AQUILO QUE DESCONHECE.” 4 “EU SOU O MELHOR NAQUILO QUE FAÇO... MAS O QUE FAÇO NÃO É NADA BONITO”. 4.1 O ANTI-HERÓI 4.2 “ELES RIEM DA LEI, MAS NÃO RIEM DE MIM.” 4.3 “VAI ENCARAR, XARÁ?” 5 CONCLUSÃO 6 REFERÊNCIAS 7 1 INTRODUÇÃO As histórias em quadrinhos são fruto de uma sociedade arrasada pelo crack da bolsa de Nova York de 1929, que busca se reconstituir a duros passos. Os quadrinhos estabelecem ícones e símbolos, que ao se recontarem, estabelecem arquétipos facilmente reconhecíveis. Transmutando em significantes, as narrativas de mitos que se adaptam à sociedade midiocrática. Tal gênero é oriundo das tiras dos jornais e era essencialmente cômico,fato que gera a designação comics, e direcionado a toda a família, visto que havia todo tipo de histórias. Esta nova mídia procura estabilidade para se manter, mas precisa definir o seu público ou nicho ideal. Desta forma, gradativamente os temas das tramas passam a enfocar ação e aventura, assim como seus heróis. Há grande exemplificação dos feitos heróicos ostentando a criação imaginária de homens comuns que se tornam heróis pela narrativa, na qual "O extraordinário, o maravilhoso é narrado com a máxima precisão, mas o contexto psicológico do acontecimento não é impingido ao leitor" (BENJAMIM, 1985, p. 61). O público alvo dos quadrinhos passa a ser o jovem e assim nasce uma ideologia que se tornará elemento de propaganda. As histórias mostram toda a “jornada mística do herói”, como definida por Joseph Campbell, na qual ele vive em paz em seu habitat natural, é arrancado deste local por forças externas perturbadoras, inicia uma jornada de ação e conhecimento, passa por grandes provações, até que retorna ao seu habitat, já restituído à situação original, mas agora cheio de tesouros, o que não lhe permite viver de seu antigo modo. 8 Este herói primordial buscava preencher os anseios do jovem, anseios estes descritos por Aristóteles em sua retórica. O leitor americano convivia diariamente com a pobreza e a fome e precisava suportar as duras imposições do New Deal, que visavam restabelecer a sociedade, e necessitava de uma válvula de escape, precisava de algo que pudesse lhe fornecer modos para exercer sua imaginação e sua infantilidade. A jornada mística destes primeiros heróis dos comics era permeada de moral e aprendizagem, necessárias para que o leitor tivesse uma esperança no futuro e não perdesse a estabilidade emocional frente aos desafios diários. Segundo Johan Huizinga o “tema central da poesia e da literatura é a luta – isto é, a tarefa que o herói precisa cumprir, as provações por que ele tem de passar, os obstáculos que ele precisa transpor (...)” (HUIZINGA, 1971, p. 148) e a ação vista nas histórias dos primeiros heróis dos quadrinhos buscava tanto atrair a atenção dos fãs, quanto levá-lo a situações maravilhosas, que ele nunca viveria normalmente, servindo como a base do escapismo de uma realidade, que não lhe permitia sonhar. Contudo, os próprios personagens ainda não eram fantásticos o suficiente, mas, aos poucos este panorama vai se alterando. Inicialmente, temos o Tarzan, de Hal Foster, um jovem perdido nas selvas africanas e criado por macacos. Suas habilidades atléticas acabam sendo notáveis. O Popeye, de Elzie Crisler Segar, aumenta o imaginário das crianças, já que seu espinafre lhe confere força sobre-humana, uma espécie de prenúncio dos super poderes. 9 Mesmo com valor de venda de centavos, os quadrinhos começam a constituir uma indústria própria estabelecida nos sonhos dos jovens americanos. Desta forma, cria-se uma tribo dos leitores assim como designado por Michel Maffesoli. Tal grupo, passa a consumir grande quantidade de revistas, retirando dos quadrinhos qualquer status aurático de obra de arte, usando o conceito de aura de Walter Benjamin, mas por outro lado permite o fácil acesso desta mídia, que passa a ser parte da cultura de massa. As editoras buscavam mais heróis para suas revistas, a produção ainda era menor que a demanda. Não havia mais material inédito. Em virtude disso, o Superman, criado pelos adolescentes Jerry Siegel e Joe Shuster, é publicado, mudando totalmente a trajetória dos comics books. Resultado da fantasia e dos sonhos de dois garotos, o personagem encarnava todas as características dos heróis que o antecederam e as elevava a um outro nível, pois ele era detentor de super poderes, fato que o tornava o primeiro super-herói das histórias em quadrinhos. Aqui, o jovem finalizava sua busca. Estes novos heróis representavam fielmente toda a necessidade da sociedade americana, que naquele momento desejava viver no mundo da fantasia. Tal arquétipo quebrava todos os limites conhecidos e trazia o fantástico para o alcance das mãos dos leitores, de modo semelhante à definição de conto fantástico por Roger Caillois: conto de um ser revoltado, orgulhoso de sua própria força e aliando-se contra forças superiores (feiticeiro). Chamanismo, o poder do indivíduo em luta contra a ordem natural da realidade. O mágico provém da necessidade primitiva do eu de se separar da realidade inatingível e de adquirir o poder com a ajuda da magia. A magia está ligada á inteligência e a vontade de poder. É uma tentativa de extensão do campo da consciência para nela integrar o mundo suprasensível (CAILLOIS, R. 1972, p. 45). 10 O sucesso do Superman foi imediato, o que acabou inspirando toda uma geração de super-heróis, que nesta fase inicial são seres perfeitos, quase divinos, distanciados dos meros mortais. São entidades que não realizam reflexões de suas vidas e atitudes, porque sabem que fazem tudo em nome de um bem maior. Eles são símbolos da justiça, da verdade e da honra. Representam tudo o que um jovem gostaria de ser, quando adulto. Os super-heróis se agrupam em uma mitologia moderna, totalmente baseados nos mitos clássicas. Tamanha era a representação simbólica dos personagens, que eles foram fundamentais na guerra ideológica contra os regimes totalitários europeus. Entretanto, os super seres que habitam os quadrinhos da atualidade são muito diferentes daqueles criados na década de 30 e 40, a ponto de, em muitos casos, não poderem ser classificados como heróis. Os atuais “defensores” da justiça e da verdade, não precisam ser totalmente bons, ostentando um caráter, no mínimo, ambíguo. Hoje, impera uma cultura cinzenta, na qual o herói apresenta tanto características da luz, quanto das trevas. Assim, a maioria dos personagens atualmente rende-se impotentes ao mercado e às suas demandas. Mesmo os ícones como Superman, Batman e Mulher-Maravilha perdem progressivamente suas essências ao se adaptarem cada vez à demanda dos atuais leitores, que privilegiam personagens mais violentos e ousados. Este trabalho visa estudar a jornada do super-herói dos quadrinhos, partindo da sua criação em 1938 com o homem de aço até chegar a atualidade para tentar entender o que levou a esta corrupção da figura do herói. Este estudo levará em conta o contexto histórico no qual estes personagens estão inseridos, 11 ressaltando a importância das histórias em quadrinhos como um reflexo da sociedade e sua função como documento de diversas épocas. Outras obras de referência analisam os períodos dos comics através do número de heróis criados ou baseados nas vendagens de revistas, entretanto propomos uma análise da figura do herói que irá se basear nas características físicas e psicológicas dos personagens presentes em cada momento histórico. Deste modo, cria-se uma classificação, que busca separar as diferentes eras de um modo mais próximo ao leitor, que certamente as reconhecerá de forma inerente.
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