Received: 3 September 2019 | Revised: 28 September 2019 | Accepted: 3 November 2019 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5867 ORIGINAL RESEARCH Links between prey assemblages and poison frog toxins: A landscape ecology approach to assess how biotic interactions affect species phenotypes Ivan Prates1 | Andrea Paz2 | Jason L. Brown3 | Ana C. Carnaval2 1Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Abstract Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, Ecological studies of species pairs showed that biotic interactions promote pheno- USA typic change and eco-evolutionary feedbacks. However, it is unclear how pheno- 2Department of Biology, City College of New York, and Graduate Center, City types respond to synergistic interactions with multiple taxa. We investigate whether University of New York, New York, NY, USA interactions with multiple prey species explain spatially structured variation in the 3Cooperative Wildlife Research Laboratory & The Center for Ecology, Southern Illinois skin toxins of the neotropical poison frog Oophaga pumilio. Specifically, we assess University, Carbondale, IL, USA how dissimilarity (i.e., beta diversity) of alkaloid-bearing arthropod prey assemblages Correspondence (68 ant species) and evolutionary divergence between frog populations (from a neu- Ivan Prates, Smithsonian Institution, PO Box tral genetic marker) contribute to frog poison dissimilarity (toxin profiles composed 37012, MRC 162, Washington, DC 20013- 7012, USA. of 230 different lipophilic alkaloids sampled from 934 frogs at 46 sites). We find Email:
[email protected] that models that incorporate spatial turnover in the composition of ant assemblages Funding information explain part of the frog alkaloid variation, and we infer unique alkaloid combinations FAPESP, Grant/Award Number: BIOTA across the range of O.