THEY MET AT LOCKRIDGE'S MILLS Diete r C. Ullrich

In the twilight hours of May 5th 1862, a lone detachment of Union calmly dismounted for a brief rest near a small river crossing called Lockridge's Mills in Weakley County, . Pickers were organiz.ed and sent so uth from the crossing on rhe Dresden-Mayfield road as a precaution. A5 rhe pickets depaned, rhe rest of rhe troops unfastened saddles, watered horses and began to prepare su pper. Three picket lines were strategica lly placed along the road, the furthest from the encampment being aboU[ a half mile. Not long afrer the final picket was organized Confederate skirmishers attacked. A line of defense was quickly made but was immediately thrown back. The attacker WfHS EXECUTIVE BOARD pressed the oudying pickets and were soon upon rhe unsuspecting Union encampmenc. The surprised trOOps, many of which were still eating dinner, rushed to their horses to Front Row L to R: Dr. John Harkins, Dr. Lonnie Maness, Mr. Lawrence Gundersen, Mr. Ed Williams Ill, Mr. Ed Frank counter the charge. Chaos ensued as the overwhelming surge of Confederates infiltrated the camp and scan ered the confused soldiers. The fortunate few rhat were able to find a Back Row L to R: Judge John Cerz, Mr. John Dougan, Mr. Walter Wills III , Mr. Joe Walk, Dr. Charles Crawford, Dr. W. Phil Hewitt, Dr. Douglass Cupples mount stampeded for the crossing, where a gallant last effort was made on the far side of the river to protect the hasty retreat. The Confederates crossed the bridge, pushed Not pictured: Dr. Marius Carriere Jr. , Mrs. Hden Coppock, Ms. Yvonne Phillips, Mrs. Minnie Wright. as ide the vulnerable rearguard and pursued the refugees into the ni ght. In less than ten minutes, twenty four Union soldiers were killed or wounded and 67 captured.' The Union detachment engaged at Lockridge's Mills consisted of three companies of the "Curtis Horse", a regimenc that evolved from several independent co mpanies which were recruited in the states of Iowa. Minnesota, Missouri and the territory of Nebraska during the late summer and ea rly fall of l861.1 Of the twelve companies that would later fill the regiment's muster roll s, only Companies E, F, and G would see combat on that fateful day at Lockridge's Mills. Company E was enlisted in Dubuque, Iowa by the recendy commissioned Carl Schaeffer de Boernstein, a German nobleman and co mbat veteran from the First Iowa Volunteer Infantry. Company F was recruited in Dubuque, Fort Madison and Burlington. Iowa by Lieutenant William Alexander Haw. a former infantry sergeant from the First Iowa. Company G was enlisted at St. Paul and Fort Snelling, Minnesota by Captain Henning Von Minden.3 The men that had enlisted in Companies E. F, and G were residents, with few S exceptions, from the states of Iowa or Minnesota,' T he majo rity being from Dubuque , a burgeoning river port and railroad hub on the west side of the Mississ ippi River opposite the Wisconsin-Illinois state line. At the outbreak of the war, the city of Dubuque had the largest population in Iowa with close to 13,000 peoplc. 6 Lumberi ng and mining were the key industries of the city. When the railroad connected central plains to the rest of the United Srates in the early 1850's, the influx of immigration into Dubuque and surrounding communities grew at an accelerated rate. This also occurred in the other recruitment cities of Burlington, Fort Madison and St. Paul. As in most If

2 The West Tennessee Historical Society Papers They Met at Lockridge's Mills 3

places in the industrial northwest, the German and Irish had become the more prolific city. The lead companies, A and S , we re ambushed by a larger rebel force but after of the ethnic groups and were evident in rhe make up of rhe detachment. artillery support and reinforcements arrived the attack was stalled. The battle turned l The rosters of Companies E, E and G indicates that nea rly two-thirds of the troops into a stalemate and led to an eventual Union retreat on March 11 th. } A detachmem, 7 who had enlisted in 1861 claimed Germany as the country of their birth. All the including of members Companies E and G, returned twO days later (Q Paris (Q negotiate officers of the derachmem, excluding one captain, and a vast majority of the the exchange of prisoners and wounded. To their surprise the Confederate fo rce non-commissioned officers were German born.8 Of those who declared themsel ves to be departed just hours before (he detachment arrived, leaving the Union wounded behind

born in the , many had surnames of Germanic origin evidence that many the city. 16 were first generation Americans of German descenc, One can also assume, with some At noon on March 31st, Captain Haw of Company F received orders (Q proceed (Q certainty. th at the primary language used by the detachment was the same that was Paris and cease all conscription activides by the Confederate governmenr. !7 H aw's spoken in the "Fatherland". detachment of seventy-five rnen reached the city on April 1st at 7 a.m. meeting no The average age of enlisted troops was twenty-five years old. The youngest members resistance. His troops passed through the city's major thoroughfares and peacefully of the detachment were seventeen years of age and the oldest was fifty-five. The average occupied the Henry County Courthouse and the surrounding public square. After age of officers was only thirty-three, the youngest being Lieutenant Richard Van planting the Stars and Stripes a top the co urthouse and questioning the locals ?n Vrendenburgh at the youthful age of twenty-three and the oldest being Captain Haw at Confederate troop movements. l~ Haw and hi s men returned to camp that afternoon WIth

age forty-five.'} The occupations of the soldiers considered largely of farmers with a a single prisoner. 19 A little more than a month later, Haw would be retracing (he same

substanrial number of urban laborers, mostly carpenters and wood workers. route on his way (Q Lockridge's Mills. In late O ctOber of 1861 , Companies E and F were Soon after the Battle of Pittsburg Landing, a select assigned to (he "Fremont Hussars", a seiect cavalry detachment of one hundred men and officers marched battalion appoimed to guard Major General John C. to Henry Station (Henry, Tennessee) ro interce pt a Fremont, then the commander of (he Western shi pment of supplies destined for Confederate troops in D epanmem of the Un ion Army.'o By the end of Memphis. The detachment led by Major Schaeffer de November, Fremonr was rdieved of command and the Boernstein consisted of seventy-five men from "Fremont Hussars" ceased to exist as a unit. On Companies E, F, and G. Traveling through Paris on December 20, 1861 , Brigadier Genera! Samuel Ryan April 9th, Major Schaeffer's' detachment succeeded Curtis issued Special Order No. 70 which reorganized in surprising the small sentry at H enry Station the "Fremont Hussars" into a cavalry regimenr. 1l By confiscating $15,000 worth of "corn, wheat, oats, flour, adding several unattached cavalry companies, General sugar, burter and molasses" and other military Curtis created a new regimem that he named in his own supplies.20 The railroad depot and whatever supplies hi s honor. To command this new regiment he appointed troops could not carry were set afire and destroyed. William Warren Lowe, an experienced officer Major Schaeffer returned his detachment intact the from the western frontier and a graduate of the Un ired following day avoiding the co nsiderable enemy force Charm C. Non Samllr! Ryan Curtis States Military Academy. Colonel Lowe had also served reported in the vicinity.l! The raid would be Schaeffer's as an adjurant to Robert E. Lee in the years JUSt preceding the war.!l only successful mission after being appoinred an officer to the "Curtis Horse". From the later part of December to the end of January the regiment trained and drilled On May 2nd, Colonel Lowe received information that medical supplies we re at Benton Barracks near St. Louis. On February 8, 1862, the regiment marched to St. reportedly (aken from Paducah, Kentucky and were en route to the Confederate army in Louis and boarded transports to the recently captUfC:!d Fort Henry on [he Tennessee West Tennessee. In an attempt to foil the transaction, Lowe ordered Major Schaeffe r to Rive r. The regimenc arrived mree days later with over one thousand men. A camp was locate, in tercept and co nfiscate the sllpplies. 21 A delay in acquiring rations and shoeing set up outside the fort on the 11 m as they awaited further orders. During the next few the horses stalled Schaeffer's immediate departure on May 2nd. Company E under the days, derachmencs of the regiment were ordered to scout and conduct minor raids to command of Captain Charles C. Nott began the march towards Paris at dayb reak on the 23 support the ensuing assault upon Fon Donelson. On February 15th, one hundred 3rd. Major Schaeffer followed with Companies F and G later that afternoon. By the members of the regimenc, including soldiers from Companies F and G, were ordered by end of the day, the entire detachmenr of 130 soldiers had reached Paris an d had set up General Grant to burn the Memphis and Ohio Railroad bridge over the Tennessee camp for the night. 21 River. !3 After a march of over 70 miles in twenty-four hours the mission was claimed a A hard rain soaked (he region during the night and by early morning there was still success and the crossing destroyed. 14 Following the fall of Fort Donelson the regiment a light drizzle as the detachment saddled up and marched toward Como, Tennessee. 25 performed numerous patrols in the region along with the garrison duty at Fort Heiman. A steady rain and muddy roads delayed the march into Como until the afternoon. The In early March, Companies A, B, C and D of the "Curtis Horse" marched upon Paris, lead company had reached Como by around 2 p.m. and rested their horses at the home Tennessee where they stumbled upon a Confederate ca mp on the western outskirts of the of a local Unionist. The rest of the detachment arrived later in rhe day but pressed 4 The Ui}st 'hnnrnee Hislorical Society Paptn Thg Mu at LockridglJ Milb 5 onwards (0 Dresden. Plans were enacted by Captain Not[ to stay behind with rwenty­ enlisrmem. '9 The one major difference between the two were the number of foreign five men [0 capture secessionists believed to be hiding in the nearby woods. While born. While a majoriry of the "Curtis Horse" were recent immigrants only a small awaiting their return, Not[ received word at dusk that a Confederate cavalry force of minority of the 6th Tennessee Cavalry were not born in the United States. Of those around three thousand men were in Caledonia, Tennessee marching towards Paris. He foreign born, most were from Ireland or other parts of the British Isles immediately sent a messenger to relay the news to Major Boernstein and the main body.2' The Sixth Cavalry Battalion saw immediate service in Western Tennessee and The messenger reached the main body at Erwin's Farm, three miles west of Como.2? Kentucky soon after being organized. Companies A, S, and E conducted outpost duty Major Schaeffer was found scouring the road to Dresden as the main body prepared to at FoC[ Randolph, Tennessee as soon as August of 1861. By the middle of September, the camp for the night, After being informed of the situation by the messenger, Schaeffer unit was at Columbus performing scouring patrols during General 's lI called for a meeting amongst his officers. It was decided that the detachment should expedition to close the to Union shipping and to hold Kentucky for the cominue to Dresden and then possibly !larch tOward Mayfield and then Hickman.:' At Confederacy.40 It was in September when some members of the battalion had their first 10 p.m. the main body of the detachmem saddled up and began to move slowly in the taste of the combat. A squadron of ten men from Company C were ambushed by Union dark. The road conditions were sloppy as the rain again began to pour down upon the infantry near their encampmem at Elliott's Mills. The squadron was briefly surprised by 1 weary troops. The forced march turned into a nightmare as the wagons became stuck, charged through the ambush. They fortunately returned unscathed to Columbus. " horses were lost and soldiers blindly walked in the deep mud. The detachment struggled A week later on September 22, about one hundred soldiers from the battalion returned through the mud 1O reach Dresden in the early morning hours of May 5th. Once to Elliott's Mills at Mayfield Creek where they engaged a small Union infantry entering the tOwn, the men crowded into barns and settled in for the night. Pickets were detachment. The Confederates inflicted four casualties upon the Federal detachment posted on all roads entering the [Own, particularly the road from Como.XI before departing back to Columbus. The only loss to the battalion were a few bruises and Before sunrise a report was relayed to Major Schaeffer that the enemy was in pursuit the death of one horse,'u and thar their pickets had reached Erwin's Farm.'H Between dawn and noon the The good fortunes of the battalion would change on the night of October 10th as derachment rested as Schaeffer waited upon further details on the movements of the Company A and S advanced and attacked enemy pickets near Paducah, Kentucky. enemy forces. Receiving word that the Confederate force was heading nonheast towards The night raid ordered by Lieutenant Colonel Thomas H. Logwood turned out to be a Palmersville he issued the order to march directly north to Mayfield. Under clear skies, complete debacle. In the darkness, the attacking soldiers fired unknowingly into their Company E led the detachment on a "hard and good" road.n As the detachment passed own ranks inducing a "severe loss" to their own detachment. The twO companies would the outskirts of Dresden residents lined the road waving hands, handkerchiefs and small return to Columbus carrying their dead and wounded from the battie field. The impact flags. Captain Nott would recall that it was "more like a gay, triumphal procession than of the assault upon Union defenses was minimal as the pickets remained intact and no a retreat."ll Being adorned by local sympathizers raised the spirits of the troops as they casualties were recorded. '" continued their march to a little known river crossing called Lockridge's Mills. On the morning of November 7, Company A was one of the first cavalry units to be The Confederate troops that initiated the charge upon the "Curtis Horse" at sem across the Mississippi River during General U.S. Gram's anempt to take Belmonr, Lockridge's Mills consisted of five companies of the recently consolidated Seventh Missouri. The company arrived at Belmont between 9 and 10 a.m. led by Lieutenant 404 Tennessee Cavalry regiment.~ Companies A, B, C and E of the Seventh Tennessee Colonel Logwood, who deployed his men on the far left of Confederate line. The represemed four of the five companies that had been engaged during the attack. n troops were well positioned on a bluff overlooking the battlefield and had a clear view of Company A was mustered into service as the "Memphis Light Dragoons" in Shelby the conflict. The company, however, saw little action except a few minor skirmishes. COUnty on May 16, 1861. Company B was organized in Haywood, Fayette and Tip[On During the final two months of 1861, the battalion performed scouring missions and Counties as "Hill's Cavalry" on May 3 1, 1861. Company C enlisted its ranks from other duties near Columbus and later Moscow, Kentucky.4s Shelby County, mostly from the Memphis area, in May of 1861 and was initially known The 6th Tennessee began the new year stationed at Camp Destin near Moscow, where as the "Marion Foxes". Company E was recruited in Hardeman County at Bolivar as the {hey continued their patrols.'" On February 13, 1862, Company E and G from the "Hardeman Avengers" in the late Spring of 1861.)6 All four companies were originally battalion engaged the enemy while patrolling between Paris and Fort Heiman. The grouped together as part of the 6th (or Logwood's) Tennessee Cavalry Battalion on July detachment briefly drove their skirmishers back but retreated after the Union main body 25, 1861 and began service in August of the same year in New Madrid, Missouri. 17 approached. The loss was three wounded, one killed and one captured.~ 7 Later that same The men that filled the ranks of these four companies, much like their coumerparts, monch, not long aher the fall of Fort Donelson, the entire battalion marched towards were farmers or farm laborers from rural areas with a sizable number of urban Mayfield destroying rail lines and bridges south of the city to Fulton, Kentucky. During professionals and laborers. Most of those urbanities were from the city of Memphis, the return voyage, the raiders burned the old Confederate base of Camp Beauregard and 4 which at the outbreak of the war was the largest city in the state of Tennessee with a captured a "large lot of flour and other provisions" at the Fulton depot. ' population of dose to 23,000.'· More than half of the troops were from small towns and With the capture of Fort Donelson, General Polk pulled out of Columbus and farming communities outside of Shelby County in southwest Tennessee. reconcentrated his forces further south at Island No. 10, New Madrid and Humbolt, The average age of the Confederate troops can be estimated as the same age as the Tennessee,49 On March 4, the 6th Tennessee burned their camp near Moscow and invaders fro m the north, that being roughly twenty five years of age at the time of marched to Union City. Lieutenant Colonel Longwood arrived at Union City on {he 7th 7 6 Th~ Wn-t 7~muss(( Historical Sociny Pap~N Thty Mtt at Lockridge's MilLs

with only 180 men. That same day, Logwood was relieved of his command and sent [0 Obion Counties to sell provisions and forage ro Richmond by order of General Albert S. JohnstOn.w He would later serve as the the Confederate Government.. .. "''1 Strong Unionist commander of the Fifteenth Tennessee Cavalry. sentiments, fear and the unwillingness of the region's By the end of March. General Johnston had inhabitants to except Confederate currency made lheir assumed command of the Army of the Mississippi and initial march imo Weakley County an uneasy one. immediately set ouf to reorganize the army into Other than a few communication problems with an

structured corps, brigades and divisions. Sl Colonel independent cavalry company, the patrol was unevent­ 60 William H. Jackson was assigned lO organize a new ful and returned to Trcmon on the 10th. The rest of cavalry regiment from the dozen detached companies me month was spent monitoring lhe events in the patrolling the western region of Tennessee. Sl Colonel region between the Tennessee and Mississippi River. Jackson wa.<; a West Tennessee native, horn in Paris and On April 29th, Colonel Thomas Claiborne of the a resident of Jackson, He was a West Point graduate and 6th Tennessee Cavalry was instructed by General saw service at frontier POStS in both and New Beauregard to assemble his troops and concenrrate Mexico. Following the bombardmenr of Fon Sumter his regiment with the 7 th Tennessee at Trenton.'l he resigned his commission in the A few days earlier, General Beauregard had received and joined as Captain in the Confederate army. At information that the Union Army had stockpiled the Bartle of Belmont, he led a dramatic infanrry supplies valued at $3,000,000 at Paducah. Continued reports statcd that these Federal

charge where he was seriously wounded. H He was still stores were lighdy guarded by only a few hundred cavalry soldiers.bl Seeing an opportu­ WiIli4m H. jllCltso" recovering from his wounds when he took the nity to destroy this vital link in the Union supply line. Beauregard ordered rhe 6th and assignmenr in late March. 7rh Tennessee to march upon Paducah "'capture its garrison, and destroy the large amount On rhe morning of March 31. the 7th Tennessee was attacked at Union City by a force of Stores understood to have been accumulated lhere. "'I Colonel Claiborne was given the of Federal infantry. cavalry and artillery. The Federal force of 1,350 men landed in assignmenr to command both regimenrs during his sccretive and decisive operation.(,oI Hickman the day before at noon and swiftly marched lOwards Union City. They arrived _ . . ',' .. , , , Thomas Claiborne was the son of a about five miles from rhe city at 7 o'clock rhar evening. Finding it too late to initiate a ;.'! ~~';" l:.l ~.~ J prominent Nashville family whose family • L..l. I ,~ ...... "" --, .. . d Co coordinated attack the Union commander ordered his troops to quiedy bivouac for the ...... • ':"h.... ~"";l; :'. "."", heritage lllclud,ed a UOIte States ngres.s- night. The next morning. the Federals launched an all out attack. The Confederate units, \.".....~ ~ ~ "',",~l7~- n.i man and a Secretary of the Colony III consisting of Colonel Ed Pickett's Twenty-first Tenm:ssee Infantry and the remnants of _~ ,-("' rt ... "':-~ ~~ .... . At the early age of twenty, he began 6th Tennessee Cavalry Battalion, were caught completely off guard as their encampment ~ -: .....:7!' ., ...... - I;, . "" practicing law and editing [he Trenton - ,"-'" ... _, t h Ti A . H aI was first overrun by Union cavalry and then shelled by artillery. The Confederate troops ,' ... ' ~"\ ~:b .- newspaper t e rue mtrlcaTl. e was so a scrambled without firing a shot, fleeing south as rhe Union infantry swept up the ~... :-f.~_" ~... J' ~ \' personal friend of President James K. Polk, remaining stragglers. >! In the hurried exodus from Union City, Companies Band 0 ..::J'..... ,...... :;:,-1--.. •~' '!- who would commiSSion Claiborne a left behind their company colors. ~' After the Confederates departure, the Federals .1.:" .. . ~ '~~ Licutenanr when me United States declared confiscated numerous horses and mules, supply wagons. and small arms. S6 The camp 'i!:;'l~~·~~I·~"";" -" war wich Mexico. During the Mexican War, was then looted and burned to the ground. In the ashes were the final remembrances of .,,-:. ~ ...... ,..;;:"'0- ~ I~ 1...... , Claiborne saw action ar Aijoya and the 6th Tennessee Cavalry Battalion. '::-., .a.".,. .;<. Huermanrla and was brevetted captain The next day, the Sixth Tennessee Cavalry Battalion wa... reorganized and refitted as """'.'~t·,,,,,- .:...--- ::::::=;r ~ ,'" before the war's conclusion. Following the the Seventh Tennessee Cavalry R~giment in Tremon, Tennessee. The regimem initially war in Mexico, he was stationed in the New proclaimed itself the First Tennessee Cavalry. It was not until several months later that Mexico territory until the outbreak of the Civil War. On May 14, 1861 , he resigned rhe regiment would be redesignated rhe Sevemh according (0 seniority of service to the State of Tennessee." The number designation was not popular among some of the his commission and joined dle Confederacy companies as rhey considered themselves to be "'among the firsl to volunteer".5t in Richmond. Prior to [he Barrie of The regimem's first assignment was a five day reconnaissance from Hickman to Union Lockridge's Mills, Claiborne served in various administrative positions under both City {Q Dresden which began on April 5th. For many in the patrol it would be their first expedition into Weakley County, an area which would become more familiar as patrols Beauregard and johnslon.(,' This planned were increased in the region later in the monch. The regiment was not enthusiastically expedition to Paducah would be his first received by the citizens of the county. Colonel Jackson would write in his report of April mission 35 an officer in a combative role in 10th, "There seem to be but litde disposition displayed by the citizens ofWeak1ey and the Civil War. w..,t Trnnmu ilnJ K~nf.. dry _ IBM 9 8 Th~ wt-st ummsu Historical Soci~ty Papers Thty Mtt at Lockridglr Mills

The 6th Tennessee, also known as the) s( Confederate:: Cavalry Regiment and the 12th By early morning, Claiborne devised a plan to overtake Sc~a,effer befo~e his detach­ Confederate Cavalry Regiment, was a unit that was comprised of companies from both ment could rerurn to Fort Heiman or reach Paducah, RecogniZing that hIS every m~ve Tennessee and Alabama. A majority of soldiers that made up the regiment were from was being reported to his Union counterpart, Claiborne ordered the second and thad counties in western Tennessee. Colonel Claiborne was assigned to the regiment as pan columns on a by-road to Palmersville co mislead the Federals, By the early a.fr~rnoon of the reorganizations of Confederate cavalry units in late March and early April of 1862 J ckson's column had recurned to the Dresden - Mayfield road and was closmg on by General Johnston." The actions of the 6th Tennessee at Lockridge's Mills would be ;chaeffer's detachment. JUSt before 5:00 p,m" Claiborne received vague reports of their fairly minimal, being engaged only in the final phase of the battle of pursuers of the whereabouts,n To confirm these reports he and Colonel Jackson led the lead column to retreating Federals. Stephenson's Mill, about five miles south of Lockridge's Mills. 7~ Companies A, B, C and Colonel Claiborne and the 6th Tennessee reached Tremon early on May 2nd, where E were included in the five companies that made up the lead column. he received information that the 7th Tennessee was en route to McKenzie's Station (now While ehe Confederate force was bearing down upon the Union detachmem. Major McKenzie), Tennessee." The .regiment departed Trenton that afternoon marching Schaeffer ordered his troops to rest the horses and prepare dinner near the home of northeast on the road to Huntlllgdon, By dusk, the troops had reached King's Bridge Marshall Lockridge. Ignoring the advise of his subordinates, Schaeffer chose to set up where they encamped for the nighc. The following day, the 6th Tennessee entered camp on the south side of the river crossing. Recalli~g the ~ajo~'s unwis~ preference of McKenzie's Station and awaited the arrival of the 7th Tennessee. Colonel Jackson and the camp location, Private Josiah Conzerr of Company E wrote til hIS memOirs: 7th Tennessee arrived early on May 4th, Later that same day, with a combined force of They Ithe detachment] should have crossed the bridge & destroyed it, then they could have had about 1,250 men, the two regiments marched northward for Paducah.6I time to escape. But the Major saw a fine house wirh some lIice looking women on the porch on As the 6th and 7th Tennessee moved toward Paris, Claiborne questioned the preparedness this side of the nream, The Maj. was;1 grear g~.llant where fine ladies were concerned. So, iMtead of crossing as he should have done, he g:lve orders for a short halt to give the men a chance to of his command for such an important operation. The lack of proper equipment was a make a cup of coffee and a little feed, reSt and rubdown for the horscJ. ~ major concern for the colond, His force had no artillery, his soldiers had an assortment of different ~eapons and there were no available "cooking utensils",'" He recognized that only As a precaution, Schaeffer did order his men to "be prepared to leave at a moments notice ... by a surpnse anack followed by an immediate withdrawal would success be guaranteed. and saddle up in the dark" ,'I He also ordered pickets sene on the road towards Dresden. The expedition arrived in Paris at 4;00 p,m" where Claiborne was informed that a Forty-five men from Company F, under the command of Captain Haw, were,given the Union detachment of cavalry estimated between 250 and 500 mcn had left for Dresden assignment of performing picker duty. Three lines of pickers were to be established, the six hours earlier. Claiborne chose to intercept the Federal force and destroy it before his final picket being set up about half mile south of Lockridge's Mills,79 The rest of the troop movements rewards Paducah were discovered. 70 He broke up his command into detachment prepared camp near the farmhouse and barn overlooking the north fork of three columns with the hope of surrounding the Union detachment before they could the Obion River and the Mills along its bank. Captain Nott would recall, "It was a noble rerurn to Fort Heiman. One column, under Lieutenant Colonel James Pell, was ordered valley, smooth as a floor and covered with huge oaks and elms".80 to the Kentucky - Tennessee border [own of Boydsville to cut off a possible retreat to At around 5:30 p,m., Company B of the 7th Tennessee spotted Haw's first picket, the east, The two other columns were sent to pursue and overtake the imruders,lI The field officer, Captain John Goff Ballentine immediately deployed a company to Colonel Jackson was given the lead column which consisted of several companies of the attack, The company galloped to within seventy yards drew their sabers and charged the 7th Tennessee. Claiborne would remain with the final column and serve as the main attack force once the enemy was encountered. Both columns pressed on into a dark and stormy night. At about 1:30 a.m., the lead column had reached the Cowan residence, The Cowan's were known in the region to be Union sympathizers, Colonel Claiborne, portraying a Federal officer, convinced Mrs, Cowan co present information on Union troop movements and other military intelligence of imerest, From their conversations, he ascenained the name of the detachment commander and that he had been warned of a large number of Confederate troops in Paris, Furthermore, couriers were sent by the Union commander to Hickman, Mayfield and Paducah to warn of their presence.12 The cat was out of the bag and Claiborne's options were now limited to preventing the Union detachment's escapt:, After discussing the impossibility of surprise with Colonel Jackson and the other officers it was agreed that the raid of Paducah could no longer be the primary objective.

The new mission was "to pursue Major Schaeffer and catch him at any rate. "7} Claiborne would later write of his disappointment, "my plans were manifestly frustrated, as the expe­ dition had no hope for success, except by surprise_ "74 The raid on Paducah was aborted. 10 The ~st unnessu Historical Society Papn-s Thry Mrt at Lockridge's Mills "

astonished bluecoats.'1 Haw drew back his first Major Schaeffer and few men remained near the bridge and covered the fleeing

pi cker then quickly fell (0 the second.'2 A loud yell detachment. Captain Ballenrine and the lead column dashed to the crossing in pursuit. was heard and Companies A, C, E and poss ibly D of Ballentine reached the bridge first and crossed after being fired ar several times. Dodging 8 the 7th joined the charge. ) Haw continued to fall a barrage of builets he approached to within six feet of Major Schaeffer, who without back towards [he Union encampment frantically ammo exclaimed. "My pistol is empry; draw your sword! " Ballentine complied and drew trying to organize a rear guard. his saber. A spirited sword fight ensued. During the melee, Schaeffer delivered a The main body of the Union demchmcnr was devastating blow which first S[ruck Ballentine's saber [hen deflected into the captain's still unaware of the anack. Soldiers sat cating skull. The powerful stroke sheared through Ballentine's soft hat causing a severe gash to

their supper, their horses unsaddled and tied (Q the forehead. Reeling from the impact and partially blinded by his own blood, Ballentine fence posts and ttees. Captain Notc was walking in wheeled his horse around and drove his steed back into Major's horse. Schaeffer was front of the Lockridge Farmhouse when he noticed pitched back into his saddle by the collision. Seei ng a break in his defe~ses B~lIentine in the disullce three horsemen urgently galloping pierced Schaeffer deep into his side. The Major collapsed to the ground 1I1senslble and down the road. As rhey raced towards camp, he bleeding profusely.'1 recognized them as members of Haws' rear guard. The rear guard dissipated soon after the fall of Major Schaeffer. The retreat turned into Wildly waving their hats they rumbled by him a route as the bulk of the Confederate force crosse!d to the north side of the river. The ye lling "Saddle up! Saddle up! The rebs are Federals, some riding bareback and a few riding twO to a horse, attempted to outrun the coming!". Some!what shocked Non screa med the pursuit. Captain Haw would race three miles before his wounds caused him ro fa ll from orders to. "Saddle up and fall in! »&( Chaos ensued as his horse. Captain Minden was in full fli ght when his horse tumbled and fell crush in g the men grabbed whatcver weapons and perso nal his leg.'2 The detachment's quartermaster, Lieutenant Richard Van Vrcndenburgh, was items they could and ran for their mounts. Riderlcss eventually captured by a determined Private L.J. O'Kelly, who relentlessly chased the horses and fleeing so ldiers began 1O clutter the road John r.. &iknrint: officer until captured. ~' At nightfall. the exhausted men and their horses rewrned adding more confusion to the already chaotic con ditions. '~ content with their victory. Behind the Confederate line, about two miles from the Union encampmcnc, the Soon after the bank, the victors tended to the wounded and rounded up prisoncrs. excitement to participate in the battle could not be restrained. Without any direct order Claiborne would report enemy casualries as being, "Killed 6, wounded 16, and capturcd from Claiborne, the remaining Confedcratc force followed the charge of Captain 4 officers and 67 non~commissioned officers and privates". The Confedc:: rates would also Ballentine. Claiborne's st rategic intentions of selectively sending Colonel Jackson's fivc seize twO wagons, 56 horses, numerous saddles and many small arms. !H Among the dead companies to anack, encircle and c.'lprure the Union detachment quickly turned inco a left upon the field were Privates Jacob Deutsch, John Baptiste Frei, and Andrew unmanageable rush toward the enemy.1l6 Now a total force of around 800 men went Kurtzmann. The wounded included Major Schaeffer, Captains Haws and Minden, bt::aring down the road to Lockridge's Mills. 1f7 Li eutenant Vrendenburgh and about a dozen enliSled men:'\ The majority of [hose Somehow the scan ered Federals managed to assemble two partial squadrons to form a killed. wounded and captured were from Company F which took the brunt of the in irial line in the barnyard near the road. While Major Schaeffer so ught (0 find and saddle his anack.'16 Claiborne would claim no casualties in his command bur Captain Ballentine, horse, Captain Non assu med command. He at once ordered the squadrons (0, "' Draw Private O'Kelly, and a Sergeant R.J. Black would require medical assistance.,7 sabcrs", to face Captain Ballentine's oncoming assault.u The Confederates closed in and The Federals captured were removed of their arms and set camp under guard. T he fired into the line with buckshot wounding men and horses. The Union line broke into wounded were placed upon tWO wagons and carried to Dresden."" It was recorded that disarray. Major Schaeffer, who had finally found a mount, ordered the command to fall one stubborn private, John George Bauer, argued with a Confederate field surgeon back beyond the bridge, where he hoped to form another line. 1W Captain Non recall ed regarding the amputation of his wounded shoulder. The surgeon, whose services were the event: needed elsewhere on the battlefield, left the argumentative bluecoat ht::hind.'" Among those sent to Dresden were Major Schaeffer and Captain Ballentine who were ironically Across the narrow bridge we went .u.fc:ly, though it swayed md tre'mbled under Ihe' tramp placed in the same cart and were later attended to at the same residence. lOo Half the of galloping holXS. As the' men wheeled and reformed, I moved 10 the right and looked ba(k. Hitheno I had secn but the head of their column, and had formed an idQ of iu strC'ngth. detachment, including Captain Non, would avoid capture after a hi gh speed da.<;h into Now I uw, F.ir up the valley, a soljd unbroken cnlumn of perhaps a thou.u.nd men. Berwccn Kentucky. lOt Later that same night, the survivors were ambushed by a Confederate rhem and the bridge were a few men, and many flying horses, which ran madly. The enemy scouting parey on the road to Paducah. Scattered and confused the refugt::es sought were armed with guns, and my men had bUT sabeu and pisrols. The OIprain of the squadron safety j n the woods. 102 had been ~t the bridge, trying w; inly 10 rally his fIlen; but they had gone, :md mine were the only Olle$ lefl.'" On the morning of May 6th, the dead were! buried in a trench across the road from IO the Lockridge home. } Claiborne paroled Major Schaeffer, Private Frank Ilille and two Fea ring for the life of his men Non ordered a general retreat and hastily headed north other severely wounded prisoners and detailed Corporal August Schlapp to remain in on {he road to Mayfield. Dresden to rendc=r service to the wounded. The last of Claiborne's command left 12 TJu Wt"St ftnn~sut Historical Socitty Papers They Mn at Lockridgf/s Mills 13

Lockridge's Mills lacer that afternoon. The next day, he received repons that a large lawful spoils of war. 1I2 His body was transported (a the Union lines and sent to his home enemy force armed with artillery was concentrating to the northeast preparing {Q mOve in Dubuque, where it arrived on May 20th by train from Cairo.lil The death of [his against him. Undaunted, he marched his troops east to Como then sourh to CaJedonia. prestigious officer and distinguished member of the German community w.a... gready By dark, the command was within five miles of the rown and bivouacked for the night. deplored boch in Dubuque and by the entire State of Iowa. On the day of hIS funeral. At midnight, Lic:utcnanr Colonel Pell's column arrived from Boydsville to report that an the city's businesses were closed and hundreds of black draped flags hung over the streets enemy force of over 1,000 was six miles from Paris and was expected to be reinforced by in honor of the fallen hero. The procession was led by a German band and followed by additional 500 by morning. 11M Tn a role reversal. Claiborne was now the hunted. many of the region's most prominent citi7..ens. Dubuque's Main Street was lined with a Afler hearing the reports of the banle, Colonel Lowe immediately departed Fort crowd of spectamrs as his horse drawn casket passed on its way to the city cemetery. The Heiman with the remaining companies of the "Curtis Horse", the entire 4th Minnesota local press would report: "Never before was there so great a funeral in the city of Infamry Regiment, four companies of the 52nd Indiana Infantry and a section of Dubuque. Never before was there such a turnout of our citizens to attend the funeral

artillery.. Starring on the ~vening of the 6th, he advanced his command towards Paris. By ceremonies of any man".l1~ His final resting place would be at Linwood Cemetery. lI S the evening of rhe 7th, hIS troops had reached outskirts of Paris and had received reports Twelve days after the death of Major Schaeffer. Private Hille would die of his wounds of PeB's column about two miles distant on the road [Q Caledonia. Lowe was preparing in Corinth. Mississippi. The stubborn privare. who was left to die on the battlefield, was [Q engage Pelt's rear guard when orders arrived from General Henry W Halleck to forrunately rescued by an elderly lady who tended to his wounds at her home not far discontinue the pursuit. In disregard lO those orders. he sent several parties into Paris the from the battle field. !I~ next morning with the intent of starting an engagement. 1 0 ~ His efforts failed. He The Memphis and Nashvill e newspapers reported the battle on May 9th. All initial returned with his command to Fort Heiman the following day. accounts of the battie proved to be inaccurate and misleading. The Nt1Jhvillt Disparch Not knowing of Lowe's orders (Q break off the pursuit, Colonel Claiborne directed his and the Nashvilk Daily Ufliofl both reported that twO hundred Nebraska cavalry tr~ops and prisoners to move Onto King's Bridge and McLemoresville. Fearing the only were captured by Major Henry Clay King rwelve miles west of Fort Heiman. 1I7 An bridge that crossed the south fork of rhe Obion River might be seized or destroyed he article in the Memphis Daily App~al declared that Colonels jackson and Claiborne urgenrly pressed southwest with the utmost speed. By the evening of May 8th, the main surprised and captured around rwo hundred Federal cavalry above Paris.l18 The most body of his command had made it safely over King's Bridge to Mclemoresville where engrossing account of the batrie was an editorial in the Memphis Daily Apptal ~n Ma.y they bivouacked for the night. Pell's column was left behind at McKenzie Station to 16th, which gave a moderately detailed report of the batrie and concluded Wltil thiS repon enemy troop movements and to serve as a rear guard. The next morning Pell defiant pronouncement: informed Claiborne of the Federals withdrawal from Paris. 106 The expedition safely Col. Claiborne, with his energy :.md ual will, no doubl. soon rid that portion of the country of to returned to Trenton by the second week of May. The prisoners were delivered the the thieving hordes of Hcs.sian~, who come with hroken Dutch to insulr our citiuns; who come ProVO$[ Marshall in jackson. Tennessee not long after. with the stench of their fon:ign homC5 ,~till hanging about them co drive us from our: who cOllle From jackson the enlisted and non-commissioned officers were forwarded to Corinth, to burn, pillage, and desrroy. in the sacred name of country, in the name of that country which Mississippi and were imprisoned there umil subsequently paroled and exchanged on our fathers putchast:d, fighting the hireling He~sian anCC5TrY of these modern pardors. The thought is a bitter one that we mwt pit our lives against such.'" May 15th. lo ~ The enlisted soldiers would not return to their regiment at Forr Heiman until june 7, 1862. The officers of the delachment were held in captivity until October The commentary, interestingly enough. was signed "A. Rebel". 15, 1862. when they lOO were paroled and later exchanged in December of the same In early june, unrest occurred amongst the "Curtis Horse" as desertions rose and year. 101 The treatmem of the prisoners was considered to be reasonable and fair. Captains mutiny threatened to dissolve the regiment. Twenty-one soldiers, all of whom were

Haw and Minden were allowed by Colonel Claiborne [Q send a wrinen report of the captured at Lockridge's Mills, refused to return to active duty unless certificates of baule to Colonel Lowe only days after the battle. The kindness displayed by Claiborne capture and exchange were furnished by either the Confederate or United StaleS Army. would be memioned by both officers in that message. lot Claiborne wrote his wife in The former prisoners feared that if captured again they would be treated as spies and Nashville on May 18th, that if he would become sick or wounded Colonel Lowe would shot. To quell the uprising Colonel Lowe put the men under guard and forced [hem to "sec you safely sem into our lines, and the more so, after the very kind treatment perform hard labor. For twO weeks, the men persevered until General Halleck ordered I extended to my prisoners made in the affair I had with them on the Obion River on them discharged for mutinous conduce on june 27th. Private Conzett would describe the the 5th. " 110 discharge as followed: The fugitives of the battle had trickJed into Paducah for several days after their retreat The rq;imcnt was orderro out in barrIe line under arms and in full uniform. The prisoners were from Lockridge's Mills. By May 12th, Captain Nott would repon to Colonel Lowe that then placed in line in fmnt of us. The AdjUtant then stopped to rhe front and, in a trembling 58 men and 48 horses had reached Paducah safely.1I1 Almost all would return to Fort voice. rcad Gen. II:.tllcck's cruel order ro them. The order wu given them to abom face. forward march. The drum corps played the Rogues March Jnd so esCOrted them out beyond our lines into Heiman before the end of May. For many, however, it would take months to recover from their wounds and the bitter experience of defeat. the Rebel coumry. infestai by guerrillu, robbers Jnd scoundrels and deserters from both sidcs who would nOt hesitate to rob and kill them ()n sight. They were forbidden to come imo our lines Major Schaeffer died of his wounds in Dresden on the night of May 7th. Before his anywhcce for help. Oh, it WlIS Ihe saddesf sight and hardest duty we were ('Vcr ailed fO perform! dealh, Sc haeffer would award Captain Ballentine his horse. piswl and sabre as the Wc were not asha.med to lei ouc I~r$ flow frcely.~I . '5 ,4 Thr Wrst knnmu Historical Sociny Papas Thry Mtt at Lockridgt'! Mills

followed Forrest as he launched a series of raids into which would Capt.Jin Non would return to Lockridge's Mills with Company E in early Ocrober of [eyh • d d .' 1862. His intentions were to retrieve the saber he had inrenrionally hid after being not end until the second week of October. By November, Forrest was or ere to a~sl s t ambushed on the night of the hattlt:. After relocating the sword, he briefly stopped at the General Hood in an attempt to defeat [he Union forces in Middle Tennessee and t? push Lockridge farm. Recalling the Confederate onsla ught he would remark to himself, "What northwards into Kentucky. They would rake pan in both the Battles of Frankhn an~ a strong position if is! How easily we could have held it, had we been armed like the Nashville. During the final months of rhe war, the 7th withdrew further somh untll enemy".121 Before departing the battlefield, he spoke to Mr. and Mrs. Lockridge who led Porres( surrendered his forces to General Wilson's cavalry corps on May 12, 1865 at him to the shallow graves of rhe dead soldiers. He paid a brief homage to his fallen Gainesville, Alabama. In comrades and left Lockridge's Mills never to rerurn. On October 15. Captain Note resigned On February 22, 1865, Charles NOH was appointed by President Lincoln as judge (~f his commission in the "Curtis Horse" and returned ro his home stare of New York. rhe United States Court of Claims, a position that he held for over forry years. In hl'i 'me he would write a forrv-eight volume set of United States claims court By December pf 1862. Captain Non had written of his experiences in West Tennessee spare [, '/. . .. IH and negotiated a deal with a New York City publisher. lie was soon promoted to Colonel decisions, four books and numerous articles and edaonals III Journals and newspa~ers: in January of 1863 to command the newly reorganized 176th New York Volunreer William Lowe finished his career in [he military in 1869 as a brevetted bngadler Infantry Regiment. By the time his writings were published in New York in 1863, he general. Tn the 1870's and 1880's. he organized smelting and refining work.-; ~n the and his regiment were in Louisiana guarding the railroad lines around New Orleans. territories of Nebraska and Idaho, and was engaged in mining and the construction of On June 23. Non was captured at an engagement ncar Brashear City. He was held railroads in Wyoming and Utah.'H After his discharge, John Bauer would bec.ome a in captivity for thirteen months. after which he was discharged for hea1ch reasons m', SSI'onary circuit rider for the German Methodist church on the Minnesota. frontler. . m. lie prompted by his harsh imprisonment. would forever cherish a quilt given to him by the elderly lady that saved hiS life. On June 25th, the ·'Curtis Horse" was assigned to the State of Iowa and was Thomas Claiborne returned to his family farm near Nashville after the war, where he officially designated the Fifth Iowa Cavalry. The Fifth Iowa would remain in the State of became involved in civic and veteran groups. He would serve as the president of both [he ·1ennessee for almost the entire war. From June of 1862 to June of 1863, the regi ment Mexican War Veterans of Tennessee and the Confederate Veterans Association of performed garrison dmy at Forts Heiman, Henry and Donelson. They would also Tennessee during most of the 1880's and 1890's '! ~ John Ballentine would return to his continue their usual scouting palCo Is in western Tennessee and Kentucky seeing action hometown of Pulaski and resume his law practice. In 1882, Ballentine wa... elected to the at [he Cumberland Iron Works, Clarksville and Waverl y. The regiment moved ro United States House of Representatives where he would serve twO consecutive terms. Nashville by June II, 1863, in preparation for General Sherman's march into Ceorgia. He retired from public life in 1887. The saber and pistol entrusted to him by By the end of tilt:: year, the unit was engaged in several skirmishes in Middle Tennessee Major Schaeffer were believed to have been lost in a fire thar destroyed his family home and northern Alabama. The year 1864 brought the regiment further south and east as sometime after his retiremenr. 128 At the war's conclusion, William Jackson would take the Union Army pressed on towards Atlanta. In July, the Fifth Iowa partook in a series charge of his father's large plantations. In 1868, he would marry the daughter of William of raids during the siege of Adanta and in the Fall served in operations against General G. Harding and setrled at the Belle Meade estate near Nashville.129 . ' Hood in north Georgia and Alabama. In November and December, the regiment saw The banle ground has changed quite significantly since (hat momentous eventng In combat at the Battles of Spring Hill, Franklin and Nashville. The Fifth Iowa concluded May of 1862. The Lockridge home, the mills and the bridge no longer exist, The road the war as one of the cavalry regiments involved in General James H. Wilson's cavalry that once served as a major thoroughfare between Dresden and Mayfield has since been raid into the deep south. They received the news of the war's end in Macon on April 20th plowed under and is currently used as farmland. Trees, vines and undergrowth have and were mustered OUt of service in Nashville on August 11, 1865. III consumed most of recognizable features that Charles Nott had so vividly described in his The Seventh Tennessee Cavalry would ride down into southern folklore as one of the memoirs. A lone state historical marker a mile from the original battle site on Route 190 mOSt prominenr and gallam Confederate cavalry regiments of the war. In June of 1862, between Latham and Palmersville is the only sign char blood was once shed upon this the regiment covered the evacuation of Fort Pillow by destroying Federal railroad lines hallowed ground. and destroying locomotive.... It saw action at Lafayette Station, Britton's Lane and at the Battle of Corinth on October 3rd and 4th. By 1863. the unit had its headquarters at Grenada, Mississippi where it conducted scouting patrols and raids in the region. In Octoher of 1863, rhe Seventh Tennessee accompanied General J.R. Chalmers' raid into Northern Mi~si~sippi and West Tennessee. The regimem accompanied General in March of 1864 on his raid into West Kentucky, participating in the capture of Union City and Fort Pillow. In the first twO weeks of June, General Forrest led the Seventh Tennessee and twO other cavalry regiments to pursue the Union General S.D. Surgis. At (he Batrle of Brice's Crossroads on June 10th, Sturgis' command was caught but at heavy price. The Seventh Tennessee would claim 54 cas ualties that day. A month later, they were again with Forrest at [he Bartle of Ilarrisburg. In late September. 16 The ~s t unnessu Historical Society Papers Thry Mtt at Lockridgls Mills 17

ENDNOTES

Cavalry, R Iowa Journal ofHistory 49 (1951) 255-256. 'Col. ~om3S Claiborne (O,Gen. G.T. Bclurcgard, May 9, 1862, in Th~ War ofrh~ R~brllion; A Compilation Nott, Charles c., Sknchts of lhe U'itr: A $Lrtis of Lrum 10 th~ North Moort Strut School of Nrw Ytlrk oflhr Offiaal Rrcords oftht Umon and Conftd"dU Armin 128 volumes (Washington D,C.: GOvernment Priming (New York: Charles T. Evans, 1863), PI" 60-71 and; Ezell, John S., ~ Excerpt\ fro the Civil War ~, p. 256. Office, 1880-1901), Series I, volume 10, p. 879-883. l'c,cn. U.S. Grant to Col. W.W. Lowe, Mar/.:h I\. 1862, April 3, 1862, Official Rrcords. Senes I. Part Il, Ilngc:rsoll. I.u non Dunham, /ou'a and th, Rebellion (Philaddphia J.B. Lippinco[[, 1866), p. 442 volume to, p. 30. )Raltt,. and Rmmi a/Iowa So!dim in th, War ofth, Ribil/ion. 6 volumes (Des Moinc.~: Sure or 1(J~ , 1910), "Capt. William A. Haw to Lieut. Col. M .T. Patrick, Official Rtcords, Series I, Part l. volume 7. pp. 7~-83. volume 4, p. 846; Til, History 0/ Dubuqur 0/ LJubuqut County. /()WIl (ChiclIgo: Western H istorical Company, "Non, Ch;ules C, Skttcha oftht War. p. 56. Captain NOli Jcscribes Camp Lowe as "a small fidJ about three 1880), p. 246 and: Tilt History 0/ Ltt County, Iowa (Chicago: WCl>tcrn HislOricaJ Company. 1879), p. 246. miles above the fort (Henry) ... and named after our colonel (W.W. Lowe). ' Ibid .• p. 863-1013. According [0 the mustering-in records (.ken by me United States Army in St. Louis, /IlCoI. W.W. Lowe (0 Col.).c. Kel1un, Aprill7, 1862, Official Rrcords. Series I, Part II , volume 10. Missouri, 24 of 288 men who enlisted from August to Ocrober of 186\ in Compiln ies E, F, and G declared I'Roil" and Rrcord ofIowa Soldirrs in th~ t%r of the Rrb~l/ioll, volumc IV. 848. residency outside of either Iowa or Minnesot:l. 110fficial Rrcords, Series I, Pan I, volume 10. p. 881 and; Co"fidrrau Mi/iwry Hutory: Exundrd Edi,;on, 17 ' Ibid., pp. 863-tol3. According to the mustering-in records taken by the United States Army in St. Louis, vulumes (Wilmington, N.C: Broadfoot Publishing Co .. 1987), volume 10, p. 43. Missouri, 99 of the 288 men who enlisted from August to Ocmher of 1861 in Comp;l.Ilies E, F, and G declared "Official Rrcords, Series I, Part I, volume 10, p. 883 and; NOH, Charles C, Skttcha ofWar, p. I l l. residency from Dubuque, Iowa. Soldiers declaring Dubuque as a placc of residence out numbered other ~Ca ptain W.A. Haw would wriTe in his official report (Official Rrcords, Series 1, Pan I, volume 10, p. 883) cummunities represented in the muster rulls 2 to I. mat Major Schaeffer's command wnsisted of"130 men strong.· Colunel W.w. Lowe Slated mat there were - 125 ''!opulation ofth~ Un~u~ Starn In 1860; Compikd /rom th~ Original Ruurns ofth~ EiXhlh C~nsUJ (Washington, men" present in the detachment (Official Rrcords, Series 1, Part I, volume 10, p. 88l). Colonel Thomas D.C.: Gm'ernmenr Printing Office, 1864). p. 144. The populilrion of Dubuque as recorded by the Claiborne declared there to be a -force of 1 50~ enemy soldiers (Official Rtc(Jrds, Series I, Pan I, volume 10. Superintendent of the Census was' 2,926. p.880). RoJl" and R«ord of Iowa Soldi~rs in th~ War of tht Rtbalion, volume IV, pp. 863- 1013. According to the l'Non., Skrtcha ofrhr war, p. 117. mustering-in records taken by the United States Army in St. Louis, Missouri. 178 of the 288 men who enlisted ;!O lbid., pp. 118-122. fro~ August til October (If \861 in C...om panies E, F, and G claimed Germ:lny or Prussia to be their place Official Rrcords, Series I. Pilrt I, volume 10, p. 883. of IlIrTh (62%). 88 of the 288 were listed as American born (3 1%) and 22 uf the 288 c1:.1.imed binh in other 'Nott, Skmhrs of Ihr War, p. 122. countries besides Germany and the United States (7%). Those countries included Switzerland, Ireland, England, l

"Ibid .. Series J, volume 10, pp. 370-371. "'Report of Captains William H~w ;and Henning von Mindt:n. May 9, 1862, Official Rtcords, Series I, P;art I, "Lindsey, John Rerrie-n, Thr Military Annals oflhmmu: Confokrau (Nashville: ).M. Lindsey & Co., 1886), volume 10, 883. p.636. ' 'Young, Tht Sflltnth Tmnmu Cavalry, p. 29. '·'Malon, Dumas, Dictionary ofAmerican Biography II volumes (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1960), "'NOll, Slutchfs of the war, p. 127 and; Conzett, My G·vil War, p. 26. pp. 561 ~ 562. Illbid., 128-129. "" Official Rtcords, Series I, volume 8, pp. 116-118, 123-124. "Thomas Claiborne, Papers. "Yuung, The Srl/Nlth 'j~nnrSJu I.avairy, p. 25. " Maness, ~Capta in Charles Cooper Nott and the Battle of lockridge's Mills," p. 19. About one-third of rhe "'Official RI!C(Jr(is, SC'ries I, volume 8, pp. 117. Claiborne's 1250 soldiers w~re on detached dury near and around Boydsville. ''young, The Seventh unnmrr Cavalry. p. 26. "'Non, SJutchts oftl)( War, p. 129. " Hubbards, Notrs oia !'rivatt, p. 31. " Ibid., and Official R(cords, Series 1, Parr I, volume 10, p. 883. "' Official Records, Series I, Pan 2, volume 10, p. 408. "1bid., pp. 129-130. ""Ibid. IIL.B . McFarland. "The Sword Combat between Col. John Goff Ballentine and Maj. Carl Schaeffer De ~' Ihid., pp. 465-466. Boernstein," Canfidt"ra/t V(tmm (Nashville: Confederate Veteran, 1917), XXV, 10-1'.. McFarland's arricl.e " !lJiJ., p. 477. contradicts the Official Record of the b;attlc given by Col. Claiborne on May 9, 1862, whICh declared thar M~J. ·'Ibid., p. 466. Schaeffer wa.~ killed by a pistOl shot. McFarland affirms that the Official Record wa.~ incorrect and that officers "'Ibid. The official order went as followed: who were prcscm during the b~ttle concur rhat Ballentine mortally wounded Schae£!er wit~ his saber after an HEADQUARTERS ARMY OF THE MISSISSIPPI intense sword malee. Claiborne: reported that Ballentine fought a gallam saber duel WIth a Pnvate Hoffman and Corinrh, Miss., April 29.1862. that Union soldier was forced to yield. Searching the roster of the Fifth Iowa Cavalry, one can find no memion Col. Thomas Claiborne: of 11. Private Hoffman being killed or wounded in the barrie. Private Josi~h Comet[ wowd recall in his m.emoirs ~olonel: Th~ c~mm3.nder of the forU'.s instructs me to inform you that your regiment has been assembl~d at that Major Schaeffer was shot dead upon the porch of the lockridge home, h~w~er Con:u:tt was fleeing the Irelllon for an ImpoH3.nt serviu:, requiring great vigor and secrecy of movelTient and the utmost coolness and onslaught at the time and mosr likely did not s~ rhe event. The Dllb.uqut Dady lim(s on ~ay Brd reported resolution on the part of officers and men. Colonel Jackson has alro bun ordered [() concentrate his regiment that Schaeffer was surrounded by .~ix or eight rebel officers and shot With a musket after refuslIlg to su rrender. ar Trenton for the s~me purpose. "Official Rtcordi, Series I, Part I, volume 10, p. 883. When both regiments shall arrive and an: ready for the fleld you will assume command of the expedition and tJyoung, Tht Sewnth unnt"sst( Glwa/ry, p. 30. m.arch upon Paduc-J.h, Ky., with as much celerity ~s may be judicious for YOllr animals. You arc expected to move "ODicial Rtcordi, Series I, Part I, volume 10, p. 880. It is import~m to note t~at Colonel W.W. Lowe with the least possible baggage and subsistence, and hy a coup de main enter Paducah, capture its g~rriron, and would report only 4 killed and 6 wounded on May 12 , 1862 (see OffiCIal Ruordi, SeTies I, Part I, volume 10. dcstroy the la.rg~ amount of ~[()res und~rstood to have been accumulated there. Any st~amboats that you may p. 881-882) and the: published roster would list 5 killed, which included the mo~tall~ wounded Major Schae~er be able t~) se)"!.e of course wtll be hurned. Arms captured. if any, will be brought away if possible, without and Private Frank Hille and 15 wounded (see ROIttr and Rtcord of louia Soldjen In tht War of thf RebrlllOn, endangenng your command. volume IV, pp. 863-10'13). The wounded were ascertained by date of death or ~ discharge date prior to Det.ailed. instrllctions cannot be given for your movemenl..'l. The garriron of the pl~ce is believed to be small, December of 1862. much IOfenor to the force that you will be able to command; and should you be able to move with sufficient "Rosttr and Ruord of Iowa Soldim in the war of tht" Rtb(lIion, volume I~, 86~-.1013. The w()~nde?, cderiry, you can surprise and place and affect the purpose of the expedition with brilliant success; that is, can excluding the mortally wounded Major Schaeffer ~nd Private Hill were: Capta.Ln Wlllla~ A. Haw, Capt.alll desrroy their supplies. capture prisoners, and gre~tly disturb their communications. Henning von Minden, lieutenant Richard Van Vrendenburgh, Privates George Bau.er, Ferdlll;a~d Fal.H, Manon Show rhis communication to Colonel Jackson. Hurchins, Edward F. Ormsby, Henry Pfoner. George Phelps, Frank Ruhde, John Seldle, Seba.man VIOX, llenry Respecrfully, your obedient s~rvant, Winninghoff, ~nd John F. Brainard. Thomas Jordall ""Ibid. Of those captured 29 were from Company F, 22 were from Company E and 14 were from Company Assistanr Adjutant-General. G. The list of captured include: C~p[ain William A. Haw, C~ptain Henning von Minden, Lieutenant Rich~rd "~ollie M~wdl Claiborne, Papers, 1849-1941, Manuscript Collection, Tennessee State Library and Van Vrendenburgh, John Birkle, John F. Brainard, Charles M. Brown, William Boge, Fritz Brecht, George Bauer, ArchIves, NashVIlle, Tennesse~. Mollie Claiborne was the daughter of Colonel Claiborne:. Her papers include Frederick Blasing, Willi~m Busking, David Conzen, Robert K. Cummings. Frank Consringer, ~harles M. ~ome.corr~sp~ndelll:.e md scrapbooks from her father. Of particular interest are the scrapbooks contained in Box Dickey, Andrew Defeil, Charles Ende, Ferdinand Fahr, Charles A. Gilliam, Andrew Guier, Henry GeIger, August 2 w,.,h~~h ~onslst of newspaper clippings of her fOithers activities and a descriptive obituary. Hammel, Peter Hanson, Henry Herkes, John C. Hoffman, Nicholas Hoffman, Joseph P. Hunter, George Slfabs. TrmusJrtlns in th~ Gvil W1lr, pp. 46-47. Hamann, Julius Herzog, Conrad Henning. Marion Hurchings, ChrisLOpher Jahn, Claus H. Kruger. Frank • Colu~d Thomas .Claiborne, Papers 1845-1935. Manuscriprs Department, Universiry of Norrh Carolina. Konstinger, John Kuntze, Thomas Lafave, Charles Frederick lim Ie, Christian lirscher, Henry lucrke, Israel J. C~apcl Htll. The Cla.Lborne papers contain no corropondence or military records of the Battle of Lockridge's Masters, Henry M~hrdorf, Henry Moeller, Hubert Munchroth, Edward F. Ormsby, Henry 1.. Overstreet, Henry Mills. ~oweve.r, this handwritten memoirs in Box 2, folder number 23, offer new insighu on his observatiOns Pfotzer, John Pregler, John P~ls. GL"Orge Phelps, Frank Rohde. Bernard Rotrman, Joseph Sae:her, August Schlapp. and actions prior to and during t.he b3ttle. Philip Schneider, Florian Seidel, John Seidel, Bernard Siange, Henry Steiner, Frederick Unger, Charles Vm IA O./ficiai R~C(lnU, Series I, Part I, volume 10, p. 879. Gordon, Sebastian Viox, Louis Vaseur, Harry WinningoiT, Benjanlin Ward and William Cousins. ~homas Clailmrne, Papers. "'Young, Tht Stvtnlh unnwu Callalry, pp. 152-227. Young's list of comp~ny rolls would list these three "" Ibid. soldiers as casualries. " Official R(conU. Series I, Parr 1, volume 10, p. 879. "Official Reports, Series T, Part I, volume 10, p. 882. ·'Ibid., p. 880 and; Lonnie E. Maness, "Captain Charles Cooper Non and the Battle of lockridge'S Mills, ~ "John W. Graher. ~One: Man's Civil War," Minnfsota History (St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, jackson f'urrlJilU Historical Sociny Papm (Murray, Ky: Jacbon Purchase Hisrorical Sociery, 1975),111, 14. 1990).52 (4), 144. ' Ibid. I 'MeF;arland, "The Sword Combat ... ,~ p. 11. 'Thom;as Claiborne, Papers. '·'Official Rtports, Series I, Part I, volume 10, p. 882. The roster would declare rh~t only 38 had escaped but - Ibid. this maybe a misprint (see ROr!" and Rtcord ofiowa Soldim in tht War aftht Rebellion, volume IV, p. 849). ·· Official R(cords, Series I, Part 1, volume 10, p. 880. '·'Not[, SJutchrs oflht War, p. 131-132. -COIlZelt, Josiah, My Cilli/ War: Rrjorf, During and Afi(r, /861-/865 (Des Moines, 1993), p. 26. The young '"'William W. Chester, "Lockridge Mill Skirmish Places County In Civil War," Wtakley County fuSI (Martin, hdy that arrracted the interest of Major Schaeffer was probably Marshall Lockridge's rwenry-rwo ycar old Tenn.), 17 March 1983. Local historian James Corbitt believed the bodies of the dead we:re buried across from daughter Laur~. the home and marked with an "evergreen plant" that was nor homoge:IIL'llUS to the region. No confirmed "Non, Sk(trlm of fht" Wi,,; p. 126. documentation from the time p~riod mentions the burial place of the dead. .... RolI" and R(com ofIowa So/d;(rJ in tlJ(' War of tht" Rt"bdJion, volume TV, 849. '~Officia/ Rtports, Series I. P~rr 1, volume 10, p. 880 . ~on. Skeuhf1 of the War, p. 126. ''''bid., p. 882 and; ROSI" and Ruord ofIowa Sa/ditrJ in th( War oJth( RtbtlJion, volume TV, p. 849. "Young, The &or,mth Trnflt"ss("( Callalry, p. 29. Young quotes Colonel Claiborne's report published in the "Ibid., p. 881. official records with some additions. 20 Tilt Wtst Ttnnt!SSu Hislorical Society Papers

"'Suppkmmr /0 th~ Official Rmmu of Ih~ Union and Conftdmll~ Armin (Wilmington, N.C.: BroadFOOl Publishing Co. , 1995), Pan II, vol. 19, ~ria1 no. 31 , p. 339. 1rA RoJur ana Ruord of Iowa SoidlflJ in tht W'ar oflht &b,IJion, volum~ IV, p. 849. ''''Official Ruords. $cries I, P:m 1. volume 10, p. 883.

I Mollie Maxwell Claiborne:. Papers. uncr from ('.ol. Cbiborne to Annie Claiborne dated Sunday night M;lY 18, 1862. III OffiCu,/ Reports, &ries I. Pan 1, volume 10, p. 881. DIALECTIC TENSIONS IN T.O. FULLER'S IIIMcFarland, -The Sword COmbal. .... p. 11. HISTORICAL WRITINGS III DublU1ue Daily Herald, May 21 , 1862. '''Ibid., May 23, 1862. Randolph Meade Walker ''' The History of Dubuque County. Iowa (Chicago: Western Historical Co., 1880), p. 419. II·Graber, "One Man's Civil War~. p. 144. "'Nashville Daily Union, May 9, 1862 and; N41hvilit Dispatch. May 9. 1862. ""Memphis Daily Apptll/, May 9, 1862. "'Ibid., May 16, 1862. '~ Conten, My Cillii War, p. 28 II'Norr, Slutchts o/tht War, p. 166. During the early cwentieth cemury Memphis, 1ennessee had in Thomas Os~ar Fuller, mDyer, Frederick H., A Compmdium o/rht war o/tht Rtbtllion 3 Volumes (New York; Thomas Yoseloff, one of its most influential clergymen. Fuller's distinction transcended race at a orne when 1959). yu[ume III. p. 1162. '''$ifakis, Compmdium of the umftdntlte Annie-s: Tmnt"SlU, pp. 52*53 and; Trnnmean in the- Cillil Wltr, race was usually an integral part of the southern daily routine.' Fuller was well known in volume I, pp. 68·71. ecclesiastical circles, the political arena, and literary enclaves. In regards to the laner '~Ma.lone. Dumas. Dictiollltry 0/ Amtrjcan Biography 10 volumes (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1930), category, Fuller made a valuable comribution to the corpus ?f h.isto~ical. ~owledge volume V. p. 580. Charles Non was appointed by President Abnham Lincoln as a Court of Claims judge on February 22, 1865 and was later promoted to chief justice on Noyem~r 23 . 1896 by President Grover about Memphis, Tennessee, and beyond. Particularly, his contribution IS cnucal to the Cleveland. narration of the African American experience in Memphis and the Mid-South. "'Wilson. Appirtani Cycloped'l1 ofAmmcan Biography, yolume IV, p. 39. His efforts at historical documentation included several publications. Only cwo his ""Graber. "One Man's Ciyil War", p. 144. 'l'Mollie Maxwell Claiborne. Papers. ~Hatlie" CI:...iborne's scrapbook contains the obituary of Thomas books, however were promoted as histories. They are Pictorial History of th~ American Claiborne from June 3, 1911. N~gro and History of thi' Negro Baptists of Timnl'SSl'l'. In addition to these twO proper 'l.I Butier, Margaret. Lrgacy: Early FamilitJ ofGile-l County (Pulaski, 'Ienn.: Sain Publications. 1991). p, 42-44 histories, numerous orner historical glimpses are given in many of his other books and and; McFarland, ~ The Sword Combat ... : p. 11. J9 ' Malone, Dictionary ofAme-rican Biography. volume V, p. 561·562. frequem newspaper articles. Within the confines of this srudy, rhe methodology and philosophy of Fuller's history will be analyzed. The analysis will include an evaluation of Fuller's historical writing. PHOTOGRAPHS AND MAl' CREDITS Hence, as valuable as his contribution is, it must be placed in its proper contt:xt, rather than accepted at its face value. ConftdmJte-s Vturl1n Ml1gl1zine 40 volumes (Wilmington, N.C.: Broadfoot, 1987). T.O. Fuller was born in Franklinton, North Thomas Claiborne - Volume XXI (1913) p. 302 Carolina, which is about cwcnry-seven miles John Goff Ba.llendne - Volume xxv (1917) p. 1 1 north of Raleigh. He pieced together Miller, Francis Travelyan. Tht PhologrfJphic Hislary a/tht Cillil Wl1r 10 yolumes (New York: T. Yosdoff, 1951). fragments of information and calculated his Samuel Ryan Curtis - Volume I pg. 365. birth to have been October 25, 1867.1 United State War Dept. The- OfficiAl MilitaryArlaJ oflhe- CiIl;1 War (Gettysburg: The National Historica.l Society, His proud parents were Mary Eli7..a and 1978). j. Henderson Fuller, both who had been Map - Plate CLlII slaves. Despite this earlier condition, his farner Vaughan, Virginia C. Wel1 ,Hq County (Memphis: Memphis Slate University PreM, 1983). learned the carpentry trade and became Lockridge Homeste ... d - p. 50 literate. After the Civil War, Henderson Fuller Carl Scheaffer de Bocrnnein - p. 51 bought land, built his own home, and settled

Warner, Ezra J. Gtntra/s ;n Guy: LiV~f afeht Conftd~rau CammantUn (BaTOn Rouge: Louisiana State University down to rearing a large family. Press, 1965). The Fuller home was a seedbed for William Hicks Jackson - pg. 153 early religious training for young Thomas.

Bennett, Mlrion T. 11" Unittd Statts Court of ClAims: A History. Part J - Th~ judge-J, 1855*1.976 (Washington He recalled his parents being pious D.C.: The Committee 011 the Bicentennial of Independence and the Constitution of the Judicial Conference: of and consecrated Christians' The family's the United States, 1976) Chules Cooper Nott - pg. 38 involvement in the church was evidenced in Henderson's role as a deacon in the Baptist Church and two of Thomas' brothers r.o. FuiJn-