THEY MET AT LOCKRIDGE'S MILLS Diete r C. Ullrich In the twilight hours of May 5th 1862, a lone detachment of Union cavalry calmly dismounted for a brief rest near a small river crossing called Lockridge's Mills in Weakley County, Tennessee. Pickers were organiz.ed and sent so uth from the crossing on rhe Dresden-Mayfield road as a precaution. A5 rhe pickets depaned, rhe rest of rhe troops unfastened saddles, watered horses and began to prepare su pper. Three picket lines were strategica lly placed along the road, the furthest from the encampment being aboU[ a half mile. Not long afrer the final picket was organized Confederate skirmishers attacked. A line of defense was quickly made but was immediately thrown back. The attacker WfHS EXECUTIVE BOARD pressed the oudying pickets and were soon upon rhe unsuspecting Union encampmenc. The surprised trOOps, many of which were still eating dinner, rushed to their horses to Front Row L to R: Dr. John Harkins, Dr. Lonnie Maness, Mr. Lawrence Gundersen, Mr. Ed Williams Ill, Mr. Ed Frank counter the charge. Chaos ensued as the overwhelming surge of Confederates infiltrated the camp and scan ered the confused soldiers. The fortunate few rhat were able to find a Back Row L to R: Judge John Cerz, Mr. John Dougan, Mr. Walter Wills III , Mr. Joe Walk, Dr. Charles Crawford, Dr. W. Phil Hewitt, Dr. Douglass Cupples mount stampeded for the crossing, where a gallant last effort was made on the far side of the river to protect the hasty retreat. The Confederates crossed the bridge, pushed Not pictured: Dr. Marius Carriere Jr. , Mrs. Hden Coppock, Ms. Yvonne Phillips, Mrs. Minnie Wright. as ide the vulnerable rearguard and pursued the refugees into the ni ght. In less than ten minutes, twenty four Union soldiers were killed or wounded and 67 captured.' The Union detachment engaged at Lockridge's Mills consisted of three companies of the "Curtis Horse", a regimenc that evolved from several independent co mpanies which were recruited in the states of Iowa. Minnesota, Missouri and the territory of Nebraska during the late summer and ea rly fall of l861.1 Of the twelve companies that would later fill the regiment's muster roll s, only Companies E, F, and G would see combat on that fateful day at Lockridge's Mills. Company E was enlisted in Dubuque, Iowa by the recendy commissioned Captain Carl Schaeffer de Boernstein, a German nobleman and co mbat veteran from the First Iowa Volunteer Infantry. Company F was recruited in Dubuque, Fort Madison and Burlington. Iowa by Lieutenant William Alexander Haw. a former infantry sergeant from the First Iowa. Company G was enlisted at St. Paul and Fort Snelling, Minnesota by Captain Henning Von Minden.3 The men that had enlisted in Companies E. F, and G were residents, with few S exceptions, from the states of Iowa or Minnesota,' T he majo rity being from Dubuque , a burgeoning river port and railroad hub on the west side of the Mississ ippi River opposite the Wisconsin-Illinois state line. At the outbreak of the war, the city of Dubuque had the largest population in Iowa with close to 13,000 peoplc. 6 Lumberi ng and mining were the key industries of the city. When the railroad connected central plains to the rest of the United Srates in the early 1850's, the influx of immigration into Dubuque and surrounding communities grew at an accelerated rate. This also occurred in the other recruitment cities of Burlington, Fort Madison and St. Paul. As in most If 2 The West Tennessee Historical Society Papers They Met at Lockridge's Mills 3 places in the industrial northwest, the German and Irish had become the more prolific city. The lead companies, A and S , we re ambushed by a larger rebel force but after of the ethnic groups and were evident in rhe make up of rhe detachment. artillery support and reinforcements arrived the attack was stalled. The battle turned l The rosters of Companies E, E and G indicates that nea rly two-thirds of the troops into a stalemate and led to an eventual Union retreat on March 11 th. } A detachmem, 7 who had enlisted in 1861 claimed Germany as the country of their birth. All the including of members Companies E and G, returned twO days later (Q Paris (Q negotiate officers of the derachmem, excluding one captain, and a vast majority of the the exchange of prisoners and wounded. To their surprise the Confederate fo rce non-commissioned officers were German born.8 Of those who declared themsel ves to be departed just hours before (he detachment arrived, leaving the Union wounded behind born in the United States, many had surnames of Germanic origin evidence that many the city. 16 were first generation Americans of German descenc, One can also assume, with some At noon on March 31st, Captain Haw of Company F received orders (Q proceed (Q certainty. th at the primary language used by the detachment was the same that was Paris and cease all conscription activides by the Confederate governmenr. !7 H aw's spoken in the "Fatherland". detachment of seventy-five rnen reached the city on April 1st at 7 a.m. meeting no The average age of enlisted troops was twenty-five years old. The youngest members resistance. His troops passed through the city's major thoroughfares and peacefully of the detachment were seventeen years of age and the oldest was fifty-five. The average occupied the Henry County Courthouse and the surrounding public square. After age of officers was only thirty-three, the youngest being Lieutenant Richard Van planting the Stars and Stripes a top the co urthouse and questioning the locals ?n Vrendenburgh at the youthful age of twenty-three and the oldest being Captain Haw at Confederate troop movements. l~ Haw and hi s men returned to camp that afternoon WIth age forty-five.'} The occupations of the soldiers considered largely of farmers with a a single prisoner. 19 A little more than a month later, Haw would be retracing (he same substanrial number of urban laborers, mostly carpenters and wood workers. route on his way (Q Lockridge's Mills. In late O ctOber of 1861 , Companies E and F were Soon after the Battle of Pittsburg Landing, a select assigned to (he "Fremont Hussars", a seiect cavalry detachment of one hundred men and officers marched battalion appoimed to guard Major General John C. to Henry Station (Henry, Tennessee) ro interce pt a Fremont, then the commander of (he Western shi pment of supplies destined for Confederate troops in D epanmem of the Un ion Army.'o By the end of Memphis. The detachment led by Major Schaeffer de November, Fremonr was rdieved of command and the Boernstein consisted of seventy-five men from "Fremont Hussars" ceased to exist as a unit. On Companies E, F, and G. Traveling through Paris on December 20, 1861 , Brigadier Genera! Samuel Ryan April 9th, Major Schaeffer's' detachment succeeded Curtis issued Special Order No. 70 which reorganized in surprising the small sentry at H enry Station the "Fremont Hussars" into a cavalry regimenr. 1l By confiscating $15,000 worth of "corn, wheat, oats, flour, adding several unattached cavalry companies, General sugar, burter and molasses" and other military Curtis created a new regimem that he named in his own supplies.20 The railroad depot and whatever supplies hi s honor. To command this new regiment he appointed troops could not carry were set afire and destroyed. Colonel William Warren Lowe, an experienced officer Major Schaeffer returned his detachment intact the from the western frontier and a graduate of the Un ired following day avoiding the co nsiderable enemy force Charm C. Non Samllr! Ryan Curtis States Military Academy. Colonel Lowe had also served reported in the vicinity.l! The raid would be Schaeffer's as an adjurant to Robert E. Lee in the years JUSt preceding the war.!l only successful mission after being appoinred an officer to the "Curtis Horse". From the later part of December to the end of January the regiment trained and drilled On May 2nd, Colonel Lowe received information that medical supplies we re at Benton Barracks near St. Louis. On February 8, 1862, the regiment marched to St. reportedly (aken from Paducah, Kentucky and were en route to the Confederate army in Louis and boarded transports to the recently captUfC:!d Fort Henry on [he Tennessee West Tennessee. In an attempt to foil the transaction, Lowe ordered Major Schaeffe r to Rive r. The regimenc arrived mree days later with over one thousand men. A camp was locate, in tercept and co nfiscate the sllpplies. 21 A delay in acquiring rations and shoeing set up outside the fort on the 11 m as they awaited further orders. During the next few the horses stalled Schaeffer's immediate departure on May 2nd. Company E under the days, derachmencs of the regiment were ordered to scout and conduct minor raids to command of Captain Charles C. Nott began the march towards Paris at dayb reak on the 23 support the ensuing assault upon Fon Donelson. On February 15th, one hundred 3rd. Major Schaeffer followed with Companies F and G later that afternoon. By the members of the regimenc, including soldiers from Companies F and G, were ordered by end of the day, the entire detachmenr of 130 soldiers had reached Paris an d had set up General Grant to burn the Memphis and Ohio Railroad bridge over the Tennessee camp for the night.