MAMMAL DIVERSITY SURVEYS IN THE COASTAL FORESTS: KENYA
2010 – 2011
Samuel Andanje, Kevin Davey, Bernard Ogwoka, Bernard Risky Agwanda, Abdullahi Ali, Tom Bruce, Tim Wacher, Rajan Amin Published by: The Zoological Society of London, Regents Park, London, NW1 4RY
Copyright: © Zoological Society of London and contributors 2015. All rights reserved. The use and reproduction of any part of this publication is welcomed for non-commercial purposes only, provided that the source is acknowledged.
ISSN: 1744-3997
Citation: Andanje, S., Davey, K., Ogwoka, B., Agwanda, B., Ali, A., Bruce, T., Wacher, T., Amin, R.
Front cover: Camera trap image of Aders’ duiker in Boni forest system (KWS/ZSL). © ZSL
Page layout: [email protected]
The Zoological Society of London (ZSL), founded in 1826, is a world-renowned centre of excellence for conservation science and applied conservation (registered charity in England and Wales number 2087282). Our mission is to promote and achieve the worldwide conservation of animals and their habitats. This is realised by carrying out field conservation and research in over 80 countries across the globe and through education and awareness at our two zoos, ZSL London Zoo and ZSL Whipsnade Zoo, inspiring people to take conservation action.
Because only a limited number of hard copies will be produced, electronic versions of all these reports will be available through the ZSL library. (https://library.zsl.org) In memory of Dr Sam Andanje, a close friend and highly gifted scientist who tirelessly worked on conserving wildlife in Kenya TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 Introduction 6
2 Methods 9 Fie d sa p ing et ods Ana a et ods
3 Results 12 Sa p ing e ort a a di ersit Spe ies distribu on abundan e and te pora distribu ons Ungulates 16 1 Cephalophus adersi (Aders’ duiker) 17 2 Cephalophus harveyi (Harvey’s duiker) 20 3 Philantomba monticola (Blue duiker) 23 4 Nesotragus moschatus (Suni) 26 5 Madoqua kirkii (Kirk’s dik-dik) 29 6 Tragelaphus scriptus (Bushbuck) 32 7 Tragelaphus imberbis (Lesser kudu) 35 8 Kobus ellipsiprymnus (Waterbuck) 38 9 Syncerus caffer (African buffalo) 41 10 Potamochoerus larvatus (Bushpig) 44 11 Phacochoerus africanus (Common warthog) 47 12 Phacochoerus aethiopicus (Desert warthog) 50 13 Hippopotamus amphibius (Common Hippopotamus) 53 Carnivores 56 14 Panthera pardus (Leopard) 57 15 Panthera leo (African lion) 60 16 Caracal caracal (Caracal) 63 17 Civettictis civetta (African civet) 66 18 Genetta maculata (Central African large-spotted genet) 69 19 Crocuta crocuta (Spotted hyaena) 72 20 Lycaon pictus (African wild dog, hunting dog, painted dog) 75 21 Mellivora capensis (Honey badger) 78 22 Helogale parvula (Common dwarf mongoose) 81 23 Atilax paludinosus (Marsh mongoose) 84 24 Herpestes sanguineus (Slender mongoose) 87 25 Ichneumia albicauda (White tailed mongoose) 90 26 Bdeogale omnivora (Sokoke bushy-tailed mongoose) 93 Afrot eria 27 Loxodonta africana (African elephant) 97 28 Orycteropus afer (Aard-vark) 100 29 Petrodromus tetradactylus (Four-toed sengi, four-toed elephant shrew) and Elephantulus rufescens (Rufous sengi, rufous elephant shrew) 103 30 Rhyncocyon sp. (Giant sengi) 106 ri ates 31 Cercopithecus mitis, ssp. albotorquatus and albolgularis (Zanzibar Sykes’s monkey and Pousargues’s Sykes’s monkey) 110 32 Chlorocebus pygerythrus (Vervet monkey) 113 33 Papio cynocephalus (Yellow baboon) 116 34 Unidentified galagos (Galagidae sp.) 119 Rodents 122 35 Cricetomys gambianus (Northern giant pouched rat) 123 36 Hystrix sp. (Porcupine) 126 37 Sciuridae sp. (Squirrels) 129
Acknowledgements 133
References 134
Annex. Regional medium-to-large mammal species list for northern coastal Kenya 137 ABSTRACT
T is report su arises resu ts of a ear- ong a era-trapping stud of four oasta forest sites on t e nort en a oast S ste a k grid a outs ere dep o ed using a standardised a era-trap proto o for ong-ter onitoring and p a ed onse u e in ea of Dodori Na ona Reser e NR Boni NR Boni forest a nort of t e a ana and Tana ri ers and at Arabuko-Sokoke Forest T ese sites are a representa e of t e oasta forests of astern Afri a biodi ersit otspot ro pted b t e redis o er of Aders duiker and an unkno n for of giant sengi during pi ot studies in t e t ree nort ern ost oasta forests t e ob e e as to use a era-trapping to ake t e rst o pre ensi e stud of t e ediu -to- arge si ed a a o uni es of t e nort ern group of forests t e Boni-Dodori forest s ste i a e been i e studied and o pare t e resu ts it a at ing stud in t e be er kno n Arabuko-Sokoke Forest
T e ore of t e report presents indi idua spe ies a ounts a p e p otograp s and brief o ents on re ogni on in a era-trap i ager toget er it N Red ist onser a on status and notes on ega status are gi en Trapping rates e ents a era-trap da s na e o upan and ere appropriate ode ed o upan are gi en for ea spe ies at e er stud site Te pora distribu on of e ents i in arger sa p es a t as a pro for a it pa ern and ap p ots of trapping rate at ea a era-trap are also reported.
A su ar of t e spe ies a ounts s o s t at a t ree nort ern oasta forest sur e sites re orded ig er terrestria a a spe ies ri ness t an Arabuko-Sokoke Forest spe ies in Boni NR spe ies in Dodori NR spe ies in Boni forest spe ies in Arabuko-Sokoke Forest T e re a ons ip o ds true after standardising o parison to spe ies of si i ar dete tabi it to a era-traps n a but one ase b ue duiker a era-trapping rates and o upan ere ig er often u ig er in t e nort ern oasta forests t an at Arabuko-Sokoke Forest for spe ies found in bot areas Signi ant Arabuko-Sokoke Forest re ains of ig i portan e in s aring t e sa e nu ber of tru oasta forest adapted spe ies as t e three northern coastal forests.
Ne ndings on spe ies distribu ons and range e tensions notab e indi a ons of re a e abundan e and presen e of spe ies under t reat are reported T e re a e inta t nature of t e nort ern oasta forests a a o unit is ig ig ted A ong se era notab e resu ts t e unkno n giant sengi found nort of t e Tana Ri er is s o n to be present at a t ree sites and is dete ted at ig er fre uen t an t e go den-ru ped sengi is in Arabuko-Sokoke Forest T e Boni-Dodori forest s ste a so e erges as t e g oba entre for t e ri a ndangered Aders duiker une pe ted t e ost fre uent reported spe ies in t e nort ern oasta forest a era grids
rin ip e on usions and re o enda ons are
• t e Boni-Dodori forest s ste is of a or i portan e to a a onser a on it in t e astern Afri an oasta biodi ersit otspot it re a e undisturbed and o p ete o uni es of predators and erbi ores
• t at t is status is re ognised and in orporated into future and use p anning it a fo us on nding a s for t e o a o uni es to integrate de e op ent of t e region i e sustaining and gaining bene t fro t is uni ue eritage
5 Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya 1. INTRODUCTION
T e biodi ersit of nort ern oasta en a is poor understood be ause re ent se urit prob e s and poor infrastru ture a e dis ouraged a ess to t e area o e er t e ooded areas in t e region a e great poten a for arbouring uni ue and rare spe ies T e presen e of Aders duiker Cephalophus adersi) Andan e et a a t e addi ona re ent dis o er of an unkno n for of giant Sengi Rhyncocyon sp.) Andan e et a and t e presen e of ot er spe ies of ig onser a on interest su as Afri an i d dog Lycaon pictus it iru et a pro pted t e need for a s ste a base ine stud of a a spe ies ri ness and status for t e Boni-Dodori forests using a era-traps
T e use of a era-trapping as a sur e too for ediu -to- arge terrestria a a s as be o e in reasing o on o er re ent ears A u ada et a onne et a and is a par u ar suitab e te ni ue for onger ter onitoring in forest abitats Si eira et a o pper et a ra- orge et a Robert A in et a n order to interpret our resu ts in a na ona onte t e a so sur e ed t e Arabuko-Sokoke Forest As e as being t e best kno n oasta forest prote ted area in en a Arabuko-Sokoke Forest is e -kno nr fo t e ende i go den-ru ped sengi and as t e on ain and in abited b Aders duiker
T e o bined resu ts pro ide base ine data on t e forest adapted a a popu a ons in t is ig t reatened east Afri an oasta forest s ste T e a so pro ide a basis for a ong ter onitoring progra in t e future T e ana sis presented an be rep i ated as a standardised onitoring et od T e approa an pro ide e ient uan ta e easures of biodi ersit status o er e for a range of ke but ot er ise e usi e forest spe ies Su easures ou d p a an i portant ro e in de onstra ng t e su ess of onser a on a on p ans for t e na ona reser es if repeated s ste a a
1.1 Study area
T e ooded abitats of oasta en a for part of t e oasta Forests of astern Afri a biodi ersit otspot an area kno n for g oba signi ant e e s of spe ies ri ness and ende is Burgess and arke i er eier et a u of t is abitat in en a as been eared for oasta de e op ent and agri u ture i er eier et a o e er se era prote ted areas e ist a ong t e nort ern en an oast Tab e Boni and Dodori Na ona Reser es NRs in ara and a u ast Distri ts respe e ere ga e ed in T e ie ad a ent to t e Boni forest and t ese t ree areas referred to en efort as t e Boni-Dodori forest s ste for a uster on t e nort ern en an oast Figure T e re ote o a on and istor of inse urit a e resu ted in a o para e o u an popu a on densit and ini a de e op ent Four prin ip e i ages o upied b t e A eer peop e are o ated a ong a bus tra k running bet een t e Boni and Dodori NRs a t oug t e e a t o a on of t e ga e ed boundaries re ains un ertain
Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya 6 (b) Boni-Dodori forest s ste
(a) Arabuko-Sokoke Forest Figure 1 o a on of four stud areas in entra and nort ern oasta en a insets s o o a on of a era-trap arra s re a e to prote ted area boundaries at Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a and Boni- Dodori forest s ste b
7 Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya T e Arabuko-Sokoke Forest estab is ed in is k to t e sout of t e Boni-Dodori forest s ste in i i ount t is separated fro t e nort ern en an oasta forests b t o a or inter ening ri ers t e Tana and a ana Sabaki Figure t is o p ete en ir ed b un- ustered i age se e ents o prising an es ated tota u an popu a on greater t an indi idua s ASF T Bot stud areas e perien e i ega un ng and ber e tra on it i pa t of t ese a i es ike to be u ig er in t e s a er Arabuko-Sokoke Forest i is e posed to o para e ig u an popu a on densi es
Table 1 Su ar data on ega status si e o a on and sa p ing period for t e four a era-trapping grids Sample area status Size (km2) Established Camera-trap grid central Camera-trap sampling point period
Dodori Na ona Reser e 877 S an to ar
Boni Na ona Reser e S ar to un
Boni forest 450* Not applicable S un to Sep
Arabuko-Sokoke Na ona 420 S t to an Reserve 2011
* Area appro i ated as no for a boundar as been estab is ed
abitat in t e Boni-Dodori forest s ste onsists of a osai of forest t i ket and sa anna u ar and end a Arabuko-Sokoke Forest is forested it t ree ain egeta on t pes Cynometra forest and thicket, Brachystegia ood and and i ed forest ASF T
Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya 8 2. METHODS
2.1 Field sampling methods
Sur e design at ea forest site onsisted of a eras s ste a a spa ed at k inter a s on a regu ar s uare grid orientated to t e a ai ab e abitat pat es Figure ne t o k spa ing is nor a re o ended for a a o unit sur e s A in et a
e posi oned t e sa p ing grids of a eras in e tensi e areas of forest and t i ket based on abitat and a essibi it Ar S SR Red ands A SA soft are and S re ei ers ere used to o ate a era sa p ing unit entre points A sing e a era-trap as p a ed it in of ea entroid under osed anop forest or t i kets e set t e a eras at a eig t of posi oned perpendi u ar to ga e trai s at a distan e of - it t e ai of obtaining fu bod atera i ages of s a ante opes and ot er a a spe ies e used Re on R R N n o an SA digita a eras progra ed to take t ree pi tures per trigger it no de a A ot er defau t se ngs ere used R a eras a e a trigger e of s it a dete on range of A i ages ere in b a k and ite T ese a eras use an infrared as at nig t or at o ig t e e s in t e da e intended to ini ise risk of start ing ani a s en t e enter t e a era ie a sur e as ondu ted for a ini u of da s in order to a ie e a era-trap da s of sa p ing e ort Brien et a it fu fun oning a eras T e a era insta a on proto o a ed for sur e tea s to trigger p otograp s of t e se es as t e ast a on at t e end of a era set up opera ons and as t e rst a on on arri a to re o er a eras as a eans to e p erif a era fun on
2.2 Analytical methods Data compilation and processing
e used i soft are too ugge to e tra t i age etadata T e a era-trap abe date e and te perature ere o pi ed for ea i age in an e e s eet i rosoft e rofessiona us A p otograp s ere assi ed to spe ies and grouped into independent p otograp i e ents For t is stud an e ent as de ned as an se uen e of p otos fro a gi en spe ies o urring after an inter a of inutes fro t e pre ious i ages of t at spe ies A in et a den a on of spe ies as ost straig t for ard Dis nguis ing spe ies under infrared i u ina on as so e es un ear especially blue duiker Philantomba monticola fro suni Nesotragus moschatus Be a ioura features su as di eren es in tai o e ent e g i ked atera in suni er a in b ue duiker Fo e ere so e es usefu in su ases T e ite ru p-band and eg-spots of Aders duiker ke dis nguis ing features ere so e es par a or strong obs ured in infra-red i u inated b a k and ite i ages Figure t as a so di u t to dis nguis bet een Four-toed sengi Petrodromus tetradactylus) and Rufous sengi Elephantulus rufescens u p e i ages at ea trigger a o ed ross- e king and eri a on o e er a fe i ages a ributed to b ue duiker or suni ad to be e uded fro our ana sis as posi e iden a on as not possib e
Figure 2 a era-trap i ages of Aders duiker at one o a on in Boni NR abe ed b date and e Adu t fe a e and a f eft and adu t a e rig t Note estab is ed s ent ark dark pat ust be o t e fork on t e sap ing e e t of infrared i u ina on on duiker appearan e o er i ages and ro e of spot pa ern on egs for indi idua re ogni on
9 Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya Species richness
e used t e S a era-trap ana sis too A in et a in prep it t e Biodi ersit R pa kage in R soft are progra indt and oe to es ate spe ies ri ness of ediu -to- arge terrestria a a s eig ing greater t an kg in ea forest site e e uded arborea spe ies as t e are ess ike to be aptured b a eras dire ted at ground e e e e uded spe ies kg be ause t eir s a si e resu ts in redu ed and in onsistent apture probabi i es T is de ned subset of spe ies of appro i ate si i ar dete tabi it pro ides a onsistent easure of a a spe ies ri ness for ea site i t roug rep i ate sur e s pro ides trends in spe ies o posi on and ri ness o er e e obtained rare ed a u u a on ur es for ea spe ies in ea forest site b rando re-sa p ing t e data and a u a ng t e a erage nu ber of spe ies e pe ted to be found at a gi en sa p ing intensit T is ur e rea es an as ptote en a spe ies fro t e fo a group or ta a a e been re orded As so e spe ies go undete ted e en t oug t e are present in t e stud area e used t e non-para etri in iden e-based es ator a kknife it order one a kknife to es ate t e true nu ber of spe ies a kknife gi es t e ost re iab e es ate for arge nu bers of a era da s Tob er et a a kknife es ators a so assu e t at t e o unit o posi on does not ange o er t e e of t e stud osure and t at t ere is no te pora aria on in apture probabi it for a spe ies Burn a and erton ao it a sur e engt of appro i ate da s t ese assu p ons s ou d be et
Species distribution
e used sing e season o upan ana sis a en ie et a to es ate t e propor on of area o upied b a spe ies ψ in ea of t e four forest sites upan of ea spe ies as ana ed separate it in t e S a era-trap ana sis too using t e pa kage un arked pa kage in R soft are Fiske and and er e grouped sa p es da s into ten-da sa p ing o asions to i pro e dete on probabi it of t e rarer spe ies and onstru ted dete on non-dete on istor for ea spe ies per stud site e a so a u ated na e o upan i is de ned as t e nu ber of a eras at i a spe ies is dete ted di ided b t e tota nu ber of opera ona a eras
upan an a so be used as a surrogate for spe ies abundan e if t e inter-trap distan e is greater t an t e o e range of t e spe ies Forest ante ope spe ies and t e ot er s a -to- ediu a a spe ies found in t ese forests a e re a e s a o e ranges Do u ented s a forest ante ope o e range si es ar bet een suni - a ingdon and o an and ite-be ied duiker Cephalophus leucogaster a art onse uent it a era-trap spa ing of k e an assu e t at ea indi idua is ike to appear on in one a era-trap
To assess area of forest abitat in t e nort ern forest one e obtained t o andsat i ages reso u on for t e s ene at Ro ar and ar o ering t e nort ern oasta forests e se e ted t e ost oud free i ages during t e dr season to assif t e abitat into grass and and forest o er For ea i age e used kno edge based et ods eng et a to assif oud o er and s ado s as No Data in DR S i i an aro soft are ast an e t en used t e spa a ana st e tension in Ar S ersion and perfor ed unsuper ised assi a on using a uster a gorit genera ng spe tra usters T ese data ere stra ed into ones ere and o er t pes it in a one a e si i ar spe tra proper es o apsing t e spe tra asses iden ed in t e uster ana sis into a raster i age it t e t ree asses forest and t i kets non-forest and ater ue er e et a Bau ann et a
T e resu ng assi ed i ages ere interpreted isua using t e andsat i ages and ere a ai ab e ig -reso u on ui kBird i ager fro oog e art T ue er e et a Bau ann et a sing t e boundar ean too in Ar S Spa a Ana st e re o ed t e re aining orre on errors and on erted t e raster i ages into e tor datasets po gon e furt er si p i ed t e po gon dataset using t e disso e too in Ar S data anage ent too sing t e osai too in Ar S data anage ent too e o bined t e t o i ages into one ne i age resu ng in a o p ete urrent egeta on ap of t e area e used t e e is ng egeta on s ape e fro t e S S Depart ent for Arabuko-Sokoke Forest assi ed into Cynometra forest, Brachystegia forest i ed forest and ot er egeta on e represented spe ies presen e as ir es eig ted b trapping rate o er aid on ea a era o a on
Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya 10 Species abundance
e used t e ean nu ber of independent p otograp i e ents per trap da trapping rate as a re a e abundan e inde RA RA is pri ari usefu for it in spe ies o parisons under standardised ondi ons but di eren es in spe ies bio og and dete tabi it ean t at its use in bet een spe ies o parisons is i ited e o puted t e standard error of RA as t e standard de ia on of t e trapping rate di ided b t e s uare root of t e nu ber of trap da s and app ied t e a d test to test for signi ant di eren e To obtain an es ate of t e popu a on densit of t e ri a ndangered Aders duiker a ross a sa p ing units e app ied an N- i ture ode de e oped for es a ng popu a on si e fro spa a rep i ated ounts Ro e a ai ab e in t e soft are resen e ines T e a era-trap data ere adapted to i i a set of rep i ated ounts b se e ng a one- our period of a i u a it fro t e deri ed our a it pa ern and di iding t is into si - inute o asions e reated a ount atri of t e nu ber of indi idua s dete ted in t e a era-trap i ages it in ea inute o asion at ea sa p ing unit of Boni NR a era-trap grid for Aders duiker e ou d not app t e et od to Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era-trap data for o para e ana sis as t e nu ber of Aders duiker en ounters as er o e obtained a densit es ate b di iding t e es ated nu ber of adu t indi idua s b t e nu ber of sa p ing units u p ied b t e es ated a erage o e range Detai ed resu ts of t ese ana ses a e been pub is ed separate A in et a
Species behaviour
e used t e nu ber of independent p otograp i e ents per our to o pi e our a it pa erns for ea spe ies e a so perfor ed ir adian a it pa ern o parisons bet een forest spe ia ist ante ope spe ies in uding t e ri a ndangered Aders Duiker As t e forest ante opes in o ed in t is stud are ain repus u ar diurna ingdon and o an e o pi ed p otograp i e ents into four si - our e periods - - - and - e a so o pared da and nig t a it pa erns e ana sed t e a it pa erns using Oriana circular sta s s progra o a using pair- ise i-s uared test to test for signi an e T e ain resu ts of t ese ana ses and t e spa a intera on o parisons a e been pub is ed separate A in et a
11 Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya 3. RESULTS
3.1 Sampling effort
T e four sur e s ere p ased onse u e o er one ear and ea a era-trap grid as eft in t e e d for - da s it a ean sa p ing e ort of a era-trap da s per sur e range a era-trap da s ere a u ated as t e tota nu ber of our periods ea a era as opera ng nor a a era a ri on and fai ures resu ted in - useab e o a ons a ross t e four sites Tab e
Table 2 Sa p ing e ort in t e four en an oasta forests Survey site No. of deployed cameras No. of camera-trap days (No. of functioning cameras)
Boni NR 1,670
Boni forest 1,026
Dodori NR 1,087
Arabuko-Sokoke Forest
3.2 Mammal diversity
T e o era resu ts are su arised in Tab e A tota of a a spe ies ere p otograp ed in t e nort ern oasta forests spe ies in Boni NR spe ies in Dodori NR and spe ies in Boni forest and spe ies in Arabuko-Sokoke Forest Tab e T is in udes t e Aders duiker ri a ndangered under t e N Red ist riteria t e Afri an i d dog ndangered under t e N Red ist riteria a poten a ne spe ies of giant e ep ant s re and an uniden ed s uirre A t oug e ere unab e to dis nguis bet een Four-toed sengi Petrodromus tetradactylus and Rufous sengi Elephantulus rufescens) in t e i ages e a e assu ed t e presen e of bot spe ies in t e four forest sites Andan e et a e e uded urid spe ies as t e ere di u t to iden f and assu ed to be of erra dete tabi it
T ere ere and terrestria i ed-forest spe ia ist spe ies in t e nort ern oasta forest s ste and Arabuko-Sokoke Forest respe e f t ese spe ies are greater t an kg bod eig t in nort ern oasta forests and spe ies in Arabuko-Sokoke Forest t e ain target group for a era-traps p a ed at ground e e in forest Tob er et a
Dodori NR ad u ig er ediu -to- arge terrestria a a spe ies ri ness and Arabuko-Sokoke Forest t e o est it spe ies Tab e T e spe ies a u u a on ur es for ediu -to- arge kg terrestria forest dependent a a spe ies s o t at it takes about a era da s to obtain a re ord of t e ost o on spe ies Figure t is t e ore e usi e spe ies t at deter ine o u e is needed to o p ete su a sur e T e t ree nort ern oasta forest sites a e si i ar es ated nu ber of forest dependent spe ies kg - o pared to forest spe ies in Arabuko-Sokoke Forest
Anne - pro ides t e regiona ediu -to- arge a a spe ies ist for nort ern oasta en a based on resu ts of a era-trapping a ross a four grids supp e ented b spe ies e pe ted to be present in t e region a ording to N Red ist distribu on aps
Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya 12 Table 3 a a spe ies ist re orded in t e nort ern en an oasta forests and Arabuko-Sokoke no etra forest for o parison Family Species Common name CT grid IUCN Habitat Habit Wt. kg (M,F, Avg.) presence status
1 Viverridae Civettictis civetta African Civet D LC T
2 Viverridae Genetta maculate Central African Large B D BF A LC FS T Ar Spo ed enet
Felidae Panthera pardus Leopard B D BF NT T Ar
4 Felidae Panthera leo Lion BF V T
5 Felidae Felis caracal Caracal B D A LC T
6 Hyaenidae Crocuta crocuta Spo ed ena B D BF LC T 48.4, 55.6, 52
7 Canidar Lycaon pictus Afri an i d Dog B N T 22.7, 22.7, 22.7
8 erpes dae Helogale parvula o on D arf B D BF A LC B- T ongoose Assu ed to be par u a fro t e IUCN species range ap iden a on par u a or irtu a fro i ages as not possib e
erpes dae Atilax paludinosus ars ongoose D LC SA T A
10 erpes dae Herpestes sanguinea S ender ongoose D BF LC T
11 erpes dae Bdeogale omnivore Sokoke Bus Tai ed B D BF V FS T 1.2 ongoose
12 erpes dae Ichneumia albicauda White Tailed B A LC T ongoose
uste idae Mellivora capensis Honey badger B D BF A LC T
14 a ros e idinae Petrodromus Four-toed Sengi B D BF A LC FS T 0.20 tetradactylus
15 a ros e idinae Elephantulus Rufous Sengi B D BF A LC FS T 0.06 rufescens
16 Rhynchocyoninaeae Rhynchocyon sp. o den-ru ped A N FS T 0.54 ep ant S re
17 Rhynchocyoninaeae Rhynchocyon sp. iant Sengi Dark B D BF N FS T one ou er ru ped spe i en - poten a ne spe ies
18a Cercopithecinae Cercopithecus mitis Pousargues’s Sykes’s B D BF LC FS Ar - albotorquatus onke
18b Cercopithecinae Cercopithecus mitis an ibar S kes s A LC FS Ar albolgularis onke
Cercopithecinae Chlorocebus er et onke D LC B- Ar T pygerthrus
20 Cercopithecidae Papio cynocephalus e o Baboon B D LC B- T
21 a agidae - a ago sp B A LC I Ar At least four galago spe ies poten a present.
22 Neso idae Cricetomys a bian iant Rat B D BF A LC T Ar gambianus
s uirre sp B BF N A I U 0.20
24 Sciuridae Paraxerus palliatus Red Bus S uirre B D BF A LC T Ar a erage
13 Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya
Family Species Common name CT grid IUCN Habitat Habit Wt. kg (M,F, Avg.) presence status
25 Hystricidae Hystrix cristata Crested Porcupine B D BF A LC T 20.00
26 Bo idae Cephalophus adersi Aders Duiker B D BF A CR FS T
27 Bo idae Cephalophus B ue Duiker B A LC FS T monticola
28 Bo idae Cephalophus harveyi ar e s Duiker B D BF A LC FS T
Bo idae Neotragus Suni B D BF A LC FS T 5, 5.4, 5.20 moschatus
Bo idae Madoqua sp. irk s Dik-dik D LC B- T
Bo idae Tragelaphus esser udu D NT B- T - - imberbis
Bo idae Tragelaphus scriptus Bus bu k B D BF A LC T
Bo idae Syncerus caffer Afri an Bu a o B D BF LC T
Bo idae Kobus ellipsiprymnus Waterbuck D LC B- T 226.6, 175.4, 201
Suidae Potamochoerus Bus pig B D BF A LC T 52, 61, 56.5 larvatus
Suidae Phacochoerus o on art og B D BF LC B- T africanus
Suidae Phacochoerus Desert art og BF LC B- T - aethiopicus
ep an dae Loxodonta Africana Afri an ep ant B D BF V T a a
ippopota idae Hippopotamus ippopota us D V SA A T amphibius
40 r teropidae Orycteropus afer Aard- ark B D BF A LC T
B Boni NR D Dodori NR BF Boni forest A Arabuko-Sokoke Forest T e spe ies are grouped b trop i ategories T e spe ies a erage adu t bod ass in ki ogra s N status genera be a ior Ar Arborea A A ua T Terrestria nkno n and abitat preferen e i ed B- - Bus - rass and FS Forest Spe ia ist SA Se i-A ua ndeter ined are also provided.
Table 4 Spe ies ri ness es ates for ediu - arge terrestria a a spe ies and forest dependent spe ies kg adu t bod ass for t e Boni-Dodori forest s ste and Arabuko-Sokoke Forest Survey site Terrestrial mammal (>0.5 kg) species Terrestrial mixed-forest specialist mammal Jackknife 1 estimate (>0.5 kg) species Jackknife (no. of observed species) 1 estimate (no. of observed species)
Boni NR
Boni forest
Dodori NR
Arabuko-Sokoke Forest
Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya 14 Figure 3 Rare ed spe ies a u u a on ur es for ediu -to- arge terrestria forest dependent a a spe ies in Boni NR Dodori NR Boni forest and Arabuko-Sokoke Forest
3.3 Species distribution, abundance and activity patterns
T is se on su arises t e a era-trap sur e resu ts for ea re orded spe ies T e resu ts are grouped b t e a or orders of ungu ates arni ores afrot eria pri ates and rodents oba onser a on status N Red ist ategor and ega status T S and en a i d ife A t are noted for ea spe ies T e nu ber of e ents and trapping rates o upan es ates a it te pora pa erns and distribu on depi ted on aps are pro ided for ea spe ies
Format of species accounts
Scientific name (Authority) T e bino ia na es for spe ies are based on interna ona ru es of oo ogi a no en ature
Common names ng is S a i i
Species description A des rip on of t e spe ies it referen e to spe ies iden a on fro b a k and ite a era-trap i ages
Global conservation status oba risk of e n on Based on N Red ist of T reatened Spe ies
Legal status Spe ies isted under t e on en on on nterna ona Trade in ndangered Spe ies of i d Fauna and F ora T S and t e en a i d ife A t
Camera-trap survey results Re a e abundan e trapping rates for ea site Na e and ode ed o upan o pared bet een sites A it pa erns e pressed as te pora distribu on of a a era-trap e ents o er a our e Su ar it o a distribu on aps spe ies presen e eig ted b trapping rate o er aid on ea a era o a on note t e trapping rate e ents da s s a e egends arefu en o paring aps bet een spe ies as t ese ar in so e ases to a o odate t e ide range of trapping rates obtained
15 Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya Ungulates
A tota of ungu ate spe ies ere re orded in t e four a era grids o prising o er e ents a ross a era-traps it ore t an ears of o bined sa p ing e ort T e o prise t ree Suidae Bus pig o on art og Desert art og nine Bo idae Afri an bu a o aterbu k Bus bu k esser kudu irk s dik-dik and four forest adapted ante opes Suni B ue duiker ar e s duiker Aders duiker and one ippopota idae
A ross a sites t e ost fre uent en ountered ungu ate as Aders duiker e ents fo o ed b Suni e ents Afri an bu a o e ents ar e s duiker e ents Bus bu k Bus pig B ue duiker T e re aining si ungu ate spe ies ere re orded it ess t an e ents ea
n genera ost ungu ate spe ies ere re orded it ig er fre uen ies nort of t e Tana Ri er A ong forest ante opes Suni represented of t e tota forest adapted ante ope e ents in t e Arabuko-Sokoke Forest site but o era trapping rate as u o er t an in t e t ree nort ern oasta forests Figure portant o upan es ates for t e ri a ndangered Aders duiker ere at east eig t es ig er in t e nort ern oasta forests t an in Arabuko-Sokoke Forest Si i ar Aders duiker trapping rate as one to t o orders of agnitude greater at a t ree nort ern oasta forest sites of t e Boni- Dodori forest s ste o pared to Arabuko-Sokoke Forest ere it as on re orded on t o o asions at separate a era sa p ing sites despite a ore pro onged sa p ing e ort ar e s duiker a so o urred ore fre uent in t e nort T e ost notab e e ep on to t is ru e as b ue duiker re orded in a f t e a eras at Arabuko-Sokoke Forest at o trapping rates but on obser ed t i e at one a era nort of the Tana River.
Figure 4 Re a e abundan e inde a era-trap e ents da o bined for t e forest ante ope spe ies re orded at ea of t e four en an oasta forest sites Standard error bars are a so s o n
Boni NR Dodori NR Boni forest Arabuko-Sokoke Forest
Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya 16 1 Cephalophus adersi T o as
Common names Aders duiker ng is Nunga S a i i
Species description Aders duiker is a s a to ediu si ed duiker eig ing - kg T e bod is pri ari red rufous bro n in o our but is i ediate dis nguis ed fro ot er red duikers b a ori onta broad ite band fro its o er anks and t ig s ee ng a ross t e o er ru p at ite fre k ing on its o er i bs and darkening grey tone to the face and neck are a so ara teris n ost b a k and ite infrared i u inated i ages features of t is pa ern are e ident but in a s a nu ber of ases espe ia in poor ig t t e bod a appear de ep e unifor and onfusion it ot er s a ante opes a o ur
Global conservation status N Red ist Status ri a ndangered
Legal status T S Appendi en a i d ife onser a on and anage ent A t Not isted Afri an on en on on t e onser a on of Nature and Natura Resour es ass A
Camera-trap survey results Relative abundance: Aders duiker as t e ost fre uent re orded ante ope spe ies in t e Boni-Dodori forest s ste but as on re orded on t o o asions at separate a era sites in t e Arabuko-Sokoke Forest despite greater sa p ing e ort Tab e
Table 5 Aders duiker trapping rates in t e Boni-Dodori and Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grids Trapping rate as a u ated as t e ean of t e nu ber of independent p otograp i e ents per trap da es Camera grid Number of events Number of camera-trap days Trapping rate (±SE)
Boni NR 1856 1670
Boni forest 616 1026
Dodori NR 666 1087
Arabuko-Sokoke Forest 2
17 Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya Occupancy Aders duikers ere dete ted at a fu opera ona a era sites in t e Boni forest a era grids resu ng in o upan es ates of upan in t e Dodori a era grid as es ated at and o upan for t e Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grid ou d not be ode ed due to t e o nu ber of dete ons Na e o upan for t e Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grid as Tab e
Table 6 Na e o upan and ode ed o upan and dete on probabi it es ates for t e Aders duiker in t e Boni- Dodori and Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grids Camera grid Naïve occupancy Occupancy estimate Ψ (±SE) Probability of detection P (±SE)
Boni NR 1.00
Boni forest 1.00
Dodori NR
Arabuko-Sokoke Forest 0.11
* interpret it au on i ited sa p e data
Behaviour a era-trapping s o ed a ain diurna repus u ar pa ern it peaks of a it fro to and to A it de reased bet een and t e o est part of t e da Nig t e obser a ons o urred but at a er o rate Figure
Figure 5 Te pora distribu on of Aders duiker re ords in a t e Boni-Dodori forest s ste and b t e Arabuko-Sokoke forest through the 24 hour cycle. a) 450
400
350
300
250
200
150 photographic events photographic events
Number of independentNumber 100
50
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Hour b) 2
1 photographic events photographic events Number of independentNumber
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Hour
Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya 18 Summary
rior to t e dis o er of Aders duiker in t e Boni-Dodori forest s ste 1 t is ri a ndangered spe ies as kno n to o ur on in t e Arabuko-Sokoke forest and in e frag ented and di inis ing forest pat es on t e is and of ngu a an ibar toget er o ering ess t an k 2 T e Arabuko-Sokoke forest on t e en a ain and o ers an area of k 2 o er a f k 2 of i as been onsidered t e Aders’ duiker’s preferred Cynometra habitat.
An a e pt to estab is a ne popu a on on u be s and k 2 in t e an ibar Ar ipe ago as started in Si ani a s ere trans o ated but fo o up sur e s a e not dete ted an popu a on in rease Aders duiker is onsidered e tre e rare it a de reasing popu a on trend in a t e areas it o urs Finnie N
n t e Boni-Dodori forest s ste o upan as es ated at - and e ents o urred in a ost e er fu opera ona a era site Trapping rates ere - orders of agnitude greater t an in t e Arabuko-Sokoke forest despite t e fa t t at t e Arabuko-Sokoke a era grid as de iberate o ated it in t e Aders duiker s fa oured abitat no etra t i ket T e stud on r s t e range e tension and a so indi ates t e popu a on is iso ated fro t e pre ious kno n range and to t e nort of en a s t o argest ri ers t e a ana-Sabaki and Tana
T e er ig e e s of o upan in t e a era-trap grids in t e Boni Dodori forest s ste er ose to or at suggest t at t is spe ies is onsistent distributed t roug t is abitat T e poten a forest and t i ket area easured fro t e assi ed ap Figure is at east k 2 T is ore t an trip es t e o bined pre ious kno n range of Aders duiker Finnie T e sur e as s o n t at t e Boni-Dodori forest s ste o prises t e ost i portant kno n g oba popu a on entre for t is ri a ndangered ante ope
Figure 6 Aders duiker distribu on eig ted b trapping rate for ea a era site in t e Boni-Dodori a era grids rig t and t e Arabuko- Sokoke Forest a era grid bo o note s bo s a es
First noted in an unpub is ed report to arissa ount oun i nne and S it
19 Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya 2 Cephalophus harveyi T o as
Common names ar e s duiker ng is
Species description ar e s Duiker is a erage si ed for t e ta on so larger than Aders’ duiker. In daylight they are recognised by their rich red colouring, the black fore ead and ine do n t e entre of t e fa e and nape and b t eir dark egs T e o p ete a k t e brig t ite ru p band of Aders duiker n infrared i u inated a era-trap i ages t e appear re a e unifor usua it ob ious darkening on t e ot er ise unpa erned egs T e i ages obtained in t is stud a so s o aria on in t e presen e and or degree of de e op ent of t e dark fa e stripe T e tai is narro it out ite as in Aders duiker and unlike the bushier tails of blue duiker and suni.
Global conservation status IUCN Red List Status: Least Concern.
Legal status T S Not isted en a i d ife onser a on and anage ent A t First S edu e Afri an on en on on t e onser a on of Nature and Natura Resour es Not isted
Camera-trap survey results Relative abundance: ar e s duiker as t e se ond ost fre uent re orded duiker spe ies and t e fourt ost fre uent re orded spe ies of arge erbi ore found b t e stud T e ig est trapping rates ere in t e Boni a era grids it u o er trapping rates re orded in t e Dodori and Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grids Tab e
Table 7 Harvey’s duiker trapping rates in the Boni-Dodori and Arabuko-Sokoke Forest camera grids. Trapping rate was calculated as the mean of the number of independent photographic events per trap day times 100. Camera grid Number of events Number of camera-trap days Trapping rate (±SE)
Boni NR 76 1670
Boni forest 1026
Dodori NR 1087
Arabuko-Sokoke Forest 7
Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya 20 Occupancy n t e Boni a era grids e ents o urred at of fu opera ona a era sites o pared to a of sites in Dodori T ese o upan es ates suggest ar e s duikers o ur in and ore fre uent t an near t e oast A t oug ar e s duiker ere re orded at of a era sites in t e Arabuko-Sokoke Forest grid t e une en fre uen of t ese obser a ons pre ented a u a on of an es ated o upan Tab e
Table 8 Na e o upan and ode ed o upan and dete on probabi it es ates for t e ar e s duiker in t e Boni- Dodori and Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grids
Camera grid Naïve occupancy Occupancy estimate Ψ (±SE) Probability of detection P (±SE)
Boni NR
Boni forest 0.46
Dodori NR 0.10
Arabuko-Sokoke Forest
* interpret it au on i ited sa p e data
Behaviour T e a era-trap data s o s a ain diurna repus u ar pa ern for ar e s duiker it peaks of a it fro to and to de reased a it during t e idd e of t e da and no re ords at nig t Figure
Figure 7 Te pora distribu on of ar e s duiker re ords in a t e Boni-Dodori forest s ste and b t e Arabuko-Sokoke Forest through the 24 hour cycle. a) 20
16
12
8 photographic events photographic events
Number of independentNumber 4
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Hour of the day b) 20
16
12
8
photographic events photographic events 4 Number of independentNumber
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Hour of the day
21 Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya Summary
T e Boni-Dodori and Arabuko-Sokoke Forest stud areas ie it in t e kno n range of ar e s duiker N but t e stud as s o n t at ust as for ot er s a forest ante opes t is spe ies is re orded ore fre uent in t e Boni-Dodori forest s ste t an in t e no etra abitat of Arabuko-Sokoke Forest Figure T ese resu ts an be o pared it a era-trapping studies ondu ted in t e d ung a ountain Forests Tan ania ere rates ranging fro - e ents da s ere obtained in one region and fro - in anot er Ro ero and ars a t is noted b t e N SS Ante ope Spe ia ist roup t at a t oug ar e s duiker are assed as east on ern nu bers are be ie ed to be de ining and t eir prote on i depend on aintaining popu a ons in areas ess a e ted b abitat destru on and i ega un ng
Figure 8 ar e s duiker distribu on eig ted b trapping rate for ea a era site in t e Boni-Dodori a era grids rig t and t e Arabuko- Sokoke Forest a era grid bo o note s bo s a es
Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya 22 3 Philantomba monticola T unberg
Common names B ue duiker ng is
Species description T e b ue duiker is a s a gre -bro n ante ope it a er arge on nenta distribu on T ere is onsiderab e debate as to t e nu ber of for s i s ou d be re ognised den a on in a era-trap i ages espe ia b a k and ite infra-red i ages depends on a o bina on of bod s ape and ead features e g a ara teris a narro u e it dark ri ed re a e s a and round- pped ears narro pa e e ebro ines in so e adu ts and e iden e of er a rat er t an ori onta tai i king t an be easi onfused it Suni in infra-red i ages if t ese stru tura details are not clear.
Global conservation status IUCN Red List Status: Least Concern.
Legal status T S Not isted en a i d ife onser a on and anage ent A t First S edu e Afri an on en on on t e onser a on of Nature and Natura Resour es Not isted
Camera-trap survey results Relative abundance: B ue duiker as t e east fre uent re orded duiker spe ies ranking nint a ong t e se enteen spe ies of arge erbi ores re orded T e spe ies as re orded in t e Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grid it a o en ounter rate e ents ere it as t e se ond ost fre uent re orded forest ante ope after t e suni A t oug b ue duiker ere dete ted in t e Boni-Dodori forest s ste during a s a s a e pi ot stud in Andan e et a b on t o furt er re ords ere obtained during t e u arger sa p e e ort at Boni-Dodori in t is stud Tab e
Table 9 B ue duiker trapping rates in t e Boni-Dodori and Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grids Trapping rate as a u ated as t e ean of t e nu ber of independent p otograp i e ents per trap da es Camera grid Number of events Number of camera-trap days Trapping rate (±SE)
Boni NR 1670
Boni forest 0 1026 -
Dodori NR 1087
Arabuko-Sokoke Forest
23 Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya Occupancy B ue duikers ere re orded at of a era-trap sites in Arabuko-Sokoke Forest gi ing Na e o upan of and indi a ng t e spe ies is e distributed t roug out t e forest T e nu ber of e ents as insu ient to ode o upan and dete on probabi it Tab e
Table 10 Na e o upan and ode ed o upan and dete on probabi it es ates for t e b ue duiker in t e Boni- Dodori and Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grids
Camera grid Naïve occupancy Occupancy estimate Ψ (±SE) Probability of detection P (±SE)
Boni NR 0.05
Boni forest - - -
Dodori NR 0.25
Arabuko-Sokoke Forest
* interpret it au on i ited sa p e data
Behaviour T e distribu on of re orded e ents indi ates a repus u ar a it pa ern it a s a nu ber of e ents o urring in t e idd e of t e da and nig t T is spe ies nor a rests at nig t but in ea i disturbed areas t e a be o e ore a e at nig t ingdon T e a orit of t e e ents i o urred in Arabuko-Sokoke Forest took p a e bet een and it arked repus u ar peaks at sunrise and sunset Figure
Figure 9 Te pora distribu on of b ue duiker re ords in t e Arabuko-Sokoke forest t roug t e our e 6
5
4
3
2
photographic events photographic events Number of independentNumber 1
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Hour of the day
Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya 24 Summary
T e sur e as on r ed t e presen e of b ue duiker nort of t e Tana Ri er A t oug on p otograp ed on t o o asions in Boni Na ona Forest and on e near Dodori Na ona Forest in t e pi ot stud t is represents a range e tension of o er k o pared to pub is ed distribu on aps ingdon ast N SS Ante ope Spe ia ist roup T e urrent data suggest t at t e spe ies is ore fre uent t an eit er ar e s or Aders duiker in t e Cynometra forest of Arabuko-Sokoke Figure aking it one of t e er fe spe ies to be re orded ore fre uent in t e sout ern forest
Figure 10 B ue duiker distribu on eig ted b trapping rate for ea a era site in t e Boni-Dodori a era grids rig t and t e Arabuko- Sokoke Forest a era grid bo o note s bo s a es
25 Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya 4 Nesotragus moschatus on Dueben
Common names Suni ng is
Species description T e suni is a er s a p ain bro n ante ope it s ender egs eig ing - kg ingdon T e are re a e unifor and unpa erned on t e bod Sunis fre uent o e in pairs so e es it an a o pan ing a f T e ears are subt arger and un arked o pared to t e rounder and dark- argined ears of t e b ue duiker T e ide-set narro orns of t e a es a k a entra tuft of air a usefu feature in dis nguis ing t e fro a duikers n ases ere poor infrared i u ina on or on par a ie s of t e bod are a ai ab e t e tai a s e p iden a on being bus ier t an on t e t o ep a op us duikers and ain i ked side to side un ike er a i king of B ue duiker
Global conservation status IUCN Red List Status: Least Concern.
Legal status T S Not isted en a i d ife onser a on and anage ent A t First S edu e Afri an on en on on t e onser a on of Nature and Natura Resour es ass A
Camera-trap survey results Relative abundance: Suni ere found in a t e sur e ed areas and ere t e se ond ost fre uent re orded a a spe ies after Aders duiker n t e Boni-Dodori a era grids en ounter rates ranged fro e ents da s in t e Dodori a era grid to e ents da s in t e Boni forest a era grid T e ere t e ost fre uent re orded spe ies in t e Arabuko-Sokoke a era grid t oug at e ents da s t e ere s en ountered at a o er rate t an in t e Boni-Dodori a era grids Tab e
Table 11 Suni trapping rates in t e Boni-Dodori and Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grids Trapping rate as a u ated as t e ean of t e nu ber of independent p otograp i e ents per trap da es Camera grid Number of events Number of camera-trap days Trapping rate (±SE)
Boni NR 717 1670
Boni forest 1026
Dodori NR 401 1087
Arabuko-Sokoke Forest 488
Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya 26 Occupancy upan es ates ere ig in a four a era grids o parison of dete on probabi i es indi ated a o er probabi it in Arabuko-Sokoke Forest o pared to t e Boni-Dodori forest s ste Tab e
Table 12 Na e o upan and ode ed o upan and dete on probabi it es ates for t e suni in t e Boni-Dodori and Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grids
Camera grid Naïve occupancy Occupancy estimate Ψ (±SE) Probability of detection P (±SE)
Boni NR
Boni forest 1.00
Dodori NR 1.00
Arabuko-Sokoke Forest
Behaviour Re orded e ents indi ate t is spe ies as a e t roug out t e our period at a sites but it arked repus u ar peaks around sunrise and sunset T e resu ts s o t at t e a it pa ern of suni and Aders duiker are broad si i ar but suni are onsistent ore a e at nig t A it at ea of t e four a era grids s o s t at suni tend to be re a e ore a e at nig t in t e Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grid o pared to t e Boni-Dodori forest s ste it t e argest di eren e o urring bet een Arabuko-Sokoke Forest and Boni forests Figure
Figure 11 Te pora distribu on of suni re ords in a t e Boni-Dodori forest s ste and b t e Arabuko-Sokoke Forest through the 24 hour cycle. a) 200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60 photographic events photographic events Number of independentNumber 40
20
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Hour of the day b)
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60 photographic events photographic events
Number of independentNumber 40
20
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Hour of the day
27 Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya Summary
Suni are one of t e ost fre uent re orded spe ies in a four oasta forest a era grids Figure Resu ts fro t e Boni-Dodori forest s ste on r a signi ant range e tension nort of t e Tana Ri er re a e to N Red ist data N Be ause it is e represented at a four a era grids it is a usefu indi ator of o para e ondi ons a ross t e sites T e spe ies is ore fre uent re orded it ig er dete tabi it es ates in t e Boni-Dodori forest s ste and o er dete tabi it appears to be asso iated it greater tenden to no turna a it in t e Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grid T ese di eren es are onsistent it e pe ta ons of be a iour in t e presen e of un ng and ot er kinds of pressure fro u ans Suni are kno n to be targeted b bus eat unters in Arabuko-Sokoke Forest ut and Ne iado sk and e e s of genera disturban e ood u ng tourist bird at ing et are ig er in t e Arabuko-Sokoke Forest t an in t e Boni-Dodori forest s ste
Figure 12 Suni distribu on eig ted b trapping rate for ea a era site in t e Boni-Dodori a era grids rig t and t e Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grid bo o note s bo s a es
Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya 28 5 Madoqua kirkii unt er
Common names irk s dik-dik ng is
Species description Dik-dik are er s a ante ope asso iated it dry scrub, thickets, and Acacia-Commiphora ood ands it a entre of di ersit in t e orn of Afri a T e are re ognised b a duiker- ike tuft of ong air on t e ro n s ort tai s and in sout ern for s t pi a e ongated noses Distribu on aps indi ate t at t o spe ies are poten a present in t e Boni-Dodori forest s ste uent er s dik-dik Madoqua guentheri) and irks dik-dik Madoqua kirkii Dik-dik recorded in this study have been provisionally iden ed as irk s dik-dik in t e absen e of e iden e of an e ep ona e ongated nose i is ara teris of uent er s dik-dik
lobal conservation status IUCN Red List Status: Least Concern.
Legal status T S Not isted en a i d ife onser a on and anage ent A t Not isted Afri an on en on on t e onser a on of Nature and Natura Resour es Not isted
Camera-trap survey results Relative abundance: A sing e pair of irk s dik-dik ere p otograp ed on e at one site at t e sout ern ost argin of t e Dodori a era grid Tab e
Table 13 irk s dik-dik trapping rates in t e Boni-Dodori and Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grids Trapping rate as a u ated as t e ean of t e nu ber of independent p otograp i e ents per trap da es Camera grid Number of events Number of camera-trap days Trapping rate (±SE)
Boni NR 0 1670 -
Boni forest 0 1026 -
Dodori NR 1 1087
Arabuko-Sokoke Forest 0 -
29 Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya Occupancy it on one a era site re ording irk s dik-dik on t e outer i it of t e Dodori a era grid t is spe ies is onsidered on argina present in t e stud sa p e areas Tab e
Table 14 Na e o upan and ode ed o upan and dete on probabi it es ates for t e irk s dik-dik in t e Boni- Dodori and Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grids
Camera grid Naïve occupancy Occupancy estimate Ψ (±SE) Probability of detection P (±SE)
Boni NR N A N A N A
Boni forest N A N A N A
Dodori NR 0.05
Arabuko-Sokoke Forest N A N A N A
* interpret it au on i ited sa p e data
Behaviour T e sing e e ent as re orded in da ig t as ou d be e pe ted for t is diurna spe ies Figure
Figure 13 Te pora distribu on of irk s dik-dik re ords in t e Boni-Dodori forest s ste t roug t e our e 3
2
1 photographic events photographic events Number of independentNumber
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Hour of the day
Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya 30 Summary
T e sing e o urren e of irk s dik-dik at t e sout ern argin of t e Dodori a era grid a igns t e it ot er sa anna spe ies re orded on in t is area Figure T e are not representa e of t e oasta forest o unit i is t e pri ar target of t is stud Ne ert e ess t eir presen e bet een t e forest and t e oast ine is indi a e of t e osai of abitats in t is area and ontributes to t e i portant diversity of the region.
Figure 14 irk s dik-dik distribu on eig ted b trapping rate for ea a era site in t e Boni-Dodori a era grids rig t and t e Arabuko- Sokoke Forest a era grid bo o note s bo s a es
31 Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya 6 Tragelaphus scriptus a as
Common names Bus bu k ng is
Species description T e bus bu k is a idespread and e -kno n e ber of t e spira - orned ante ope group T e estnut oat is t pi a arked b a o bina on of er a ite stripes and pro inent ite ank spots i s o e on ost b a k and ite infrared i ages en in par a i ages t ese arkings assist in dis nguis ing bus bu k fro t e arger esser kudu i genera s o s bo der denser striping and i e or no spo ng n a es t e sing e open t ist of t e kee ed orns dis nguis es fro t e g t spira orns of esser kudu a es
Global conservation status IUCN Red List Status: Least Concern.
Legal status T S Not isted en a i d ife onser a on and anage ent A t First S edu e Afri an on en on on t e onser a on of Nature and Natura Resour es Not isted
Camera-trap survey results Relative abundance: Bus bu k ere re orded in a t ree a era grids of t e Boni-Dodori forest s ste it t e ig est trapping rate o urring in Dodori Tab e T e ere t e ft ost fre uent re orded arge erbi ore Bus bu k ere re orded on on e at Arabuko-Sokoke Forest n t e nort ern a era grids t e ere re orded ess fre uent t an ost of t e tru forest-adapted ante opes of t e region Aders duiker suni and ar e s duiker but ore fre uent t an t e ore ood and sa anna asso iated ante opes esser kudu dik-dik T is resu t is e pe ted gi en t e fo us on o a ng a era sites in forest abitat and t e preferen e of bus bu k for abitat edges N Red ist
Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya 32 Table 15 Bus bu k trapping rates in t e Boni-Dodori and Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grids Trapping rate as a u ated as t e ean of t e nu ber of independent p otograp i e ents per trap da es Camera grid Number of events Number of camera-trap days Trapping rate (±SE)
Boni NR 1670
Boni forest 4 1026
Dodori NR 1087
Arabuko-Sokoke Forest 1
Occupancy Bus bu k ere re orded at of t e a era-traps in t e Dodori forest and at Boni forest Tab e
Table 16 Na e o upan and ode ed o upan and dete on probabi it es ates for t e bus bu k in t e Boni- Dodori and Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grids
Camera grid Naïve occupancy Occupancy estimate Ψ (±SE) Probability of detection P (±SE)
Boni NR 0.16
Boni forest 0.08
Dodori NR 0.60
Arabuko-Sokoke Forest 0.05
* interpret it au on i ited sa p e data
Behaviour T ere is an e en distribu on of bus bu k e ents a ross ours in t e Boni-Dodori a era grids Distribu on of e ents bet een da and nig t is a ost e a t e en it of t e e ents taking p a e in da ig t Figure
Figure 15 Te pora distribu on of bus bu k re ords in t e Boni-Dodori forest s ste t roug t e our e 7
6
5
4
3
photographic events photographic events 2 Number of independentNumber
1
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Hour of the day
33 Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya Summary
Bus bu k are so e es t oug t of as abitat edge or i ed abitat spe ia ists kno n to asso iate it t i k o er but a oiding osed anop ingdon N n t is stud bus bu k ere dete ted at a fre uen inter ediate bet een t e forest adapted and ood and sa anna adapted ante opes i supports t is interpreta on Bus bu k ere ost fre uent re orded in Dodori Figure t e on site ere ood and sa anna adapted spe ies su as esser kudu and dik-dik ere a so dete ted T e presen e of t ese spe ies a so suggests t at t e Dodori forest a era grid as a greater di ersit of abitats t an t e ot er a era grids T e pau it of re ords at Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a be e p ained b t e de iberate p a e ent of a era sites in areas of unifor Cynometra forest ere t ere is a t i k and e tensi e anop Bus bu k are be ie ed to be o para e resi ient to u an odi a ons of t eir abitat and onse uent are not t oug t to be urrent dependent on prote ted areas a one N
Figure 16 Bus bu k distribu on eig ted b trapping rate for ea a era site in t e Boni-Dodori a era grids rig t and t e Arabuko- Sokoke Forest a era grid bo o note s bo s a es
Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya 34 7 Tragelaphus imberbis B t
Common names esser kudu ng is
Species description Re ognisab e in b a k and ite a era-trap i ages b bod si e strong er a ite stripes running the full length and height of t e anks and a king t e spo ng on t e o er ank seen in bus bu k esser kudu fe a es are red-bro n and orn ess i e adu t a es are gre and arr ara teris g t spiralled horns.
Global conservation status IUCN Red List Status: Near Threatened.
Legal status T S Not isted en a i d ife onser a on and anage ent A t First S edu e Afri an on en on on t e onser a on of Nature and Natura Resour es ass B
Camera-trap survey results Relative abundance: esser kudu ere re orded in four separate e ents at t o a era sites on t e sout ern argin of t e Dodori a era grid ike dik-dik t is spe ies is ore asso iated it Acacia- Commiphora ood and abitat and nding esser kudu at t e sa e o a on as dik-dik and aterbu k reinfor es t e i pression t at t e sout ern ost a era sites in t e Dodori a era grid ere sa p ing spe ies asso iated it abitat outside t e ore oasta forest Tab e
Table 17 esser kudu trapping rates in t e Boni-Dodori and Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grids Trapping rate as a u ated as t e ean of t e nu ber of independent p otograp i e ents per trap da es Camera grid Number of events Number of camera-trap days Trapping rate (±SE)
Boni NR 0 1670 -
Boni forest 0 1026 -
Dodori NR 4 1087
Arabuko-Sokoke Forest 0 -
35 Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya Occupancy it on t o ad a ent a era sites re ording esser kudu bot on t e sout ern i it of t e Dodori a era grid t is spe ies is onsidered on argina present in t e stud sa p e areas Tab e
Table 18 Na e o upan and ode ed o upan and dete on probabi it es ates for t e esser kudu in t e Boni- Dodori and Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grids
Camera grid Naïve occupancy Occupancy estimate Ψ (±SE) Probability of detection P (±SE)
Boni NR N A N A N A
Boni forest N A N A N A
Dodori NR 0.10
Arabuko-Sokoke Forest N A N A N A
* interpret it au on i ited sa p e data
Behaviour T ere are too fe e ents to dra an r on usions about t e a it pa ern of esser kudu in t e stud areas T o of t e four e ents o urred during t e da one at dusk and one during t e nig t Figure
Figure 17 Te pora distribu on of esser kudu re ords in t e Boni-Dodori forest s ste t roug t e our e
3
2
1 photographic events photographic events Number of independentNumber
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Hour of the day
Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya 36 Summary
T e presen e of esser kudu in t e Boni-Dodori forest s ste a beit on at t e sout ern argin of t e Dodori forest e p asises t e di ersit of t e area T e are not onsidered representa e of t e oasta forest o unit i is t e pri ar target of t is stud Ne ert e ess t eir presen e bet een t e forest and t e oast ine is indi a e of t e osai of abitats in t is area and ontributes to t e i portant di ersit of t e region Figure
Figure 18 esser kudu distribu on eig ted b trapping rate for ea a era site in t e Boni-Dodori a era grids rig t and t e Arabuko- Sokoke Forest a era grid bo o note s bo s a es
37 Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya 8 Kobus ellipsiprymnus gi b i
Common names aterbu k ng is
Species description T e aterbu k is a arge s agg - aired ante ope it a ara teris sto k appearan e and straig t-pro ed u e Bod o our aries fro gre -bro n to reddis -bro n T e no inate subspe ies found in oasta en a is dis nguis ed b se i- ir u ar ite stripes for ing an o a target on t e rear uarters
Global conservation status IUCN Red List Status: Least Concern.
Legal status T S Not isted en a i d ife onser a on and anage ent A t First S edu e Afri an on en on on t e onser a on of Nature and Natura Resour es ass B
Camera-trap survey results Relative abundance: aterbu k ere p otograp ed on on e in t e Dodori a era grid at one of t e sa e a era sites t at re orded ood and sa anna spe ies su as esser kudu and irk s dik-dik T is reinfor es t e probabi it t at a eras in t is one ere sa p ing spe ies not asso iated it t e interior of t e oasta forest Tab e
Table 19 aterbu k trapping rates in t e Boni-Dodori and Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grids Trapping rate as a u ated as t e ean of t e nu ber of independent p otograp i e ents per trap da es Camera grid Number of events Number of camera-trap days Trapping rate (±SE)
Boni NR 0 1670 -
Boni forest 0 1026 -
Dodori NR 1 1087
Arabuko-Sokoke Forest 0 -
Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya 38 Occupancy it on one a era sta on re ording aterbu k on t e outer i it of t e Dodori a era grid t is spe ies is onsidered on argina present in t e forest areas Tab e
Table 20 Na e o upan and ode ed o upan and dete on probabi it es ates for t e aterbu k in t e Boni- Dodori and Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grids
Camera grid Naïve occupancy Occupancy estimate Ψ (±SE) Probability of detection P (±SE)
Boni NR N A N A N A
Boni forest N A N A N A
Dodori NR 0.05
Arabuko-Sokoke Forest N A N A N A
* interpret it au on i ited sa p e data
Behaviour T e i ages fro t e sing e e ent o urred in da ig t Figure
Figure 19 Te pora distribu on of aterbu k re ords in t e Boni-Dodori forest s ste t roug t e our e
3
2
1 photographic events photographic events Number of independentNumber
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Hour of the day
39 Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya Summary
aterbu k ere on re orded on e in t e Boni-Dodori forest s ste in asso ia on it ot er sa anna spe ies at t e sout ern argin of t e Dodori a era grid Figure T e are not onsidered representa e of t e oasta forest o unit i is t e pri ar target of t is stud Ne ert e ess t eir presen e bet een t e forest and t e oast ine is indi a e of t e osai of abitats in t is area and ontributes to t e i portant di ersit of t e region
Figure 20 aterbu k distribu on eig ted b trapping rate for ea a era site in t e Boni-Dodori a era grids rig t and t e Arabuko- Sokoke Forest a era grid bo o note s bo s a es
Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya 40 9 Syncerus caffer Sparr an
Common names Afri an bu a o ng is N a S a i i
Species description T e Afri an bu a o is t e argest bo id in Afri a Nor a un istakeab e in a era-trap i ages par a ie s of s a parts of t e o e o ur and ust be dis nguis ed fro a e T e assi e i bs and ara teris a sparse strands of dark body hair overlying the grey skin are usually diagnos Be ause t e often tra e in arge groups ong se uen es of p otograp s are not unusual and occur in this data set.
Global conservation status IUCN Red List Status: Least Concern.
Legal status T S Not isted en a i d ife onser a on and anage ent A t First S edu e Afri an on en on on t e onser a on of Nature and Natura Resour es ass B
Camera-trap survey results Relative abundance: Bu a o a ounted for e ents in t e Boni-Dodori s ste and as t e t ird ost fre uent re orded arge erbi ore but none ere re orded in t e Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grid Trapping rates ere notab ig er in t e Boni forest a era grid t an in t e Boni and Dodori NR a era grids Tab e n se era ases i ages s ored as a sing e e ent o prised t e passage of a arge breeding erd Sing e e ents in o ing t e passage of ore t an indi idua s o urred at t o a era sta ons T ese gures represent ini u es ates for erd si es a p es of sing e ature bu s and s a ba e or groups ere a so re orded T ese resu ts indi ate t at in ter s of bio ass bu a o are probab t e do inant i d erbi ores in t e stud area
Table 21 Afri an bu a o trapping rates in t e Boni-Dodori and Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grids Trapping rate as a u ated as t e ean of t e nu ber of independent p otograp i e ents per trap da es Camera grid Number of events Number of camera-trap days Trapping rate (±SE)
Boni NR 1670
Boni forest 1026
Dodori NR 15 1087
Arabuko-Sokoke Forest 0 -
41 Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya Occupancy Bu a o ere re orded at bet een - of a era-traps in t e Boni-Dodori a era grids Tab e
Table 22 Na e o upan and ode ed o upan and dete on probabi it es ates for t e Afri an bu a o in t e Boni-Dodori and Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grids
Camera grid Naïve occupancy Occupancy estimate Ψ (±SE) Probability of detection P (±SE)
Boni NR 0.11
Boni forest
Dodori NR
Arabuko-Sokoke Forest N A N A N A
Behaviour Bu a o e ents ere re orded at a ours of t e da Figure Rates ere ig er t roug t e nig t and o est t roug t e o est ours of t e da Afri an bu a o are be ie ed to be sensi e to disturban e s it ing fro on nuous gra ing in uiet areas to da n dusk and nig t- e gra ing ingdon t is e ident t at a o e e of da e o e ent is aintained in t ese Boni-Dodori a era grids
Figure 21 Te pora distribu on of Afri an bu a o re ords in t e Boni-Dodori forest s ste t roug t e our e
16
14
12
10
8
6 photographic events photographic events
Number of independentNumber 4
2
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Hour of the day
Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya 42 Summary
Afri an bu a o are e represented in t e a era grids of t e Boni-Dodori forest s ste Figure iden e of at east one er arge breeding erd taking ore t an inutes for an unkno n propor on of its e bers to e past t e a era and a nu ber of s a er groups and ba e or a es as obtained T e absen e of bu a o re ords in t e Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grid suggests t at t e ere not present in arge nu bers in t e area t is not ear et er t is resu t is an indi ator of re a e o bu a o nu bers re e ts a oidan e of t e Cynometra forest abitat or is a o bina on of t e t o
Figure 22 Afri an bu a o distribu on eig ted b trapping rate for ea a era site in t e Boni-Dodori sa p ing grids rig t and t e Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grid bo o note s bo s a es
43 Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya 10 Potamochoerus larvatus u ier
Common names Bus pig ng is
Species description Dis nguis ed in a era-trap pi tures fro art ogs b a propor onate narro er onger ead a king o parab pro inent arts shorter tusks, larger ears and evenly distributed, denser air on t e deeper ore s ab sided bod
Global conservation status IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Legal status T S Not isted en a i d ife onser a on and anage ent A t Not isted Afri an on en on on t e onser a on of Nature and Natura Resour es Not isted
Camera-trap survey results Relative abundance: Bus pig ere t e ost fre uent re orded suid and t e on one found in a four a era grids Tab e
Table 23 Bus pig trapping rates in t e Boni-Dodori and Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grids Trapping rate as a u ated as t e ean of t e nu ber of independent p otograp i e ents per trap da es Camera grid Number of events Number of camera-trap days Trapping rate (±SE)
Boni NR 14 1670
Boni forest 1026
Dodori NR 7 1087
Arabuko-Sokoke Forest
Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya 44 Occupancy Bus pig en ounter rates ere range fro - in t e Boni-Dodori forest s ste a era grids n Arabuko-Sokoke Forest t e ere re orded at of a era sites Tab e
Table 24 Na e o upan and ode ed o upan and dete on probabi it es ates for t e bus pig in t e Boni- Dodori and Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grids
Camera grid Naïve occupancy Occupancy estimate Ψ (±SE) Probability of detection P (±SE)
Boni NR 0.58
Boni forest
Dodori NR
Arabuko-Sokoke Forest 0.16
* interpret it au on i ited sa p e data
Behaviour Bus pig ere a e t roug out t e da and nig t and par u ar at dusk - Figure
Figure 23 Te pora distribu on of bus pig re ords in a t e Boni-Dodori forest s ste and b t e Arabuko-Sokoke forest through the 24 hour cycle.
a) 5
4
3
2 photographic events photographic events Number of independentNumber 1
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Hour of the day b) 3
2
1 photographic events photographic events Number of independentNumber
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Hour of the day
45 Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya Summary
Bus pig ere onsistent present in a four a era grids but ike an ot er arge a a spe ies t e ere ore fre uent re orded in t e Boni-Dodori forest s ste a era grids t an at Arabuko-Sokoke Forest Figure t is par u ar notab e t at bus pig ere found in t e sa e a era grid Boni forest as t e t o for s of art og a t oug art og ere re orded far ess fre uent S patr bet een t e t o art ogs as been noted pre ious de ong et a but t e si u taneous presen e of t ree suids is unusua T e e o ogi a re a ons ips bet een t ese spe ies in t e region erits furt er in es ga on being of t eore a interest in its o n rig t and a so indi a ng a poten a a enue for deeper understanding of ecological diversity in these habitats.
Figure 24 Bus pig distribu on eig ted b trapping rate for ea a era site in t e Boni-Dodori a era grids rig t and t e Arabuko- Sokoke Forest a era grid bo o note s bo s a es
Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya 46 11 Phacochoerus africanus e in
Common names o on art og ng is
Species description o on art ogs are dis nguis ed b si p e one-s aped arts under t e e es of adu t a es it t e idt of t e upper fa e of si i ar propor on to t e o er fa e see desert art og be o d uart and rubb de ong et a
Global conservation status IUCN Red List Status: Least Concern.
Legal status T S Not isted en a i d ife onser a on and anage ent A t Not isted Afri an on en on on t e onser a on of Nature and Natura Resour es Not isted
Camera-trap survey results Relative abundance: T e o on art og as re orded on e in t e Dodori a era grid at t e sa e a era site as irk s dik-dik and esser kudu and t i e in t e Boni NR a era grid T e Boni forest a era grid i ages ere in on usi e and t ere as on one on r ed e ent T ree ot er e ents in t e Boni forest a era grid a ributed to o on art og ou d not be fu iden ed to spe ies e e be ause of t e on r ed presen e of desert art og in t e sa e area see be o No o on art ogs ere p otograp ed at Arabuko-Sokoke Forest T ese obser a ons indi ate t at trapping rates for o on art og ere at ost be o da s in t e Boni-Dodori a era grids oint t e east fre uent re orded arge a a spe ies Tab e
Table 25 o on art og trapping rates in t e Boni-Dodori and Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grids Trapping rate as a u ated as t e ean of t e nu ber of independent p otograp i e ents per trap da es Camera grid Number of events Number of camera-trap days Trapping rate (±SE)
Boni NR 2 1670
Boni forest 1026
Dodori NR 1 1087
Arabuko-Sokoke Forest 0 -
47 Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya Occupancy o on art ogs ere dete ted at no ore t an a eras in Boni forest and at one a era ea in Boni and Dodori indi a ng ini a Na e o upan rates Tab e
Table 26 Na e o upan and ode ed o upan and dete on probabi it es ates for t e o on art og in t e Boni-Dodori and Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grids
Camera grid Naïve occupancy Occupancy estimate Ψ (±SE) Probability of detection P (±SE)
Boni NR 0.05
Boni forest 0.15
Dodori NR 0.05
Arabuko-Sokoke Forest N A N A N A
* interpret it au on i ited sa p e data
Behaviour T e o on art og is a pri ari diurna spe ies and a o on art og e ents took p a e in da ig t bet een - ours Figure
Figure 25 Te pora distribu on of o on art og re ords in t e Boni-Dodori forest s ste t roug t e our e
3
2
1 photographic events photographic events Number of independentNumber
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Hour of the day
Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya 48 Summary
T e o on art og is present in o nu bers in t e Boni-Dodori forest s ste Figure t appears to be i ing in ose o-e isten e it t o ot er suids desert art og and bus pig T e o er ap of o on art og and bus pig at a sing e a era site as on r ed in t e Boni forest a era grid T e ose asso ia on bet een t ese spe ies is unusua a t oug s patr bet een o on and desert art og as been pre ious reported in Tsa o est Na ona ark de ong et a T e genera preferen e of o on art og for ood and and sa anna abitats and a k of strong asso ia on it t i k oasta forest abitats probab e p ain t e o era o trapping rates reported for t is spe ies
Figure 26 o on art og distribu on eig ted b trapping rate for ea a era site in t e Boni- Dodori a era grids rig t and t e Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grid bo o note s bo s a es
49 Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya 12 Phacochoerus aethiopicus a as
Common names Desert art og ng is
Species description Desert art og are dis nguis ed b e aggerated ook s aped arts i e tend fro a s o en base under t e e e of adu t a es and ontribute to a u idened upper fa e re a e to t e idt of t e o er u e n ike o on art og t e upper ear argins ps are fo ded ba k T e sku a so s o s s ste a di eren es in uding rudi entar or absent o er in isors in desert art og and t ere is a so strong gene support for di eren a ng t ese spe ies Randi et a d uart and rubb
Global conservation status IUCN Red List Status: Least Concern.
Legal status T S Not isted en a i d ife onser a on and anage ent A t First S edu e Afri an on en on on t e onser a on of Nature and Natura Resour es Not isted
Camera-trap survey results Relative abundance: Desert art og ere on r ed at on one e ent in t e Boni forest a era grid a t oug t ere ere t ree ot er e ents in o ing art ogs in t e Boni forest a era grid ere t e spe ies ou d not be iden ed it ertaint ne of t ese in o ed a suspe ted u eni e fe a e desert art og s o ing a ur ed ear p but a king an art de e op ent An adu t a e desert art og a ked past t e sa e a era da s after t is e ent disp a ing a ara teris ooked gena art see p oto abo e None ere re orded at Arabuko-Sokoke Forest Tab e
Table 27 Desert art og trapping rates in t e Boni-Dodori and Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grids Trapping rate as a u ated as t e ean of t e nu ber of independent p otograp i e ents per trap da es Camera grid Number of events Number of camera-trap days Trapping rate (±SE)
Boni NR 0 1670 -
Boni forest 1026
Dodori NR 0 1087 -
Arabuko-Sokoke Forest 0 -
Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya 50 Occupancy T e o urren e of desert art og at a sing e o a on in t e en re stud i p ies t at t e are not idespread in t e area Tab e
Table 28 Na e o upan and ode ed o upan and dete on probabi it es ates for t e desert art og in t e Boni-Dodori and Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grids
Camera grid Naïve occupancy Occupancy estimate Ψ (±SE) Probability of detection P (±SE)
Boni NR N A N A N A
Boni forest 0.08
Dodori NR N A N A N A
Arabuko-Sokoke Forest N A N A N A
* interpret it au on i ited sa p e data
Behaviour T e on r ed and a possib e e ent for t e spe ies bot took p a e in da ig t and ours Figure
Figure 27 Te pora distribu on of desert art og re ords in t e Boni-Dodori forest s ste t roug t e our e
2
1 photographic events photographic events Number of independentNumber
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Hour of the day
51 Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya Summary
T e iden a on of t e a era-trap i ages as a desert art og as on r ed independent b T But nski de ong and d uart T e re ord represents a ne o a on for t is spe ies t oug it in t e kno n range S patri o-e isten e of o on and desert art og as been pre ious re orded in Tsa o est Na ona ark in en a de ong et a t is noted t at neit er bus pig nor o on art og ere p otograp ed at t e sa e a era as desert art og but bot ere present at ot er a era sites in t e sa e a era grid Figure
Figure 28 Desert art og distribu on eig ted b trapping rate for ea a era site in t e Boni- Dodori a era grids rig t and t e Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grid bo o note s bo s a es
Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya 52 13 Hippopotamus amphibius innaeus
Common names o on ippopota us ng is iboko S a i i
Species description T e assi e rounded bod super ia air essness and uni ue ead and a s of t e o on ippo are un istakeab e
Global conservation status IUCN Red List Status: Vulnerable.
Legal status T S Appendi en a i d ife onser a on and anage ent A t First S edu e Afri an on en on on t e onser a on of Nature and Natura Resour es ass B
Camera-trap survey results Relative abundance: A sing e ippo as p otograp ed on e in t e Dodori a era grid No ippo e ents o urred at an ot er site Tab e
Table 29 ippopota us trapping rates in t e Boni-Dodori and Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grids Trapping rate as a u ated as t e ean of t e nu ber of independent p otograp i e ents per trap da es Camera grid Number of events Number of camera-trap days Trapping rate (±SE)
Boni NR 0 1670 -
Boni forest 0 1026 -
Dodori NR 1 1087
Arabuko-Sokoke Forest 0 -
53 Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya Occupancy T e sing e re ord i p ies t at ippos ere not ide present in t e a era grids during t e sur e period t is noted t at t e sing e site ere ippo ere re orded as ose to a arge ater o e in t e Dodori forest na ed o a as ibokoni ater o e a dire t referen e to t e presen e of ippos kiboko is ippo in is a i i Tab e
Table 30 Na e o upan and ode ed o upan and dete on probabi it es ates for t e ippo in t e Boni-Dodori and Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grids
Camera grid Naïve occupancy Occupancy estimate Ψ (±SE) Probability of detection P (±SE)
Boni NR N A N A N A
Boni forest N A N A N A
Dodori NR 0.05
Arabuko-Sokoke Forest N A N A N A
* interpret it au on i ited sa p e data
Behaviour T e sing e re ord as obtained at nig t in keeping it kno n ippo gra ing be a iour Figure
Figure 29 Te pora distribu on of ippopota us re ords in t e Boni-Dodori forest s ste t roug t e our e
3
2
1 photographic events photographic events Number of independentNumber
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Hour of the day
Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya 54 Summary
ippopota us are present a ong t e o er Tana Ri er and in t e Tana stuar ere t eir tra ks a be found on sa t ater bea es T e a so ake use of se era ater o es ad a ent to t e a era grids a ong t e Dodori ri er ater ourse T e a k of re ords suggests t at ippos do not regu ar ake in ursions into t e targeted forest areas T is is in keeping it t e genera abitat preferen e assess ent t at t e prefer open grass and Figure
Figure 30 ippopota us distribu on eig ted b trapping rate for ea a era site in t e Boni-Dodori a era grids rig t and t e Arabuko- Sokoke Forest a era grid bo o note s bo s a es
55 Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya Carnivores
T e four a era grids dete ted spe ies of arni ores it tota e ents T e o prise t ree Fe idae Afri an ion eopard ara a t o i erridae Afri an i et entra Afri an arge-spo ed genet one aenidae Spo ed aena one anidae Afri an i d dog e erpes dae o on d arf ongoose ars ongoose S ender ongoose Sokoke bus -tai ed ongoose ite tai ed ongoose and one uste idae one badger
A ross a sites t e ost fre uent en ountered arni ore as t e Sokoke bus -tai ed ongoose e ents fo o ed b t e arge-spo ed genet e ents eopard e ents and Spo ed aena e ents T e re aining nine arni ore spe ies ere re orded it ess t an e ents ea
T e t ree a era grids in t e Boni-Dodori s ste re orded si i ar nu bers of arni ore spe ies eig t nine and eig t respe e it Boni forest re ording t e ig est nu ber of e ents n e arni ore spe ies ere dete ted at t e Arabuko-Sokoke Cynometra forest a era grid
Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya 56 14 Panthera pardus innaeus
Common names eopard ng is ui S a i i
Species description eopards are ediu si ed ats easuring up to at t e s ou der and eig ing up to kg n a era-trap i ages eopards are re ognisab e b t e arrange ent of spots in rose e pa erns i dis nguis es t e fro t e so id spots of ot er ediu si ed spo ed ats e anis for s are so e es seen but none ere re orded in t is survey.
Global conservation status IUCN Red List Status: Near Threatened.
Legal status T S Appendi en a i d ife onser a on and anage ent A t First S edu e Afri an on en on on t e onser a on of Nature and Natura Resour es ass B
Camera-trap survey results Relative abundance: eopard ere re orded in e ents a ross t e Boni-Dodori a era grids T ere ere no e ents in t e Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grid Tab e T e ig est trapping rates o urred in t e Boni forest a era grid it t e Boni NR and Dodori NR a era grids
Table 31 eopard trapping rates in t e Boni-Dodori and Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grids Trapping rate as a u ated as t e ean of t e nu ber of independent p otograp i e ents per trap da es Camera grid Number of events Number of camera-trap days Trapping rate (±SE)
Boni NR 1670
Boni forest 1026
Dodori NR 5 1087
Arabuko-Sokoke Forest 0 -
57 Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya Occupancy n t e Boni forest a era grids e ents o urred at of fu opera ona a era sites o pared to a of sites in Dodori T ese o upan es ates suggest t e eopard o urs in and ore fre uent t an near t e oast No e ents took p a e at t e Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grid Tab e
Table 32 Na e o upan and ode ed o upan and dete on probabi it es ates for t e eopard in t e Boni- Dodori and Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grids
Camera grid Naïve occupancy Occupancy estimate Ψ (±SE) Probability of detection P (±SE)
Boni NR 0.47
Boni forest
Dodori NR 0.20
Arabuko-Sokoke Forest N A N A N A
* interpret it au on i ited sa p e data
Behaviour eopards ere a e t roug out t e da and nig t but it a peak around da n - and anot er peak after sunset - eopards are onsidered diurna but un ng often o urs at nig t ingdon Figure
Figure 31 Te pora distribu on of eopard re ords in t e Boni-Dodori forest s ste t roug t e our e
10
8
6
4 photographic events photographic events
Number of independentNumber 2
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Hour of the day
Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya 58 Summary
eopards ere regu ar en ountered in t e Boni-Dodori a era grids Figure it i ages s o ing sing e indi idua s and at east one se uen e of a fe a e a o panied b a e gro n o spring A stud is p anned to see if indi idua iden t based on indi idua spot pa erns an produ e at east a ini u es ate of t e nu ber of indi idua s re orded in ea a era grid eopards ere e pe ted at Arabuko-Sokoke Forest T e a e been re orded t ere in t e past But t e fai ure to dete t an o er da s of a era-trapping suggests t at t e are u redu ed in t is prote ted area o pared to the northern forests.
Figure 32 eopard distribu on eig ted b trapping rate for ea a era site in t e Boni-Dodori a era grids rig t and t e Arabuko- Sokoke Forest a era grid bo o note s bo s a es
59 Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya 15 Panthera leo innaeus
Common names Afri an ion ng is Si ba S a i i
Species description T e Afri an ion e kno n and dis n e a es are arger t an fe a es and a s o a t i k ane although this is believed to be less developed in t e ions of oasta eastern en a n a era-trap i ages adu t ions are un istakab e due to t eir si e and t e absen e of spots
Global conservation status IUCN Red List Status: Vulnerable.
Legal status T S Not isted en a i d ife onser a on and anage ent A t First S edu e Afri an on en on on t e onser a on of Nature and Natura Resour es Not isted
Camera-trap survey results Relative abundance: T ere as on one e ent ere t e Afri an ion as re orded in t e Boni forest a era grid Tab e
Table 33 ion trapping rates in t e Boni-Dodori and Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grids Trapping rate as a u ated as t e ean of t e nu ber of independent p otograp i e ents per trap da es Camera grid Number of events Number of camera-trap days Trapping rate (±SE)
Boni NR 0 1670 -
Boni forest 1 1026
Dodori NR 0 1087 -
Arabuko-Sokoke Forest 0 -
Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya 60 Occupancy T e Afri an ion as dete ted at a sing e site in t e Boni forest a era grid Tab e
Table 34 Na e o upan and ode ed o upan and dete on probabi it es ates for t e Afri an ion in t e Boni- Dodori and Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grids
Camera grid Naïve occupancy Occupancy estimate Ψ (±SE) Probability of detection P (±SE)
Boni NR N A N A N A
Boni forest 0.08
Dodori NR N A N A N A
Arabuko-Sokoke Forest N A N A N A
* interpret it au on i ited sa p e data
Behaviour T is spe ies is ain diurna but unts at nig t t e sing e e ent took p a e at nig t Figure
Figure 33 Te pora distribu on of Afri an ion re ords in t e Boni-Dodori forest s ste o er a our period
3
2
1 photographic events photographic events Number of independentNumber
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Hour of the day
61 Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya Summary
T e Afri an ion is assi ed as u nerab e it gro ing on ern at t e de ining trend in it s popu a on si e Based on N Red ist distribu on infor a on and ot er do u enta on of Arabuko-Sokoke Forest ions a e not been re orded t ere in re ent es T e sing e re ord fro Boni forest Figure a so ies outside t e distribu on areas urrent indi ated b N Be ause t e a era grids ere fo used on forest and t i ket abitat rat er t an ore open grass ands of t e asso iated abitat osai t e a not be best p a ed to sa p e ion presen e onse uent t e o dete on rate is of itse f ess signi ant t an t e on r a on of ions using t e region
Figure 34 ion distribu on eig ted b trapping rate for ea a era site in t e Boni-Dodori a era grids rig t and t e Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grid bo o note s bo s a es
Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya 62 16 Caracal caracal S reber
Common names ara a ng is Si ba angu S a i i
Species description T e ara a is a ediu si ed at - ong and ig at t e s ou der t as a t i k oat i aries in o our fro ta n gre to reddis to sand e o ara a s are dis n e ats it pro inent and uni ue tasse ed ears aking t e un ike to be istaken for ot er spe ies in ear a era- trap i ages see su ar for dis ussion of o den cat Caracal aurata).
Global conservation status IUCN Red List Status: Least Concern.
Legal status T S Appendi en a i d ife onser a on and anage ent A t T ird S edu e Afri an on en on on t e onser a on of Nature and Natura Resour es ass B
Camera-trap survey results Relative abundance: T e ara a as infre uent re orded in t e Boni-Dodori and Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grids t as one of t e t ree spe ies of arni ores re orded in Arabuko-Sokoke Forest Tab e
Table 35 ara a trapping rates in t e Boni Dodori and Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grids Trapping rate as a u ated as t e ean of t e nu ber of independent p otograp i e ents per trap da es Camera grid Number of events Number of camera-trap days Trapping rate (±SE)
Boni NR 6 1670
Boni forest 0 1026 -
Dodori NR 4 1087
Arabuko-Sokoke Forest
63 Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya Occupancy Na e o upan for t e ara a as si i ar in t e Boni Dodori and Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grids range t as not en ountered in Boni forest Tab e
Table 36 Na e and ode ed o upan and dete on probabi it es ates for t e ara a in t e Boni-Dodori and Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grids
Camera grid Naïve occupancy Occupancy estimate Ψ (±SE) Probability of detection P (±SE)
Boni NR 0.11
Boni forest N A N A N A
Dodori NR 0.15
Arabuko-Sokoke Forest 0.16
* interpret it au on i ited sa p e data
Behaviour ara a are kno n to be a e at a ours of t e da but in t e stud areas t e a orit of re ords o urred at nig t Figure
Figure 35 Te pora distribu on of ara a re ords in a t e Boni-Dodori forest s ste and b t e Arabuko-Sokoke forest through the 24 hour cycle. a) 3
2
1 photographic events photographic events Number of independentNumber
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Hour of the day b)
3
2
1 photographic events photographic events Number of independentNumber
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Hour of the day
Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya 64 Summary
A t oug t e sa p e si e is s a t is is anot er spe ies ere dete on b a era-trap o urred at ig er rates in t e nort ern reser es t an Arabuko-Sokoke Forest Figure Note t at a sing e sig ng re ord of go den at Caracal aurata as been reported fro Arabuko-Sokoke Forest But nski et a and as a resu t it as been suggested t at go den at ig t be e pe ted in t e nort ern oasta forests as e ar a or un ear i ages of a ara a ig t ook si i ar to a go den at in so e situa ons but in t e e ent no ara a i ages ere a bi a ent in t is a and t ere as no e iden e for presen e of go den at in any of the survey grids in this study.
Figure 36 ara a distribu on eig ted b trapping rate for ea a era site in t e Boni-Dodori a era grids rig t and t e Arabuko- Sokoke Forest a era grid bo o note s bo s a es
65 Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya 17 Civettictis civetta S reber
Common names Afri an i et ng is Nga a S a i i
Species description T e spe ies is easi dis nguis ab e in a era- trap i ages T e inter ediate bod si e rat er dog- ike ead and dis n e b ot ed and striped oat pa ern it dark fa ia ask and ite ne k stripes a dis nguis fro ot er s a spo ed carnivores.
Global conservation status IUCN Red List Status: Least Concern.
Legal status T S Not isted en a i d ife onser a on and anage ent A t Not isted Afri an on en on on t e onser a on of Nature and Natura Resour es Not isted
Camera-trap survey results Relative abundance: T e Afri an i et as re orded in four separate e ents in t ree di erent a era o a ons it in t e Dodori a era-trap grid Tab e
Table 37 Afri an i et trapping rates in t e Boni-Dodori and Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grids Trapping rate as a u ated as t e ean of t e nu ber of independent p otograp i e ents per trap da es Camera grid Number of events Number of camera-trap days Trapping rate (±SE)
Boni NR 0 1670 -
Boni forest 0 1026 -
Dodori NR 4 1087
Arabuko-Sokoke Forest 0 -
Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya 66 Occupancy T e Afri an i et as on dete ted in t e Dodori NR in t ree a era sta ons Tab e
Table 38 Na e and ode ed o upan and dete on probabi it es ates for t e Afri an i et in t e Boni-Dodori and Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grids
Camera grid Naïve occupancy Occupancy estimate Ψ (±SE) Probability of detection P (±SE)
Boni NR N A N A N A
Boni forest N A N A N A
Dodori NR 0.15
Arabuko-Sokoke Forest N A N A N A
* interpret it au on i ited sa p e data
Behaviour T e Afri an i et as found to be no turna Figure
Figure 37 Te pora distribu on of Afri an i et re ords in Dodori NR t roug t e our e
3
2
1 photographic events photographic events Number of independentNumber
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Hour of the day
67 Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya Summary
n t is stud Afri an i et ere on dete ted in Dodori NR Figure T e use of aried abitats in uding forest ood and and grass and osai it a ua en iron ents is ara teris of t e spe ies ingdon and o ann Dodori is a so t e on site ere ood and sa anna adapted spe ies su as esser kudu and dik-dik ere a so dete ted a ong it spe ies in abi ng ri er ourses and ater bodies ippopota us and ars ongoose
Figure 38 Afri an i et distribu on eig ted b trapping rate for ea a era site in t e Boni-Dodori a era grids rig t and t e Arabuko- Sokoke Forest a era grid bo o note s bo s a es
Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya 68 18 Genetta maculata ra
Common names entra Afri an arge-spo ed genet ng is anu S a i i
Species description T e arge-spo ed genet is an agi e s a predator it a gre to sand o oured oat ro s of dark arkings running ongitudina do n its bod broad dark rings on the tail and pale leg colouring. n distribu ona grounds t ere is a possibi it of o er ap it t e o on genet A t oug i age ua it did not a o r iden a on in a ases a indi idua s in t is stud a e been iden ed as arge-spo ed genets as t is is a forest asso iated spe ies A ear i ages onsistent s o ed features of arge-spo ed genet un ike t e s a er ider spa ed spots narro er tai rings and dark ind egs of t e o on genet
Global conservation status IUCN Red List Status: Least Concern.
Legal status T S Not isted en a i d ife onser a on and anage ent A t First S edu e Afri an on en on on t e onser a on of Nature and Natura Resour es Not isted
Camera-trap survey results Relative abundance: T e arge-spo ed genet as t e ost fre uent re orded arni ore spe ies o era and at Arabuko-Sokoke Forest t e se ond ost fre uent en ountered spe ies after suni n t e Boni- Dodori forest s ste it as en ountered ost often in t e Dodori a era grids ere trappingrates ere t ree and si es greater t an t ose in t e Boni forest and na ona reser e a era grids respe e Tab e
Table 39 arge-spo ed genet trapping rates in t e Boni-Dodori and Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grids Trapping rate as a u ated as t e ean of t e nu ber of independent p otograp i e ents per trap da es Camera grid Number of events Number of camera-trap days Trapping rate (±SE)
Boni NR 8 1670
Boni forest 10 1026
Dodori NR 1087
Arabuko-Sokoke Forest
69 Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya Occupancy T e arge-spo ed genet as dete ted t roug out t e four a era grids it dete ons at of t e a era sites in t e Dodori a era grid and - of t e a era sites in t e Boni and Arabuko- Sokoke Forest a era grids Tab e
Table 40 Na e and ode ed o upan and dete on probabi it es ates for t e arge-spo ed genet in t e Boni- Dodori and Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grids
Camera grid Naïve occupancy Occupancy estimate Ψ (±SE) Probability of detection P (±SE)
Boni NR
Boni forest 0.46
Dodori NR 0.70
Arabuko-Sokoke Forest 0.47
* interpret it au on i ited sa p e data
Behaviour T e arge-spo ed genet disp a ed no turna be a iour it e ents o urring fro to Figure
Figure 39 Te pora distribu on of arge-spo ed genet re ords in a t e Boni-Dodori forest s ste and b t e Arabuko- Sokoke forest through the 24 hour cycle. a) 10
8
6
4 photographic events photographic events Number of independentNumber 2
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Hour of the day b) 10
8
6
4 photographic events photographic events Number of independentNumber
2
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Hour of the day
Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya 70 Summary
T e arge-spo ed genet as re orded onsistent a ross a four forest reser es Figure A it pa erns on r t at t e ost fre uent re orded s a predator in t ese abitats is stri t no turna Not a i ages of genets in t is data set ere su ient ear to on r spe ies iden t but it is assu ed t at on one spe ies is in o ed on t e basis of abit and onsistent appearan e of indi idua s in t e ear i ages
Figure 40 arge-spo ed genet distribu on eig ted b trapping rate for ea a era site in t e Boni- Dodori a era grids rig t and t e Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grid bo o note s bo s a es
71 Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya 19 Crocuta crocuta r eben
Common names Spo ed aena ng is Fisi S a i i
Species description T e spo ed aena is a arge arni ore - ong and - ta at t e s ou der T e une en spo ng and t pi a bod s ape is dis n e in a era-trap i ages
Global conservation status IUCN Red List Status: Least Concern.
Legal status T S Not isted en a i d ife onser a on and anage ent A t Not isted Afri an on en on on t e onser a on of Nature and Natura Resour es Not isted
Camera-trap survey results Relative abundance: T e spo ed aena as re orded at er o fre uen in t e Boni-Dodori a era grids trapping rate Tab e
Table 41 Spo ed aena trapping rates in t e Boni-Dodori and Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grids Trapping rate as a u ated as t e ean of t e nu ber of independent p otograp i e ents per trap da es Camera grid Number of events Number of camera-trap days Trapping rate (±SE)
Boni NR 1670
Boni forest 8 1026
Dodori NR 1087
Arabuko-Sokoke Forest 0 -
Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya 72 Occupancy T e spo ed aena as dete ted in a t e Boni-Dodori a era grids Tab e t as not re orded in Arabuko-Sokoke Forest
Table 42 Na e and ode ed o upan and dete on probabi it es ates for t e spo ed aena in t e Boni-Dodori and Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grids
Camera grid Naïve occupancy Occupancy estimate Ψ (±SE) Probability of detection P (±SE)
Boni NR 0.26
Boni forest
Dodori NR 0.15
Arabuko-Sokoke Forest N A N A N A
* interpret it au on i ited sa p e data
Behaviour A t oug spo ed aena are kno n to be bot no turna and diurna in t e stud area t e ere re orded predo inant at nig t it re ords fro to it a peak in a it bet een and Figure
Figure 41 Te pora distribu on of spo ed aena re ords in t e Boni-Dodori forest s ste t roug t e our e
5
4
3
2 photographic events photographic events
Number of independentNumber 1
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Hour of the day
73 Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya Summary
T e fai ure to dete t spo ed aenas in t e Arabuko-Sokoke Forest Figure a be furt er indi a on of t e u an pressure on arger spe ies in t is area o pared to t e Boni-Dodori region A t oug onser a on status is assi ed as east on ern b N it is noted t at t e popu a on trend is onsidered to be de reasing T is is anot er spe ies apparent doing be er in t e re a e ess de e oped region of Boni-Dodori
Figure 42 Spo ed aena distribu on eig ted b trapping rate for ea a era site in t e Boni- Dodori a era grids rig t and t e Arabuko-Sokoke Forest sa p ing grid bo o note s bo s a es
Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya 74 20 Lycaon pictus S reber
Common names Afri an i d dog un ng dog ainted dog ng is b a itu S a i i
Species description A arge dog it ong s i egs arge rounded b a k ears ite tai p and ariab e pe age pa ern aking t is spe ies easi re ognisab e a ani a s pe age o oura on is uni ue aking it re iab e to iden f indi idua s in ear ie s a t oug t e i ages obtained ere insu ient ear to app t is in t is a era-trap stud
Global conservation status N Red ist Status ndangered
Legal status T S Appendi en a i d ife onser a on and anage ent A t isted Afri an on en on on t e onser a on of Nature and Natura Resour es isted
Camera-trap survey results Relative abundance: T e Afri an i d dog as on re orded at t e Boni a era grid it a tota of e ents a ross t ree a eras Tab e A a i u of t ree indi idua s ere dete ted at one e ent
Table 43 i d dog trapping rates in t e Boni-Dodori and Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grids Trapping rate as a u ated as t e ean of t e nu ber of independent p otograp i e ents per trap da es Camera grid Number of events Number of camera-trap days Trapping rate (±SE)
Boni NR 1670
Boni forest 0 1026 -
Dodori NR 0 1087 -
Arabuko-Sokoke Forest 0 -
75 Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya Occupancy T e i d dog as re orded at t ree a eras in t e Boni NR a era grid Tab e
Table 44 Na e and ode ed o upan and dete on probabi it es ates for t e i d dog in t e Boni-Dodori and Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grids
Camera grid Naïve occupancy Occupancy estimate Ψ (±SE) Probability of detection P (±SE)
Boni NR 0.16
Boni forest N A N A N A
Dodori NR N A N A N A
Arabuko-Sokoke Forest N A N A N A
* interpret it au on i ited sa p e data
Behaviour A i ages of t e i d dog ere aptured in da ig t ents o urred bet een and Figure
Figure 43 Te pora distribu on of i d dog re ords in Boni NR t roug t e our e
3
2
1 photographic events photographic events Number of independentNumber
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Hour of the day
Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya 76 Summary
T e presen e of t e ndangered Afri an i d dog in t e interior of Boni NR Figure is furt er e iden e of t e onser a on i portan e of t ese reser es A t oug t e nu ber of e ents is fe and o ur o er a s ort e period t is pa ern is t pi a of t e e o og of t is ide ranging spe ies i tends to o ur at o densit t roug out its range
Figure 44 i d dog distribu on eig ted b trapping rate for ea a era site in t e Boni-Dodori a era grids rig t and t e Arabuko- Sokoke Forest a era grid bo o note s bo s a es
77 Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya 21 Mellivora capensis S reber
Common names one badger Rate ng is N egere S a i i
Species description T e one badger is a arge uste id - ong and at t e s ou der ost s o a s arp di ide bet een t eir b a k o er bod and si er or grey upper body. Although all black individuals, par u ar in forest en iron ents are kno n a indi idua s p otograp ed in t is stud ere of t e t pi a for
Global conservation status IUCN Red List Status: Least Concern.
Legal status T S Appendi en a i d ife onser a on and anage ent A t First S edu e Afri an on en on on t e onser a on of Nature and Natura Resour es Not isted
Camera-trap survey results Relative abundance: one badger ere infre uent re orded in a four a era grids it t e ig est nu ber of e ents in t e Boni a era grid Tab e
Table 45 one badger trapping rates in t e Boni-Dodori and Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grids Trapping rate as a u ated as t e ean of t e nu ber of independent p otograp i e ents per trap da es Camera grid Number of events Number of camera-trap days Trapping rate (±SE)
Boni NR 4 1670
Boni forest 1 1026
Dodori NR 2 1087
Arabuko-Sokoke Forest 1
Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya 78 Occupancy one badgers ere dete ted in a t e a era grids it t e ig est na e o upan in t e Boni NR a era grid and er o na e o upan in t e rest of t e a era grids Tab e
Table 46 Na e and ode ed o upan and dete on probabi it es ates for t e one badger in t e Boni-Dodori and Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grids
Camera grid Naïve occupancy Occupancy estimate Ψ (±SE) Probability of detection P (±SE)
Boni NR 0.21
Boni forest 0.08
Dodori NR 0.10
Arabuko-Sokoke Forest 0.05
* interpret it au on i ited sa p e data
Behaviour f undisturbed one badger are kno n to be a e during bot da and nig t but in areas it u an presen e t e tend to be o e no turna T e s a nu ber of re ords in t is stud s o bot da and nig t e a it Figure
Figure 45 Te pora distribu on of one badger re ords in a t e Boni-Dodori forest s ste and b t e Arabuko-Sokoke forest through the 24 hour cycle.
a) 3
2
1 photographic events photographic events Number of independentNumber
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Hour of the day b) 3
2
1 photographic events photographic events Number of independentNumber
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Hour of the day
79 Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya Summary
T e one badger as re orded at o fre uen in a forest reser es a t oug at on one o a on in Arabuko-Sokoke Cynometra forest Figure T e A eer peop e in t e nort ern oasta forests are kno n for t eir abi it to nd one t roug ist ed o uni a ons it b a k-t roated one guides Indicator indicator t ou d be of interest to understand t e o a o unit a tude to one badger in re a on to i d one ar es ng
Figure 46 one badger distribu on eig ted b trapping rate for ea a era site in t e Boni-Dodori a era grids rig t and t e Arabuko- Sokoke Forest a era grid bo o note s bo s a es
Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya 80 22 Helogale parvula Sunde a
Common names o on d arf ongoose ng is itafe S a i i
Species description T e o on d arf ongoose is ong it a slender body, pointed head, short legs and a ong tai T e are so iab e and often o e in arge groups t s s a si e dis nguis es it fro a ot er ongooses e ept t e er si i ar So a i d arf ongoose Helogale hirtula). It is not possible to dis ern bet een t ese t o spe ies fro b a k and ite a era-trap p otograp s n distribu ona abitat grounds it is onsidered ore ike t at t e ani a s re orded are o on d arf ongoose but bot spe ies are reported in ose pro i it in t e area and it ou d be a uab e to on r t is iden a on in future
Global conservation status IUCN Red List Status: Least Concern.
Legal status T S Not isted en a i d ife onser a on and anage ent A t Not isted Afri an on en on on t e onser a on of Nature and Natura Resour es Not isted
Camera-trap survey results Relative abundance: T e d arf ongoose as infre uent re orded it a a i u of e e ents in t e Boni forest a era grid Tab e
Table 47 D arf ongoose trapping rates in t e Boni-Dodori and Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grids Trapping rate as a u ated as t e ean of t e nu ber of independent p otograp i e ents per trap da es Camera grid Number of events Number of camera-trap days Trapping rate (±SE)
Boni NR 1670
Boni forest 5 1026
Dodori NR 2 1087
Arabuko-Sokoke Forest 1
81 Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya Occupancy T e d arf ongoose as dete ted in a t e a era grids it ig est o upan in t e Boni forest a era grid and o est o upan in t e Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grid Tab e
Table 48 Na e and ode ed o upan and dete on probabi it es ates for t e d arf ongoose in t e Boni-Dodori and Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grids
Camera grid Naïve occupancy Occupancy estimate Ψ (±SE) Probability of detection P (±SE)
Boni NR 0.16
Boni forest
Dodori NR 0.10
Arabuko-Sokoke Forest 0.05
* interpret it au on i ited sa p e data
Behaviour D arf ongoose ere diurna it e ents o urring bet een and Figure
Figure 47 Te pora distribu on of d arf ongoose re ords in a t e Boni-Dodori forest s ste and b t e Arabuko-Sokoke forest through the 24 hour cycle. a) 3
2
1 photographic events photographic events Number of independentNumber
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Hour of the day b) 3
2
1 photographic events photographic events Number of independentNumber
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Hour of the day
Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya 82 Summary
D arf ongooses ere re orded in a four forest sites at a fe a era o a ons Figure T e o trapping rates a in part re e t t e fa t t at t is spe ies is u ore asso iated it ig t ood and and bus abitats rat er t an forest and t i ket on r a on of t e e a t spe ies iden a on b inspe on of i e spe i ens is re o ended espe ia of t e for found nort of t e Tana Ri er
Figure 48 D arf ongoose distribu on eig ted b trapping rate for ea a era site in t e Boni- Dodori a era grids rig t and t e Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grid bo o note s bo s a es
83 Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya 23 Atilax paludinosus u ier
Common names ars ongoose ng is Ngu iro a a i S a i i
Species description T e ars ongoose is one of t e argest of t e ongoose fa i gro ing up to fro nose to tai t as t i k dark bro n fur and b a k pped guard airs i gi e its oat a ourse appearan e T e ars ongoose is so itar and as t e na e suggests fa ours per anent fres ater abitats ts arge si e dark o oura on and ea fra e dis nguis it fro ot er spe ies of ongoose
Global conservation status IUCN Red List Status: Least Concern.
Legal status T S Not isted en a i d ife onser a on and anage ent A t Not isted Afri an on en on on t e onser a on of Nature and Natura Resour es Not isted
Camera-trap survey results Relative abundance: T e spe ies as on re orded on e in t e Dodori a era grid Tab e
Table 49 ars ongoose trapping rates in t e Boni-Dodori and Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grids Trapping rate as a u ated as t e ean of t e nu ber of independent p otograp i e ents per trap da es Camera grid Number of events Number of camera-trap days Trapping rate (±SE)
Boni NR 0 1670 -
Boni forest 0 1026 -
Dodori NR 1 1087
Arabuko-Sokoke Forest 0 -
Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya 84 Occupancy T e ars ongoose as dete ted on on e in t e Dodori a era grid Tab e
Table 50 Na e and ode ed o upan es ates and dete on probabi it es ates for t e ars ongoose in t e Boni-Dodori and Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grids
Camera grid Naïve occupancy Occupancy estimate Ψ (±SE) Probability of detection P (±SE)
Boni NR N A N A N A
Boni forest N A N A N A
Dodori NR 0.05
Arabuko-Sokoke Forest N A N A N A
* interpret it au on i ited sa p e data
Behaviour T e on re ord of t e ars ongoose o urred at Figure
Figure 49 Te pora distribu on of ars ongoose re ords in t e Boni-Dodori forest s ste t roug t e our e
3
2
1 photographic events photographic events Number of independentNumber
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Hour of the day
85 Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya Summary
ars ongoose in abit ri er ourses and ake s ore areas T e on re ord of t is spe ies in t e sur e a e fro a a era ose to t e ater o es asso iated it t e Dodori Ri er in Dodori NR T e sa e a era produ ed t e on re ord of anot er se i-a ua spe ies t e ippopota us furt er indi a ng pro i it of a ua abitat ondi ons at t is o a on Figure
Figure 50 ars ongoose distribu on eig ted b trapping rate for ea a era site in t e Boni- Dodori a era grids rig t and t e Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grid bo o note s bo s a es
Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya 86 24 Herpestes sanguineus R ppe
Common names S ender ongoose B a k-tai ed ongoose B a k- pped ongoose ng is
Species description T e s ender ongoose is - ong it a - tai ts bod is e ongated and t e ong tai ends in a tuft of b a k fur i is often e d up or ur ed ba k to ards t e bod n a era-trap i ages t e s ender ongoose an be dis nguis ed b its o -s ung bod ig t bui d and ong tai it b a k ter ina tuft
Global conservation status IUCN Red List Status: Least Concern.
Legal status T S Not isted en a i d ife onser a on and anage ent A t Not isted Afri an on en on on t e onser a on of Nature and Natura Resour es Not isted
Camera-trap survey results Relative abundance: T e s ender ongoose as re orded on si o asions at di erent a era sites one site in Dodori NR and e in Boni forest Tab e
Table 51 S ender ongoose trapping rates in t e Boni-Dodori and Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grids Trapping rate as a u ated as t e ean of t e nu ber of independent p otograp i e ents per trap da es Camera grid Number of events Number of camera-trap days Trapping rate (±SE)
Boni NR 0 1670 -
Boni forest 5 1026
Dodori NR 1 1087
Arabuko-Sokoke Forest 0 -
87 Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya Occupancy T e s ender ongoose as on dete ted in t e Dodori NR and Boni forest a era grids Tab e
Table 52 Na e and ode ed o upan and dete on probabi it es ates for t e s ender ongoose in t e Boni-Dodori and Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grids
Camera grid Naïve occupancy Occupancy estimate Ψ (±SE) Probability of detection P (±SE)
Boni NR N A N A N A
Boni forest 0.08
Dodori NR 0.05
Arabuko-Sokoke Forest N A N A N A
* interpret it au on i ited sa p e data
Behaviour A si s ender ongoose e ents o urred during da ig t Figure
Figure 51 Te pora distribu on of s ender ongoose re ords in t e Boni-Dodori forest s ste t roug t e our e
2.5
2
1.5
1 photographic events photographic events Number of independentNumber 0.5
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Hour of the day
Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya 88 Summary
T e s ender ongoose is one of t e ost ide o urring ongooses in Afri a t is found in a ide range of abitats and is not spe i a asso iated it forest and t i ket abitat t as on re orded on si o asions at separate a era sites in Dodori NR and Boni forest Figure A t oug pre ious reported fro Arabuko-Sokoke Forest anga none ere dete ted t ere in t is sur e t see s ike t at a t oug to erant of a ide range of abitats t e idespread presen e of t e Sokoke bus tai ed ongoose a oasta forest spe ia ist in t e nort ern forest s ste a in ibit t e nu bers of ot er ongoose spe ies
Figure 52 S ender ongoose distribu on eig ted b trapping rate for ea a era site in t e Boni- Dodori a era grids rig t and t e Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grid bo o note s bo s a es
89 Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya 25 Ichneumia albicauda u ier
Common names ite-tai ed ongoose ng is ara bago S a i i
Species description it a bod - ong and a - tai t e ite-tai ed ongoose is t e argest of t e ongoose fa i T e pa e bod o oura on it dark egs see abo e is super ia re inis ent of t e pa ern on t e Sokoke bus -tai ed ongoose in a era-trap i ages T e ite-tai ed ongoose is recognised by its longer legs, arched back and long t pi a tapering tai usua but not ne essari ite gi ing it a dis n e bod s ape
Global conservation status IUCN Red List Status: Least Concern.
Legal status T S Not isted en a i d ife onser a on and anage ent A t Not isted Afri an on en on on t e onser a on of Nature and Natura Resour es Not isted
Camera-trap survey results Relative abundance: T e ite-tai ed ongoose anot er idespread spe ies asso iated it a range of abitats as re orded t i e in t e Arabuko-Sokoke Forest and on e in t e Boni-Dodori forest s ste Tab e
Table 53 ite-tai ed ongoose trapping rates in t e Boni-Dodori and Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grids Trapping rate as a u ated as t e ean of t e nu ber of independent p otograp i e ents per trap da es Camera grid Number of events Number of camera-trap days Trapping rate (±SE)
Boni NR 1 1670
Boni forest 0 1026 -
Dodori NR 0 1087 -
Arabuko-Sokoke Forest 2
Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya 90 Occupancy T e ite-tai ed ongoose as dete ted in on one a era sta on in Boni NR and in t e Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grid in on t o out of t e a era sta ons Tab e
Table 54 Na e and ode ed o upan and dete on probabi it es ates for t e ite-tai ed ongoose in t e Boni- Dodori and Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grids
Camera grid Naïve occupancy Occupancy estimate Ψ (±SE) Probability of detection P (±SE)
Boni NR
Boni forest N A N A N A
Dodori NR N A N A N A
Arabuko-Sokoke Forest 0.11
* interpret it au on i ited sa p e data
Behaviour Bot ite-tai ed ongoose e ents o urred in t e e ening Figure
Figure 53 Te pora distribu on of iite-tai ed ongoose re ords in t e Arabuko-Sokoke Forest t roug t e our e
3
2
1 photographic events photographic events Number of independentNumber
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Hour of the day
91 Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya Summary
T e ite-tai ed ongoose as on re orded on t o o asions in t e Arabuko-Sokoke Cynometra forest and on e in Boni NR Figure As it se era ot er ongoose spe ies using a ide range of abitats t e a era-trap sa p e ones are not fo used on preferred abitat for t is spe ies T e presen e of t e Sokoke bus -tai ed ongoose a forest spe ia ist re a e at u ig er fre uen is ike to be a fa tor t oug a detai ed stud of t e forests s a arni ore o unit ou d be needed to on r and e p ain t ese di eren es
Figure 54 ite-tai ed ongoose distribu on eig ted b trapping rate for ea a era site in t e Boni- Dodori a era grids rig t and t e Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grid bo o note s bo s a es
Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya 92 26 Bdeogale omnivora e er
Common names Sokoke bus -tai ed ongoose Sokoke dog ongoose ng is Sokoke S a i i
Species description T e Sokoke bus -tai ed ongoose as origina assi ed as a subspe ies of t e bus -tai ed ongoose B. crassicuda) but ore re ent as a so been treated as a fu spe ies Ta or t is - ong and as dense rea - o oured under fur ontribu ng to a pa e bod o our it darker legs and tail. It is shorter legged than the ite-tai ed ongoose and t e dark tai is of ore e en t i kness a ong its engt dis nguis ing it fro dark orp s of ite-tai ed ongoose
Global conservation status IUCN Red List Status: Vulnerable.
Legal status T S Not isted en a i d ife onser a on and anage ent A t Not isted Afri an on en on on t e onser a on of Nature and Natura Resour es Not isted
Camera-trap survey results Relative abundance: T e Sokoke bus -tai ed ongoose is t e ost fre uent re orded of t e e spe ies of ongoose in t e a era grids t as on re orded in t e Boni-Dodori forest s ste it t e forests nort of t e Boni-Dodori orridor par u ar i portant t is kno n to o ur in t e Arabuko- Sokoke Forest as its na e suggests but despite greater sa p ing e ort in t is area no indi idua s ere dete ted Tab e
Table 55 Sokoke bus -tai ed ongoose trapping rates in t e Boni-Dodori and Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grids Trapping rate as a u ated as t e ean of t e nu ber of independent p otograp i e ents per trap da es
Camera grid Number of events Number of camera-trap days Trapping rate (±SE)
Boni NR 55 1670
Boni forest 45 1026
Dodori NR 17 1087
Arabuko-Sokoke Forest 0 -
93 Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya Occupancy T e Sokoke bus -tai ed ongoose as on dete ted in t e Boni-Dodori a era grids upan es ates ere ig er in t e t o Boni forest b o ks t an at Dodori Forest Tab e
Table 56 Na e and ode ed o upan and dete on probabi it es ates for t e Sokoke bus -tai ed ongoose in t e Boni-Dodori and Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grids
Camera grid Naïve occupancy Occupancy estimate Ψ (±SE) Probability of detection P (±SE)
Boni NR 0.74
Boni forest 0.62
Dodori NR
Arabuko-Sokoke Forest N A N A N A
Behaviour Sokoke bus -tai ed ongoose ere no turna it no e ents o urring bet een and Figure
Figure 55 Te pora distribu on of Sokoke bus -tai ed ongoose re ords in t e Boni-Dodori forest s ste o er a 24 hour period.
20
15
10 photographic events photographic events
Number of independentNumber 5
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Hour of the day
Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya 94 Summary
T e presen e of t e Sokoke bus -tai ed ongoose in t e Boni-Dodori forest s ste as pre ious kno n fro useu spe i ens T e ne infor a on fro t e a era-trap sur e is t at t e Boni- Dodori forest s ste is ike to a t as a er signi ant popu a on entre for t e spe ies Figure T e Arabuko-Sokoke Forest is a so onsidered an i portant site for t e spe ies but no indi idua s ere dete ted in t e no etra forest sa p ed b t e a era grid despite signi ant sur e e ort Furt er sur e s in t e Bra stegia and i ed forests are re uired to on r t e status of t e Sokoke bus -tai ed ongoose in t is area Des ribed as no turna and so itar it is notab e t at a ost of a era-trap events recorded pairs foraging together.
Figure 56 Sokoke bus -tai ed ongoose distribu on eig ted b trapping rate for ea a era site in t e Boni-Dodori a era grids rig t and t e Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grid bo o note s bo s a es
95 Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya Afrotheria
T e afrot eria are a group of a a s t at a e e o ed into astonis ing di erse and dissi i ar fa i ies and spe ies a ing s ared a er distant o on an estor untner et a T e are no found pri ari in Afri a T e oasta forests of en a ost at east e spe ies ea aris a in ar ing a s
Afrot eria are ost pro inent represented in t e stud area b sengis e ep ant-s re s ost notab e is t e go den-ru ped sengi i is stri t ende i to t is region of en a so o dependent on t e en an oasta forests T e do u enta on of distribu on and re ording fre uen of a ne for of giant sengi probab ose re ated to go den-ru ped in t e nort ern forests is one of t e notab e outputs of t is report n addi on to t e giant sengis t o s a er soft-furred sengi spe ies are present and a t oug fre uent p otograp ed ou d not be re iab dis nguis ed in i ager obtained T o ot er Afrot eria re orded are t e aard- ark and Afri an e ep ant Bot are notab e for aking unusua ob ious e o ogi a i pa ts t roug t eir nor a be a iour and e ep ants in par u ar p a a signi ant e ono i ro e at na ona interna ona e e
Sengis or elephant shrews
T ere are urrent onsidered to be spe ies of sengi or e ep ant s re s fro a sing e fa i a ros e ididae a ende i to Afri a T e group is di ided into t o e -de ned sub-fa i ies t e soft- furred sengis a ros e idinae it t ree genera and spe ies and t e giant sengis R n o oninae it a sing e genus Rhynchocyon and four spe ies T e ontane and oasta forests of en a and Tan ania are the centre of diversity for Rhynchocyon it en a arbouring t o spe ies t e b a k-and-rufous sengi R.petersi and t e ende i go den-ru ped e ep ant s re R. chrysopygus Tan ania as t ree spe ies t e e uered sengi R. cirnei t e ende i gre -fa ed sengi R.udzungwensis and R. petersi)).
T e four a era grids dete ted bot t e soft-furred sengis and giant sengis T o soft-furred sengi spe ies are kno n to o ur in t e Boni-Dodori forests T e ranges of t e rufous sengi Elephantulus rufescens) and four-toed sengi Petrodromus tetradactylus ere re ent e tended fo o ing a pre i inar sur e Andan e et a o e er it as di u t to deter ine t e spe ies fro t e b a k and ite i ages in t is stud T erefore t e data for t e soft-furred sengis are grouped for ana ses T e giant sengi dete ted in t e nort ern a era grids a be a ne spe ies t s o s no sign of t e dis n e pa e ru p of t e go den-ru ped e ep ant s re found in t e Arabuko-Sokoke forest Furt er in es ga on into its ta ono i status is in progress
Bot sub-fa i ies ere dete ted in a four a era grids T e soft-furred sengis o urred at t e ig est trapping rate in t e Boni forest a era grid fo o ed b Boni NR Trapping rate for t e Rhynchocyon sp. as a so ig est in t e Boni forest a era grid Figure
Figure 57 Trapping rates for t e soft-furred and giant sengi re orded at ea of t e four a era sa p ing sites
25 Giant sengi 20 Soft-furred sengi
15
10 Trapping rate
5
0 Boni NR Boni forest Dodori NR Arabuko-Sokoke Forest
Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya 96 27 Loxodonta africana B u enba
Common names Afri an e ep ant ng is Ndo u Te bo S a i i
Species description The African elephant is the largest of the African and a a s ike bu a o a era-trap i ages o on on s o part of t e ani a as a eras are set to onitor s a er spe ies
Global conservation status IUCN Red List Status: Vulnerable.
Legal status T S Appendi en a i d ife onser a on and anage ent A t First s edu e Afri an on en on on t e onser a on of Nature and Natura Resour es ass B
Camera-trap survey results Relative abundance: T e Afri an e ep ant as on re orded at o fre uen trapping rate to in t e Boni-Dodori a era grids Tab e
Table 57 Afri an e ep ant trapping rates in t e Boni-Dodori and Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grids Trapping rate as a u ated as t e ean of t e nu ber of independent p otograp i e ents per trap da es Camera grid Number of events Number of camera-trap days Trapping rate (±SE)
Boni NR 2 1670
Boni forest 12 1026
Dodori NR 1087
Arabuko-Sokoke Forest 0 -
97 Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya Occupancy A t oug kno n to o ur in t e area Afri an e ep ant as not dete ted in t e Arabuko- Sokoke a era grid T e spe ies ad a o o upan in Boni-Dodori a era grids Tab e
Table 58 Na e and ode ed o upan and dete on probabi it es ates for t e Afri an e ep ant in t e Boni-Dodori and Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grids
Camera grid Naïve occupancy Occupancy estimate Ψ (±SE) Probability of detection P (±SE)
Boni NR 0.11
Boni forest
Dodori NR 0.15
Arabuko-Sokoke Forest N A N A N A
* interpret it au on i ited sa p e data
Behaviour Afri an e ep ant ere a e bot during t e da and at nig t Figure
Figure 58 Te pora distribu on of Afri an e ep ant re ords in t e Boni-Dodori forest s ste o er a our period
4
3
2
photographic events photographic events 1 Number of independentNumber
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Hour of the day
Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya 98 Summary
A t oug kno n to use t e Arabuko-Sokoke Forest ere a dung ount sur e es ated Afri an e ep ants in none ere re orded t ere in t is sur e Figure A popu a on es ate of e ep ants as obtained for t e Boni-Dodori forest s ste in but t e data ua it as indi ated to be o itoro et a T e argest group dete ted b a era-trapping nu bered indi idua s in uding at east e oung o passed onse u e in front of a era in Boni forest on t e e ening of t August For e ep ants it ou d be of interest to o bine future a era-trapping in t ese sites it si u taneous sig t and sign sur e s of e ep ant
Figure 59 African elephant distribu on eig ted b trapping rate for ea a era site in t e Boni- Dodori a era grids rig t and t e Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grid bo o note s bo s a es
99 Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya 28 Orycteropus afer a as
Common names Aard- ark ng is
Species description T e ar ed bod s ape stout i bs and tai e ongated fa e and ong ears of t e aard- ark ake it ig dis n e fro a ost an ang e of ie T e are notab e for a er ide on nenta distribu on and a orresponding ide range of abitat to eran e fro forest to grass ands and desert argins
Global conservation status IUCN Red List: Least Concern.
Legal status T S Not isted en a i d ife onser a on and anage ent A t T ird S edu e Afri an on en on on t e onser a on of Nature and Natura Resour es ass B
Camera-trap survey results Relative abundance: Aard- arks ere re orded on o asions fro a four a era grids Trapping rates do not ar great but t e o est trapping rate as re orded at Arabuko-Sokoke Forest Tab e T e ere t e east fre uent re orded of t e arge spe ies ike to ake regu ar use of forest-t i ket abitat a t oug t e o urred at ig er rates t an b ue duiker in t e Boni-Dodori forest s ste
Table 59 Aard- ark trapping rates in t e Boni-Dodori and Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grids Trapping rate as a u ated as t e ean of t e nu ber of independent p otograp i e ents per trap da es Camera grid Number of events Number of camera-trap days Trapping rate (±SE)
Boni NR 7 1670
Boni forest 5 1026
Dodori NR 4 1087
Arabuko-Sokoke Forest 2
Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya 100 Occupancy Aard- ark as p otograp ed at bet een Arabuko-Sokoke Forest and Boni NR of t e a era sta ons Tab e
Table 60 Na e and ode ed o upan and dete on probabi it es ates for t e Aard- ark in t e Boni-Dodori and Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grids
Camera grid Naïve occupancy Occupancy estimate Ψ (±SE) Probability of detection P (±SE)
Boni NR
Boni forest
Dodori NR 0.10
Arabuko-Sokoke Forest 0.05
* interpret it au on i ited sa p e data
Behaviour A p otograp s took p a e fro to as e pe ted for t e e -kno n no turna abit of t is spe ies Figure
Figure 60 Te pora distribu on of aard- ark re ords in a t e Boni-Dodori forest s ste and b t e Arabuko-Sokoke Forest through the 24 hour cycle.
a) 4
3
2
photographic events photographic events
Number of independentNumber 1
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Hour of the day b) 4
3
2
1 photographic events photographic events Number of independentNumber
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Hour of the day
101 Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya Summary
T is stud as on r ed t e onsistent presen e of aard- ark at o e e s in a four stud areas Figure Bot trapping rate and na e o upan are o est at Arabuko-Sokoke Forest sugges ng t e a be o para e ess fre uent in Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a pa ern obser ed in near a ot er arge a a spe ies T e presen e of aard- ark is i portant bot for its unusua p ogene status and e o ogi a ro e T e aard- ark s e tensi e tunne ing and digging in ter ite ounds is be ie ed to pro ide feeding opportuni es and i ing spa e for an indire t asso iated spe ies B rea ng t ese ni es t e aard- ark ontributes dire t to forest di ersit i iers
Figure 61 Aard- ark distribu on eig ted b trapping rate for ea a era site in t e Boni-Dodori a era grids rig t and t e Arabuko- Sokoke Forest a era grid bo o note s bo s a es
Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya 102 29 Petrodromus tetradactylus eters and Elephantulus rufescens eters
Common names etrodro us tetrada t us - Four-toed sengi four-toed e ep ant s re ng is san e S a i i ep antu us rufes ens - Rufous sengi rufous e ep ant s re ng is
Species description T e four-toed sengi as a - ong bod it a - tai T e rufous sengi is around ong Despite t e si e di eren e it is er di u t to di eren ate bet een t e t o spe ies in b a k and ite a era-trap i ages To a oid fa se es ates t ese t o representa es of t e soft-furred sengi group a e been o bined as a sing e ategor s a sengis
Global conservation status IUCN Red List Status: Least Concern.
Legal status T S Not isted en a i d ife onser a on and anage ent A t Not isted Afri an on en on on t e onser a on of Nature and Natura Resour es Not isted
Camera-trap survey results Relative abundance: T e soft-furred sengis appear to be onsiderab ore abundant in t e ore in and forests nort of t e Boni-Dodori orridor trapping rate t an sout of t e orridor trapping rate Soft-furred sengis ere found at a o er fre uen in t e Arabuko-Sokoke no etra forest trapping rate Tab e
Table 61 Soft-furred trapping rates in t e Boni-Dodori and Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grids Trapping rate as a u ated as t e ean of t e nu ber of independent p otograp i e ents per trap da es Camera grid Number of events Number of camera-trap days Trapping rate (±SE)
Boni NR 1670
Boni forest 1026
Dodori NR 75 1087
Arabuko-Sokoke Forest 76
103 Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya Occupancy Soft-furred sengis ere dete ted in a four a era grids it si i ar o upan in t e t ree nort ern oasta forests and o er o upan in Arabuko-Sokoke Forest Tab e
Table 62 Na e and ode ed o upan and dete on probabi it es ates for soft-furred sengi in t e Boni-Dodori and Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grids
Camera grid Naïve occupancy Occupancy estimate Ψ (±SE) Probability of detection P (±SE)
Boni NR 0.47
Boni forest 0.46
Dodori NR 0.50
Arabuko-Sokoke Forest 0.26
Behaviour Soft-furred sengis are ost a e in t e ear orning and ate e ening T e ere a ost e usi e dete ted no turna it on a sing e e ent o urring bet een and Figure
Figure 62 Te pora distribu on of soft-furred sengi re ords in a t e Boni-Dodori forest s ste and b t e Arabuko-Sokoke Forest through the 24 hour cycle. a) 100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30 photographic events photographic events
Number of independentNumber 20
10
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Hour of the day b)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
photographic events photographic events 20 Number of independentNumber 10
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Hour of the day
Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya 104 Summary
Based on ear ier Boni-Dodori forest s ste sur e s t e ranges of t e rufous sengi and four-toed sengi a e been e tended to t e en an nort ern oasta forests bet een t e Tana Ri er and t e So a i border Andan e et a T e a era-trap sur e as pro ided ne data on t eir a it pa erns and re a e abundan e Figure ike an ot er spe ies t e s o genera ig er dete on rates in t e Boni-Dodori s ste t an at Arabuko-Sokoke Forest Abi it to dis nguis t e t o spe ies in o ed a signi ant a e t interpreta on of t ese pre i inar obser a ons a era-trapping a be of i ited use in reso ing t is issue a t oug future tests of ite as a eras to pro ide o our i ages at nig t ig t be usefu
Figure 63 Soft-furred sengi distribu on eig ted b trapping rate for ea a era site in t e Boni- Dodori a era grids rig t and t e Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grid bo o note s bo s a es
105 Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya 30 Rhyncocyon sp.
Common names iant sengi ng is
Species description T e go den-ru ped sengi of Arabuko-Sokoke forest is e -kno n for its dis n e o our pa ern t e pa e e o ru p o our s o s e in a era trap i ages a era trapping as on r ed t at t e giant sengis found north of the Tana river in the Boni-Dodori forest s ste onsistent a k go den a o den-ru ped sengi re orded in Arabuko-Sokoke Forest ru p arkings Dark o ouring is restri ted to t e ru p and t ig s dis nguis ing it fro t e b a k- and-rufous sengi R. petersi) found in southern oasta en a ere b a k o oura on e tends o er ost of t e rear a f of t e bod T e fa ia pelage of R. petersi is also bright rufous, rather than t e gri ed e o -bro n seen on t e Boni giant sengi Andan e et a T e status of boni giant sengis re ains unreso ed - see su ar b) The giant sengi recorded in the northern coastal forests
Global conservation status N Red ist Status ndangered R n o on r sop gus
Legal status T S Not isted en a i d ife onser a on and anage ent A t Not isted Afri an on en on on t e onser a on of Nature and Natura Resour es Not isted
Camera-trap survey results Relative abundance: T e Boni giant sengi appears to be onsiderab ore abundant nort of t e Boni- Dodori orridor trapping rate t an sout of t e orridor trapping rate T e go den-ru ped e ep ant s re as found at si i ar o er fre uen in t e Arabuko-Sokoke no etra forest Tab e
Table 63 iant sengi trapping rates in t e Boni-Dodori and Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grids Trapping rate as a u ated as t e ean of t e nu ber of independent p otograp i e ents per trap da es Camera grid Number of events Number of camera-trap days Trapping rate (±SE)
Boni NR 1670
Boni forest 82 1026
Dodori NR 17 1087
Arabuko-Sokoke Forest
Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya 106 Occupancy iant sengis ere dete ted in a four a era grids ode ed o upan es ates fo o ed a si i ar pa ern to trapping rates it t e ig est o upan a ues in t e t o ore in and nort ern forests Boni NR and Boni forest o pared to Dodori NR T e go den-ru ped e ep ant s re as a so found to a e re a e ig o upan in Arabuko-Sokoke forest o upan Tab e
Table 64 Na e and ode ed o upan and dete on probabi it es ates for t e giant sengi in t e Boni-Dodori and Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grids
Camera grid Naïve occupancy Occupancy estimate Ψ (±SE) Probability of detection P (±SE)
Boni NR
Boni forest 0.85
Dodori NR 0.20
Arabuko-Sokoke Forest
Behaviour a era-trapping data on r s t at t e giant sengis in t is stud are a ost en re diurna A but one e ent took p a e bet een and Figure eak a it o urred at da n it a it de ining un dusk en t ere as a s a er peak T is be a iour is t e opposite of t e soft-furred sengi spe ies i are stri t no turna Figure
Figure 64 Te pora distribu on of giant sengi re ords in a t e Boni-Dodori forest s ste and b t e Arabuko-Sokoke Forest through the 24 hour cycle.
a) 50
40
30
20 photographic events photographic events Number of independentNumber 10
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Hour of the day b) 50
40
30
20
photographic events photographic events 10 Number of independentNumber
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Hour of the day
107 Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya Summary
t ad been assu ed for an ears t at t e giant sengi o urring in t e Boni-Dodori forest s ste ere go den-ru ped e ep ant s re R. chrysopygus o e er it is no ear t at t e do not s are t e sa e dis n e arkings Andan e et a T e Boni giant sengi as i ustrated abo e in t e spe ies a era-trap i ages a ks t e go den ru p t at is diagnos of R. chrysopygus and there are other subtle di eren es in pe age o oura on Super ia it bears oser rese b an e to t e gre -fa ed sengi R. udzungwensis a spe ies fro undreds of ki o etres to t e sout in Tan ania DNA ana sis is urrent being undertaken to deter ine et er t is is a ne spe ies of Rhynchocyon re i inar resu ts fro one sa p e indi idua indi ate t at despite t e a k of a go den ru p t e osest re a e of t e Boni giant sengi is go den-ru ped e ep ant s re Ro ero pers o T is a ords it geograp i pro i it but a arger sa p e base is re uired to fu reso e t is issue
Figure 65 iant sengi distribu on eig ted b trapping rate for ea a era site in t e Boni-Dodori a era grids rig t and t e Arabuko- Sokoke Forest a era grid bo o note s bo s a es
Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya 108 Primates
T ree spe ies of pri ates S kes s onke e o baboon and er et onke ere dete ted b t e ground based a eras at t e four a era grids niden ed ga agos possib represen ng t o di erent spe ies ere dete ted on e in Boni NR and t i e in Arabuko-Sokoke Forest S kes s onke s of t e albogularis sub-spe ies ere dete ted at Arabuko-Sokoke Forest i e t e ore brig t arked albotorquatus sub- spe ies as present at a t ree sites in t e Boni-Dodori s ste Toget er t e ere t e ost fre uent p otograp ed pri ates e ents fo o ed b e o baboon e ents in Boni and Dodori and er et onke nine e ents in Dodori on
A ke point to bear in ind is t at trapping rate and o upan a ues for pri ate spe ies t at in ude an arborea e e ent in t eir be a iour are e en ess suitab e for bet een spe ies o parisons t an is nor a t e ase a ong stri t terrestria spe ies T e ore arborea a spe ies is in abit t e ore t is is true T ese para eters are s of a ue in rea ng a base ine for future it in spe ies o parisons and are reported here for that purpose.
109 Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya 31 Cercopithecus mitis o f ssp. albotorquatus de ousargues and albogularis S kes
Common names S kes s onke B ue onke an ibar S kes s onke ousargues s S kes s onke ng is i a S a i i
Species description T e S kes s onke is - ong it a - tai T e oat is s ort and gri ed greenis bro n on t e ba k and fa e it b a k or gre sides i bs tai and undersides A ite triang e is present ust be o t e t roat a narro ite o ar ark is present on t e albogularis sub-spe ies an ibar S kes s onke Arabuko-Sokoke Forest i e t e albotorquatus sub-spe ies ousargues s S kes s onke - i ustrated in t e Boni-Dodori s ste s o s a u ore pro inent broad ite o ar T ere are se enteen re ognised sub-spe ies of S kes s onke
Global conservation status N Red ist Status u nerab e ssp albotorguatus east on ern ssp albolgularis).
Legal status T S Not isted en a i d ife onser a on and anage ent A t First S edu e Afri an on en on on t e onser a on of Nature and Natura Resour es ass B
Camera-trap survey results Relative abundance: S kes s onke ere re orded at t e o est trapping rates in Arabuko-Sokoke Forest era trapping rate in t e Boni-Dodori forest s ste as s o a eraging Tab e
Table 65 S kes s onke trapping rates in t e Boni-Dodori and Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grids Trapping rate as a u ated as t e ean of t e nu ber of independent p otograp i e ents per trap da es Camera grid Number of events Number of camera-trap days Trapping rate (±SE)
Boni NR 1670
Boni forest 6 1026
Dodori NR 8 1087
Arabuko-Sokoke Forest
Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya 110 Occupancy an ibar S kes s onke s o urred at o er o upan a ues in Arabuko-Sokoke Forest t an t e ousargeus s S kes s onke s in t e Boni-Dodori forest s ste Na e o upan in t e Boni-Dodori a era grids as onsistent ose to Tab e
Table 66 Na e and ode ed o upan and dete on probabi it es ates for S kes s onke in t e Boni-Dodori and Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grids
Camera grid Naïve occupancy Occupancy estimate Ψ (±SE) Probability of detection P (±SE)
Boni NR
Boni forest
Dodori NR
Arabuko-Sokoke Forest 0.16
* interpret it au on i ited sa p e data
Behaviour S kes s onke is a diurna spe ies and a e ents o urred bet een and Figure
Figure 66 Te pora distribu on of S kes s onke re ords in a t e Boni-Dodori forest s ste and b t e Arabuko-Sokoke Forest through the 24 hour cycle.
a) 5
4
3
2 photographic events photographic events
Number of independentNumber 1
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Hour of the day b) 5
4
3
2 photographic events photographic events
Number of independentNumber 1
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Hour of the day
111 Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya Summary
So ia sur e s in t e Boni Dodori area a e suggested t at t ese onke s are onsidered a on i t spe ies it in t e A eer o unit T e ere dete ted in a four sur e ed oasta forests Figure Be ause t e are t e ost arborea in abit of t e arger pri ates reported ere t e trapping rate and o upan para eters reported s ou d on be used for it in spe ies o parisons
Figure 67 Distribu on eig ted b trapping rate for Pousargeus’s Sykes’s onke at ea a era site in t e Boni-Dodori a era grids rig t and an ibar S kes s onke in t e Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grid bo o note s bo s a es
Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya 112 32 Chlorocebus pygerythrus F u ier
Common names er et onke ng is Tu bi i Ngedere S a i i
Species description asi dis nguis ed fro S kes s onke b its ore unifor and pa er pe age ontras ng it t e dark fa e t e no en ature of t is oasta representa e of t e green onke group is s sub e t to debate ere e fo o t e treat ent in a a s of Afri a sbe and a e i notes t at t e oasta for is a so kno n as anda er et onke C. p. excubitor T e er et onke as a - bod it a - tai t as a gri ed gre or o i e ba k ro n and outer i bs T e undersides are i s t e ands and feet are darker and t e fa e and p of t e tai are b a k
Global conservation status IUCN Red List Status: Least Concern.
Legal status T S Not isted en a i d ife onser a on and anage ent A t First S edu e Afri an on en on on t e onser a on of Nature and Natura Resour es ass B
Camera-trap survey results Relative abundance: T e er et onke as re orded on in t e Dodori a era grid and on at er o fre uen Tab e t is kno n to o ur in t e Arabuko-Sokoke Forest and in t e Boni forests but t is study did not detect it in these areas.
Table 67 er et onke trapping rates in t e Boni-Dodori and Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grids Trapping rate as a u ated as t e ean of t e nu ber of independent p otograp i e ents per trap da es Camera grid Number of events Number of camera-trap days Trapping rate (±SE)
Boni NR 0 1670 -
Boni forest 0 1026 -
Dodori NR 1087
Arabuko-Sokoke Forest 0 -
113 Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya Occupancy T e er et onke as on dete ted in t e Dodori a era grid it o o upan Tab e
Table 68 Na e and ode ed o upan and dete on probabi it es ates for t e er et onke in t e Boni-Dodori and Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grids
Camera grid Naïve occupancy Occupancy estimate Ψ (±SE) Probability of detection P (±SE)
Boni NR N A N A N A
Boni forest N A N A N A
Dodori NR 0.20
Arabuko-Sokoke Forest N A N A N A
* interpret it au on i ited sa p e data
Behaviour T e er et onke is a diurna spe ies and a t e dete ons o urred during t e da bet een and Figure
Figure 68 Te pora distribu on of er et onke re ords in t e Boni-Dodori forest s ste t roug t e our e
3
2
1 photographic events photographic events Number of independentNumber
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Hour of the day
Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya 114 Summary
T e er et onke is genera onsidered idespread and o on preferring sa anna and forest- grass and osai abitats notab io bo Brachystegia ood ands t as on en ountered at er o fre uen in t e Dodori NR t as dete ted in t e sa e region t at a eras re ea ed ess forest adapted spe ies su as esser kudu and dik-dik and t is is an indi a on t at ike t e it is a ore edge adapted spe ies in t ese abitats t an t e S kes s onke s Ne ert e ess it is onsidered a on i t spe ies b t e A eer o unit in t is area t as not en ountered in t e Arabuko-Sokoke Cynometra forest a eras Figure
Figure 69 er et onke distribu on eig ted b trapping rate for ea a era site in t e Boni- Dodori a era grids rig t and t e Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grid bo o note s bo s a es
115 Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya 33 Papio cynocephalus innaeus
Common names e o baboon ng is N ani S a i i
Species description T ere are e spe ies in t e genus Papio, all of i s are er si i ar orp o ogi a features and probab intergrade in so e parts of t e ranges n e o baboons t e oat is e o -bro n and gri ed it ig ter undersides t is not usua possib e to dis nguis e o and o i e baboons in b a k and ite a era-trap i ages but it is genera a epted t at on e o baboons are found a ong t e ast Afri an oast ine
Global conservation status IUCN Red List Status: Least Concern.
Legal status T S Not isted en a i d ife onser a on and anage ent A t Not isted Afri an on en on on t e onser a on of Nature and Natura Resour es Not isted
Camera-trap survey results Relative abundance: e o baboons ere re orded on in t e Boni and Dodori NR a era grids and on at er o fre uen Tab e T e nu ber of baboons p otograp ed in a sing e e ent ranged fro to indi idua s t is kno n to o ur in t e Arabuko-Sokoke Forest but as not dete ted b t is stud
Table 69 e o baboon trapping rates in t e Boni-Dodori and Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grids Trapping rate as a u ated as t e ean of t e nu ber of independent p otograp i e ents per trap da es Camera grid Number of events Number of camera-trap days Trapping rate (±SE)
Boni NR 1 1670
Boni forest 0 1026 -
Dodori NR 11 1087
Arabuko-Sokoke Forest 0 -
Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya 116 Occupancy T e e o baboon as on dete ted in t e Boni and Dodori NR a era grids it o o upan rates Tab e
Table 70 Na e and ode ed o upan and dete on probabi it es ates for t e e o baboon in t e Boni-Dodori and Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era sa p ing grids
Camera grid Naïve occupancy Occupancy estimate Ψ (±SE) Probability of detection P (±SE)
Boni NR 0.05
Boni forest N A N A N A
Dodori NR
Arabuko-Sokoke Forest N A N A N A
* interpret it au on i ited sa p e data
Behaviour e o baboons are diurna it a dete ons o urring during t e da bet een and Figure
Figure 70 Te pora distribu on of e o baboon re ords in t e Boni-Dodori forest s ste t roug t e our e
3
2
1 photographic events photographic events Number of independentNumber
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Hour of the day
117 Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya Summary
T e e o baboon is idespread and o on a ross io bo Brachystegia ood and as e as dr bus and t i kets steppes and t e oasta i ora t as en ountered at o fre uen in t e t o nort ern NR forests but not en ountered in t e Arabuko-Sokoke Cynometra forest Figure Furt er surveys in the Brachystegia and i ed forests are re uired to on r t e status of t e spe ies in t e area t is onsidered a on i t spe ies it in t e A eer o unit
Figure 71 e o baboon distribu on eig ted b trapping rate for ea a era site in t e Boni-Dodori a era sa p ing grids rig t and t e Arabuko-Sokoke a era sa p ing grid bo o note s bo s a es
Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya 118 34 Unidentified galagos (Galagidae sp.)
Species description T ere are at east four ga ago spe ies poten a present in the study areas. These are listed in Table 71 be o for referen e t is noted t at a era-trapping is not a rst oi e too to onitor t ese s a no turna ig arborea and er ui k o ing spe ies t er et ods notab o parison of a s to oi e re ordings are ore appropriate
Table 71 Su ar of a ago spe ies kno n to e ist in t e sur e areas based on pub is ed sour es fro outside t is stud Species Name Arabuko- Boni forest Dodori NR Boni NR Sokoke Forest
Otolemur garnetti S a -eared greater Y Y Y Y galago
Galago senegalensis Northern lesser galago Y
Galago gallarum So a i esser ga ago Y Y Y
Galagoides cocos en a oast d arf ga ago Y
Camera-trap survey results
Relative abundance: niden ed ga agos ere re orded on e on at Boni NR a era grid in t e nort ern forests and on t ree o asions at t o o a ons in Arabuko-Sokoke Forest Tab e
Table 72 a ago trapping rates in t e Boni-Dodori and Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grids Trapping rate as a u ated as t e ean of t e nu ber of independent p otograp i e ents per trap da es Camera grid Number of events Number of camera-trap days Trapping rate (±SE)
Boni NR 1 1670
Boni forest 0 1026 -
Dodori NR 0 1087 -
Arabuko-Sokoke Forest
119 Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya Occupancy a agos ere dete ted at on one a era site in Boni NR and at t o sites in Arabuko-Sokoke Forest Tab e
Table 73 Na e and ode ed o upan and dete on probabi it es ates for uniden ed ga agos in t e Boni-Dodori and Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grids
Camera grid Naïve occupancy Occupancy estimate Ψ (±SE) Probability of detection P (±SE)
Boni NR 0.05
Boni forest N A N A N A
Dodori NR N A N A N A
Arabuko-Sokoke Forest 0.11
* interpret it au on i ited sa p e data
Behaviour a agos are no turna and t e four e ents a o urred at nig t in t is stud Figure
Figure 72 Te pora distribu on of ga ago re ords in a t e Boni-Dodori forest s ste and b t e Arabuko-Sokoke Forest through the 24 hour cycle. a) 3
2
1 photographic events photographic events Number of independentNumber
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Hour of the day b) 3
2
1 photographic events photographic events Number of independentNumber
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Hour of the day
Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya 120 Summary
a agos ere re orded in Boni NR and Arabuko-Sokoke Forest Figure a era-trap i ages suggest at east t o di erent spe ies ere re orded one arger and ore robust t e ot er s a er but t eir e a t iden t re ains unkno n Furt er studies of ga agos in t is abitat are be er ondu ted b t e ore spe i a adapted te ni ues en oned abo e
Figure 73 a ago spp distribu on eig ted b trapping rate for ea a era site in t e Boni-Dodori a era grids rig t and t e Arabuko- Sokoke Forest a era grid bo o note s bo s a es
121 Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya Rodents
T e a era-traps re orded at east t ree spe ies of rodent it t e a bian giant rat t e ost fre uent re orded of t is group it t e e ep on of t e argest spe ies su as por upines and t e giant rat ost spe ies in t is group are too s a to be re iab dete tab e in a eras pri ari set up to dete t arger a a s T e s a rodent spe ies re orded b t e a eras in t is sur e are in uded on for o p eteness
Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya 122 35 Cricetomys gambianus ater ouse
Common names a bian giant rat Nort ern giant pou ed rat ng is
Species description T e a bian giant rat an gro up to fro nose to tai t gets its na e fro t e arge eek pou es in i it arries food ts arge si e p ain pa e-toned pe age fre uent s o ing pale colouring to the last third of the tail, give a ara teris appearan e
Global conservation status IUCN Red List Status: Least Concern.
Legal status T S Not isted en a i d ife onser a on and anage ent A t Not isted Afri an on en on on t e onser a on of Nature and Natura Resour es Not isted
Camera-trap survey results Relative abundance: T e a bian giant rat as re orded on o asions it o er of t e e ents o urring in t e Boni-Dodori a era grids Tab e
Table 74 a bian giant rat trapping rates in t e Boni-Dodori and Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grids Trapping rate as a u ated as t e ean of t e nu ber of independent p otograp i e ents per trap da es Camera grid Number of events Number of camera-trap days Trapping rate (±SE)
Boni NR 1670
Boni forest 22 1026
Dodori NR 6 1087
Arabuko-Sokoke Forest 6
123 Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya Occupancy T e a bian giant rat as found to be distributed a ross a four a era grids Tab e
Table 75 Na e and ode ed o upan es ates and dete on probabi it es ates for t e a bian giant rat in t e Boni-Dodori and Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grids
Camera grid Naïve occupancy Occupancy estimate Ψ (±SE) Probability of detection P (±SE)
Boni NR
Boni forest
Dodori NR 0.25
Arabuko-Sokoke Forest 0.21
* interpret it au on i ited sa p e data
Behaviour T e a bian giant rat re ords in t is data set s o ed a no turna pa ern Figure
Figure 74 Te pora distribu on of a bian giant rat re ords in a t e Boni-Dodori forest s ste and b t e Arabuko- Sokoke Forest through the 24 hour cycle. a) 12
10
8
6
4 photographic events photographic events Number of independentNumber 2
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Hour of the day b)
12
10
8
6
4
photographic events photographic events Number of independentNumber 2
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Hour of the day
Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya 124 Summary
T e a bian giant rat is e represented in t e oasta forests but ike an ot er a a spe ies appears to be ore readi en ountered in t e t ree nort ern forests t an in Arabuko-Sokoke Forest Figure
Figure 75 a bian giant rat distribu on eig ted b trapping rate for ea a era site in t e Boni- Dodori a era grids rig t and t e Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grid bo o note s bo s a es
125 Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya 36 Hystrix sp.
Common names ape and Nort Afri an rested por upine ng is Nnungu S a i i
Species description The porcupines are the largest rodents in Africa. i st un istakeab e in genera appearan e t e t o spe ies are not easi iden ed in a era-trap i ages ape rested por upine africaeaustralis) as a ite id ine to t e ru p t e nort Afri an rested por upine cristata s o s a o ed b a k and ite ru p area T ese features are not isib e in t e a era-trap i ages A ai ab e distribu on aps N Red ist and a a s of Afri a s o bot spe ies i ing s patri a a ong t e Tan anian border area of sout ern en a but no por upines at a a ong t e en a oast en e t ese re ords represent a range e tension but t e e a t spe ies re ains to be reso ed
Global conservation status IUCN Red List Status: Least Concern.
Legal status T S Not isted en a i d ife onser a on and anage ent A t Not isted Afri an on en on on t e onser a on of Nature and Natura Resour es Not isted
Camera-trap survey results Relative abundance: rested por upine ere re orded on o asions Tab e
Table 76 rested por upine trapping rates in t e Boni-Dodori and Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grids Trapping rate as a u ated as t e ean of t e nu ber of independent p otograp i e ents per trap da es Camera grid Number of events Number of camera-trap days Trapping rate (±SE)
Boni NR 7 1670
Boni forest 6 1026
Dodori NR 10 1087
Arabuko-Sokoke Forest
Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya 126 Occupancy rested por upine ere pat i distributed dete ted at sites a ross t e Boni Dodori and Boni forest a era grids and a era o a ons in t e Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grid Tab e
Table 77 Na e and ode ed o upan and dete on probabi it es ates for t e rested por upine in t e Boni-Dodori and Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grids
Camera grid Naïve occupancy Occupancy estimate Ψ (±SE) Probability of detection P (±SE)
Boni NR 0.11
Boni forest
Dodori NR 0.25
Arabuko-Sokoke Forest 0.11
* interpret it au on i ited sa p e data
Behaviour T e rested por upine re ords ere pri ari no turna it no e ents o urring bet een and Figure
Figure 76 Te pora distribu on of rested por upine re ords in a t e Boni-Dodori forest s ste and b t e Arabuko- Sokoke Forest through the 24 hour cycle. a) 4
3
2
photographic events photographic events 1 Number of independentNumber
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Hour of the day b)
3
2
1 photographic events photographic events Number of independentNumber
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Hour of the day
127 Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya Summary
or upines ere present in a four a era grids on r ing t eir genera distribu on a ong t e en a oast a signi ant range e tension re a e to pub is ed aps in ke sour es for Afri an a a s see abo e ike an arger a a spe ies por upines ere re orded at ig er rates in t e t ree nort ern oasta forests t an at Arabuko-Sokoke Forest Figure T e ues on of e a t spe ies iden t re ains to be resolved.
Figure 77 Crested porcupine distribu on eig ted b trapping rate for ea a era site in t e Boni- Dodori a era grids rig t and t e Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grid bo o note s bo s a es
Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya 128 37 Squirrels (Sciuridae sp.)
Summary
Due to t e ua it of t e b a k and ite i ages taken in t is stud and t e s a si e of t e ani a s it as not possib e to re iab iden f t e spe ies of Sciuridae p otograp ed o e er t e Red bus s uirre Paraxerus palliatus as dete ted in o our i ages fro a pre i inar sur e prior to t is s ste a stud nspe on of t e p otograp s suggests t at t is as probab t e do inant spe ies re orded in a era-trap i ages but at east one ot er s a er spe ies probab Heliosciurus sp as dete ted Figure
a era-trapping is not a et od of oi e for stud ing t ese s a ui k o ing and arborea spe ies but use of o our re ording a eras ou d i pro e t e ua it of infor a on a ai ab e
Figure 78 Red bus s uirre distribu on eig ted b trapping rate for ea a era site in t e Boni-Dodori a era grids rig t and t e Arabuko-Sokoke Forest a era grid bo o re ir es s o distribu on of uniden ed s uirre spe ies note s bo s a es
129 Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
T e a era-trap stud as been e ient and su essfu in pro iding a uan ta e et odo og to assess t e ri ness and re a e abundan e of t e ediu -to- arge terrestria a a o ponent at four of en a s oasta forests
The study has revealed the Boni-Dodori forest system is of major importance to mammal conservation within the eastern African coastal biodiversity hotspot, with indications that it remains relatively undisturbed, holding complete and fully functioning communities of predators and herbivores.
The study recommends that this status is recognised and incorporated into future land use planning for the area, with a focus on findings ways for the local communities to integrate development of the region while sustaining and gaining benefit from this unique heritage.
T irt eig t a a spe ies ere found in t e Boni-Dodori forest s ste n order to o pare spe ies ri ness bet een sites spe ies o posi on is standardised it respe t to abitat preferen e and bod si e T ent t ree forest and i ed abitat terrestria ediu -to- arge a a spe ies kg adu t bod eig t a e been on r ed in t e nort ern oasta forest s ste out of t e a a spe ies re orded n o parison in Arabuko-Sokoke Forest t e on ot er arge oasta forest reser e sout of t e Tana Ri er a a spe ies ere re orded of i ere forest and i ed abitat terrestria ediu -to- arge a a spe ies
An outstanding resu t of our stud as been t at t e ri a ndangered Aders duiker s status as easured b t o etri s a era-trapping rate and o upan ere bot one to t o orders of agnitude greater at a t ree nort ern forest sites o pared to t e Arabuko-Sokoke Forest T e er ig e e s of o upan in t e Boni-Dodori a era-trap grids er ose to or at suggest t at t is spe ies is onsistent distributed t roug t is abitat T e rep i ate ount N- i ture ode ga e an es ate of Aders duikers S a ross a era sa p ing units in Boni NR T is as based on an a erage o e range of a for Aders duiker T is es ate as deri ed indire t fro regression ana sis of o e range against bod eig t using t e ost o p ete o e range es ates a ai ab e fro radio te e etr studies of four ot er forest duiker spe ies sing t e infor a on t at o upan as e e e and an assu p on t at ea a era sa p ing unit as o ated it in a separate o e range a densit es ate of duikers k 2 duikers k 2 as obtained App ing t is densit es ate to t e k 2 Boni NR sur e grid e on ude an es ate of appro i ate Aders duikers in t is sa p e area
T e poten a forest and t i ket area easured fro t e assi ed ap Figure s o s a arge part of t e area is at east k 2 T is ore t an trip es t e o bined pre ious kno n range of Aders duiker k 2 Arabuko-Sokoke Forest and ess t an k 2 of s a ered duiker abitat a ross e iso ated forests on ngu a s and in an ibar Finnie T ese ne data strong indi ate t at t e Boni Dodori forest s ste is t e ost i portant kno n popu a on entre for t is ri a endangered spe ies
Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya 130 t er notab e ndings in t e nort ern oasta forests in ude
A signi ant popu a on of a er dis n e for of t e giant sengi in t e nort ern oasta forests it t e oro ar t at t e range of t e be er kno n go den-ru ped e ep ant s re in Arabuko- Sokoke Forest ou d no be e en s a er t an pre ious understood
Range e tensions for rufous sengi and four-toed sengi on r ing obser a ons fro t e pi ot stud Andan e et a
on r a on of range e tension for t e Sokoke bus -tai ed ongoose in t e nort ern oasta forest s ste T e spe ies as rst reported fro i i ani in Boni in nge and an Ro pae uoted in a a s of Afri a Ta or
Re ording of t ree Suid spe ies i ing in ose pro i it in Boni forest o on art og Desert art og and bus pig
resen e of i portant popu a on of Afri an i d dog isted as ndangered on r ed a ongside o p ete suite of arge arni ores ion eopard and spo ed aena
6. The results also indicate higher density of suni and Harvey’s duiker in the northern coastal forest re a e to Arabuko-Sokoke Forest it range e tension for Suni N Red ist indi ates nort ern i it of Suni as o er Tana Ri er
Range e tension of t e ara a based on t e N Red ist distribu on ap
Range e tension on r a on of por upines a ong t e entra and nort en an oast re a e to N Red ist and a a s of Afri a aps
Range e tension for t e b ue duiker Philantomba monticola re a e to pub is ed distribu on aps ingdon ast N SS Ante ope Spe ia ist roup T e distan e fro t e nearest kno n popu a on is o er k
o para e a k of u an a it in t e nort ern oast forest a era grids during t e sa p ing periods it no peop e dete ted in an a era i ages
Besides re ea ing a greater nu ber of spe ies in t e Boni-Dodori forest s ste o pared to Arabuko- Sokoke Forest a era-trap trapping rates ere ig er often u ig er at Boni-Dodori for e er one of t e spe ies s ared bet een t e t o sites T e t o spe ies uni ue to t e Arabuko-Sokoke Forest in t is data set ad e a t e ui a ents in t e Boni-Dodori forest s ste t e t o di erent giant sengis and t e t o for s of S kes s onke T is furt er under ines t e onser a on signi an e of t e Boni-Dodori forest s ste as a re a e unda aged and e -popu ated i d ife one ontaining uni ue a a ian di ersit and ri ness in addi on to biodi ersit in nu erous ot er organis s
131 Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya ogis s and resour es pre ented si u taneous opera on of a era grids in t e four forest sites onse uent resu ts at ea site ere obtained at di erent periods of t e ear T e region t pi a re ei es bi- oda annua rainfa Apri to une and No e ber to De e ber ASF T ur a era grids ere a e in bot seasons in nort ern oasta forests and Arabuko-Sokoke Forest Be ause of t is and t e re a e stab e forest interior of t e sites e onsider t at t e arge di eren es bet een t e a era-trapping rate and o upan obser ed for spe ies su as Aders duiker bet een Arabuko-Sokoke Forest and t e nort ern oasta forest s ste are un ike to be t e resu t of a seasona e e t
T e a era-trap data as a so pro ided ne insig ts on t e a it pa erns and spa a asso ia ons of s a forest ante opes in t is s ste Suni is t e on forest ante ope spe ies to aintain a onsistent e e of no turna a it χ2 o e er e e s of no turna a it ere signi ant ig er at Arabuko-Sokoke Forest χ2 and it ou d be usefu to test if t is trend an be re ated to ig er e e s of disturban e and un ng i ig t be e pe ted be ause of t e u ig er u an popu a on densit around t at forest
T e forest o er ap Figure a so e ps iden f future a era-trap stud areas and ig ig ts t e poten a iso ated status of t e forest and t i ket abitat of Dodori NR T is se tor is separated o er u of its engt b a ide be t of grass and t roug i t e a or e i e a ess route runs inking t e four ain i ages of t e area i st t is situa on is ike to a e been stab e as part of t e forest grass and osai it t e grass ands in abited b spe ies su as aggard s oribi ast t is geograp e p asises t e need for onser a on anage ent and p anning to retain t e urrent onne it of t e forest s ste
T e area represents t e on re aining se tor of t e en a oast ine retaining a signi ant frontage of undisturbed natura abitat se uen es transi oning fro ora reef to agoons angro es oasta forest and grass ands t roug to t e interior bus a suppor ng endangered biodi ersit T is sur e a so e p asises t e undisturbed nature of t e a a o unit in t is one unders oring t e e tre e ig biodi ersit onser a on a ue of t e region T is is a t e ore urgent gi en t e and- grabs and on ersion and t e fe ing of indigenous ard oods asso iated it and dri en b t e p anned de e op ent of a a or seaport at a u and ross ountr pipe ine de e op ent to t e sa e p a e orris and A in
n ie of t ese de e op ents and sur e resu ts t ere is a need to estab is ong ter onitoring in support of a onser a on a on p an for t e forest s ste
Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya 132 Acknowledgements
T is stud as funded and supported b t e Depart ent for nterna ona De e op ent DF D t roug t e DF D D FRA Dar in ni a e and t roug its rogra e artners ip Agree ent it F- en a i d ife Ser i e o a ed bin a ed Spe ies onser a on Fund Si e of a es it e i d ife onser a on Trust or d ide Fund for Nature and t e oo ogi a So iet of ondon e t ank e er one o assisted in t e e d ork and data anage ent
T is ateria as been funded b aid fro t e Depart ent for nterna ona De e op ent DF D A ontent and opinions e pressed are so e t ose of S
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ASF T Arabuko-Sokoke Strategi Forest anage ent an Arabuko-Sokoke Forest anage ent Tea Forest Depart ent inistr of n iron ent and Natura Resour es en a i d ife Ser i e en a Forestr Resear ns tute Na ona useu s of en a Nature en a Bird ife nterna ona Nairobi
T e N Red ist of T reatened Spe ies ersion iu nred ist org
N SS Ante ope Spe ia ist roup Philantomba monticola. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Spe ies ersion iu nred ist org
N red ist and a a s of Afri a N SS Ante ope Spe ia ist roup ingdon
Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya 136 ANNEX Regional medium-to-large mammal species list for northern coastal Kenya based on results of camera-trapping across all four grids, supplemented by species expected to be present in the region according to IUCN Red List distribution maps.
Family Scientific name IUCN Red list name Av. Wt. Habit Habitat Habit Photo IUCN kg (1) (2) (3) (4) Redlist
1 rina eidae Atelerix albiventris African hedgehog T IN LC
2 Viverridae Civettictis civetta African civet T CY LC
Viverridae Genetta maculata entra Afri an arge-spo ed genet 1.80 T AR FCY LC
4 Felidae Panthera pardus Leopard 42.2 T AR CY NT
5 Felidae Panthera leo Lion T B- CYV
6 Felidae Caracal aurata African golden cat T F C N NT
7 Felidae Caracal caracal Caracal 11.5 T CY LC
8 Felidae Felis silvestris lybica Wild cat T B- CN LC
Felidae Leptailurus serval Serval T CN LC
10 Hyaenidae Crocuta crocuta Spo ed ena 52.00 T B- CY LC
11 Canidae Lycaon pictus Afri an i d Dog 22.70 T B- CY N
12 erpes dae Helogale parvula o on d arf ongoose 0.27 T B- CY LC
erpes dae Atilax paludinosus ars ongoose 2.80 T A CY LC
14 erpes dae Herpestes sanguineus S ender ongoose 0.55 T B- CY LC
15 erpes dae Herpestes ichneumon g p an ongoose T CN LC
16 erpes dae Bdeogale omnivora Sokoke bus -tai ed ongoose 1.2 T F C Y V
17 erpes dae Ichneumia albicauda ite tai ed ongoose T CY LC
18 uste idae Mellivora capensis Ratel 10.60 T CY LC
uste idae Aonyx capensis Afri an a ess o er T A B- CN LC
20 uste idae Ictonyx striatus Zorilla T B- CN LC
21 a ros e ididae Petrodromus tetradactylus Four-toed sengi 0.20 T F C Y LC
22 a ros e ididae Elephantulus rufescens Rufous Sengi 0.06 T F C Y LC
a ros e ididae Rhynchocyon sp. iant Sengi Dark ru ped 0.6 T F C Y Unclass.
24 a ros e ididae Rhynchocyon chrysopygus o den-ru ped e ep ant s re 0.54 T F C Y N
25 Cercopithecinae Cercopithecus mitis an ibar S kes s onke 4.65 AR F H Y LC albogularis
26 Cercopithecinae Cercopithecus mitis ousargues s S kes s onke 4.65 AR F H Y V albotorquatus
27 Cercopithecinae Chlorocebus pygerthrus er et onke AR T HY LC
28 Cercopithecidae Papio cynocephalus e o baboon T B- Y LC
a agidae Unidentified galago niden ed ga ago AR HY
a agidae Otolemur garnetti S a -eared greater ga ago AR HN LC
a agidae Galago senegalensis Northern lesser galago AR HN LC
a agidae Galago gallarum So a i esser ga ago AR B- HN LC
a agidae Galagoides cocos en a oast ga ago AR HN
Leporidae Lepus capensis Cape hare T HN LC
Neso idae Cricetomys gambianus a bian rat T AR HY LC
Sciuridae Squirrel sp. S uirre sp 0.20 AR HY LC
137 Mammal Diversity Surveys in the Coastal Forests; Kenya Family Scientific name IUCN Red list name Av. Wt. Habit Habitat Habit Photo IUCN kg (1) (2) (3) (4) Redlist
Sciuridae Paraxerus palliatus Red bus s uirre AR HY LC
Sciuridae Paraxerus ochraceus re bus s uirre AR HN LC
Sciuridae Heliosciurus undulatus an sun s uirre AR HN DD
Hystricidae Hystrix cristata Crested porcupine 20.00 T HY LC
Bo idae Sylvicapra grimmia o on duiker T B- HNV
40 Bo idae Philantomba monticola B ue duiker 5.05 T F Y LC
41 Bo idae Cephalophus adersi Aders' duiker T F H Y CR
42 Bo idae Cephalophus harveyi Harvey's duiker 11.60 T F H Y LC
Bo idae Nesotragus moschatus Suni 5.20 T F H Y LC
44 Bo idae Madoqua kirkii irk s dik-dik 4.88 T B- HY LC
45 Bo idae Madoqua guentheri uent er s dik-dik T B- HN LC
46 Bo idae Tragelaphus imberbis Lesser kudu T B- HY NT
47 Bo idae Tragelaphus scriptus Bus bu k T HY LC
48 Bo idae Kobus ellipsiprymnus Waterbuck 201.00 T B- HY LC
Bo idae Syncerus caffer Afri an bu a o T HY LC
50 Suidae Potamochoerus larvatus Bus pig 56.50 T Y LC
51 Suidae Phacochoerus africanus o on art og 68.05 T B- Y LC
52 Suidae Phacochoerus aethiopicus Desert art og T B- Y
ep an dae Loxodonta africana African elephant 4640.00 T HYV
54 ippopota idae Hippopotamus amphibious ippopota us 1461.00 T A B- YV
55 r teropidae Orycteropus afer Aard- ark T IY LC
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