GOVERNMENT OF EBONYI STATE, NIGERIA Public Disclosure Authorized NIGERIA EROSION AND WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PROJECT (NEWMAP)
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP)
FOR:
Public Disclosure Authorized EBIA RIVER EGU-UGWU AGBAJA FLOOD PROJECT ABAKALIKI, EBONYI STATE. NIGERIA
FINAL REPORT
Public Disclosure Authorized EBONYI STATE NEWMAP STATE PROJECT MANAGEMENT UNIT (SPMU) No. 1 Onwe Road Abakaliki. Ebonyi State
Public Disclosure Authorized
February 2016
DRAFT-FINAL REPORT ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP)
FOR
EBIA RIVER EGU-UGWU AGBAJA FLOOD PROJECT ABAKALIKI, EBONYI STATE
Prepared By
DR. ODILI N. OJUKWU, P.E For Ebonyi State NEWMAP State Project Management Unit (SPMU) No. 1 Onwe Road Abakaliki. Ebonyi State Nigeria
February 2016
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TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... iii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ...... vi EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... vii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ...... 15 1.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION ...... 15 1.2 RESPONSIBLE LEAD AGENCIES ...... 16 1.3 PROJECT RATIONALE: ...... 16 1.3.1 Environmental Impacts: ...... 16 1.3.2 Social Impacts: ...... 16 1.4 PROJECT SCOPE: ...... 16 1.5 DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSED INTERVENTION ...... 17 1.5.1 Activity Description ...... 18 1.5.2 Analysis of Alternatives ...... 19 THIS ALTERNATIVE ASSUMES THAT THE ENTIRE PROJECT CONCEPT WILL BE CANCELLED AND SCRAPPED. THERE WILL BE NO IMPROVEMENT OR CHANGES IN THE PRESENT STATE OF EBIA RIVER FLOODING AS WELL AS THE ACCESS ROADS TO ABOFIA, OFUTU NDIEBOR, ONUEBIA, MGBO AGBAJA AND UNAGBOKE VILLAGES. THIS IS AN INFERIOR ALTERNATIVE WHEN COMPARED TO THE OPTION OF GOING AHEAD WITH THE PROJECT. ALTHOUGH IF THIS OPTION IS TAKEN, IT WOULD MEAN THAT THE NEGATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS OF THE PROJECT WOULD BE COMPLETELY AVOIDED; HOWEVER, NOT IMPLEMENTING THE PROJECT WILL ALSO LEAD TO: ...... 19 CHAPTER 2: LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK ...... 21 2.1 APPLICABLE NIGERIAN LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK ...... 21 2.1.1 National Policy on Environment ...... 21 2.1.2 National Environmental Impact Assessment Act 1992: ...... 21 2.1.3 Nigerian Land Use Matters ...... 21 2.1.4 National Erosion and Flood Control Policy 2005: ...... 22 2.1.5 NESREA Establishment Act, 2007...... 22 2.1.6 National Guidelines and Standards for Environmental Pollution (March, 2001): ...... 22 2.1.7 Waste Management Regulations of 1991 ...... 22 2.1.8 Forestry Act of 1958 ...... 22 2.2 WORLD BANK ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SAFEGUARD POLICIES ...... 22 2.2.1. Environmental Assessment (EA) (OP 4.01): ...... 22 2.2.2. Natural Habitats (OP 4.04): ...... 23 2.2.3. Water Resource Management (OP 4.07): ...... 23 2.2.4. Indigenous People (OP 4.10): ...... 23 2.2.5 Physical Cultural Resources (OP 4.11): ...... 23 2.2.6 Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12): ...... 23 2.2.7 Gender and Development (OP 4.20): ...... 24 2.2.8 Forestry (OP 4.36): ...... 24 2.3 INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS AND ADMINISTRATIVE INSTRUMENTS ...... 24 2.3.1 The Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Waste and Disposal, 1989 ...... 24 2.3.2 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change – Kyoto Protocol (1992) ...... 24 2.3.3 Agenda 21 - UN Conference on Environment and Development ...... 24 2.3.4 Public Health Legislations and regulations ...... 24 2.3.5 WHO Health and Safety Component of EIA, 1987 ...... 25 2.3.6 Convention on Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals, Bonn, 1979 ...... 25 2.3.7 United Nations Guiding Principle on the Human Environmental ...... 25 2.3.8 The Rio Declaration on Environmental and Development ...... 25 2.4 GAPS BETWEEN NIGERIAN LEGISLATION AND WORLD BANK POLICIES ...... 25 2.5 TRIGGERED WB SAFEGUARD POLICIES ...... 26
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CHAPTER 3: BIOPHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT ...... 27 3.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 27 3.2 CLIMATE ...... 27 3.3 GEOLOGY AND HYDROLOGY ...... 27 3.4 BIODIVERSITY ...... 28 3.4.1 Vegetation ...... 28 3.4.2 Animal Inventory of the Watershed ...... 29 3.5 SLOPE INSTABILITY AND SUBSIDENCE ...... 30 3.6 NATURAL DRAINAGE CORRIDORS ...... 30 3.6.1 Watershed Drainage Network ...... 30 3.6.2 Main Agents of Site Flooding ...... 30 3.7 ARCHAEOLOGY AND CULTURAL HERITAGE: ...... 30 3.8 TRAFFIC AND TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE: ...... 31 3.9 WASTE MANAGEMENT: ...... 31 3.10 ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING ...... 31 3.10.1 Baseline Conditions ...... 31 3.10.2 Surface/Groundwater Water Condition ...... 31 3.10.3 AIR QUALITY ...... 32 3.10.4 NOISE AND VIBRATION: ...... 33 CHAPTER 4: SOCIOECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS ...... 34 4.1 DESCRIPTION OF CULTURAL AND SOCIOECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT ...... 34 4.1.1 Introduction: ...... 34 4.2 CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT ...... 35 4.2.1 Population ...... 35 4.2.2 Ethnic Groups ...... 35 4.2.3 Religion ...... 35 4.3 LAND USE PATTERN ...... 35 4.3.1 Cultural Resources ...... 36 4.4 ANALYSIS OF SOCIOECONOMIC SURVEY ...... 36 4.4.1 Objectives of the Socioeconomic Survey ...... 36 4.4.2 Respondent and Household Distribution in Project Area ...... 37 4.4.2 Gender, Age and Household Size of Respondents ...... 37 4.3.3 Marital Status of Respondents ...... 38 4.3.4 Access to Education ...... 38 4.3.5 Occupational and Income Distribution of Respondents ...... 39 4.3.6 Household Waste Disposal ...... 40 4.3.7 Health Services ...... 40 4.4 DESIRABILITY OF THE PROJECT ...... 41 4.5 CONFLICT RESOLUTION ...... 41 4.6 COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION ...... 41 CHAPTER 5: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS ...... 45 5.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 45 5.2 DISCUSSION OF METHODS/TECHNIQUES USED IN ASSESSING IMPACTS ...... 45 5.2.1 Impact Rating Methodology ...... 45 5.3 POTENTIAL IMPACTS ON SOCIOECONOMIC/CULTURAL AND BIOPHYSICAL ENVIRONMENTS ...... 47 5.4 POTENTIAL IMPACTS SIGNIFICANCE RATING ...... 50 5.5 IDENTIFIED SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ...... 51 CHAPTER 6: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP) 52 6.1 SUMMARY OF SAFEGUARD MEASURES FOR IMPLEMENTATION ...... 52 6.1.1 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT MEASURES ...... 52 6.2 SUMMARY OF INSTITUTIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES ...... 55 6.3 CAPACITY BUILDING PLAN ...... 57 6.3.1 Capacity and Training Needs ...... 57
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6.3.2 Capacity Building Cost ...... 57 6.4 PUBLIC CONSULTATION PLAN ...... 59 6.5. GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM (GRM) ...... 59 6.7 BUDGET TO IMPLEMENT ESMP ...... 66 CHAPTER 7 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION AND CONSULTATIONS WITH STAKEHOLDERS...... 67 7.1 OBJECTIVE OF COMMUNITY CONSULTATION ...... 67 7.1.1 Public Consultation Methodology ...... 67 7.2 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION PROCESS ...... 67 7.2.1 Stakeholders’ Identification ...... 68 7.2.2 Community Consultations and Meetings ...... 69 7.2.3 Summary of Meetings with Stakeholders ...... 70 7.3 SOCIAL ISSUES/RISKS ...... 72 CHAPTER 8: SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 73 8.1 SUMMARY ...... 73 8.2 RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 73 REFERENCES ...... 75 ANNEX 1: LIST OF CONTACTED STAKEHOLDERS ...... 76 ANNEX 2: SUMMARY OF WORLD BANK SAFEGUARD POLICIES ...... 77 ANNEX 3: GENERAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT CONDITIONS FOR CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTS/CIVIL WORKS...... 79 ANNEX 4: MINUTES OF COMMUNITY CONSULTATION MEETINGS ...... 81 ANNEX 5: COMPLETE LISTING OF DOMINANT PLANT SPECIES OBSERVED AT THE PROJECT AREAS ...... 93
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ARAP Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan CAI Community Administrative Institutions CBO Community-Based Organization E&S Environmental and Social EBSG Ebonyi State Government of Nigeria ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ESMF Environmental and Social Management Framework ESMP Environmental and Social Management Plan FBO Faith-Based Organization FGD Focused Group Discussion FGN Federal Government of Nigeria FME Federal Ministry of Environment FPMU Federal Project Management Unit GEF Global Environmental Fund GRASS Gully Rapid Action and Slope Stabilization GPS Global Positioning System GRRM Grievance Referral and Redress Mechanism IDF International Development Fund MOE Ebonyi State Ministry of Environment NEWMAP Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Program NGO Non-Governmental Organization OP/BP World Bank’s Operation Procedure/Bank Process PCC Project Complaints Committee PAH Project-Affected Household PAP Project-Affected Person PC PAP Committee PIU Project Implementation Unit RAP Resettlement Action Plan RPF Resettlement Policy Framework SCCF Special Climate Change Fund SPMU State Project Management Unit TOR Terms of Reference WB World Bank
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Introduction The Government of Ebonyi State (EBSG) of Nigeria is implementing the Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) to help reduce soil erosion vulnerability and to develop her watersheds. NEWMAP was initiated by the Federal Government of Nigeria (FGN) to support initially, seven southern states of the country (Abia, Anambra, Cross River, Ebonyi, Edo, Enugu and Imo States) known to have severe flood and erosion problems, and is funded by the World Bank and the International Development Fund (IDF).
The implementation of projects under the NEWMAP is guided by two safeguard documents - the Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) and the Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) prepared for NEWMAP. This Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) has been prepared in support of the proposed Ebia River Egu-Ugwu Agbaja flood and erosion control sub-project in Ebonyi State. The project transverses through three Local Government Areas (LGAs) of the State, namely, Abakaliki, Ebonyi and Izzi LGAs. Consistent with the ESMF, this ESMP specifically identifies, evaluates and documents the set of environmental and social impacts associated with the Ebia River flood project activities and the mitigation measures necessary to address the adverse impacts identified or reduce the impacts to acceptable levels. The ESMP also provides necessary institutional framework and monitoring actions to be taken before, during and after the remedial construction and development works.
Project Location Ebonyi State is located in the Southeast geopolitical zone of Nigeria. Ebia River is one of the three principal rivers that drain the Abakaliki Capital City. The river flows eastwards from the north western part of Abakaliki township into the Ebonyi River. Flooding along the river occurs in communities located within the co-ordinates: Latitudes 6o 20’28.63” and 6o 20’11.19”N and Longitudes 8o09’09.73” and 8o08’34.77”E. The affected flooded areas include Amike Aba, Abofia and Onuebia Villages in Abakaliki LGA, Ofutu Ndiebor Village in Ebonyi LGA and Mgbo Agbaja and Unagboke Villages in Izzi LGA. It is in the effort to reduce the impacts of flooding and erosion on the communities that Ebonyi State Government (EBSG) has proposed to re- align and develop the existing Ebia River corridor through the NEWMAP opportunity.
Project Description The proposed intervention at the Ebia River will address and prevent flooding of Amike Aba, Abofia, Ofutu Ndiebor, Onuebia, Mgbo Agbaja and Unagboke communities along the river corridor for the long-term. The project consists of remedial structural and non-structural developments that include civil works (channelization) and gabion protection and vegetative restoration above the concrete channel to prevent erosion and provide aesthetic view along the channel as well as prevent further encroachments of the floodplain. The channelization will span approximately a distance of about 5.0 km.
The key activities for the Civil Construction Works involve: River re-alignment through channelization; cutting and filling for percentage recovery; compaction of soils; concrete casting; assembling of structures, and, slope stabilization.
The key non-structural work components (Biological Works) will involve: Terracing; Structured vegetation;
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Specific trees planting with known root strength Economic trees planting
Need for ESMP The initial scoping of the sub-projects under NEWMAP, as contained in the Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) indicates that NEWMAP is categorized by the WB as a Category A project whose impacts are sensitive, diverse, unprecedented, felt beyond the immediate project environment and are potentially irreversible over the long term. For River Ebia flood control sub-project, the scale of the construction and development works will involve a significant disturbance of the environmental conditions, with both localized and regional impacts.
The reconstruction of the existing critical infrastructures that serve as inter- and intra- community linkages (rural roads, drainage channels and three bridges) located at three sections along the project corridor will result in social disruptions and in very long detours for community people who travel to neighboring communities to trade/market their agricultural goods and children who attend schools in neighboring communities. Large areas of farmlands will also be majorly impacted with many homes and families losing their primary means of livelihoods. It is envisaged that about 29.9 Ha of land will be required for the river re-alignment and channelization with the attendant loss of economic trees/crops and the permanent loss of use of that portion of land. Consequently, this ESMP as a site-specific safeguard instrument is required to provide necessary procedures and criteria that will guide the proposed Ebia River flood control intervention.
Based on the environmental and social effects of the project the two triggered WB safeguard operational policies (OPs) include: Environmental Assessment (OP/BP 4.01) Involuntary Resettlement (OP/BP 4.12)
General Project and Area Information The climatic condition of the project area is characterized by uniformly high temperatures and a seasonal distribution of precipitation. A tropical wet and dry season prevails in the project area. The dry season runs through the months of October to March and the rainy season that begins in March and ends in October. The months of July and August are usually the wettest period of the rainy season. The conventional nature of the heavy rainfall results in alternating periods of sunny and rainy conditions. Some of the rainfall occurs as violent downpours accompanied by heavy flooding, soil leaching, extensive sheet wash, groundwater infiltration and percolation.
The project area lies within the humid tropical rainforest belt of southeastern Nigeria and evidences savannah type vegetation. But pressure on land in form of agriculture and commerce (particularly at the fringes of Abakaliki metropolis) has largely reduced the vegetation to mixed savanna. The vegetation cover is highly heterogeneous due to intense disturbance arising from human activities. Six vegetative categories were identified during this study. A listing of plant species with frequent or abundant distribution in the various categories are shown in Chapter 3. The cultivated species on farmlands include Oryza sativa (rice), Dioscorea spp (yam) and Manihot esculenta (cassava). There was indication by the people that other species of interest such as Zea mays (maize), Telfairia occidentalis (ugu), Musa paradisiacal (plantain), Abelmuscus esculenta (okoro), Ipomea batata (potato), ground nut, piper, Citrullus vulgaris (melon/egusi) and Vigna unguiculata (cow pea/akidi) are also cultivated.
Domestic and wild animals found in the watershed include mammal such as goats, sheep, ram and dogs; and aves such as local fowls and agricultural fowls, terrestrial animals that
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include Thryonomys swinderianus (cane rat/nchi), Cricetomys gambianus (bush/giant rat) and antelope. Other aquatic animals also found on site include heterobranchus spp (cat fish), Clarias spp (cat fish), Tilapia spp, Veranus niloticus (monitor lizard) and Crocodylus niloticus (nile crocodile).
Socioeconomic Analysis Based on the socioeconomic survey conducted for the project area, the findings from the analysis of data provided by respondents are summarized in Table ES-1.
Table ES-1: Summary of Findings for All Socioeconomic Indicators S/No Socioeconomic Indicator Findings 1 Population Ebonyi State has a population of 2,176,947 (Males - 1,064,156 and Females - 1,112,791) The survey data indicates that the project area has a 2-6% margin of difference between the population of males and females for the six villages of Amike Aba, Abofia, Ofutu Ndiebor, Onuebia, Mgbo Agbaja and Unagboke at the household level. This appears to reflect the state ratio for males and females. At the respondent level, the trend seems to be sustained except for Mgbo Agbaja village where the difference is as high as 33%.It is not certain why there is such a wide margin. 2 Ethnic Groups and Language Spoken The people of Amike Aba, Abofia, Ofutu Ndiebor, Onuebia, Mgbo Agbaja and Unagboke Villages consist of one major Nigerian ethnic group – the Igbos. The people generally speak and write mainly the Ibo and English languages. Clanism and kinship are strong elements and driving forces in control of political and cultural institutions and service points. The villages consist of groups of households whose families are inter-related through marriages. 3 Religion The members of Amike Aba, Abofia, Ofutu Ndiebor, Onuebia, Mgbo Agbaja and Unagboke communities are predominantly of the Christian faith, mostly Catholics and Anglicans with some traditionalists and negligible Muslim community. 4 Land Use System Three major types of customary land tenure system exist in the six villages, viz: – (1) individual land ownership; (2) family land ownership; and. (3) communal land ownership. Individual ownership may be for indigenes or for residents of the community. Family lands (as well as individual lands) are inherited from generational relatives. Communities retain family lands which may never be sold but mostly used for agricultural purposes. About 90% of land is committed to agricultural production of food crops which include rice, maize, cassava, yams, plantain, vegetables, etc. 5 Household Distribution in Project Area Based on the survey, 352 respondents with 1871 household members were documented in Amike Aba village, 256 respondents with 1661 household members in Abofia village, 325 respondents with 2061 household members in Ofutu Ndiebor village; 217 respondents with 1479 household members in Onuebia; and 271 respondents with 1327 household members in Mgbo Agbaja; and 177 respondents with 967 household members in Unagboke village 6 Gender, Age and Household Size of The survey shows that over 40% of the households in the six Respondents villages are below the age of 20 years while over 70% for all the villages are below the age of 30 years. For Ofutu Ndiebor, Onuebia and Mgbo Agbaja villages, 92.8%, 95.6%, and 93.6%, respectively of household members are below the age of 50 years. The percentage of the respondents’ household members that are above the age of 60 years for the six villages ranges between 1.3% and 3.3%. Household size distribution in the project area range from 1-16 persons with an average household size of 7 persons for the six villages. 7 Marital Status of Respondents Between 24.0% and 42.6% of the village households are married while between 54.8% and 74.9% are single and between 1.2% and 3.3% of the households are widowed
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S/No Socioeconomic Indicator Findings 8 Access to Education There is a relatively moderate literacy level within the six communities with 67.1% to 80.5% of the surveyed population having attained the FSLC level of education and higher. However, about 19.5% of respondents not having attained the minimum of primary education appears on the high side 9 Occupational and Income Distribution of The occupational distribution data shows a high rate of Respondents unemployment in the six communities (Abofia - 72.3%, Ofutu Ndiebor - 63.7%, Onuebia - 64.1%, and Mgbo Agbaja village - 47.1%). This situation could pose a serious social risk when not properly managed 10 Household Waste Disposal Household wastes are indiscriminately dumped at illegal points or dumpsites adjacent to the river corridor. Solid waste management is a considerable hazard to health and the effective functioning of the stormwater drainage systems. Unmanaged refuse disposal causes regular obstruction of the stormwater drainage systems. 11 Health Services Records show that common diseases in project area include diarrhea, malaria, typhoid, pneumonia, cough, skin diseases, deficiency diseases, eye diseases, ear diseases, and waterborne diseases due to malnutrition and lack of hygiene. The quality of the health services in the project area is generally poor. Most people go to quacks and medicine shops for minor medical treatment. 12 Desirability of Project 99% of survey respondents indicated immense desirability for the project to proceed. 13 Conflict Resolution Mechanism 98-99% of survey respondents prefer that their conflicts be resolved through informal traditional modes of conflict resolution. Less than 2% favour resolution through the court system.
Environmental and Social Impacts There are both positive and negative impacts associated with this project. On the positive side, this project will effectively control the perennial flooding of communities along the Ebia River, particularly the six villages of Amike Aba, Abofia, Ofutu Ndiebor, Onuebia, Mgbo Agbaja and Unagboke and improve the flow of traffic in and out of the communities. Other positive impacts include reduced costs of transportation and delays on travel time; improved livelihoods for the area residents due to improved agricultural outputs and reduced cost of transportation; improved landscape vista; and provision of temporary job opportunities for both skilled and un-skilled labors.
The potential adverse impacts for which appropriate mitigation and monitoring measures have been provided include: Loss of physical assets, Loss of means of livelihood, loss of vegetation, dust generation and air quality, surface and groundwater quality, noise and vibration impacts, earth movements, occupational health and safety and HIV/AIDS and STIs risks, waste generation as well as impacts of road diversion and climate change impacts. About 29.9Ha of land will be required as the right of way (ROW) for the channelization of the river with the attendant loss of land and economic trees/crops.
The project does not envisage any permanent involuntary displacements. No buildings or structures will be impacted by the remedial construction works. No sensitive sites or resources such as forest reserve, cemetery, shrine or other places of historical and cultural interests will be impacted by the project. Additionally, the construction and development works will not affect any utility lines such as water, electricity or telecommunication lines.
Impact Mitigation Measures: The developed measures to mitigate the identified adverse impacts include: creating of sustained community awareness and sensitivity to the project activities as well as capacity building and training programmes for the various ESMP responsible and implementing agents. Other measures include water dousing and heaped soil covering; regular maintenance of plant
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and machineries; erection of embankments around fueling and servicing areas; protection of water bodies from deposition of wastes and construction materials; exposure control of workers and the public to noise and vibrations; selective vegetative clearing and quick regeneration of vegetation; erection of road warning signs, imposition of speed limits and road diversions; provision and use of PPE; provision of first aid kits as well as erection of warning signs; sensitization and awareness on transmission and prevention of HIV/AIDS and STIs; segregation and composting of waste and maintaining high hygienic standards.
ESMP Monitoring Plan: The ESMP implementation monitoring will check the effectiveness of mitigation, and the flood and erosion prevention measures. Such monitoring will also pay close attention to air pollution issues and contamination of water bodies; records of machinery maintenance schedules; noise and vibration exposure levels and duration; water dousing and vehicle speed control; fulfillment of the terms of agreements; records of injury and clinic attendance cases, use and state of PPEs; HIV/ AIDS awareness programmes effectiveness; state of toilets and segregation of waste; and mounted road signs and traffic direction, proper and appropriate record keeping; and, proper and regular interface with the community stakeholders. The specific monitoring indicators and the frequencies of monitoring for the various impact categories are shown in Chapter 5.
Public Participation and Consultations The methodology adopted in this ESMP includes a qualitative and quantitative mixed method that offers an effective means to interact widely with the project area general public as well as stakeholder groups. Individual stakeholders and project affected persons (PAPs) were also engaged during the ESMP preparation. A comprehensive questionnaire for socioeconomic data collection was developed and used for this purpose. To ensure that the rights and interests of PAPs are considered seriously local level consultative forums serve as community voices and become part of the entire project process.
Five general community meetings and several focused group discussions were held between October 27 and December 15, 2015 at the village squares of Ofutu Ndiebor, Onuebia and Mgbo Agbaja Communities. Separate meetings were also held with the Village Heads of the six communities. Particularly, the community members welcomed the project and expressed anxiety that remedial work should commence expeditiously to prevent occurrence of further flood damages from the rainfalls. The most frequent comments, concerns, questions and suggestions raised by stakeholders during the project community consultations and meetings are summarized in Table ES-2 below.
Table ES-2: Summary of Frequently Raised Comments, Concerns, Questions at Community Meetings and Consultations Comments/Concerns/Questions Raised Consultant’s Responses to Issues Raised
Residents welcomed the proposed project and are very positive The widespread support for the proposed project is about the measures being taken to address the problems of appreciated and encouraged to be sustained flooding and erosion which are currently affecting their lives throughout the project cycle and beyond significantly. Flooding and erosion have caused damages to the people’s No. The project will compensate only damages homes and have also caused loss of livestock, personal resulting from the implementation of project activities possessions in the past. Will project compensate those that were affected in these losses? Many of the stakeholders reported that there have been The goal of Ebia River NEWMAP sub-project is to numerous collective efforts in the past to effectively manage the effectively check the perennial flooding of the river flooding but these have failed largely due to a lack of funding banks and communities living along the corridor. No resources. Will funds be made available to tackle future floods future flood is envisaged beyond the project beyond the current project? Many attendees commented that awareness creation was This view was endorsed by the Consultant. essential to long-term success of the watershed management
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Comments/Concerns/Questions Raised Consultant’s Responses to Issues Raised
programme; and that manpower development should be included in the programme. The construction activities may result in loss of their properties, Yes there will be compensations for property lands or damage to their economic trees and crops. In such damages or loss of assets as a result of project cases, will there be compensations for such damages? implementation. The purpose of the RAP is to methodically identify such properties and assets that may be impacted and establish level of compensations that may be made Community safety concerns regarding the next cycle of rainy The concerns here were noted. It is important that the season were keenly expressed. The community is very community provide the necessary support to help apprehensive of the destruction to their agricultural produce speed up conclusion of all due diligent aspects of the when the next rains come. There were also health and safety project. It is hoped that the project will proceed concerns for the school children during the rainy season. expeditiously enough as to not cause further damages and concerns to the community. Will there be compensation for impacts associated with Yes. Any losses resulting from the project resettlement and for economic losses and physical implementation will be determined and compensated displacement? in accordance with extant policies. Will there be compensation for loss of crop lands and pasture? Yes. Any losses resulting from the project implementation will be compensated.
ESMP Coordination and Implementation The primary responsibility for the project execution and ESMP implementation is on the SPMU. The SPMU through its various officers, and may also employ the services of consultants provide the necessary awareness, mobilization and facilitation, project appraisal, approval & disbursement, capacity building, monitoring & evaluation of all project activities and reporting to the FPMU and the World Bank.
The key actors in the implementation of this ESMP include: The contractor - to be awarded the rehabilitation contract and be required to implement the environmental and social safeguard measures; SPMU - to ensure that environmental and social (E&S) safeguards and other mitigation measures are duly implemented; FME/FPMU - to ensure compliance with the ESMP and other relevant approval conditions; MOE - to oversee the effective implementation of the flood control project and related E&S safeguards PCC - to address complaints of any aggrieved parties on E&S safeguards MOLS – to ensure appropriate compensation for land matters at the prevailing market rate.
Institutional Capacity and Training Needs Several training programmes will be required to enhance the effectiveness of the key implementing actors of this ESMP. A summary of the institutional capacity and trainings that will be provided to the various groups is presented in Table ES-3.
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Table ES-3: Summary of Institutional Capacity and Training Needs with Costs Form of Estimated Programme Description Participants Duration Training Agency Training Cost In (N) Understanding the Environment: Officials of MOE, MOW, Workshop One Day External Agency for 350,000.00 Concepts, Regulations & MOLS, SPMU, Contractor, capacity building or Statutory Requirements; Community Leaders, Environmental & Social Environmental Management; NGOs, CBOs & Other Specialist Flood and Erosion Prevention & Relevant Groups Control; Stakeholder & Community Participation Scope of Ebia River Flood Contractor, Safeguard Workshop One Day External Agency for 350,000.00 Intervention Project: Officers, Engineers, MOE & capacity building or Environmental & Social Impacts; relevant MDAs, Community Environmental & Social Engineering Design and Leaders, CDOs, & NGOs Specialist Associated ESMP; Coordination with Other MDAs and the Community Project Implementation: SPMU Engineer, Lecture and One Day External Agency for 350,000.00 Civil Works with Use of Safeguard Officers, Site Visit capacity building or Vegetation in the project; Contractors, MOE Environmental & Social Roles and Responsibilities of Specialist Key Actors; Environmental Monitoring Monitoring and Evaluation: Contractor, Safeguard Workshop Half Day Environmental & Social 250,000.00 ESMP Monitoring and Reporting Officers, Engineers, MOE & Specialists; External Strategy; relevant MDAs, Community Agency engaged for Stakeholder and Community Leaders, CDOs, & NGOs capacity building Participation Watershed Protection and Watershed Committee, Workshop One Day World Bank/External 350,000.00 Management: Community Leaders, LGA Agency Engaged for Alternative income generation Staff, Support Capacity Building/ programme for stakeholders and Professionals Environmental & Social skills requirements; Specialists Promotion of Agricultural Methods and Technologies for Improving Farm Production and Erosion Prevention; TOTALS N1,650,000.00
Grievance Redress Mechanism A mechanism through which complaints and disagreements can be smoothly resolved has been devised for this project. As part of the grievance redress mechanism, formation of a project complaints committee (PCC) is recommended to receive and document all public complaints relating to the project. Currently, there is a system of customary avenue that exist in each of the communities to deal with dispute resolution in the community and this will be employed as the “court of first appeal”, where relevant. It is anticipated that this will allow unencumbered platform for people to express their dissatisfaction over any environmental and social (E&S) issues arising from the project. All grievances or complaints must be registered and compiled regularly for project management. The devised mechanisms are fundamental to achieving transparency in the ESMP process.
ESMP Implementation Budget The budget estimate for the E&S safeguards as determined under this ESMP, including cost for administration, monitoring and evaluation is N8,190,000.00 (eight million one hundred and ninety thousand, Naira, Kobo) only. The proposed budget will facilitate the implementation of the various measures, monitoring plan and capacity building of the ESMP and should be made an integral part of financing for the Ebia River flood control intervention and development project. The specific E&S safeguards obligations for the contractor should be incorporated into the contract specifications along with other contract provisions.
The estimated mitigation cost for the environmental and social management has been
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developed with due consideration to the following factors: 1. The magnitude of the flood control problem; 2. The type of technology to be employed; 3. The volume of the project affected households and persons; and, 4. The area of coverage of the proposed project. A summary of the budget estimate is presented in Table ES-4
Table ES-4: Breakdown of Cost Estimates COST BREAKDOWN IN (N) COST COST RESPONSIBILI Pre- Post- S/No ITEM Construction ESTIMATE ESTIMATE TY Construction Constructio Phase IN NAIRA (N) IN (US$) Phase n Phase
1 MITIGATION SPMU/Contractor To be built into Contractor costs - -
MANAGEMEN 2 SPMU/ MOE 1,350,000.00 750,000.00 850,000.00 N2,950,000.00 US$15,128.21 T SPMU/ FPMU/ FME/ MOE/ 3 MONITORING Environmental 850,000.00 1,750,000.00 600,000.00 3,200,000.00 16,410.26 Consultants/ Contractor CAPACITY SPMU/ MOH/ 4 BUILDING & Consultants/ 1,300,000.00 350,000.00 0 1,650,000.00 8,461.54 TRAININGS Contractor
Sub-total N7,800,000.00 US$40,000.01
5 CONTINGENCY (5%) 390,000.00 2,000.00
GRAND TOTAL N8,190,000.00 US$42,000.01
Monitoring and Evaluation In order to achieve success with the ESMP implementation and also maintain the implementation schedule and compliance, monitoring and evaluation of the ESMP implementation will be a continuous process and will include internal and external monitoring. The Ebonyi NEWMAP Safeguard Officer will play a key role in reporting the progress of implementation as well as compliance to the SPMU, FPMU and the World Bank.
Review and Disclosure This ESMP is expected to be subjected to public review and it should be disclosed in-state to the general public for review and comment at designated locations in Ebonyi State and in World Bank InfoShop.
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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 General Description This Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) has been prepared in support of the Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) being implemented in Ebonyi State of Nigeria. NEWMAP was initiated by the Federal Government of Nigeria (FGN) to help reduce soil erosion vulnerability and to develop watersheds initially in seven southern States of Nigeria (Abia, Anambra, Cross River, Ebonyi, Edo, Enugu and Imo States). Ebonyi State is located in the Southeast geopolitical zone of Nigeria and is known to be under severe flood and erosion problems. Figure 1-1 shows the location of Ebonyi State within the Southeast of Nigeria.
Ebia River is one of the three principal rivers that drain the Abakaliki Capital City. The river flows from the north western part of Abakaliki township eastwards into the eastern Ebonyi River. There are several tributaries, rivulets and brooks that feed the Ebia River from the town and the abutting villages. Because of the meandering nature of the river course, the runoff gathers and overspill these meanders to flood areas and properties downstream. Flooding along the river occurs in communities located within the co-ordinates: Latitudes 6o 20’28.63” and 6o 20’11.19”N and Longitudes 8o 09’09.73” and 8o 08’34.77”E. The affected flooded areas include Amike Aba, Abofia and Onuebia Villages in Abakaliki Local Government Areas (LGA), Ofutu Ndiebor Village in Ebonyi LGA and Mgbo Agbaja and Unagboke Villages in Izzi LGA. The flooding is exacerbated by the wrong alignment of the bridge crossing on the Ebia River at Agbaja - Azumili road. Figure 1-2 shows the location of Abakaliki, Ebonyi and Izzi LGAs in Ebonyi State.
Figure 1-1: Map of Nigeria Showing Ebonyi State Figure 1-2: Map of Ebonyi State showing the LGAs
The flooding hazards of the Ebia River have caused major loss of properties to residents within six villages (Amike Aba, Abofia, Ofutu Ndiebor, Onuebia, Mgbo Agbaja and Unagboke) in three LGAs (Abakaliki, Izzi and Ebonyi LGAs) of the state. The flooding also remains a serious threat to lives in these communities. Several cases of loss of lives, particularly school children on their way to school as well as some rural persons who get drowned in the township markets, have been reported on flood days. It is anticipated that the damaging impacts of the river will increasingly be more devastating as the density of settlements increase, particularly to the northern part of the catchment. In an effort to redress the impacts of flooding and erosion on the communities, the Ebonyi State Government (EBSG) has targeted to rehabilitate and remedy the flooding of Ebia River through the NEWMAP opportunity. Urgent intervention is therefore needed Page 15
at the site to salvage the environment, save lives, property and infrastructure and to restore the people’s confidence in Government.
1.2 Responsible Lead Agencies The lead Agencies for NEWMAP at the various tiers of government are as follows: Federal Lead Agency: The Federal Ministry of Environment (FME) Department of Erosion, Flood Coastal Zone Management Abuja. Nigeria State Lead Agency: Ebonyi State NEWMAP State Project Management Unit (SPMU) State Ministry of Environment Abakaliki. Ebonyi State
1.3 Project Rationale:
1.3.1 Environmental Impacts: The proposed interventions at the Ebia River flood corridor will redress the impacts of flooding and erosion on the communities (Amike Aba, Abofia, Ofutu Ndiebor, Onuebia, Mgbo Agbaja and Unagboke villages) along the river corridor and reverse land degradation within the watershed for the long-term. The project consists of remedial structural and non-structural developments that include civil works (channelization) and gabion protection and vegetative restoration above the concrete channel to prevent erosion and provide aesthetic view along the channel as well as prevent further encroachments of the floodplain. The channelization will span over 5.0 km.
1.3.2 Social Impacts: The Ebia River re-alignment and channelization will run from Ogbaga Road bridge through the upper sections of the watershed to the Ebonyi River on the lower watershed. This will result in the reconstruction of the existing infrastructures (rural roads, drainage channels and two bridges) locate at two sections along the river course through the lower and upper watersheds. These infrastructures are critical inter- and intra-community linkages and their disruption will result in very long detours for community people who travel to neighboring communities to trade/market their agricultural goods and children who attend schools in neighboring communities. Large areas of farmlands will be majorly impacted with many homes and families losing their primary means of livelihoods.
It is envisaged that about 73.78 acres (29.9 hectares) of land will be required for the river re- alignment and channelization with the attendant loss of economic trees/crops and the permanent loss of use of that portion of land. The scale of the proposed Ebia River flood control intervention works will therefore involve a significant disturbance of the environmental conditions, with both localized and regional impacts. Consequently, this ESMP as a site-specific safeguard instrument is required to provide necessary procedures and criteria that will guide the proposed Ebia River flood control intervention.
1.4 Project Scope: The proposed project consists of remedial structural and non-structural developments that include civil works (concrete channelization) and gabion protection above the concrete channel to prevent erosion and provide aesthetic view along the channel as well as prevent further encroachments of the floodplain. The Ebia River location plan showing the channelization corridor is shown in the satellite imagery, Figure 1.3.
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This Consultancy documents the environmental and social management plan (ESMP) for the Ebia River flood intervention project. Six communities are affected by the project and include Amike Aba, Abofia and Onuebia in Abakaliki LGA, Ofutu Ndiebor in Ebonyi LGA and Mgbo Agbaja and Unagboke in Izzi LGA of Ebonyi State. The ESMP specifically identifies, evaluates and documents the set of environmental and social impacts of the project and their associated mitigation measures, as well as the monitoring and institutional actions to be taken before, during and after the remedial construction and rehabilitation works. The evaluations have taken into account the proposed civil engineering designs, vegetative land management measures and other activities aimed at reducing or managing flooding and soil erosion within the watershed. This ESMP Report also addresses the necessity and adequacy of the monitoring and institutional arrangements for the project on a sustainable basis. The report further provides some guides to necessary capacity building and training of stakeholders participating in the mitigation of environmental and social impacts of the project including rehabilitation/resettlement of the project affected persons (PAPs).
Figure 1-3: Ebia River Location Plan Showing Intervention Channelization Corridor
1.5 Description of Proposed Intervention The interventions along the Ebia River flood corridor will involve construction of civil works and rehabilitation of the flood plain. The following remedial measures will be undertaken as part of the flood intervention activities:
1. Channelization of the Ebia River between the upstream confluence through the Agbaja Azumili Road down to the confluence with the Ebonyi River. The new channel will be of reinforced concrete and will straighten out the meandering sections. A total of 5.144km is involved with a right of way (ROW) totaling 45.6 meters. The depth of the flood channel is 4 meters. 2. Provision of a five (5) meters setback floodway on both sides of the reinforced concrete channel with gabion protection on sides slopes of the banks above the top level of the concrete channel to prevent erosion and provide aesthetic view along the channel. This will further prevent encroachments of the floodplain by developers for housing and other commercial activities.
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3. Provision of 5m length side drains to collect runoff from both sides of road crossings where they are not available. Culverts are also provided at the existing roads to adequately pass the flood water below the road crossings.
Civil Construction Works: The key activities for the civil construction works involve: River re-alignment through channelization; cutting and filling for percentage recovery; compaction of soils; concrete casting; assembling of structures, and, slope stabilization.
The key non-structural work components (biological works) will involve: Terracing; Structured vegetation; Specific trees planting with known root strength Economic trees planting
1.5.1 Activity Description The proposed projects’ activities can generally be divided into three phases, namely: 1. Pre-construction phase; 2. Construction phase; and, 3. Post-construction (maintenance) phase. Each phase of the project activities is as described below.
Pre-construction Phase As part of the pre-construction stage, MOE/EBS-NEWMAP commissioned Messrs Yaroson Partnership Limited to develop the detailed engineering design for the flood intervention and development of the Ebia River flood corridor. The preparation of this ESMP and a separate Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) forms part of the pre-construction phase. The commencement of the remedial construction activities is expected to begin after the completion of the ESMP and RAP process.
Construction Phase The construction of the flood control infrastructure and the site development activities, as designed, will require the use of existing three access roadways to reach sections of the project location. The three access roadways are the Ogbaga Road (Access Road No.1), the Abofia-Ofutu Ndiebor Road (Access Road No.2) and the Agbaja-Azumili Road (Access Road No.3) the last two of which have been severely degraded. Civil works associated with the degraded access roadways include re-grading and rehabilitation of the roads and associated drainages, and creation of hard standing areas. The need for the rehabilitation of the access roads is heightened by the level of destruction that will arise from movement of heavy duty vehicles and equipment for project construction activities.
The preparation of the construction staging areas will require some localized vegetation clearance along the channelization corridor and the removal of incipient solid waste materials. Materials arising from the excavation for the channel corridor, foundations, stabilization walls (soil, rock etc.) and installation of gabions would be used to fill appropriate areas. The foundations will be in-filled with cement supplied via ready-mix-cement trucks or alternatively mixed on site. Vegetation clearing may be done manually or mechanically. A number of transport vehicles will be employed in the project but there will be no on-site maintenance of vehicles. The power equipment is Page 18
expected to be used in the construction including power saws and compressor to break hard ground (if required). Earth moving equipments such as excavators, compactors, bulldozers and pay loaders will also be used at the site. Additionally, skilled and unskilled labor will be employed during the project implementation.
Post-Construction (Maintenance) Phase Routine visual inspection and maintenance of the channelization corridor are expected. Access rights may need to be retained through the community watershed association to allow for maintenance works in the future. The flood control channel corridor will require routine periodic maintenance of the site infrastructure (culverts, gabions, drainage channels, roadways etc) as well as necessary oversight of the economic trees.
1.5.2 Analysis of Alternatives Usually there are several alternatives to any project. The selection of a particular alternative is premised on several considerations, including the desirability/acceptability of the project, the government’s position or inclinations to the project, the potential environmental and social impacts of the project, the economic viability of the project, etc. For the proposed Ebia River flood control project, a number of alternatives were considered and these include: delayed project alternative; a do-nothing alternative; and the planned project alternative. A summary of these alternatives is presented below:
Delayed Project Alternative This option means that the project will not be implemented at this time; rather, a delay will be in effect until such a time when certain conditions are met or requirements fulfilled. This kind of option is usually adopted when there are regulatory requirements that need to be met, when the political and economic climate is inclement for project implementation or in a period of war. Presently, the country is not at war. Furthermore, the government of Nigeria is vigorously encouraging and courting foreign direct investment and socio-economic development. The planned project can attract foreign investment, in addition to all the added values indicated earlier. Therefore, delaying the project will in turn delay the realization of the positive benefits expected from the project. In addition, given the very high level of inflation in Nigeria’s economy, a delay of one year could potentially cause up to a 25% increase in project costs. Therefore the option of delaying the project is not considered a viable option.
The Do-Nothing (No-Project) Alternative This alternative assumes that the entire project concept will be cancelled and scrapped. There will be no improvement or changes in the present state of Ebia River flooding as well as the access roads to Abofia, Ofutu Ndiebor, Onuebia, Mgbo Agbaja and Unagboke villages. This is an inferior alternative when compared to the option of going ahead with the project. Although if this option is taken, it would mean that the negative environmental and social impacts of the project would be completely avoided; however, not implementing the project will also lead to: (i) Lives (particularly of school children) will continue to be lost with each rainy season; (ii) Continued lack of rural access and mobility and increased pains in transporting agricultural products from the villages; (iii) Continued lack of economic empowerment, development and transformation in the rural communities (Amike Aba, Abofia, Ofutu Ndiebor, Onuebia, Mgbo Agbaja and Unagboke villages). (iv) Failure to generate employment opportunities as anticipated;
Therefore, the “Do-Nothing” or No-Project Alternative will worsen the present situation and worsen poverty at the same time. In addition, most of the affected villages where agricultural activities
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dominate will still be cut off due to lack of effective bridges and culverts linkages. The “Do-Nothing” or No-Project Alternative is therefore not a viable option.
The Ebia River Channelization (Proposed Project) Alternative The Ebia River Channelization Alternative requires realigned channelization of the existing river corridor and improving (upgrading, rehabilitation and maintenance) of the existing access roads (and bridges/culverts) to an acceptable safety and environment standard. The advantages associated with this alternative far outweigh the disadvantages. Although initial costs would be high; the accrued economic and cultural benefits far outweigh the no-project alternative. The objective of the project is to eliminate flooding of the agricultural lands of the affected villages and also boost agricultural production through the provision of access roads for easy transportation of products. Moreover, hitherto post harvest losses will be reduced and thus creating more benefits to the farmers in particular and Ebonyi State in general.
This alternative involves a lot of construction work, along with the associated positive and negative impacts. The essence of a project of this nature is to ensure that activities are undertaken in a way that minimizes the negative impacts of the project while enhancing the positive impacts. To this end, there is a need to ensure any activity that can result in negative impacts on the environment (biophysical and socio-economic) are identified and mitigating measures planned for each negative impact. A detailed description of the identified impacts and the mitigating measures for the proposed project is presented in Chapters 5 and 6 of this report.
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CHAPTER 2: LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
This ESMP is guided by the requirements of the relevant and applicable state, national and international regulation, guidelines, conventions, industrial best management practices including the World Bank safeguard policies that are triggered by the project. The relevant legal and institutional framework applicable to NEWMAP has been fully discussed in the ESMF. These legal requirements and regulations are summarized below:
2.1 Applicable Nigerian Legal and Institutional Framework Pursuant to Section 20 of the Nigerian 1999 Constitution, the state is empowered to protect and improve the environment and safeguard the water, air, and land, forest, and wildlife of Nigeria. The power to regulate all environmental matters in Nigeria is vested in the Federal Ministry of Environment (FME) – a mandate that previously rested with the now defunct Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) set up by Federal Act 88, of 1988.
The applicable environmental laws include the Environmental Impact Assessment Act No. 86 of 1992; the National Guidelines and Standards for Environmental Pollution Control in Nigeria (March 1991); the National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (establishment) Act 2007 (NESREA), the Land Use Act 1978 (modified in 1990); the Forestry Act 1958; and the National Agricultural Policy 1988.
2.1.1 National Policy on Environment The national policy on environment, 1989 (revised 1999), provides for “a viable national mechanism for cooperation, coordination and regular consultation, as well as harmonious management of the policy formulation and implementation process which required the establishment of effective institutions and linkages within and among the various tiers of government – federal, state and local government”. The defined guideline and strategies provide for the effective management of the environment in the following 14 major areas: Human population; Land use and soil conservation; Water resource management; Forestry; Wildlife and protected areas; Marine and coastal area resources; Toxic and hazardous substances; Energy production and use; Air pollution; Noise pollution; Toxic and hazardous substances; Recreational space; Greenbelts movements; and, Cultural property.
2.1.2 National Environmental Impact Assessment Act 1992: National EIA Act 1992, Clause 2 provides that public or private sector of the economy shall not undertake or embark on or authorize projects or activities without prior consideration of the effects on the environment. The act makes an EIA mandatory for any development project, and prescribes the procedures for conducting and reporting EIA studies. As part of the effective utilization of the EIA tool, the ministry has produced sectarian guidelines.
2.1.3 Nigerian Land Use Matters The basic legal framework for the acquisition of land in Nigeria is the Land Use Act 1978 under the laws of the Federation of Nigeria. The Land Use Act 1978 of Nigeria, Chapter 202 vests all land within the urban areas of any Nigerian State in the Executive Governor of that state. Land within the rural areas of the state is vested on the Local Government. The law provides for compensation to the holder of any land title when such land is to be acquired for public purposes. For developed land, the Governor (in the case of urban areas) or Local Government (in the case of rural areas) may, in lieu of compensation, offer resettlement in any other place as a reasonable alternative accommodation and in acceptance of resettlement, the holder’s right to compensation shall be deemed to have been duly satisfied.
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Although the Land Use Act is not strictly an Act for environmental protection, protection of the environment is one of the considerations which a holder of certificate of occupancy has to observe.
2.1.4 National Erosion and Flood Control Policy 2005: The general soil erosion & flood control guidelines provide necessary instructions for soil and water resources users to develop, implement and monitor plans that are to assure erosion and flood hazard mitigation. The maintenance of levees and other protective structures are also to be developed at areas with potential impacts. In addition to this, all requests for project plan approvals must include soil type and drainage pattern/structures in and around project area and the likely impact of the project on these duly certified.
2.1.5 NESREA Establishment Act, 2007. The National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA) has responsibility for the enforcement of the environment regulations and biodiversity conservation, including coordination and liaison with relevant stakeholders within and outside Nigeria on matters of enforcement of environmental standards, regulations, rules, laws, policies and guidelines.
2.1.6 National Guidelines and Standards for Environmental Pollution (March, 2001): The National Guidelines and Standards for environmental pollution control in Nigeria (March, 2001) is the basic instrument for monitoring and controlling industrial and urban pollution.
2.1.7 Waste Management Regulations of 1991 This regulation mandates the collection, treatment, and disposal of solid and hazardous waste from municipal and industrial sources.
2.1.8 Forestry Act of 1958 This Act provides for the preservation of forest and the setting up of forest reserves. It is a punishable offence to cut down trees over 2ft in girth or to set fire to the forest except under special circumstances. Nigeria is at present a wood deficit nation. The policy on forest resources management and sustainable use is aimed at achieving self-sufficiency in all aspects of forest product through the use of sound forest management techniques as well as the mobilization of human and material resources. The overall objectives of forest policy are to prevent further deforestation and to recreate forest cover, either for productive or for protective purposes, on already deforested fragile land.
2.2 World Bank Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies The applicable World Bank safeguard policies identified to be applicable to NEWMAP include: OP 4.01 Environmental Assessment; OP 4.04 Natural Habitats; OP 4.10 Indigenous Peoples; OP 4.11 Physical Resources; OP 4.12 Involuntary Resettlements; OP 4.36 Forests; OP 4.37 Safety of Dams; OP 7.50 International Waterways; and OP 7.60 Projects in Disputed Areas. These World Bank safeguard policies are summarized as follows:
2.2.1. Environmental Assessment (EA) (OP 4.01): An EA is conducted to ensure that Bank-financed projects are environmentally sound and sustainable, and that decision- making is improved through appropriate analysis of actions and of their likely environmental impacts. Any World Bank project that is likely to have potential adverse environmental risks and impacts in its area of influence requires an EA indicating the potential risks, mitigation measures and environmental management framework or plan.
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2.2.2. Natural Habitats (OP 4.04): The policy is triggered by any project (including any subproject under a sector investment or financial intermediary loan) with the potential to cause significant conversion (loss), degradation of natural habitats, whether directly (through construction), or indirectly (through human activities induced by the project). The policy has separate requirements for critical (either legally or proposed to be protected or high ecological value) and non- critical natural habitats. The Bank’s interpretation of “significant conversion or degradation” is on a case–by–case basis for each project, based on the information obtained through the EA.
2.2.3. Water Resource Management (OP 4.07): The policy is triggered by any project that leads to serious resource misuse and hampers the viability of water – related investments. The Bank involvement in water resources management entails support for providing potable water sanitation facilities, flood control, and water for productive activities in a manner that is economically viable, environmentally sustainable, and socially equitable. Bank assist project borrowers in development of a comprehensive framework for designing water resource investments, adopting pricing and incentive policies, decentralizing water service delivery involving users in planning and managing water project, restoring and preserving aquatic ecosystems and guarding against overexploitation, avoiding the water logging problems and establishing strong legal and regulatory frameworks to ensure that social concerns are met.
2.2.4. Indigenous People (OP 4.10): Major objectives of the indigenous people policy are to (i) ensure that indigenous people affected by World Bank funded projects have a voice in project design and implementation. (ii) ensure that adverse impacts on indigenous people are avoided, minimized, or mitigated and (iii) ensure that benefits intended for indigenous people are culturally appropriate. The policy is triggered when there are indigenous people in the project area and there is likely potential of adverse impacts or they are intended beneficiaries. When this policy is triggered, an Indigenous People Development Plan is required to be prepared to mitigate the potential adverse impacts or maximize the positive benefits of the project interventions.
2.2.5 Physical Cultural Resources (OP 4.11): The Bank seeks to assist countries to manage their physical cultural resources and avoid or mitigate adverse impact of development projects on these resources. This policy is triggered for any project that requires an EA.
2.2.6 Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12): Key objectives of the World Bank’s policy on involuntary land acquisition are to avoid or minimize involuntary resettlement where feasible, exploring all viable alternative project designs; assist displaced persons in improving their former living standards, income earning capacity and production level, or at least in restoring them; encourage community participation in planning and implementing resettlement; and provide assistance to affected people regardless of the legality of land tenure. The policy covers not only physical relocation, but any loss of land or other assets resulting in relocation, or loss of shelter; loss of assets or access to assets; loss of income sources or means of livelihood whether or not the affected people must move to another location. When the policy is triggered, a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP), must be prepared. An abbreviated plan may be developed when less than 200 people are affected by the project. In situations, where all the precise impacts cannot be assessed during project preparation, provisions are made for preparing a Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF). The RAP/RPF must ensure that all Bank’s policy provisions detailed in OP 4.12 are addressed particularly the payment of compensation for affected assets at their replacement cost.
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2.2.7 Gender and Development (OP 4.20): The World Bank objective is to assist member countries to reduce poverty and enhance economic growth, human well- being and develop effectiveness in addressing any gender disparities and inequalities which are barriers to development. In sectors where Bank’s Country Assistance Strategy (CAS) has identified the need for gender responsive interventions, the bank’s assistance to the country incorporates measures designed to address this need taking onto consideration the gender’s implications of the project.
2.2.8 Forestry (OP 4.36): This policy is triggered by forest sector activities and other Bank sponsored interventions which have the potential to impact significantly upon forested areas. The Bank does not finance commercial logging operations but aims to reduce deforestation, enhance the environmental contribution of forested areas, promote afforestation, reduce poverty and encourage economic development.
2.3 International Conventions and Administrative Instruments Nigeria subscribes to a number of international regulations and convections relating to Environmental Protection. The assessments and management standards of these international development partners/agencies, such as World Bank and other financial organizations, must be compiled with by project proponents before these institutions will invest in the projects.
These guidelines/conventions/treaties to which Nigeria is a signatory are summarized below.
2.3.1 The Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Waste and Disposal, 1989 The convention focuses attention on the hazards of the generation and disposal of hazardous wastes. The convention defines the wastes to be regulated and controls their trans-boundary movement to protect human and environmental health against their adverse effects.
2.3.2 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change – Kyoto Protocol (1992) In order to achieve sustainable social and economic development, energy consumption for developing countries needs to grow taking into account the possibilities for achieving greater energy efficiency and for controlling greenhouse gas emissions in general. This also includes the application of new technologies on terms which make such an application economically and social beneficial, determined to protect the climate system for present and future generations.
2.3.3 Agenda 21 - UN Conference on Environment and Development At the United Nations Conference on Environment (also the Earth Summit) – held in Rio de Janeiro (1992), with recommendations from the WHO Commission, more than 150 member states adopted Agenda 21 - an action plan to guide future strategies for health and environment activities on a national and international level. This fact provided the background for FEPA’s EIA framework to ensure environmental sustainability of all types of activities in the oil and gas industry (FEPA, 1995).
2.3.4 Public Health Legislations and regulations Several countries have legislation and regulations that stipulate the administrative and policy framework for conducting health impact assessment for a development project, whether as part of an EIA or a standalone study. In addition, a number of international agencies have endorsed this process, such as the World Banks, Asian Development Commission, and the World Health Organizations. In Nigeria, the Public Health Law (L.N47 of 1955, Cap 103) provides justification for the execution of developmental projects under guidelines that promote health by protecting Page 24
the environment and safeguarding the health of humans.
2.3.5 WHO Health and Safety Component of EIA, 1987 WHO in its report on health and safety component of environment impact assessment (EIA) to protect human health indicates that: i. One of the fundamental considerations in the approval of projects, policies and plans should be the health of communities affected by them; greater consideration should be given to the consequence of development policies/programs for human health; ii. Environmental Impact Assessment should provide the best available factual information on the consequence for health of projects, policies and plan; and iii. Information on health impact should be available to the public.
2.3.6 Convention on Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals, Bonn, 1979 The Bonn convention concerns the promotion of measures for the conservation (including habitat conservation especial for endangered species and management of migratory species.)
2.3.7 United Nations Guiding Principle on the Human Environmental The United Nation (UN) published the concept of guiding principles on the Human Environment in 1972. Ten of these Guiding Principles were defined as formal declarations that express the basis on which an environmental policy can be built and which provide a foundation for action.
2.3.8 The Rio Declaration on Environmental and Development The UN Conference on Environment and development met at Rio de Janeiro in June 1992, at which time it reaffirmed the 1972 declaration on the Human Environment, and sought to build upon it. This was done with the goal of establishing a new and equitable global partnership through the creation of new levels of cooperation among states, key sectors of societies and people. It was also to aid work towards international agreements, which respect the interest of all, protect the integrity of the global environmental development system, and recognize the integral and interdependent nature of the earth.
Other relevant international conventions include: • Africa Convention on the Conservation of Natural Resources of 1969 • Convention on the Law of the Seas of 1982 • The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of 1971
2.4 Gaps between Nigerian Legislation and World Bank Policies Nigeria currently has a comprehensive framework for assessing and managing the environmental impacts of development projects. However, in comparison with the World Bank Safeguard Policies, it would appear that the Nigeria framework lacks the provision of clear requirements or guidance in the following areas: • Byelaws and Regulations in the defunct FEPA, now FMENV • Land Use act of 1978 • Standards applying to Wildlife protection and Biodiversity conservation
Nearly all agencies collecting and managing natural resources and environmental information in Nigeria are institutionally weak and suffer from lack of human and financial resources. Units established with donor support flourish during the life of the project, but experience slow death following project completion. Aside from these inadequacies, the Nigeria requirements are generally consistent with those of the World Bank. There is no real contradiction between Nigerian legislation and Bank policies regarding public consultation and disclosure.
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While the responsibility for assessing and mitigating environmental impacts lies with developers in Nigeria, the monitoring falls under the Federal (represented by NESREA) and state ministries of environment. These Agencies however lack the logistic capability to carry out the tasks assigned to it by the law.
The Nigerian laws do not require that an EIA include an assessment of the impact of an activity on public health. However, Nigeria through the Federal ministries of Health and Environment, is signatory to a number of international charters and legislations that require public health to be fully integrated with the EIA processes for all activities requiring Environmental Impact Assessment.
2.5 Triggered WB Safeguard Policies Table 2.1 (Triggered Safeguard Policies) shows the World Bank Safeguard Policies determined to be triggered by NEWMAP. However, based on the scope of the construction and rehabilitation works required in the Ebia River flood control, and considering the specific intervention activities proposed, the triggered Safeguard Policies for the sub-project include: Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01), Natural Habitats (OP 4.04), Cultural Property (OP 4.11), Involuntary Resettlement (OP/BP 4.12) as shown in the Table 2.1.
Table 2.1: Triggered Safeguard Policies Triggered by Triggered by Ebia River Applicable To Project How Project Addresses Safeguard Policy NEWMAP? Project? Due To Policy Requirements YES NO YES NO Environmental [ x ] [ ] [ x ] [ ] Civil works with site- ESMF prepared for Assessment(OP/BP4.01) specific impacts NEWMAP & site specific mitigation measures developed in this ESMP Natural Habitats [ x ] [ ] [ x ] [ ] Vegetation clearing and This ESMP spells out (OP/BP4.04) movement of appropriate site specific equipment with impacts mitigation measures on natural habitats Pest Management (OP [ x ] [ ] [ ] [ x ] NA* NA 4.09) Physical Cultural [ x ] [ ] [ x ] [ ] One local shrine near This ESMP spells out Resources (OP/BP 4.11) Ebia River corridor appropriate site specific mitigation measures Involuntary Resettlement [ x ] [ ] [ x ] [ ] Restriction of access to RPF prepared for NEWMAP (OP/BP4.12) sources of livelihood. & a standalone RAP spells out site specific issues to be addressed & how. Indigenous Peoples [ ] [x] [ ] [ x ] NA NA (OP/BP4.10) Forests (OP/BP4.36) [ x ] [ ] [ ] [ x ] NA NA Safety of Dams [ x ] [ ] [ ] [ x ] NA NA (OP/BP4.37)
Projects in Disputed [ ] [x] [ ] [ x ] NA NA Areas (OP/BP7.60)* Projects on International [ x ] [ ] [ ] [ x ] NA NA Waterways (OP/BP7.50) NA* = Not Applicable
The summary descriptions of the WB Safeguard Policies are included as Annexure 2.
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CHAPTER 3: BIOPHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
3.1 Introduction The geologic and soil characteristics of the project area and the extent to which implementation of the proposed project could be affected by soil characteristics and other natural environmental factors are summarized below. The natural environmental factors include climate and vegetation, topography and landforms, hydrogeology and hydrologic patterns. Information sources for this evaluation include published literature, preparation of surface geologic map, geotechnical investigation conducted by Messrs Yaroson Partnership Limited – the engineering design Consultant for this project, and the physical observations made during site inspections in the course of the Consultancy.
3.2 Climate The project area is situated within the sub-equatorial south climatic region characterized by uniformly high temperatures and a seasonal distribution of precipitation and high relative humidity. The climate of this area is of humid tropical climatic region. Harmattan is felt between December & January. The average annual temperatures range from a minimum of about 240C to a maximum of about 330C.
The area experiences distinct wet and dry seasons (eight months of rainfall and four months of dryness) in the year. The dry season runs through the months of November to February and the rainy season begins in March and ends in October. The rainfall shows bimodal peaks which occur in June and September with a short break between July and August. The average annual rainfall in the area is about 2500 mm. The rainy season follows the northward advance of maritime air from the Atlantic Ocean. The months of July and August are usually the wettest periods of the rainy season with average monthly rainfall of over 260mm. Relative humidity is high, usually over 90% in the early morning but falls between 60% and 80% in the afternoon. It is highest between May and October of the year.
The weather is highly influenced by the south western winds and the north-eastern winds. The south-eastern winds are full of moisture and blusters from the Atlantic Ocean whereas the northern easterlies are dry and dirt-laden winds that primarily blow from the deserts of Sahara. The dry and rainy seasons in Nigeria come into existence due to the movement of the north-east winds and the south-west winds, respectively. The hot and dry Harmattan wind from the Sahara sweeps across Ebonyi State between December and January carrying a reddish dust from the desert. The southwest wind brings cloudy and rainy weather between March and October of each year.
3.3 Geology and Hydrology Ebonyi state lies mostly in the Ebonyi (Aboine) River Basin and the Cross River plains. The area contains two main geologic formations from the east to the west. In terms of age and sequence of exposure, the formation are the Asu River group of the Albian age (lower cretaceous) made up of shales, and localized occurrences of sandstone, siltstone and limestone intercalations. The geologic map of the state is shown in Figure 3-1. The Asu River geological group is characterized by clay, mudstone and shale. Hydrogeologically, Onuebonyi area has majorly a consolidated sedimentary formation which is characterized by shale and mudstone with occasional intercalation of unconsolidated formation like clay and laterite.
The area is marked by undulated range of shale outcrops and the shales are either greyish or reddish brown in colour depending on its content and degree of weathering. The area has 400ft
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as its highest contour and 100ft as its lowest contour above sea level.
The Abakaliki metropolis is, geologically, Fig.3-1: Geologic Map of Ebonyi State underlain by the Abakaliki Shale Formation of the Asu River Group. It was generally believed to have started depositing in the mid-Albian period and was deposited within the lower (or southern) Benue Trough, southeastern Nigeria. The geology of the Ebonyi State and Abakaliki metropolis is as shown. Emplaced in these Asu River Group sediments are intermediates to basic intrusive, extrusives and pyroclastics. The group has average thickness of about 2000 m and rests unconformably on the Precambrian Basement.
The Abakaliki Shale Formation, which has an average thickness of about 500 m, is dominantly shale, dark grey in colour, blocky and non-micaceous in most locations. It is deeply folded, faulted and fractured by the series of tectonic activities which has acted on the rocks. This has given the shales the ability to house groundwater at economic quantity in some areas, while its nature as aquiclude still exist other parts and fracturing is not pronounced. It is calcareous (calcite-cemented) and deeply weathered to brownish clay in the greater part of the formation.
The major part of the Abakaliki metropolis is underlain by aquiclude; except in locations or zones where secondary aquiferous conditions were made possible by syn- and post depositional circumstances. The syn-depositional circumstance is the occurrence of lenses of sandstone or siltstone beds, while the post depositional circumstances include weathering, fracturing or shearing, and volcanic intrusions. The zones are recharged mostly in the peak of rainy season and by surface waters in the area. The major river that drains the area is the Ebonyi River and its tributaries (Udene and Iyiokwu Rivers). Both tributaries are perennial and usually overflow their banks at the peak of the rains resulting in floods.
3.4 Biodiversity The ecological survey of the immediate project area provides necessary information about the wildlife (vegetation cover and fauna) of the area, which is a vital indicator of its ecological dynamics. It also provides baseline information that can be useful for monitoring and the assessment of project implementation effectiveness.
3.4.1 Vegetation The project area lies within the humid tropical rainforest belt of southeastern Nigeria and evidences savannah type vegetation. The vegetative cover presents typical features of the derived savannah ecosystem and shows signs of intense disturbance due to human anthropogenic factors. Sampling of flora and fauna in the project area was conducted using the quadrat method. Known species and others species of interest were identified and classified using standard taxonomic procedures. A listing of plant species with frequent or abundant distribution identified in the various categories are shown in Table 3.1. The complete
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listing of plant species and their distribution found in the six categories of vegetation covers are given in Annexure I.
Table 3-1: Listing of Frequent Plant Species in the Project Areas Local/ Common S/No Species Family Life Form Name 1 Mangifera indica Anacardiaceae Tree Mango 2 Pterocarpus mildbraedii Fabaceae Tree Oha 3 Citrus sinensis Rutaceae Tree Orange 4 Carica papya Caricaceae Tree Paw-paw 5 Newbouldia laevis Tree Ogirisi 6 Ficus capensis Moraceae Tree Ugbor 7 Dacryodes edulis Burseraceae Tree Ube 8 Anacardium occidentale Anacardiaceae Tree Cashew 9 Manihot esculenta Euphorbiaceae Shrub Akpu 10 Cocos nucifera Palmae Tree Coconut 11 Ornamentals Species 12 Centrosima pubisence Fabaceae Herb Efia obubu 13 Spermacoce ruelliae Rubiaceae Herb 14 Spermacoce stachydea Rubiaceae Herb Imperata cylindericum Asteraceae Herb Ekperima/Spear 15 grass 16 Sida stipulata Malvaaceae Herb Eshioku 17 Mimosa pudica Fabaceae Herb Uke 18 Spigelia anthetamia Loganiceae Herb 19 Harungana madagascariensis Hypericaceae Tree 20 Holarrhena floribunda Apocynaceae Mba 21 Eragrostis aspera Poaceae Herb 22 Ficus spp Moraceae Tree (parasite) Akpuru/Afufa ohia 23 Hillerca latifolia Phytolaccaceae Herb 24 Spondias mombin Anacardiaceae 25 Ipomea centrocema Convulvolaceae Herb 26 Bambusa vulgaris Poaceae Shrub 27 Ischaemum rugosum Poaceae Herb 28 Sida stipulate Malvaceae Herb 29 Biophytum sentitivum Fabaceae Herb Source: Field Survey, Nov. 2015
The farmlands were not sampled since they were cultivated. The cultivated species seen were Oryza sativa (rice), Dioscorea spp (yam) and Manihot esculenta (cassava). There was indication by the people that other species of interest such as Zea mays (maize), Telfairia occidentalis (ugu), Musa paradisiacal (plantain), Abelmuscus esculenta (okoro), Ipomea batata (potato), ground nut (Arachis hypogaea), pepper (piper guineense), Citrullus vulgaris (melon/egusi) and Vigna unguiculata (cow pea/akidi) are also cultivated.
3.4.2 Animal Inventory of the Watershed Domestic Animals: These include mammal such as goats, sheep, ram and dogs; and aves such as local fowls and agricultural fowls.
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Wild Animals: There are terrestrial animals that include Thryonomys swinderianus (cane rat/nchi), Cricetomys gambianus (bush/giant rat) and antelope. It was reported by the locals that these animals are gradually disappearing. This could be attributable to habitat loss due to urbanization and the flooding menace since many of these animals are burrowing animals. Another factor could be uncontrolled hunting. Reported also are aquatic animals that include Heterobranchus spp (cat fish), Clarias spp (cat fish), Tilapia spp, Veranus niloticus (monitor lizard) and Crocodylus niloticus (nile crocodile).
Some of these reported animals (antelope, crocodile, monitor lizard and bush rat) are listed on the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) endangered red list. There is need to protect these endangered animals through conscious effort to forbid or discourage the hunting of these animals.
3.5 Slope Instability and Subsidence The stability or instability of a slope is greatly dependent upon factors such as gradient, available water content, existing vegetation, and stresses (natural and anthropomorphic) affecting the slope. For example, a denuded, saturated slope could be further destabilized and fail if it was to be stressed by considerable earth moving activities. The terrain of the project area is relatively of level surfaces. The vast majority of the lands within the project area are rice and other agricultural farmlands.
Land subsidence is the loss of surface elevation due to removal of subsurface support. Subsidence has many causes, including seismically induced stresses and the extraction of mineral or liquid and gas deposits. Although mineral and gas can and do cause subsidence, it is more common for subsidence to occur as a result of groundwater extraction in excess of groundwater recharge. There are no known studies on subsidence in the project area or surrounding region. However, subsidence in the region as a whole may be limited because the various geologic and hydrologic conditions associated with subsidence are not known to occur in the area.
3.6 Natural Drainage Corridors
3.6.1 Watershed Drainage Network Survey maps that included Satellite Imagery and Topographic profiles were used to guide interpretations of storm water flows throughout the project area. The watershed drainage features were identified through interpretation of 5-meter contour intervals topographic map provided. Drainage features within the scope of this investigation included any topographic feature that could potentially concentrate surface runoff, including convergent topography, swales and existing channels.
3.6.2 Main Agents of Site Flooding The Ebia River have its source from a number of rivulets, streams and brooks originating from communities in the upper catchment areas which include Isieke, Otereufe, Ogwu Anyionu, Amuike Oba, Obe-agu Aba, Idemba, etc. In addition, the river is supplied along its course by many rivulets such as Ngele Omo and Ngele Nwiboalo.
3.7 Archaeology and Cultural Heritage: There are no World Heritage Sites or areas of cultural importance that would be impacted by the proposed project, nor are there any archeologically sensitive areas.
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3.8 Traffic and Transport Infrastructure: The project area is served by rural roads which link Abakaliki town to the six project impacted communities and neighboring villages. The three roads currently experience very low levels of traffic flow due to the flooding problems. This is envisaged to gradually increase once the flood control intervention project is completed and as residential areas develop and the road surfacing is improved.
3.9 Waste Management: Waste management provision in the project area is generally lacking. Solid wastes are generally handled in individual homesteads and burnt or in small earth fills to rot. There are no commercial waste collectors in the communities so wastes to a large extent are indiscriminately dumped in isolated places. There are also no sewerage works in the project area. Many homesteads use septic tanks, while some homes still use the pit latrines.
3.10 Environmental Setting
3.10.1 Baseline Conditions
3.10.1.1 Soil Conditions The laboratory analytical results of the baseline soil conditions in the project area is shown in the Table 3-2 below.
Table 3-2: Analytical Results of Soil Sample From Project Area S/N Parameters Units Sample FMENV/ METHOD REMARKS Results NESREA 1 pH (KCl) 5.6 pH meter Satisfactory 2 pH (10% solution @ 25oC 6.7 6.5-9 pH meter Satisfactory 2 Nitrate mg/l 0.1478 - Satisfactory 3 Soil Colour Brownish - Visual Satisfactory Inspection 4 Potassium (K+) mg/l 0.3 - AST Satisfactory 5 Magnesium(Mg2+) mg/l 5.48 - ASTM Satisfactory 6 Electrical Conductivity µS/Cm 4.23 - Conductivity Satisfactory meter 7 Calcium (Ca2+) mg/l 6.42 - ASTM Satisfactory 8 Sodium (Na+) mg/l 5.0 - ASTM Satisfactory 9 Available Phosphorus mg/l 13.397 5 ASTM Unsatisfactory 10 Organic Matter % 0.993 - ASTM Satisfactory 12 Organic Carbon % 0.576 - ASTM Satisfactory 13 Iron (Fe2+) mg/l 40.35 0.03 ASTM Unsatisfactory 14 Lead ( Pb2+) mg/l 0.1750 164 ASTM Satisfactory 15 Copper (Cu2+) mg/l 0.0504 100 ASTM Satisfactory 16 Moisture % 31.930 - ASTM Satisfactory
3.10.2 Surface/Groundwater Water Condition The laboratory analytical results of the baseline water conditions in the project area is shown in the Table 3-3 below. Water sample was collected from an existing well in the Onuebia community.
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Table 3-3: Analytical Results of Well Water Sample from Project Area NESREA/FMENV PARAMETERS Average S/N UNITS LIMITS/WHO/NA METHOD REMARK TESTED Value/Results FDAC 1 Temperature 0 C 27.1 Ambient ASTM Satisfactory 2 pH - 8.0 7.0-8.5 ASTM Satisfactory 3 Taste - Unobjectionable Unobjectionable Organoleptic Satisfactory 4 Appearance - Clear/Colourless 5 NTU2 Organoleptic Satisfactory 5 Odour - Unobjectionable Unobjectionable Organoleptic Satisfactory 6 Total Dissolved mg/l 365 500 ASTM Satisfactory Solids 7 Conductivity uS/Cm 840 1000 Conductivity Satisfactory Meter 8 Total hardness mg/l 48.00 100 ASTM Satisfactory 9 Chloride mg/l 19.88 200 ASTM Satisfactory 10 Flouride mg/l 0.278 1.5 ASTM Satisfactory 11 Sodium mg/l ,,, - ASTM Satisfactory 12 Potassium mg/l ,,, 1-2 ASTM Satisfactory 13 Sulphate mg/l 13.94 200 ASTM Satisfactory 14 Sulphide mg/l 0.542 - ASTM Satisfactory 15 Ammonia mg/l 0.987 - ASTM Satisfactory 16 Nitrogen mg/l 0.1121 - ASTM Satisfactory 17 Phosphorus mg/l 1.62 - ASTM Satisfactory 18 BOD mg/l 7.20 6.0 ASTM Unsatisfactory 19 COD mg/l 23.66 - ASTM Unsatisfactory 20 Chromium mg/l 0.549 0.05 AAS Satisfactory 21 Copper mg/l 0.0371 2.0 AAS Satisfactory 22 Iron mg/l 0.232 0.05-0.3 AAS Satisfactory 23 Zinc mg/l 0.0056 5.0 AAS Satisfactory 24 Lead mg/l Nil 0.01 AAS Satisfactory 25 Manganese mg/l Nil 0.5 AAS Satisfactory 26 Calcium mg/l 16.00 50.00 ASTM Satisfactory 27 Magnesium mg/l 32.00 50.00 ASTM Satisfactory 28 Total Alkalinity mg/l 840.00 100.00 ASTM Satisfactory Microbial Analysis 29 E-Coli cfu/ml 0 0 ASTM Satisfactory 30 Aerobic cfu/ml 110 1x102 ASTM Unsatisfactory mesophiles 31 Coliform cfu/ml 78 1 ASTM Unsatisfactory µS/Cm = MicroSiemens per centimeter; NS = Not Specified; mg/l = milligram per litre cfu = Coliform forming units.
3.10.3 Air Quality The laboratory analytical results of the baseline air pollution indicators within and around the project areas show concentrations below the regulatory threshold limits as shown in the Table 3-3 below.
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Table 3-4: Analytical Results of Air Samples From Project Area Total Nitrogen Carbon Sulphur Suspended Ammonia Hydrogen Villages Dioxide Monoxide Dioxide Sulphide Particulates (NH3) [ppm] (NO2) [ppm] (CO) [ppm] (SO2) [ppm] (H2S) [ppm] (TSP) [ugm-3] Onuebia Village 102.1-142.2
3.10.4 Noise and Vibration: The project area is generally a quiet neighborhood being villages. Noise levels taken during field study indicate very low ambient noise levels. There are generally no significant noise emissions in the project area. The ambient noise levels recorded within the villages along the river corridor range from 35.8 dB to 56.2 dB. These levels are well below the FME regulatory standard of 90 dB.
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CHAPTER 4: SOCIOECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS
4.1 DESCRIPTION OF CULTURAL AND SOCIOECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT
4.1.1 Introduction: The cultural/socioeconomic elements and characteristics of the project area considered in this Consultancy include population, land use and tenure system, social setups, economic activities, education, vulnerability profile, gender, religion, settlement and migration patterns and health services system.
Qualitative and quantitative mixed method of assessment was adopted. This offered an effective means of interacting widely with the stakeholder groups, the Ebonyi NEWMAP team, as well as individual stakeholders and affected persons. Participatory community meetings, public discussions as well as discussions with key informants (Community elders, Local leadership, and Ebonyi NEWMAP Officers, among others) were held in the course of the Consultancy.
Socioeconomic Survey: This involved detailed enumerations/inventories of households/persons resident or doing business within the project area as well as formal and informal discussions with focus groups, including the community traditional and administrative leadership. A comprehensive questionnaire for data collection was used for this purpose. The questionnaire captured the following information: a) Household bio-data (demographic information); b) Livelihoods; c) Inventory of structural and nonstructural assets including land, common properties, houses, economic trees and cash crops. Also, census of the PAPs was also conducted to fully characterize the impact on each affected person.
Public Consultation: This was conducted as part of the participatory approach aimed at gaining good knowledge of the social issues/risks associated with the project as perceived by the communities. Public meetings were held in the village squares at three locations within the project immediate impact areas. The locations are Abofia Village, Onuebia Village, Mgbo Agbaja Village, Amike Aba Village and Unagboke Village.
Use of Maps and GIS: Survey maps as well as high resolution imagery were used to identify and map out the project area identifying any locations of structures relative to the project corridor.
The qualitative analysis involved an assessment of information obtained during the stakeholders’ consultations and public participation forums and discussions. The socioeconomic study provided necessary primary quantitative data for the project assessment. This quantitative data included: Household census of the people identified as PAPs; Establishing the socioeconomic profile of the project area population including health related status of respondents; Establishing the structural assets to be affected by project; Establishing area of land to be affected.
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4.2 CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT
4.2.1 Population Based on the 2006 Nigerian National Census, Abakaliki, Ebonyi, and Izzi LGAs have population figures of 149,683, 127,226, and 236,679, respectively. A breakdown shows a population of 4,096, 3,312, 3,218, 2,230, 1,043 and 1,012 for Amike Aba village, Abofia village, Ofutu Ndiebor village, Onuebia village, Mgbo Agbaja village and Ungboke village, respectively.
4.2.2 Ethnic Groups The people of Amike Aba, Abofia, Ofutu Ndiebor, Onuebia, Mgbo Agbaja and Unagboke consist of one major Nigerian ethnic group – the Igbos. The ethnic group has its unique culture, social organization and traditions. The social and cultural aspects in the project area are closely intertwined with the ethic groupings. The Igbos have elaborate cultural practices that include strong kinship linkages with organizations spanning from localized social groups to strong clan relations. The cultural associations and social interactions are epitomized during cultural and religious ceremonies and festivities. The people generally speak and write mainly the Igbo and English languages.
The six villages associated with the project area are essentially rural communities whose residents are generally agrarians. The local dwellers rear goats and sheep, and maintain chicken farms most of which are carried out within their residential compounds. Each of the six villages traces its origin from genealogical ties. Politics in the villages are done within the framework of clanism. Clans are the basic point of cultural and political identity for the citizens. Clanism and kinship are the elemental forces in control of political and cultural institutions as well as service points. The villages consist of groups of households whose families are inter-related via marriages.
4.2.3 Religion The people of Amike Aba, Abofia, Ofutu Ndiebor, Onuebia, Mgbo Agbaja and Unagboke are predominantly of Christian religion mostly Catholics and Anglicans. There are however a few traditionalists in the community.
4.3 LAND USE PATTERN There are three major types of customary land tenure system in Igboland – (1) individual land ownership; (2) family land ownership; and. (3) communal land ownership. Individual ownership may be for indigenes or for residents of the community. Family lands (as well as individual lands) are inherited from generational relatives. Communities retain family lands which may never be sold. Such family lands are generally retained for communal development and sometimes are rotationally shared among the members of the community for agricultural purposes but are not for sale.
Amike Aba, Abofia, Ofutu Ndiebor, Onuebia, Mgbo Agbaja and Unagboke villages can be characterized as rural areas with agriculture being the predominant land use. Over 90% of the land is committed to agricultural production of food crops. The crops include rice, maize, cassava, yams, plantain, vegetables, etc.
A review of the land use pattern within the project areas reveals the following: i) The land areas closest to the Ebia River corridor are essentially bamboo and rice farms. ii) There are a few structures in the vicinity of the proposed project area. The entire area is essentially dominated by farmlands.
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The Ebia River corridor and the infrastructural layout are depicted in the satellite imagery shown in Figure 4-1.
4.3.1 Cultural Resources There are no known designated historical, archaeological or cultural resources within the project area. However, several shrines exist in close proximity to the project corridor. Most of these shrines may not be affected by the project except for increased human movements in the vicinity of the shrine during project construction phase. For the shrines that may be directly within the proposed channelization ROW, discussions should be initiated with the shrine attendants for possible relocation.
4.4 ANALYSIS OF SOCIOECONOMIC SURVEY The measurement of precise impacts of the project on persons living or earning their living along the flood corridor cannot be effectively established without appropriate and accurate social and economic baseline data. The socioeconomic study will help to assess the social economic changes that may occur in the living conditions of the project area population as a result of the project impacts.
4.4.1 Objectives of the Socioeconomic Survey The primary objectives of the socioeconomic survey are as follows: 1. To collect information regarding existing socioeconomic conditions of the project population; 2. To use the collected socioeconomic information to develop baseline data for the assessment of the social and economic impacts of the project; 3. To analyze the patterns of relationships that exist among various socioeconomic or demographic components of the project area; 4. To obtain perceived views of respondents on the effects of project on the environment and their vulnerability to socioeconomic changes due to the project; and, 5. To provide a benchmark for any further information needed to monitor and evaluate improvements in the future.
The respondents to the socioeconomic survey included the following: (1) Owners of any buildings or structures located within 50 meters from the edges of the Ebia River corridor; (2) Owners of any buildings or structures located in areas to be used as construction staging areas during the construction phase of the project; (3) Residents/tenants of the buildings or structures identified in items (1) and (2) above whether the structures are permanent or temporary; residential or commercial; (4) Land owners along the proposed channelization corridor whose lands would be required for the purpose of the project;
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(5) Residents/tenants of any buildings or structures along the three access roads which lead to the upper and lower sections of the project area, irrespective of whether the structures are permanent or temporary, residential or commercial; (6) Economic trees/crops owners along the Ebia River banks whose lands would be required for the purpose of flood control.
The socioeconomic survey was conducted in conjunction with the census of the project affected persons to profile the impacted project area and provide baseline data against which mitigations measures and support will be measured. The analysis is based on respondents to the questionnaire administered to residents of the villages who are most likely to be impacted by the project. On the basis of the responses obtained in the exercise, the following determinations are made.
4.4.2 Respondent and Household Distribution in Project Area Figures 4-2 to 4-4 show how the respondents to the socioeconomic survey and the corresponding household members are distributed across the six villages that are affected by the project. Based on the survey, 352 respondents with 1857 household members were documented in Amike Aba village, 256 respondents with 1661 household members in Abofia village, 325 respondents with 2061 household members in Ofutu Ndiebor village; 217 respondents with 1479 household
Fig. 4-2: Respondent and Household Distribution Fig. 4-3: Gender Distribution of Respondents
No. of Respondents No. in Household Male (%) Female (%)
2061 1857 83% 81% 1661 1479 66% 69% 1327 52% 53% 961 48% 47% 34% 31% 17% 19% 352 256 325 217 271 177
members in Onuebia; 271 respondents with 1327 household members in Mgbo Fig. 4-4: Gender Distribution of Households Agbaja, and 177 respondents with 961 Male Female household members in Unagboke village.
54.6% 49.2% 50.8% 50.8% 45.4% 49.2% 52.8% 51.9% 51.3% 4.4.2 Gender, Age and Household Size 47.2% 48.1% 48.7% of Respondents The survey data indicates that of the respondents in the survey 55% are males while 45% are females in Amike Aba village, 48% and 52% in Abofia village, 53% and 47% in Ofutu Ndiebor village, 81% and 19% in Onuebia village, 66% and 34% in Mgbo Agbaja village and 51% and 49% in Unagboke village as shown in Figure 4-2. The respondents’ household
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data however, reflects a fairly even male/female distribution for all the villages as shown in Figure 4-3 and 4-4.
Fig. 4-5: Age Distribution of Households Women in the project area are mainly involved in traditional agriculture and 80% home-keeping. Generally, men are 60% more mobile than the women as the 40% men are more involved in the pursuit to 20% provide for the family. 0% The age distribution data (Figure 4- 5) shows that over 40% of the households are below the age of 20 years in all the six communities. All 20yrs & Less 21-30yrs 31-40yrs other age groups are below 20% in 41-50yrs 51-60yrs Above 60yrs each community. The survey further
shows that between 70.6% and 84.5% of the household members for all the villages are below the age of 30 years (Figure 4-5). Also between 14.3% and 26.1% of the households are between the ages of 31 to 60 years. The percentage of the respondents’ household members that are above the age of 60 years for the four villages ranges between 1.3% and 3.3%.
The respondents’ household size distribution Fig. 4-6: Size Distribution of Households ranged from a minimum of one person to a maximum of 16 persons per family. The average 1-2 Persons 3-4 Persons 5-6 Persons size of households is 5, 7, 6 and 8 persons for 7-8 Persons >8 Persons Amike Aba, Abofia, Ofutu Ndiebor, Onuebia, Mgbo Agbaja and Unagboke villages, 37% 35% 34% 33% 34% respectively. Over 50% of households in the six 28% 26% 28%27% 25% 24% villages have over 5 persons per family while 21% 19% 21% 20% 19%20% over 20% maintain household sizes more than 8 18%16% 18% 11% 13% 13% 12% 11% 11% persons and up to 16 persons per family. 6% to 8% 8% 6% 6% 12% of the respondents have household sizes of one or two members while another 11% to 30% have household members of more than 8 persons (Figure 4-6). Between 42% and 62% of respondents have household sizes of between 5 and 8 persons. 4.3.3 Marital Status of Respondents Twenty four to forty three percent of the village households are married while 55-75% are single (Figure 4-7). About three percent of the respondents from Ofutu Ndiebor village; two percent from Onuebia, Mgbo Agbaja and Unagboke villages; and one percent from Amike Aba and Abofia villages are widowed.
4.3.4 Access to Education The responses from the survey population indicate that 20-40% of the population of schooling age never attended school in the six villages (Figure 4-8).
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The level of basic education for the Fig. 4-7: Distribution of Marital Status surveyed households (Figure 4-8) is relatively moderate with 61%-80% of Single Married Widow the surveyed population having Widower Divorcee Separated attained the FSLC level of education 75% and higher. Based on respondents’ 67% 64% 62% household data, at least 54% of the 56% 55% 43% 43% population has attended/graduated 36% 30% 34% 24% from the primary school and the secondary education in the six villages 1%0%0%0% 1%0%0%0% 3%0%0%0% 2%0%0%0% 2%0%0%0% 2%0%0%0% surveyed. Mgbo Agbaja village particularly has 78% of its population having attained primary and secondary education. This high literacy level at Mgbo Agbaja village may be the resulting effect of the existence of primary and secondary schools in the village.
4.3.5 Occupational and Income Distribution of Respondents The occupational distribution data from the questionnaire indicate that in Abofia 72.3% of the surveyed households are unemployed, 14.3% are engaged in farming, 10.5% are self-employed and 2.8% are employed in either the private sector or civil service. In Ofutu Ndiebor 63.7% of the surveyed Fig. 4-8: Distribution of Educational Attainment households are unemployed, 30.1% Illiterate FSLC SSCE are engaged in farming, 5.5% are self-employed and 0.7% are Under-graduate Graduate Post Graduate employed in either the private sector 58% or civil service. In Onuebia 64.1% of the surveyed households are 40% unemployed, 9.7% are engaged in 38% 31% 36% 31% 33% 31% farming, 19.7% are self-employed 29% 29% 28% 26% 25% 28% 24% 26% and 6.5% are employed in either the 20%20% private sector or civil service. In Mgbo 8% 1% 8% 6% Agbaja village 47.1% of the surveyed 5% 5% 1% 4% 0% 2%0% 2%0% 0% 1%0% 2%1% households are unemployed, 35.5% are engaged in farming, 15.6% are self-employed and 1.8% is employed in either the private sector or civil service (Figure 4-9).
The main source of income for the households surveyed is income from farming across the communities. Less than 20% of the respondents reported owning a business or being self- employed. A disproportionate number of persons in all the villages are unemployed (as high as 72% in Abofia, 64% in Ofutu Ndiebor, 64% in Onuebia and 47% in Mgbo Agbaja). Based on the income data provided by respondents in the survey, 33%, 80%, 28% and 49% of respondents in Abofia, Ofutu Ndiebor, Onuebia, and Mgbo Agbaja, respectively earn less than N20,000 monthly, as depicted in Figure 4-10. It is worthy to note that with the exception of Onuebia village, over 60% of the respondents in the other three villages earn less than N30,000 per month. The figure is as high as 93% for Ofutu Ndiebor. The margin of error in the information provided on incomes may be significant considering that some of the respondents may have grossly inflated data Page 39
provided with the intent to receive compensations in accordance with Fig. 4-9: Occupational Distribution of incomes indicated in the survey. The Respondents data provided could not be independently verified. 80% 60% 40% 4.3.6 Household Waste Disposal 20% Most of the respondents dispose their 0% household wastes into convenient
Fig. 4-10: Monthly Income Distribution of Respondents Amike Aba Abofia Ofutu 100.0 Onuebia Mgbo Unagboke 50.0 0.0 crevices or drainage channels. In many areas, the wastes are also dumped at illegal dumpsites created. Figure 4-11 Below N20,000 N21,000-N30,000 and 4-12 show the indiscriminate disposal of household wastes into and N31,000-N45,000 N46,000-N60,000 along the Ebia River corridor. Photo Above N60,000 shows the Onuebia-Mgbo Agbaja bridgehead. Solid waste management in the project area is a considerable hazard to the health of the population and the effective functioning of the stormwater drainage systems. In the project area, unmanaged refuse disposal causes regular obstruction of the stormwater drainage systems. Domestic refuse is disposed randomly outside the residential compounds and the flood-prone areas are also treated as de facto waste disposal areas. The depicted situation in the project area is a clear reflection of the limited management and implementation of waste disposal mechanisms in most part of the state as well as the nation with majority of households disposing of their domestic refuse outside their compounds. During the wet season waste is washed through the presently unplanned drainage paths leaving a trail of refuse. Fig. 4-11: Indiscriminate Waste Dumping into Ebia River 4.3.7 Health Services There are no hospitals in any of the villages involved in this project. However, Amike Aba, Ofutu Ndiebor and Mgbo Agbaja villages maintain a rural health center administered by visiting medical personnel. No health centers are maintained by Abofia, Onuebia and Unagboke possibly because of their proximity to Abakaliki township.
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Information/data obtained from respondents indicate that common diseases are diarrhea, malaria, typhoid, pneumonia, cough, skin diseases, deficiency diseases, eye diseases, ear diseases, and waterborne diseases due to malnutrition and lack of hygiene. The quality of the health services in the project area is generally poor. Most people go to quacks and medicine shops for minor medical treatment.
4.4 Desirability of the Project Most of the respondents in the survey indicated immense desirability for the project to proceed as shown in Figure 2-13. Many of them expressed a clear wish for the project to proceed before the next Fig. 4-12: Indiscriminate Waste Disposal in Project Area round of rainfall.
Fig. 4-13: Project Desirability 4.5 Conflict Resolution In Amike Aba, Abofia, Ofutu Ndiebor and YES NO INDIFFERENT Mgbo Agbaja villages, most of the 99% 99% 99% 100% 99% 100% respondents in the survey (99%) prefer and find it most convenient to have conflicts resolved through informal traditional modes of conflict resolution which currently exist within the communities. In Unagboke and 0%1% 0%1% 0%1% 0%0% 0%1% 0%0% Onuebia village, 98% of the survey respondents indicate preference for conflict resolution through informal traditional modes of conflict resolution currently existing within their communities. While the court system is seen as an alternative means to resolve issues, only 1-2% of the respondents favour the court approach as Figure 4-14: Preference for Conflict shown in Figure 4.14. Resolution 4.6 Community Participation Informal Traditional System Court System The direct involvement and active participation 99% 99% 99% 98% 99% 98% of relevant stakeholders and the local level people in the planning and management processes of the project assures that any 1% 1% 1% 2% 1% 2% potential disharmonious issues within the community are resolved speedily. There will also be maximization of resource use and increased benefits and expanded opportunities for the communities in the project area.
Community participation improves understanding of the project and communication between the SPMU, the contractors and the community. The decision-making process for the project will also be enhanced by actively involving relevant stakeholders, especially the project affected persons and organizations with a
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stake in the project.
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Table 4.1: Summary of Findings for All Socioeconomic Indicators S/No Socioeconomic Indicator Findings
1 Population Ebonyi State has a population of 2,176,947 (Males - 1,064,156 and Females - 1,112,791) The survey data indicates that the project area has a 2-6% margin of difference between the population of males and females for the six villages of Amike Aba, Abofia, Ofutu Ndiebor, Onuebia, Mgbo Agbaja and Unagboke at the household level. This appears to reflect the state ratio for males and females. At the respondent level, the trend seems to be sustained except for Mgbo Agbaja village where the difference is as high as 33%.It is not certain why there is such a wide margin. 2 Ethnic Groups and Language Spoken The people of Amike Aba, Abofia, Ofutu Ndiebor, Onuebia, Mgbo Agbaja and Unagboke Villages consist of one major Nigerian ethnic group – the Igbos. The people generally speak and write mainly the Ibo and English languages. Clanism and kinship are strong elements and driving forces in control of political and cultural institutions and service points. The villages consist of groups of households whose families are inter-related through marriages. 3 Religion The members of Amike Aba, Abofia, Ofutu Ndiebor, Onuebia, Mgbo Agbaja and Unagboke communities are predominantly of the Christian faith, mostly Catholics and Anglicans with some traditionalists and negligible Muslim community. 4 Land Use System Three major types of customary land tenure system exist in the six villages, viz: – (1) individual land ownership; (2) family land ownership; and. (3) communal land ownership. Individual ownership may be for indigenes or for residents of the community. Family lands (as well as individual lands) are inherited from generational relatives. Communities retain family lands which may never be sold but mostly used for agricultural purposes. About 90% of land is committed to agricultural production of food crops which include rice, maize, cassava, yams, plantain, vegetables, etc. 5 Household Distribution in Project Area Based on the survey, 352 respondents with 1871 household members were documented in Amike Aba village, 256 respondents with 1661 household members in Abofia village, 325 respondents with 2061 household members in Ofutu Ndiebor village; 217 respondents with 1479 household members in Onuebia; and 271 respondents with 1327 household members in Mgbo Agbaja; and 177 respondents with 967 household members in Unagboke village 6 Gender, Age and Household Size of The survey shows that over 40% of the households in the six Respondents villages are below the age of 20 years while over 70% for all the villages are below the age of 30 years. For Ofutu Ndiebor, Onuebia and Mgbo Agbaja villages, 92.8%, 95.6%, and 93.6%, respectively of household members are below the age of 50 years. The percentage of the respondents’ household members that are above the age of 60 years for the six villages ranges between 1.3% and 3.3%. Household size distribution in the project area range from 1-16 persons with an average household size of 7 persons for the six villages. 7 Marital Status of Respondents Between 24.0% and 42.6% of the village households are married while between 54.8% and 74.9% are single and between 1.2% and 3.3% of the households are widowed 8 Access to Education There is a relatively moderate literacy level within the six communities with 67.1% to 80.5% of the surveyed population having attained the FSLC level of education and higher. However, about 19.5% of respondents not having attained the minimum of primary education appears on the high side
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S/No Socioeconomic Indicator Findings
9 Occupational and Income Distribution of The occupational distribution data shows a high rate of Respondents unemployment in the six communities (Abofia - 72.3%, Ofutu Ndiebor - 63.7%, Onuebia - 64.1%, and Mgbo Agbaja village - 47.1%). This situation could pose a serious social risk when not properly managed 10 Household Waste Disposal Household wastes are indiscriminately dumped at illegal points or dumpsites adjacent to the river corridor. Solid waste management is a considerable hazard to health and the effective functioning of the stormwater drainage systems. Unmanaged refuse disposal causes regular obstruction of the stormwater drainage systems. 11 Health Services Records show that common diseases in project area include diarrhea, malaria, typhoid, pneumonia, cough, skin diseases, deficiency diseases, eye diseases, ear diseases, and waterborne diseases due to malnutrition and lack of hygiene. The quality of the health services in the project area is generally poor. Most people go to quacks and medicine shops for minor medical treatment. 12 Desirability of Project 99% of survey respondents indicated immense desirability for the project to proceed. 13 Conflict Resolution Mechanism 98-99% of survey respondents prefer that their conflicts be resolved through informal traditional modes of conflict resolution. Less than 2% favour resolution through the court system.
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CHAPTER 5: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS
5.1 Introduction This chapter identifies the methods/techniques used in assessing and analyzing the potential social and environmental impacts of the project and, also discusses the alternatives to the proposed project and reasons for their rejection. The likely future scenario without the project is also considered.
The beneficial and adverse potential environmental, economic, social and cultural impacts are identified based on professional judgment and the use of unranked pair-wise comparison approach (Canter, L and Sadler, B; 1997). Other factors in predicting the potential impacts include the results of public consultations. The potentially significant environmental and social impacts of the project as well as the suitable mitigation measures are discussed. The assignment of responsibilities for implementation of the ESMP and the associated costs are presented in Chapter 6.
5.2 Discussion of Methods/Techniques Used In Assessing Impacts
5.2.1 Impact Rating Methodology The assessment of the potential impacts of the project was based on specialists’ expertise, Consultant’s professional judgment, field observations and desk-top analysis. The significance of potential impacts that may result from the proposed project was determined to assist decision making.
Generally, the envisaged areas of potential impacts which could result from the activities of the project are evaluated for impact significance based on the comparative consequential effects of the potential impact on the social and biophysical environments. The significance of an impact may be defined as a combination of the consequence of the impact occurring and the probability that it will occur. The criteria used to determine impact consequence are shown in the Table 5-1.
Table 5-1: Criteria Determine Impact Consequence RATING DESCRIPTION OF RATING SCORE
A. Extent – the area over which the impact will be experienced Localized Confined to specific project activity area or part thereof 1 Entire Watershed The entire watershed 2 Regional Beyond the watershed 3 B. Intensity – the magnitude of the impact in relation to the sensitivity of the receiving environment, taking into account the degree to which the impact may cause irreplaceable loss of resources Low Site-specific and wider natural and/or social functions and processes are negligibly altered 1 Medium Site-specific and wider natural and/or social functions and 2 processes continue albeit in a modified way High Site-specific and wider natural and/or social functions and processes are severely altered 3 C. Duration – the timeframe over which the impact will be experienced and its reversibility Short-term Up to 6 months 1 Medium-term 6 months to 1 year 2 Long-term More than 1 year 3
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The numerical scores in Table 5-1 are positive or negative depending on whether the impact is adverse or beneficial. If impact is adverse, the numerical score is positive and if the impact is beneficial, the numerical score is negative. The combined score of the three criteria (extent, intensity and duration) corresponds to a Consequence Rating, as shown in Table 5-2:
Table 5-2: Method used to determine Consequence Score Combined Score (A+B+C) 3 – 4 5 6 7 8 - 9 Consequence Rating Very low Low Medium High Very high
The probability of the impact occurring is determined using the probability classifications presented in the Table 5-3 below:
Table 5-3: Probability Classification Probability – the likelihood of impact occurring Improbable < 40% chance of occurring Possible 40% – 70% chance of occurring Probable > 70% - 90% chance of occurring Definite > 90% chance of occurring
The overall significance of impacts was determined by considering consequence and probability using the rating system prescribed in the Table 5-4 below:
Table 5-4: Impact Significance Ratings Probability Improbable Possible Probable Definite Very Low INSIGNIFICANT INSIGNIFICANT VERY LOW VERY LOW
Low VERY LOW VERY LOW LOW LOW
Medium LOW LOW MEDIUM MEDIUM
High MEDIUM MEDIUM HIGH HIGH
Consequence Very High HIGH HIGH VERY HIGH VERY HIGH
As previously indicated under Chapter 1, the envisaged project activities will include: 1. Civil Construction Works: o cutting and filling for percentage recovery o compaction of soils o concrete casting o assembling of structures and, o slope stabilization. o The foundations of the lattice structures will be dug manually then casting concrete are used. The depth will be determined consistent with the geotechnical study. o Vegetation clearing will be done manually with safety consciousness. o A number of transport vehicles will be deployed in the project but there will be no on-site maintenance of vehicles. o Powered equipment is expected to be used in the construction including power saws and compressor to break hard ground (if required). o Earth moving equipments will be used such as excavators, compactors, bulldozers and pay loaders;
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o Skilled and unskilled labor to be employed in the project.
2. Biological Remedial Construction Works: o Terracing; o Structured vegetation; o Specific trees planting with known root strength o Economic trees planting
Overall, this project is aimed at halting or minimizing the environmental and social damages being caused by the incidence of flooding in the project area and beyond. This is, in the overall a positive impact.
The envisaged areas of potential impacts (positive and negative) on the socioeconomic/cultural and biophysical environments which could result from the proposed project include:
Environmental Impact Areas: 1) Air quality 2) Surface water quality 3) Groundwater quality 4) Noise and vibrations 5) Degradation of arable land in the project area. 6) Biodiversity conservation. 7) Siltation of Oshoku/Ozowata stream. 8) Ecological diversity in stream watershed. 9) Public Health and safety 10) Visual effects. 11) Traffic and transportation 12) Earth movements 13) Solid and liquid wastes 14) Soil erosion and flooding vulnerability 15) Climate change
Social Impact Areas: 1) Economic Activities: o Sources of livelihoods. o Employment generation 2) Damage to Infrastructure: o Residential & commercial buildings o Roads, drainages, utilities, etc. 3) Community Effects: o Displacement of persons. o Isolation of settlements. o Migration of communities. 4) Gender disparity 5) Damage to archaeological and cultural resources 6) Land use restrictions
5.3 Potential Impacts on Socioeconomic/Cultural and Biophysical Environments The potential impacts are organized considering all phases of the project from the pre- construction phase through the construction phase to the post-construction phase and summarized based on whether the envisaged project impact area will result in positive or negative impacts. These are summarized for the socioeconomic/cultural and biophysical environments and Page 47
shown in Table 5.5.
Table 5.5: Summary of Potential Impact Areas Triggered by Project Is Project Effect on Aspects of Project that Trigger Impact S/No. Potential Impact Area Impact Area Negative? YES NO (Positive or Negative) Biophysical Environment
Biophysical Impacts Air pollution expected from dust and emissions from construction vehicles, plant and equipment. Dust is generated by excavation and earth moving operations and causes 1 Air quality [X] [ ] nuisance to residents and other sensitive receptors. Exhaust emissions occur from poor maintenance of plant and equipment or over revving of engines. Construction works have both short-term and long-term impacts on water resources. Earthworks release suspended Surface and ground water particles into watercourses, which can have temporary 2 [X] [ ] quality detrimental effects on water organisms. Spillages of fuel and other petroleum products cause contamination of the soil and water resources. Noise will emanate from moving vehicles, excavators, generators, power tools (e.g. for vegetation clearing), and compressors during construction. Permissible human noise levels may be temporarily exceeded during construction and 4 Noise and vibrations [X] [ ] may cause hearing impairment and nuisance to local residents and other sensitive receptors such as schools and hospitals. Vibrations from equipment can also be an issue for residences and other sensitive receptors close to the channelization heads. Degradation of arable land 5 [ ] [X] N/A in the project area. Channelization will run through mostly acquired lands. There will be loss of natural and planted vegetation on these lands during construction by moving plants and machinery as well as 6 Biodiversity conservation. [X] [ ] siting of temporary office and workers camp. No impacts however are anticipated on wildlife habitats and migratory birds.
Ecological diversity in 8 [ ] [X] N/A stream watershed.
Construction operations pose hazards to people living or working near construction areas or employed to work on site. Excavations, construction traffic and stockpiled materials pose Public and Occupational 9 [X] [ ] particular threats to children and livestock. Children may be Health and safety inadvertently recruited to work on construction sites. Construction workers camp give rise to health risks associated with poor waste disposal practices, sanitation and prostitution. Adverse visual impact will arise as construction works will be visible to local residents or pastoralists. Construction visual 10 Visual effects. [X] [ ] impacts will however be short term in nature and remains an effect at a socio-cultural level in terms of aesthetics. Traffic movements associated with site staff, delivery of materials and the removal of waste during the construction is likely. Occasional movement of abnormal loads on local roads 11 Traffic and transportation [X] [ ] may result in temporary diversions. Traffic and transport associated with project will adhere to existing roads or follow specified routes as established.
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Is Project Effect on Aspects of Project that Trigger Impact S/No. Potential Impact Area Impact Area Negative? YES NO (Positive or Negative) Construction operations can pose earth movement hazards to 12 Earth movements [X] [ ] people working near the construction areas due to unstable soil profiles from site excavations. Proposed project will generate waste during construction including off specification materials such as cement, wood, plastic, paper and domestic waste from construction areas and 13 Solid and liquid wastes [X] [ ] worker camps. This could result in increased pressure on local waste dump facilities as well as potential for unauthorized disposal and littering if not properly managed. Soil erosion and flooding 14 [ ] [X] N/A vulnerability Exhaust emissions from construction vehicles, plant and equipment may result in ozone depleting compounds. 15 Climate change [X] [ ] Emissions occur from poor maintenance of plant and equipment or over revving of engines. Sourcing construction materials such as sand from river beds or burrow pits may cause adverse environmental impacts if not conducted in a sustainable manner. Project may also lead to 16 Off-site Resources [X] [ ] increased demand for construction materials and impact on availability of such materials for other projects going on at the same time in the area. Socioeconomic Environment
Socioeconomic Impacts Project leads to improved community capacity in the 1. Flood Control Capacity [ ] [X] prevention and control of flooding and erosion throughout the watershed. Project will provide short term, local employment opportunities for community members in terms of site clearance, excavation, 2. Employment Generation [ ] [X] loading and offloading of materials and delivery services; drivers, security services, provision of goods and services to construction workers e.g. food kiosks and other shops. There will be loss of some croplands along the proposed Sources of livelihoods. 3 [X] [ ] project right of way (ROW) for channelization. Compensations
will be required for the PAPs in accordance with WB policies. Damage to building There are no buildings or structural assets within the project 4 structures. [ ] [X] ROW.
There will be no permanent displacements of persons. However, persons with critical health conditions, including old Displacement of people. 5 [X] [ ] persons and children, within project area may be temporarily
relocated during construction phase. PAPs will be compensated for temporary displacement. Displacement of Flood control infrastructure and associated drainage channels infrastructure (drainages, 6 [ ] [X] and bridges as proposed are expected to remain for long time electric poles, etc). and sustainably maintained for continued effectiveness.
Proposed project requires access roads to be rehabilitated to allow for the movement of machinery and for the delivery of Damage to roadways 7 [ ] [X] materials. The improved roads would be of long term benefit
to the communities since the roads are essential trading links with the neighboring villages and communities. 8 Isolation of settlements. [ ] [X] N/A
9 Migration of communities. [ ] [X] N/A Women as well as men will benefit from the short-term local Gender disparity 10 [ ] [X] employment opportunities to be created during construction
phase. There will be income generating activities for women in
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Is Project Effect on Aspects of Project that Trigger Impact S/No. Potential Impact Area Impact Area Negative? YES NO (Positive or Negative) catering/restaurants for workers on construction site and from sale of local products to construction workers. The effective implementation of the project will require capacity building and awareness campaigns. Health, safety and 11 Local Capacity Building [ ] [X] environmental training and awareness will be extended to both workers and community members and local residents. Proposed project will not pass through or be sited close to any Archaeological and known World Heritage or archaeological sites. Project is also 12 cultural resources [X] [ ] not located within any United Nations (UN) Classified
Indigenous Peoples Land. Project will enhance community/local leadership with formation of various committees to facilitate sustainable post- 13 Community Leadership [ ] [X] construction monitoring and maintenance. Committee nomination follows existing community structures which rely on opinion of community leaders. Short term increase in economic activities and opportunities will result from project implementation. Indirect economic 14 Economic activities [X] [ .] gains from the purchase of construction materials such as cement, iron rods and bricks will also emerge. Acquisition of land located with the proposed project ROW will be required. Channelization may alter long term use of any 15 Land use restrictions [X] [ ] particular piece of land in the proximity of the channel corridor. For example, structures may not be erected on portions of the land although economic trees could be planted. N/A = Not Applicable
5.4 Potential Impacts Significance Rating Table 5-6 shows the detailed analysis of the impact significance rating for each of the potential project impact areas.
Table 5-6: Impact Significance Rating Consequence Probability S/No Potential Impact Area Impact Significance Rating Classification ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
1 Air Quality Medium Definite Medium
2 Surface/ground Water Medium Definite Medium
3 Noise and Vibrations Medium Definite Medium
4 Degradation of land Medium Improbable Insignificant
5 Vegetation loss Medium Definite Medium
6 Stream ecological diversity Very Low Improbable Insignificant
7 Safety and health High Probable High
8 Visual Effects Very Low Improbable Insignificant
9 Traffic and transportation Very High Definite Very High
10 Earth movements Very High Possible High
11 Solid wastes Medium Definite Medium
12 Liquid wastes Medium Definite Medium Soil erosion & flood 13 Medium Improbable Low vulnerability Page 50
Consequence Probability S/No Potential Impact Area Impact Significance Rating Classification 14 Climate change High Definite High
15 Off-site Resources High Probable High
SOCIAL IMPACTS
1 Loss of means of livelihood High Definite High
2 Loss of physical assets High Definite High
3 Displacement of persons Low Definite Medium
4 Infrastructural displacement Low Possible Very Low
5 Damage to roadways Medium Possible Low
6 Gender disparity Medium Possible Low Loss of archaeological and 7 Low Possible Very Low cultural resources 8 Economic activities Medium Possible Low
9 Land use restrictions High Definite High
5.5 Identified Social and Environmental Impacts A combination of the outcome of Table 5.5 and Table 5-6 indicates that the following social and environmental impact categories will suffer medium to very high impact levels as a result of the project implementation: The Tables further indicate that the other environmental and social impact categories will suffer insignificant to low impact levels as a result of the project.
Social Impacts: Loss of means of livelihood Loss of physical assets Displacement of persons (temporary) Land use restriction
Environmental Impacts: Dust and air quality Surface and ground water quality Noise and vibration Vegetation loss Public/Occupational Health and Safety Traffic and Transport Earth movement Solid and liquid wastes Climate change
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CHAPTER 6: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP)
This ESMP is necessary to achieve the health, safety, and environmental regulatory compliance objectives of the project. To this end, the Plan has focused on specific steps to be taken with respect to implementation of the mitigation measures and monitoring activities for the environmental and social impacts identified in Chapter 5. The plan highlights the specific mitigation measures that would be taken and the entities responsible for carrying out the mitigating measures. The ESMP also contains a monitoring plan indicating the responsible parties, the frequency of monitoring, key indicators and the reporting format, and provides for necessary capacity building to facilitate the ESMP implementation. Cost estimates for implementation of the various measures, monitoring plan and capacity building are also given. The projected implementation budget will enable the ESMP to be an integral part of financing for the construction and maintenance works in the project.
6.1 Summary of Safeguard Measures for Implementation Based on the environmental and social impact categories identified in Chapter 5 (see Section 5.7), the ESMP implementation will address measures that cover the following impacts: Social Impacts: Loss of means of livelihood Loss of physical assets Displacement of persons (temporary) Land use restriction These impacts are addressed hereunder as Community and PAPs issues management;
Environmental Impacts: Dust and air quality Surface and ground water quality Noise and vibration Vegetation loss Public/Occupational Health and Safety Traffic and Transport Earth movement Solid and liquid wastes Climate change These impacts are addressed hereunder as: 1) Dust control and air quality management; 2) Water resources, erosion control and flood prevention management; 3) Noise and vibration exposure management; 4) Flora and fauna removal management; 5) Public and occupational health and safety management; 6) Construction operation and slope stabilization; 7) Road diversion and accident prevention; 8) Waste management; and, 9) Temporary project office site management.
6.1.1 Environmental and Social Management Measures The environmental and social management measures to address the identified impact categories are presented in Table 6.1. These measures will be implemented by the Contractor through the course of the project and the monitoring aspect of the implementation will be carried out by the construction site engineer. These measures will also serve as the basis for monitoring.
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Table 6.1: Summary of Impact Mitigation Measures S/No E&S Impact Mitigation Measures . Categories Social Impacts 1 Impacts on Create awareness among community members; Community and Sensitize the people to all project activities PAP Management Pay appropriate compensation for land acquisition Loss of means of Pay adequate compensation to PAPs for temporary displacement and loss of land use; livelihood Build capacities within community Loss of physical Incorporate community feedback into project implementation process assets Disseminate project study findings; Ensure that period of inaccessibility to land is as short as possible Displacement of Maximize local employment (including women) on construction works (this should be a persons (temporary) contractual requirement to hire a percentage of local workforce including women) Land use restriction Provide occupational health and safety awareness training and workshops, Use of child labor prohibited Environmental Impacts 2 Dust and Air Dust generation will be controlled mainly by the use of water, especially in the dry Quality season. Use of water tanker for purposes of water dousing to control dust emission. Management Erection of speed control signals and ramps mounted in communities; Covering of hauling trucks carrying sand and other aggregates; Covering of heaped material e.g. sand will be covered: and Use of nose masks by all workers at road maintenance/works sites. Surfaces of vegetation along the maintenance road will be monitored to verify the effectiveness of dust suppression method. 3 Water Resources, Location for heaping construction material (e.g. sand and other aggregates) not less Erosion Control than 50m from water bodies and drainage channels (i.e. a separation distance of 50m and Flood will be observed); Prevention Management Site for fuelling of machinery and servicing of equipment will be located at a minimum distance of 100m from water bodies, wetlands and drainage channels; Embankment erection around fuelling and other liquid or spill-able storage sites in order to limit or contain such material from escape to potentially pollute water resources; Side drains (where appropriate) will be provided with settling basins near water bodies to remove silt and debris from road surface and construction site run-off, before discharge to adjoining streams or rivers; Adequate side drains provided to carry run-off into drainage channels to prevent erosion; Culverts of suitable capacity constructed to contain and direct flow, especially at peak flow and run-off; Road maintenance works to be carried out off peak rainy season; Provision of toilets and urinal at locations not less than 50m away from water bodies; and Adequate worker awareness on sanitation and measures to avoid water resource contamination. 4 Noise and Vibration Equipment servicing plan will be prepared and strictly followed to ensure efficient Exposure machinery performance and optimum noise generation. Management Stationary equipment shall be sited at safe distances from sensitive areas to minimize noise impacts Workers operating noisy equipment will not be exposed continuously for more than 3 hours a day. Workers will be provided with ear plugs. Page 53
S/No E&S Impact Mitigation Measures . Categories Workers handling vibrating equipment or parts will be given pads to absorb the vibrations and will not be exposed continuously for longer than 3 hours a day. Sanctions (ranging from a warning to dismissal) will be instituted by the contractor against workers who do not observe the use of appropriate PPEs 5 Flora and Fauna Mark out areas for clearance & where possible use manual method of vegetation Removal clearing; Management Undertake selective clearance by removing tall woody species leaving saplings for quick regeneration of vegetation; Prevent colonization by invasive species- Prevent damage to critical ecosystems and habitats Prevent destruction of flora and fauna
6 Occupational/Publi Erection of warning signals and use of reflective tapes at approaches to excavations, c Health and Safety heaped materials, stationary equipment, etc. Management Posting of speed limits of 40km/hr at approaches to construction sites; Safety meetings held twice a week and documented accordingly; Inductions and awareness programmes held for all employees on occupational health and safety practices; A First Aid team formed to provide first aid services to workers and where appropriate make referrals to the nearest Health Centre or hospital; First Aid team to be trained by a medical team from the Health Centre; Accident records at construction site and neighbourhoods to be maintained both for workers and the public; Stocks of PPEs to be maintained and supplied to workers regularly as needed; and Workers required to wear the appropriate PPEs e.g. helmets, ear plugs, nose masks, vibration pads, hand gloves, etc. HIV/AIDS and STIs Provide quarterly HIV/AIDS and STIs awareness programmes for workers and nearby Management communities; Health and HIV awareness team arranged from the State Health Ministry for the quarterly programmes; Sponsored educational package put together by the team to be implemented to enlighten both workers and communities; Training of peer educators within the work force and in communities by the team; and The contractor to provide free condom supplies and encourage free discussions, counseling and testing. 7 Construction Monitor and maintain intervention work for continued stability and quality Operation and Shortcomings in the control structures should be corrected before they Slope Stabilization develop into serious problems. Any treated gullies should be checked regularly and the healing process monitored closely. Structures built in the channelization for stabilization purpose should be observed for damage especially during rainy seasons and after heavy storms. Any damage observed should be repaired immediately to avoid further damage and the eventual collapse. 8 Road Diversion and A temporary structure to be constructed on one lane to allow for traffic flow Accident while work is on-going on the other lane; Prevention Traffic wardens to be posted at positions 100m from the construction points on either side of the road to ensure orderly traffic flow; Actual working areas to be secured with barricades;
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S/No E&S Impact Mitigation Measures . Categories Adequate road warning signs to be posted at vantage points to warn and direct traffic; All measures shall be effectively monitored by Contractor to ensure their implementation. 9 Waste Waste bins to be provided for the disposal of waste generated; Management Waste will be segregated into two at source - organic and plastic and glass wastes; Organic waste to be composted near the site office to enrich the soil, while plastics and glass are taken to the district dump-sites; Topsoil removed from the right of way for maintenance work to be spread on the land to avoid disrupting drainage network; and Toilets and urinals to be sited at least 100m from any stream or drainage channel and decommissioned at the end of project. 10 Temporary Project Identify a potential site, which must not be a farmland with crops or any physical asset; Office Site Identify the landowner through the Assembly member and/or traditional ruler of the Management community; Seek the consent of the landowner to erect the proposed site office on the land for the specified duration of the rehabilitation project; Agree with the landowner to hand over the agreed structure to be erected to the landowner; and Agree on other measures to render the site safe and usable to the satisfaction of the landowner.
6.2 Summary of Institutional Responsibilities The key actors as well as the roles and responsibilities of the various institutions with associated costs in the ESMP implementation are as shown in Table 6.2.
Table 6.2: Institutional Responsibilities and Associated Costs
Associated Management Costs (N)
S/No Category Roles & Responsibilities Pre- Post- Construction Construction Construction Phase Phase Phase 1 Ebonyi State Lead role to ensure adherence to this ESMP and 200,000.00 150,000.00 250,000.00 Ministry of applicable standards, environmental and social Environment liability investigations, Monitoring and evaluation (MOE) process and criteria 2 SPMU (Safeguard Coordinate all policies, programmes and actions 500,000.00 400,000.00 200,000.00 Officers, Project associated with the intervention construction works; Engineer) Ensure the smooth and efficient implementation of the project’s various technical programmes; Cooperate through a Steering/Technical Committees that provide guidance to the technical aspects of all project activities; Maintain and manage all funds effectively and efficiently for the project; Have custody of a copy of this ESMP; Provide oversight of contractors work plan and E&S implementation schedule; Conduct weekly or routine site inspection and monitor implementation of E&S safeguards; Receive and review reports from the contractor;
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Associated Management Costs (N)
S/No Category Roles & Responsibilities Pre- Post- Construction Construction Construction Phase Phase Phase Prepare and submit weekly/monthly and subsequent quarterly and annual reports to the SPMU Project Coordinator, FPMU and the WB. 3 FPMU Project assessment and monitoring of works and N/A N/A N/A engineering activities 4 World Bank Assessment of specific and general project N/A N/A N/A implementation ; Recommend additional measures for strengthening the management framework and implementation performance. 5 State Ministry of Site assessment and monitoring of works and 150,000.00 50,000.00 N/A Works engineering activities; 6 State Ministry of Compliance overseer at State Level, on matters of 100,000.00 N/A N/A Lands & Survey land acquisition, compensation and other (MOLS) resettlement issues Other MDAs Intervene in areas under their jurisdiction as and 50,000.00 N/A N/A when project demands 7 Contractor (Site Develop a work plan which incorporates schedule N/A N/A N/A Manager, Site for E&S safeguards implementation; Engineers/ Submit the work plan and schedule of E&S Supervisors) safeguard implementation to the SPMU; Implement all E&S safeguards and other mitigation measures as planned; Train/create awareness of all personnel/workers on relevant E&S safeguard measures and on their obligations; Submit implementation reports on E&S safeguards to SPMU; Comply with BEME specification in procurement of material and construction, and adherence to the ESMP and good construction practices; Ensure land disturbance activities are conducted in accordance with relevant legislation and the ESMP; Communicate content of ESMP to all employees and contractor agents; Provide adequate onsite waste collection bins, ensure proper disposal, not to litter and not to create environmental nuisance; Provide oversight function during mobilization, construction and decommissioning to ensure adherence to good practice and the ESMP 8 Site Committee Monitor and ensure compliance to BEME and 100,000.00 100,000.00 50,000.00 implementation quality 9 Local government Provide support in monitoring project execution within N/A N/A N/A their domains to ensure compliance with this ESMP and other relevant requirements 10 Local Community Promote environmental awareness 100,000.00 N/A 200,000.00 Assist and liaise with other stakeholders to ensure proper siting and provision of approval for such sites Support with provision of necessary infrastructures and engage/encourage carrying out comprehensive and practical awareness campaign for the proposed projects, amongst the various relevant grass roots interest groups. 11 CDOs Ensure community participation by mobilizing, N/A N/A N/A sensitizing community members;
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Associated Management Costs (N)
S/No Category Roles & Responsibilities Pre- Post- Construction Construction Construction Phase Phase Phase 12 NGOs Assist to ensure effective response actions, to evolve 150,000.00 50,000.00 100,000.00 and devise sustainable environmental strategies and rehabilitation techniques, organize, coordinate and ensure safe use of volunteers in a response action, & provide wide support in management planning, institutional/governance issues and other livelihood related matter, awareness campaigns 13 General Public Identify issues that could derail the project N/A N/A N/A Support project impacts and mitigation measures as well as awareness campaigns TOTALS N1,350,000.00 N750,000.00 N850,000.00
The specific E&S safeguard obligations of the contractor that can be incorporated into the contract specifications are provided in Annex 2. This is in addition to other contractual provisions for the project.
6.3 Capacity Building Plan
6.3.1 Capacity and Training Needs In order to achieve effective ESMP implementation, there is need for the strengthening of relevant competencies on environmental and social management at State, the LGA and community levels including contractors. This will stimulate the required collaboration among the key actors. The capacity building should include equipping individuals with the understanding, skills and access to information and training that enables them to perform effectively. Personnel of the flood control intervention project need to understand the purpose of the ESMP implementation and their expected roles.
The target groups for the training will include: SPMU E&S Safeguard Officers and Project Engineers; Contractors; Construction workers and site personnel; and, Select members from the project communities.
The SPMU E&S safeguard officers and contractors will require capacity building in the implementation of the projects’ environmental and social safeguards and general project planning and management interfaced with E&S components. Capacity requirements are also in the areas of E&S monitoring and reporting, adherence to the required E&S principles, standards and commitments. The construction workers and select members of the project communities will undergo training on public awareness creation/educational techniques (on environmental, social and health issues) and first aid procedures.
6.3.2 Capacity Building Cost The capacity building plan for the ESMP with the associated cost implications is shown in Table 6.3 below. To enhance the respective roles and collaboration of the relevant stakeholders, the broad areas for capacity building and effective ESMP implementation are identified and shown in Table 6.3.
Table 6.3: Summary of Institutional Capacity and Training Needs with Costs Page 57
Form of Estimated Cost Programme Description Participants Duration Training Agency Training In (N) Understanding the Officials of MOE, MOW, Workshop One Day External Agency for 350,000.00 Environment: MOLS, SPMU, capacity building or Concepts, Regulations & Contractor, Community Environmental & Social Statutory Requirements; Leaders, NGOs, CBOs Specialist Environmental Management; & Other Relevant Flood and Erosion Groups Prevention & Control; Stakeholder & Community Participation Scope of Ebia River Flood Contractor, Safeguard Workshop One Day External Agency for 350,000.00 Intervention Project: Officers, Engineers, capacity building or Environmental & Social MOE & relevant MDAs, Environmental & Social Impacts; Community Leaders, Specialist Engineering Design and CDOs, & NGOs Associated ESMP; Coordination with Other MDAs and the Community Project Implementation: SPMU Engineer, Lecture One Day External Agency for 350,000.00 Civil Works with Use of Safeguard Officers, and Site capacity building or Vegetation in the project; Contractors, MOE Visit Environmental & Social Roles and Responsibilities of Specialist Key Actors; Environmental Monitoring Monitoring and Evaluation: Contractor, Safeguard Workshop Half Day Environmental & Social 250,000.00 ESMP Monitoring and Officers, Engineers, Specialists; External Reporting Strategy; MOE & relevant MDAs, Agency engaged for Stakeholder and Community Community Leaders, capacity building Participation CDOs, & NGOs Watershed Protection and Watershed Committee, Workshop One Day World Bank/External 350,000.00 Management: Community Leaders, Agency Engaged for Alternative income LGA Staff, Support Capacity Building/ generation programme for Professionals Environmental & Social stakeholders and skills Specialists requirements; Promotion of Agricultural Methods and Technologies for Improving Farm Production and Erosion Prevention; TOTALS N1,650,000.00
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6.4 Public Consultation Plan A key element of sustaining stakeholders’ support in the project is to sustain the consultations and communication process that has already been effectively established in the course of the preparation of this ESMP. Stakeholders’ engagement needs to be enhanced and managed through a well-defined strategy. Table 6.4 provides a summary of the stakeholder consultation plan. Public sensitization and consultation will continue throughout the project execution.
Table 6.4: Summary of Stakeholder Consultation Plan Activity Stakeholders / Community Timeline Pre-Construction / Prior to Project Commencement Project briefings, site tours, personal meetings, State Government , Local Government, As required, subject to community sessions, consultation meetings Site committee, Residents of affected project updates and areas/ Community and interest groups feedback from the community Development/dissemination of feedback and State Government , Local Government, As required, subject to any complaints mechanism and communications Site committee, Residents of affected updates on the project procedures areas/ Community and interest groups Briefings, Site Tours and Community Sessions for Government authorities, Local Prior to Work Plan approval flood control and intervention works communities, Key/ relevant stakeholders Construction and Operations Responding to issues and inquiries as per All stakeholders Ongoing / as required feedback and complaints mechanism Monthly/Quarterly reporting on status of project All stakeholders Monthly/quarterly/as required. Briefings, site tours and community sessions for Government authorities, Local Prior to project completion flood control and intervention works closure plan communities, Key/ relevant stakeholders Prior to Project Closeout/Post-Construction Project briefings, site tours, personal meetings, All stakeholders, State Govt , Local Govt, As required, subject to community sessions, consultation meetings with Site committee, Affected residents/ approvals and feedback stakeholders Community/ interest groups from the community
6.5. Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) A Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) is necessary in order to prevent and address community issues, reduce exposure to risks and also provide the platform for the optimization of environmental and social benefits of the project. The community traditional leadership structure currently constitutes the nucleus of traditional resolution of disputes among community members. It is therefore wise and advisable that this structure be necessarily retained in the event of any grievance or dispute relating to the ESMP implementation. Inputs from the leadership may also be limited to providing recommendations as to how a specific dispute is to be addressed. Aside from the traditional structure, Figure 6-1 provides a secondary mechanism for grievance resolution using the Project Complaints Committee (PCC). The proposed GRM will also help to achieve the following: • serves as the open channel for effective communication together with the identification of emerging environmental and social concerns due to the project; • to prevent and mitigate any adverse environmental and social impacts as a result of any phase of the project; • promote harmonious relationship and respect among stakeholders; and, • ensure community acceptance of the project.
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Figure 6-1: Grievance Redress Procedure
AFFECTED PARTY SPMU DECLARES A GRIEVANCE Grievance Resolved
PROJECT COMMUNITY Grievance Resolved NO FURTHER TRADITIONAL Recommendations COMPLAINTS STRUCTURE COMMITTEE ACTION
Grievance Not Resolved
LEGAL ACTION
6.6 ESMP Implementation Schedule The implementation and management of the ESMP schedule is designed to facilitate any necessary resettlement issues associated with the RAP. The ESMP activities also need to be implemented within an agreed timeframe and budget. Appropriate timing should be adhered to in order to avoid project delays especially if the situation arises where site clearing is to begin before the resettlement end date.
Execution of the ESMP activities is recommended in accordance with the schedule shown in Table 6-6. The period of the first week will be used to develop and set up all structures necessary to support all aspects of the programmes.
Table 6-6: Proposed ESMP Implementation Schedule DURATION
DESCRIPTION OF ACTIVITY 1st Week 2nd Week 3rd Week 4th Week & Up
Disclosure of ESMP Report Formation of Project Complaint Committee (PCC) and PAP Committee (PC) Review and Approval of Contractor’s ESMP and Health, & Safety Plan Hold Stakeholders Meetings and Consultations Execute Capacity Building Programmes Implementation of Mitigation Measures Supervision of ESMP Implementation Monitoring & Reporting on ESMP Implementation Conduct Monitoring and Evaluation Programme Administration
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6.7 ESMP Monitoring Plan
A summary of the impacts mitigation and monitoring plan with the associated monitoring frequencies, responsible parties and projected costs are presented in Table 6-7.
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Table 6-7 Summary of E&S Impact Mitigation and Monitoring Plan Projected S/No. Impact Category Mitigation Action & Requirements Monitoring Indicator Frequency Responsibility Cost 1 Impacts on Create awareness among community members; No. of public complaints Contractor/ Cost of Community and Sensitize the people to all project activities recorded; SPMU compensations PAP Management Pay appropriate compensation for land Level of awareness and Continuous Safeguard is provided for acquisition; understanding of Officers/MOW/M under RAP Pay adequate compensation to PAPs for community members; OE/MOH/Comm temporary displacement and loss of land use; No of community members Quarterly unity Build capacities within community that attend trainings; Leaders/Site Incorporate community feedback into Level of satisfaction among Committee 350,000.00 implementation process PAPs; Continuous Disseminate project study findings; No of women gainfully employed by contractor; Quarterly Ensure that period of inaccessibility to land is as No of other businesses short as possible induced by project Six months Maximize local employment (including women) on Questionnaires, direct intervals construction works (this should be a contractual observations and requirement to hire a percentage of local interviews. Every two years workforce including women); Provide occupational health and safety awareness training and workshops, Use of child labor prohibited 2 Dust and Air Quality Dousing with water ; No. of public complaints; Twice daily Contractor/ Management Covering of soil (both heaped and in haulage Level of particulates SPMU 350,000.00 trucks) Level of air pollutants Continuous as Safeguard Regular maintenance of plant and equipment to Vegetation surfaces free of necessary Officers/MOW/M control emissions dusts OE/MOH/Comm Deploy fuel efficient and well maintained haulage Ambient air monitoring Two month unity trucks with good exhaust systems. using standard method of intervals or as Leaders/Site Prohibit idling and over-revving of vehicles. sampling and analysis required Committee
3 Water Resources, Worker awareness on sanitation and water No of complaints from Daily Contractor/ Erosion Control and resource contamination; community members; SPMU 250,000.00 Flood Prevention Deposition of construction materials at least 50m Absence of sediment build Safeguard Management from water bodies up; Daily Officers/MOW/M Embankment erection around fuelling and Absence of flooding in OE/MOH/Comm servicing area for vehicles construction areas; Three month unity Provide toilets & urinals not less than 50m away No of spills & repairs made; intervals Leaders/Site from water bodies Standard method of sampling Committee and analyses at established sampled locations for the baseline data
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Projected S/No. Impact Category Mitigation Action & Requirements Monitoring Indicator Frequency Responsibility Cost 4 Noise and Vibration Control exposure of workers to noisy and No of complaints from Daily Contractor/ Exposure vibrating equipment; community members; SPMU 250,000.00 Management Regulate distance of stationary noisy equipment Absence of structural failures; Safeguard from public places; Absence of debris Officers/MOW/M Equipment service plan to be strictly followed; accumulation; Daily OE/MOH/Comm Provide ear plugs to workers; No of debris removals & unity repairs made; Provide hand pads to workers to absorb Leaders/Site Sensor measurement around vibrations; Committee the premises at established Noise & vibration exposure not more than sampled locations for the 3hrs/day. baseline data 5 Flora and Fauna Areas of stressed Monthly Contractor/ Removal Mark out areas for clearance & where possible vegetation; SPMU 150,000.00 Management use manual method of vegetation clearing; Size of cleared vegetation Monthly Safeguard Undertake selective clearance by removing tall areas Officers/MOW/M woody species leaving saplings for quick OE/MOH/Comm regeneration of vegetation; unity Prevent colonization by invasive species- Leaders/Site Committee 6 Occupational/Public Erection of warning signals and use of reflective No. of sanitary facilities At start of project; Contractor/ Health and Safety tapes at unsafe areas; provided at start of project; SPMU 350,000.00 Management Posting of speed limits of 40km/hr at Adherence to stipulated Twice weekly; Safeguard approaches to construction sites; speed limit Officers/MOW/M Road diversions & erection of speed control Record of incidents; Weekly; OE/MOH/Comm signs and ramps Use of PPEs by workers; Daily; unity Post traffic wardens to direct traffic flow Records of appropriate Leaders/Site Protective barricades workers’ training; Monthly; Committee Awareness creation Record of reinstatement plan Training of first aid team for burrow pits; At beginning of Record of health and safety project Maintenance of accident book meetings Weekly; Provision and use of PPE Record of first aid exercises Safety meetings will be held twice a week and Hazard assessment Monthly documented accordingly At start and at end of project 7 HIV/AIDS and STIs Quarterly HIV/AIDS and STIs Awareness No. of HIV/AIDS workshops Quarterly Contractor/ Management workshops for workers and community; held; SPMU 350,000.00 Provision of free condoms and encourage Level of awareness of Continuous Safeguard discussions, free counseling and testing; workers & others; Officers/MOW/M Peer group education within workforce and Records of peer educators’ OE/MOH/Comm community training; Bi-monthly unity Records of condoms Leaders/Site distributed Monthly Committee Page 63
Projected S/No. Impact Category Mitigation Action & Requirements Monitoring Indicator Frequency Responsibility Cost
8 Construction Only suitably trained personnel to dispense and No. of accidents/incidents; Weekly; Contractor/ Operations work with hazardous material; No. of visible warning signs; SPMU 250,000.00 -Immediately clean up spillages Level of public awareness; Daily; Safeguard Avoid filling gullies with rubbish, logs, rocks, car Record of safety meetings Officers/MOW/M bodies and other unsuitable foreign materials; held; Continuous; OE/MOH/Comm Design structures to collect maximum sediments & unity reduce flow into the channel to non-scouring Bi-weekly. Leaders/Site velocity; Committee Plant vegetation between the structures;
9 Road Diversion and Road diversions & erection of speed control signs Effective traffic flow with Daily; Contractor/ Accident Prevention and ramps vehicular & worker safety; SPMU 350,000.00 Post traffic wardens to direct traffic flow Appropriate positioning of Safeguard Protective barricades road signs, reflectors, speed Daily; Officers/MOW/M Awareness creation ramps, control limits, traffic OE/MOH/Comm Training of first aid team wardens; unity Maintenance of accident book Records of accidents and Leaders/Site Provision and use of PPE near misses Daily. Committee
Safety meetings will be held twice a week 10 Waste Management Segregation of waste & composting of organic Waste segregation and Daily; Contractor/ waste; littering; SPMU 300,000.00 Disposal of wastes in bins at approved waste Emptying of bins at waste Weekly; Safeguard dump sites; dump sites; Officers/ MOE/ Decommissioning of toilets at completion of Waste composting; Weekly; MOH/Community project Indiscriminate defecation; Daily; Leaders/Site Suitably trained personnel only to dispense and Toilets decommissioning Committee work with hazardous material; At end of project Provision of suitable PPE; Immediately clean up spillages Keep health and safety data sheets on hand 11 Temporary Project Avoiding crops and physical assets in siting office; Documented agreement with Prior to start of Contractor/ Office Site Obtain landowner consent landowner for use of land project; SPMU 250,000.00 Management Reinstate site to agreed conditions at completion space; Safeguard of project Documented fulfillment of Quarterly; Officers/ MOE/ conditions of agreement with Community landowner; Leaders/ Site Handover of office site as At completion of Committee agreed project Page 64
Projected S/No. Impact Category Mitigation Action & Requirements Monitoring Indicator Frequency Responsibility Cost
TOTAL COST N 3,200,000.00
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6.7 Budget to Implement ESMP Cost projections for implementation of the various measures, monitoring plan and capacity building are given in Table 6.8. The projected implementation budget will enable the ESMP to be an integral part of financing for the rehabilitation/maintenance works in the project.
An indicative budget of US$ 8,190,000.00 is shown for the implementation of the ESMP bearing in mind the elements that make up the implementation process. The budget covers: 1. Routine E & S duties of the SPMU; 2. Capacity Building for the SPMU and other stakeholders; 3. Engagement of Environmental and Social Specialists 4. Environmental and Social Due Diligence investigations and/or Audits; 5. Monitoring and evaluation activities of the SPMU
Table 6-8: Breakdown of Cost Estimates COST BREAKDOWN IN (N) COST COST RESPONSIBILIT Pre- Post- S/No ITEM Construction ESTIMATE IN ESTIMATE IN Y Construction Construction Phase NAIRA (N) (US$) Phase Phase SPMU/Contracto 1 MITIGATION To be built into Contractor costs - - r
2 MANAGEMENT SPMU/ MOE 1,350,000.00 750,000.00 850,000.00 N2,950,000.00 US$15,128.21
SPMU/ FPMU/ FME/ MOE/ 3 MONITORING Environmental 850,000.00 1,750,000.00 600,000.00 3,200,000.00 16,410.26 Consultants/ Contractor CAPACITY SPMU/ MOH/ 4 BUILDING & Consultants/ 1,300,000.00 350,000.00 0 1,650,000.00 8,461.54 TRAININGS Contractor Sub-total N7,800,000.00 US$40,000.01 5 CONTINGENCY (5%) 390,000.00 2,000.00
GRAND TOTAL N8,190,000.00 US$42,000.01
Assumed N195.00 = US$1.00
CHAPTER 7 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION AND CONSULTATIONS WITH STAKEHOLDERS
7.1 Objective of Community Consultation The aims of the public participation and consultation process are: 1. Solicit inputs, views and concerns from the six affected communities as they relate to the project and obtain local and traditional knowledge that may be useful for decision-making; 2. Facilitate consideration of alternatives, mitigation measures and trade-offs, and ensure that important impacts are not overlooked and that benefits are maximized; 3. Reduce conflict through the early identification of contentious issues; and increase public confidence in the project. 4. Provide opportunity for the public to influence the project designs and implementation in a positive manner and improve transparency and accountability in decision-making.
7.1.1 Public Consultation Methodology The methodology adopted in this ESMP for carrying out the consultation process include a qualitative and quantitative mixed method that offers an effective means to interact widely with the project communities and stakeholder groups. Essentially, the approach is based on a participatory approach that included community meetings, public discussions as well as discussions with key informants (Chiefs, Traditional Council members, Local Authorities, and Ebonyi NEWMAP Officers among others). A brief description of these methods is as follows:
1. Rapid Assessment Technique: This involved a quick professional assessment of the project impact potential based on nearness of residential/commercial assets to the flood channel edge, anticipated nature and intensity of impacts, and the significance of the impacts along the proposed project corridor. Any affected property owner is directly engaged in discussions to create and gain better understanding between the parties. 2. Socioeconomic Survey: This involved the administration of structured questionnaire designed to provide socioeconomic profile of households/families resident or doing business within the project area as well as formal and informal discussions with focus groups, including the community traditional and administrative leadership. 3. Public Meetings: This was conducted as part of the participatory approach aimed at gaining good knowledge of the social issues/risks associated with the project as perceived by the communities. Public meetings were held at five locations within the project immediate impact areas.
7.2 Public Participation Process The potentially project affected individuals or group of persons identified as stakeholders in this project include those who live in close proximity to Ebia River; those who will hear, smell or see the development; those who may be forced to temporarily relocate because of the project; those who have interest either traditionally or administratively, over developmental activities or policy changes in the project area (they may or may not necessarily live in proximity of the project); and, those who infrequently use the land on which the project is located.
Community consultation was driven in a manner that encouraged active and sustained participation of the community members, particularly the six villages (Amike Aba, Abofia, Ofutu Ndiebor, Onuebia, Mgbo Agbaja and Unagboke) through which the Ebia River transverses and usually flooded. This was to promote community ownership of the project and to enhance sustainability.
A pre-defined socio-economic questionnaire at the household level was administered for each of the six villages. The consultations are expected to remain ongoing exercise throughout the duration of the project to give the communities the opportunity to make contributions aimed at
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strengthening the development while avoiding negative impacts as well as reducing possible conflicts. Issues relating to project displacements and compensations, particularly with the project affected persons will continue to be handled to minimize chances of possible conflicts.
7.2.1 Stakeholders’ Identification Generally, five broad categories of stakeholders were identified for this project based on the degree to which the project activities may affect or involve such persons or group of persons. These stakeholders are grouped as shown in Table 7-1. The adopted process consists of: i) Identification of any parties whose line of duties whether officially, socially, economically or culturally have direct or indirect bearing on any aspects of project activities. These parties may include individuals, groups, institutions or organizations that may be affected by the flood intervention activities; and,
ii) Establishment of the stakeholders list and identification of specific stakeholder interests in relation to the project. The issues considered include: (a) the project's benefit(s) to the stakeholders; (b) potential changes to the routine activities of the stakeholders that may occur due to the project; and, (c) the project activities that may cause damage or conflict for the stakeholder.
Table 7-2 gives an initial list of identified stakeholders including their activities and operational areas in the villages traversed by the project. The list includes government functionaries, NGOs, FBOs and CBOs among others.
Table 7-1: Identified Stakeholder Groups
GROUP DESCRIPTION ROLE(S) IN COMMUNITY PROCESS
Group-1 Individuals or group of persons whose day-to-day The identified persons or group of persons in lives/livelihoods may be directly affected by project this category will ultimately represent the activities. These people either reside or carry out project potentially-affected persons (PAPs) or their daily livelihood activities within 50meters of the households (PAHs) river banks. Group-2 Individuals or group of persons whose day-to-day This category of persons served as traditional or administrative functions include mobilization points around which the oversight of developmental activities within the Consultant reached out to the other members project areas. of the community. Group-3 Individuals or group of persons whose daily activities The category of persons may or may not be (including farming) bring them in close proximity to affected by the project but may be significant the project area. These people may either reside or contributors to the long term sustainability of carry out their daily livelihood activities outside of the the project. project area but within the communities in which the project is located. Group-4 CBOs, FBOs and NGOs who provided frequent This group of organizations essentially interface with the community members who may be contributes to and/or provide on a regular directly or indirectly affected by the project activities. basis to the spiritual and physical welfare as well as environmental health of the community. Group-5 Individuals or group of persons who are political This group of individuals is collectively office holders and have significant responsibilities responsible for the political and general socio- toward community members within the project area. economic development of the communities among others within their respective political zones.
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Table 7-2: List of Stakeholders and Their Responsibilities GROUPS IDENTIFIED STAKEHOLDER AREA OF INTEREST IN PROJECT Residents of Abofia Village PAPs/PAHs Residents of Ofutu Ndiebor Village PAPs/PAHs Group-1 Residents of Onuebia Village PAPs/PAHs Residents of Mgbo Agbaja Village PAPs/PAHs Office of the Village Head - Abofia Village Development and welfare of Abofia Village Office of the Village Head - Ofutu Ndiebor Village Development and welfare of Ofutu Ndiebor Village Group-2 Office of the Village Head - Onuebia Village Development and welfare of Onuebia Village Office of the Village Head - Mgbo Agbaja Village Development and welfare of Mgbo Agbaja Village Residents of Abofia Village Individualized livelihood issues Residents of Ofutu Ndiebor Village Individualized livelihood issues Group-3 Residents of Onuebia Village Individualized livelihood issues Residents of Mgbo Agbaja Village Individualized livelihood issues Community-based Organizations Watershed protection and management Group-4 Faith-based Organizations in the Villages (churches) Community spiritual and physical welfare Non-governmental Organizations Protection of environmental health of communities Office of the Chairman – Abakaliki LGA Development of the LGA including Ofutu Ndiebor and Onuebia villages Office of the Chairman – Ebonyi LGA Development of the LGA including Abofia village Office of the Chairman – Izzi LGA Development of the LGA including Mgbo Agbaja village Group-5 Office of the Hon. Member – Ebonyi State House of Development of the affected LGAs in the state Assembly constituency Office of the Hon. Member – Ebonyi/Ohaukwu Federal Development of Ebonyi/Ohaukwu federal Constituency constituency Office of the Distinguished Senator – Ebonyi North Development of Ebonyi North Senatoral Zone Senatoral Zone
7.2.2 Community Consultations and Meetings Consultations began with initial separate meetings between the Consultant team and the Village Heads of the six communities affected by the project – Amike Aba, Abofia, Ofutu Ndiebor, Onuebia, Mgbo Agbaja and Unagboke.
Subsequent meetings were held between the Consultant team and the communities’ stakeholders. The several meetings yielded valuable information that helped to structure effective participation of all other relevant segments of the community including the PAPs in the project process. The community members actively and enthusiastically engaged in all matters relating to the project and eagerly assisted the Consultant in identifying pertinent socio-cultural issues relevant to the project.
Figure 7-1: Consultant Team at a Community/ Figure 7-2: Mgbo Agbaja Community/Stakeholders Meeting Stakeholders’ Meeting
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7.2.3 Summary of Meetings with Stakeholders
The community meetings discussed the need for the project and the associated potential impacts to the community members living or farming within the project corridor. The community members’ concerns and general thoughts were solicited and noted. The minutes of these meetings are included as Annex IV. Particularly, the community members welcomed the project and expressed anxiety that remedial work should commence expeditiously to prevent occurrence of further flooding damages from the next rainy season. Summary of the proceedings at the meetings are shown in Table 7.3. Additional meetings are expected to be held prior to the commencement of field construction work. Such meetings will include the project-affected persons and households. Issues pertaining to relocations and compensations for losses (means of livelihoods and properties) shall be discussed at such meetings.
Figure 7-3: Ofutu Ndiebor Community Stakeholders’ Meeting
Figure 7-4: Community/Stakeholders’ Meeting – Figure 7-5: Community Meeting – Question and Question and Answer Session Answer Session
Table 7.3 Summary of Stakeholders’ Meetings Held on October 27 & 28, 2015 at the Ofutu Ndiebor, Onuebia and Mgbo Agbaja Village Squares.
ITEMS DESCRIPTION 1. Project NEWMAP ESMP & RAP 2. Name of community Abofia Village, Ofutu Ndiebor, Onuebia and Mgbo Agbaja Villages 3. Date October 27 & 28, 2015
4. Language of Igbo and English communication 5. Introductions and The meeting started at various times for the different communities, each with an opening opening remarks prayer and the breaking of kolanuts. The key members of each community were introduced to the Consultant following which the Consultant team members were also introduced by the facilitator, Mr. Victor Chukwu.
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ITEMS DESCRIPTION 6. Remarks by the The Consultant, Dr. Odili Ojukwu, in his remarks gratefully acknowledged the huge turnout by Consultant the various segments of each of the communities. He informed the audience that it was the Ebia River flooding problem and the consequent displacements of homesteads, farmlands and other assets that precipitated the meetings. The challenges posed by the flooding have drawn the attention of the Ebonyi State Government, the Federal Government and World Bank. This is being actualized through NEWMAP, with the State Project Management Unit (SPMU) as the Ebonyi State implementation agency. A key element of the flood control design is channelization of Ebia River to terminate at Ebonyi River. The channelization corridor will largely straighten out the current snaky route of Ebia River; therefore, there is the possibility that people’s land and other assets would be affected in the course of physical construction of the channel. The construction work and the channel would also affect other elements of the physical environment. The consultant will identify and document any persons and elements of the environment that would be affected by the project and recommend appropriate mitigation measures and compensation packages to the SPMU for necessary action. He requested the cooperation of the community members as staff of the Consultant proceeds with all aspects of the field work. He emphasized the need for the communities to show interest in the project, monitor every aspect of project implementation with a view of taking full ownership of the project upon completion. The communities were told of the socioeconomic and census survey that is part of the project with a cut-off date of November 3, 2015. Every member of the community that has structures, land, livelihoods or any other assets along the flood corridor should ensure such documentation within the census period. No further documentation would be allowed after the cut-of- date, November 3, 2015. 7. Questions and The communities asked to know: concerns The criteria for determining those that will be affected by the project; If the channelization route cuts across existing roads, who would fix the road? What are the size dimensions of the proposed channel? Will there be compensation for farmlands? What are the differentiating roles of the SPMU and the consulting firm? Will the existing bridge be affected by the channelization work? What specific roles would the youths play in the project implementation? 8. Responses to the The consultant informed each community that : concerns Any persons whose lands, buildings (whether residential or commercial), economic trees and cash crops fall within the ROW of the project will be affected. The channelization right of way (ROW) is about 45.6m wide and a length of about 5.0km The depth of the concrete channel is 4.0m. Heavy equipments will be required during the project implementation. Because of the expected activities, there will be increase in vehicular traffic, increase in noise, increase in fugitive dusts, water ponding and solid waste management and all these will create some impacts on the people along the Ebia River corridor. Compensation for people’s assets and loss of livelihood means shall follow extant laws and World Bank policies on social safeguards. The SPMU is the agency statutorily charged with the project implementation in the state. The Consultant is employed by the SPMU to undertake this assignment and there is no conflict of roles of the SPMU and the Consultant. Existing bridges will be reconstructed and appropriate drainage channels installed. The consultant encouraged the youths to mobilize and become a positive active part of the project. The youths are expected to play meaningful roles during project implementation. 9. Perceptions about the Community members lamented the adverse effects of the floods on their livelihoods and Project communities over the years, and then expressed gratitude and commendation to the federal and Ebonyi State governments and the World Bank for the proposed flood control intervention. They further expressed willingness to provide necessary support to all parties involved with implementation of the project and look forward to the immediate project commencement. 10. Closing Comments & The communities thanked the Consultant team for their visit and assured them of the Remarks communities’ co-operation towards the project. The meeting ended at various times for the various communities. The total attendance at the six community-based meetings was 1,328 persons comprising of 657 males and 671 females. Attendance for Abofia village was of 235 persons (124 males and 111 females); Ofutu Ndiebor village was 308 persons (155 males and 153 females), Onuebia village was 246 persons (141 males and 105 females), and Mgbo Agbaja village was 539 persons (237 males and 302 females).
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7.3 Social Issues/Risks The evaluation of the social environment and existing environmental conditions that impact on human health and safety indicate the following imminent risks that may be associated with the project. The key social issues that emerged through the above processes include:
1. Community safety – Concerns regarding community safety with the next cycle of the rainy season keenly expressed. The community is quite very apprehensive of the advancement of the floods when the rains come pounding; 2. Flooding leads to damages and loss of crops and livestock, personal possessions, spread diseases such as typhoid, cholera, diarrhea, and malaria, and cause pit latrines to overflow; 3. Livelihoods – loss of access to roadways, crop lands and pasture. 4. Resettlement – impacts and compensation measures for economic and physical displacement during project implementation. 5. Awareness creation was necessary for the long-term success of the project; and that manpower development should be included in the programme to enhance project sustainability.
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CHAPTER 8: SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
8.1 Summary Overall, this project is aimed at halting or minimizing the environmental and social damages being caused by the incidence of flooding in the villages along the Ebia River corridor. There is an overwhelming emotional relief for community members over fears of a continued loss of their assets to floods and soil erosion. The project will provide long term emotional and economic benefits to the people of Amike Aba, Abofia, Ofutu Ndiebor, Onuebia, Mgbo Agbaja and Unagboke communities. These residents will no longer live in fear of losing their agricultural lands and cash crops to perennial floods. Expectedly, this will in turn increase the mental health of the communities leading to improved efficiency and productivity. This is, in the overall a positive impact that will bring about emotional relief and comfort to all the communities along the river corridor.
Additionally, there will also be multiplier effects such as employment opportunities, poverty reduction, enhanced national reputation and cultural promotion, among others. Educational establishments, hospitals and agriculture will also benefit from the boost of the reduced community health and safety concerns. There are however, some social and environmental impacts associated with the project that require mitigation to acceptable levels. The social impacts include loss of means of livelihood, loss of physical assets, temporary displacement of persons, and land use restriction. The environmental impacts include dust and air quality issues, surface and ground water quality, noise and vibration effects, vegetation loss, public/occupational health and safety, traffic and transport issues, earth movement risks, solid and liquid wastes hazards, and climate change effects.
The set of mitigation measures to be implemented in order to reduce or eliminate the identified environmental and social impacts to acceptable levels have been identified and documented in this ESMP. The monitoring and institutional actions to be taken before, during and after the remedial construction and development works have also been provided.
8.2 Recommendations The savannah species observed is indicative of the fact that area falls within the derived savannah zone. Conservation programme which should include the elimination/control of bush burning and cattle grazing in the area should be initiated in order to check the advancing savannah. The area should be re-vegetated after the engineering works in order to stabilize the soil. Species such as Bambusa spp and Gmelina aborea which have proved to be resilient in the area due to their silvical properties should be given priority considerations. Other species particularly those of economic value should be incorporated based mainly on the peoples’ preference. The species already being cultivated in the home-gardens will make a useful guide.
Empowerment programmes should be developed and provided for the community members to reduce their dependence on crop farming and other activities that may impact negatively on the environment thereby pre-disposing the area to soil erosion.
The proposed Ebia River flood project is designed to improve flood and erosion management which will result in: Reduced loss of infrastructure including roads, houses, etc. Reduced loss of agricultural land and productivity from soil loss caused by surface erosion and floods. Progressively restore vegetative cover, improved environmental conditions and more humid local microclimates expected to results in increased vegetation cover for wildlife and carbon sequestration. Environmental improvements due to land stabilization measures which preserve the landscape and biodiversity.
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The construction of the flood control infrastructure and the site rehabilitation activities, as designed, will require the use of two existing severely degraded/damaged access roadways to reach project locations. The two access roadways are the Abofia-Ofutu Ndiebor Road (Access Road No.2) and the Agbaja Azumili Road (Access Road No.3). These access roadways and associated drainages will need to be rehabilitated. The need for the rehabilitation of the access roads is heightened by the level of destruction that will arise from movement of heavy duty vehicles and equipment for project construction activities.
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REFERENCES
Civil Contractors Federation (2011): Environmental Best Management Practice Guidelines Erosion & Sediment Control. Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Water Resources (2003): Third National Fadama Development Project (Fadama III), Rural Infrastructure, Manual No. 4, August Federal Ministry of Environment (2012): Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP). Federal Ministry of Environment (2012): Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) for Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP). Federal Republic of Nigeria (2013): Project Appraisal Document (PAD) for Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP). Federal Republic of Nigeria (2013): Project Implementation Manual (PIM) for Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP). Federal Republic of Nigeria (1999): Summary of the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study Second National Fadama Development Project (NFDP II) Lochner, P. (2005): Guideline for Environmental Management Plans. CSIR Report No ENV-S-C 2005-053 H. Republic of South Africa, Provincial Government of the Western Cape, Department of Environmental Affairs & Development Planning, Cape Town. UNEP (1988): Environmental Impact Assessment, Basic procedures for developing Countries. World Bank Safeguards Policies (2005) Messrs Yaroson Partnership Limited (September, 2015): Preliminary Engineering Design Drawings for Ebia River Flood Erosion Site World Bank (1999): Environmental Management Plan, OP4.01 - Annex C January Archibold, O.W. (1995). Ecology of World Vegetation: The Tropical Forest. Chapman and Hall xii 510 pp. Brueing, E.F. (1998). Conservation and management of tropical rainforest: An integrated approach to sustainability. CAB International. Walling Ford Ox 108. Pickett, S.T.A. and White, P.S. (1985). Patch dynamics, a synthesis. In: The Ecology of Natural Disturbance and Patch Dynamics. (Eds. S.T.A. Pickett and P.S. White). Academic Press, Orlando, pp. 371-384. Spellerberg, I.F. (1991). Monitoring Ecological Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 113-141.
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Annex 1: List of Contacted Stakeholders
The following persons were contacted during the course of the Consultancy:
Table AN-1: List of Contacted Stakeholders MODE OF GROUPS CONTACTED STAKEHOLDER CONTACT Individuals or group of persons whose daily General meetings, activities (including farming) bring them in close phones and personal Group-1 proximity to the project area OR whose day-to-day contacts using a lives/livelihoods may be directly affected by facilitator. project activities. Office of the Village Head - Abofia Village Phone and personal contacts Office of the Village Head - Ofutu Ndiebor Village Phone and personal contacts Group-2 Office of the Village Head - Onuebia Village Phone and personal contacts Office of the Village Head - Mgbo Agbaja Village Phone and personal contacts Office of the Chairman – Abakaliki LGA Phone contacts Office of the Chairman – Ebonyi LGA Phone contacts Office of the Chairman – Izzi LGA Phone contacts Group-3 Office of the Hon. Member – Ebonyi State House of Phone contacts Assembly Office of the Hon. Member – Ebonyi/Ohaukwu Federal Phone contacts Constituency
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Annex 2: Summary of World Bank Safeguard Policies
The environmental and social safeguard policies of World Bank applicable here are summarized as follows:
Environmental Assessment (EA) (OP 4.01): An EA is conducted to ensure that Bank-financed projects are environmentally sound and sustainable, and that decision- making is improved through appropriate analysis of actions and of their likely environmental impacts. Any World Bank project that is likely to have potential adverse environmental risks and impacts in its area of influence requires an EA indicating the potential risks, mitigation measures and environmental management framework or plan.
Natural Habitats (OP 4.04): The policy is triggered by any project (including any subproject under a sector investment or financial intermediary loan) with the potential to cause significant conversion (loss), degradation of natural habitats, whether directly (through construction), or indirectly (through human activities induced by the project). The policy has separate requirements for critical (either legally or proposed to be protected or high ecological value) and non- critical natural habitats. The Bank’s interpretation of “significant conversion or degradation” is on a case–by–case basis for each project, based on the information obtained through the EA.
Pest Management (OP 4.09). The policy supports safe, affective, and environmentally sound pest management. It promotes the use of biological and environmental control methods. An assessment is made of the capacity of the country’s regulatory framework and institutions to promote and support safe, effective, and environmentally sound pest management.
Indigenous People (OP 4.10): Major objectives of the indigenous people policy are to (i) ensure that indigenous people affected by World Bank funded projects have a voice in project design and implementation. (ii) ensure that adverse impacts on indigenous people are avoided, minimized, or mitigated and (iii) ensure that benefits intended for indigenous people are culturally appropriate. The policy is triggered when there are indigenous people in the project area and there is likely potential of adverse impacts or they are intended beneficiaries. When this policy is triggered, an Indigenous People Development Plan is required to be prepared to mitigate the potential adverse impacts or maximize the positive benefits of the project interventions.
Physical Cultural Resources (OP 4.11): The Bank seeks to assist countries to manage their physical cultural resources and avoid or mitigate adverse impact of development projects on these resources. This policy is triggered for any project that requires an EA.
Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12): Key objectives of the World Bank’s policy on involuntary land acquisition are to avoid or minimize involuntary resettlement where feasible, exploring all viable alternative project designs; assist displaced persons in improving their former living standards, income earning capacity and production level, or at least in restoring them; encourage community participation in planning and implementing resettlement; and provide assistance to affected people regardless of the legality of land tenure. The policy covers not only physical relocation, but any loss of land or other assets resulting in relocation, or loss of shelter; loss of assets or access to assets; loss of income sources or means of livelihood whether or not the affected people must move to another location. When the policy is triggered, a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP), must be prepared. An abbreviated plan may be developed when less than 200 people are affected by the project. In situations, where all the precise impacts cannot be assessed during project preparation, provisions are made for preparing a Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF). The RAP/RPF must ensure that all Bank’s
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policy provisions detailed in OP 4.12 are addressed particularly the payment of compensation for affected assets at their replacement cost.
Forestry (OP 4.36): This policy is triggered by forest sector activities and other Bank sponsored interventions which have the potential to impact significantly upon forested areas. The Bank does not finance commercial logging operations but aims to reduce deforestation, enhance the environmental contribution of forested areas, promote afforestation, reduce poverty and encourage economic development.
Safety of Dams (OP 4.37). For the life of any dam, the owner is responsible for ensuring that appropriate measures are taken and sufficient resources provided for the safety to the dam, irrespective of its funding sources or construction status. The Bank distinguishes between small and large dams.
Projects on International Waterways (O 7.50). The Bank recognizes that the cooperation and good will of riparians is essential for the efficient utilization and protection of international waterways and attaches great importance to riparians making appropriate agreements or arrangement for the entire waterway or any part thereof.
Disputed Areas (OP 7.60). Project in disputed areas may occur the Bank and its member countries as well as between the borrower and one or more neighbouring countries. Any dispute over an area in which a proposed project is located requires formal procedures at the earliest possible stage.
Disclosure Policy (OP 17.50). This policy supports decision making by the Borrower and Bank by allowing the public access to information on environmental and social aspects of projects. Mandated by six safeguard policies that has specific requirements for disclosure in country (Before project appraisal in local language and in English) and World Bank INFO-Shop (Before project appraisal in English). Documents can be in draft but must meet WB standards
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Annex 3: General Environmental Management Conditions for Construction Contracts/Civil Works.
Contract Specifications for Contractor 1.0 General a. All Environmental and Social (E&S) safeguards associated with the contract shall be complied with by the contractor. The Contractor shall also update himself about such issue in the ESMP, and prepare his work strategy and plan to fully take into account relevant provisions of the ESMP.
b. The Contractor shall develop a plan of work indicating all Environmental and Social safeguards at the various stages and indicate the period within which site will be maintained to it’s original state after completion of works to ensure that significant E&S safeguards have been addressed appropriately.
c. The Contractor shall adhere to the proposed plan implementation schedule and the monitoring plan to ensure effective feedback of monitoring information to the SPMU Project Engineer (PE).
d. The Contractor shall implement all measures to avoid undesirable adverse environmental and social impacts wherever possible, restore site offices to acceptable standards, and abide by all environmental performance requirements specified in the ESMP
2.0 Dust Mitigation Measures a. The contractor shall minimize the effect of dust on the surrounding environment resulting from site clearing, vibrating equipment and temporary access roads. b. During the rehabilitation project, the contractor shall carry out proper and efficient measures, such as water dousing, whenever necessary to reduce the dust nuisance, and to prevent dust originating from the operations.
3.0 Noise Due to Construction Activities The contractor shall ensure the noise levels emanating from machinery, vehicles and noisy construction activities (e.g. excavation) are kept at a minimum for the safety, health and protection of workers within the vicinity of high noise levels and nearby communities. 4.0 Waste Management a) Construction waste shall not be left in stockpiles along the road, but removed and disposed of/or reused where needed.
b) All waste shall be segregated into organic waste and plastic and glass. The organic waste will be composted near the site office to enrich the soil while plastics and glass will be taken to the district dump sites c) All sanitary facilities (e.g. garbage collection and disposal, drinking water facilities, etc.) shall be provided by the contractor in site offices or project sites. 5.0 Water Resource Management a) No construction water containing spoils or site effluent, especially cement, oil and fuel, shall be allowed to flow into natural water drainage courses. b) The contractor shall take all possible steps to prevent pollution of streams and other water supplies. c) Entry of runoff water to the site shall be restricted by constructing diversion channels or culverts to reduce the potential of soil erosion and water pollution.
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d) Waste water from washing out of equipment shall not be discharged into water courses.
6.0 Material Excavation and Deposit Vegetation clearing shall be restricted to the area required for safe operation of the rehabilitation work. Vegetation clearing shall not be done more than two weeks in advance of rehabilitation. 7.0 Contractor's Environment and Social Management Plan (ESMP) a) Within 6 weeks of signing the Contract, the Contractor shall prepare a work plan to ensure the adequate management of E&S aspects of the works, including implementation of the requirements of these general conditions and any specific requirements of an E&S safeguards for the works. The Contractor's work plan will serve two main purposes:
i. For the Contractor, for internal purposes, to ensure that all measures are in place for adequate E&S management, and as an operational manual for his staff.
ii. For the Client, supported where necessary by SE, to ensure that the Contractor is fully prepared for the adequate management of all E&S safeguards issues. b) The Contractor's E&S document shall provide at least: A description of procedures and methods for complying with these general environmental and social conditions, and any specific conditions specified in the ESMP; A description of specific mitigation measures that will be implemented in order to minimize adverse impacts; A description of all planned monitoring activities and the reporting thereof; and The internal organizational, management and reporting mechanisms put in place. 8.0 Health and Safety a) In advance of the construction work, the Contractor shall mount an awareness and hygiene campaign. Workers and local residents shall be sensitized on health risks particularly of HIV/AIDS. b) Adequate road signs to warn pedestrians and motorists of rehabilitation activities, diversions, etc. shall be provided at appropriate points. 9.0 Reporting The Contractor shall prepare monthly progress reports to the SPMU on E&S monitoring with these general conditions and the project E&S safeguards. It is expected that the Contractor's reports will include information on: E&S management actions/measures taken, including approvals sought from MOE, PE and FME Problems encountered in relation to E&S aspects (incidents, including delays, cost consequences, etc. as a result thereof); Lack of compliance with contract requirements on the part of the Contractor; Changes of assumptions, conditions, measures, designs and actual works in relation to E&S aspects; and Observations, concerns raised and/or decisions taken with regard to E&S management during site meetings. 10.0 Cost of Compliance It is expected that compliance with these conditions is already part of standard of good workmanship and state-of-the-art as generally required under this Contract. The item "Compliance with Environmental and Social Management Conditions" in the Bill of Quantities covers these costs. No other payments will be made to the Contractor for compliance with any request to avoid and/or mitigate an avoidable E&S impact.
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Annex 4: Minutes of Community Consultation Meetings
ESMP/RAP FOR RIVER EBIA EGU-UGWU AGBAJA FLOOD INTERVENTION PROJECT: SENSITIZATION MEETING WITH ABOFIA AND OFUTU NDIEBOR COMMUNITIES Minutes of Stakeholders’ Meeting Held on Tuesday October 27, 2015 at the Ofutu Ndiebor Village Square. Attendance: See list of Attendees
ITEMS DESCRIPTION Project NEWMAP ESMP & RAP Name of community Abofia Village (Abakaliki LGA) and Ofutu Ndiebor (Ebonyi LGA) Date October 27, 2015
Language of Igbo and English communication Introductions and The meeting started at 9:00am with an opening prayer and the breaking of kolanut opening remarks after which key members of both Abofia and Ofutu Ndiebor communities present and the Consultant for the ESMP & RAP were introduced by the facilitator, Mr. Victor Chukwu. Remarks by the Dr. Odili Ojukwu, in his remarks gratefully acknowledged the huge turnout by the Consultant various segments of the two committees. He informed the audience that it was the problem of flooding of Ebia River and the consequent displacements of homesteads, farmlands and other assets that precipitated the meeting. The challenges posed by the flooding are such that require a tripartite funding arrangement involving Ebonyi State Government, the Federal Government and World Bank. And this has been actualized through NEWMAP, with a State Project Management Unit (SPMU) charged with the overall implementation of the project in Ebonyi State. The flood control will be achieved through channelization of Ebia River to terminate at Ebonyi River. Whereas the channelization corridor will largely not follow the snaky route of Ebia River, there is a possibility that people’s land and other assets would he affected in the course of physical construction of the channel. The construction work and the channel would also affect other elements of the physical environment. The consultant is charged with the task of identifying and documenting persons and elements of the environment that would be affected by the project and recommend appropriate mitigation measures and compensation packages to the SPMU for necessary action. He therefore requested the cooperation of the communities with the Consultant staff that would be coming for field work to carry out these assignments. He emphasized the need for the communities to show interest in the project, monitor and evaluate every aspect of project implementation, maintain the project on completion and take full ownership of the project. The communities were told that further and more detailed meeting/consultation by way of focused group discussion would be held with elders, youths and women of the communities. A census of likely PAPs will immediately commence with a cut-off date of November 3, 2015. Every member of the community that has structures, land, livelihoods or any other assets along the flood corridor should present himself/herself for documentation within the census period. No further documentation would be allowed after the cut-of- date, Nov 3, 2015. Questions and The community asked to know: concerns The criteria for determining those that will be affected by the project; If the youth should be part of the project. The participants were given opportunities to ask questions and make remarks after the speech of the lead consultant. The questions and answers were as follows: If the channelization route cuts across existing roads, who would fix the road? What are the size dimensions of the proposed channel?
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Will there be compensation for farmlands? What are the differentiating roles of the SPMU and the consulting firm? Will the existing bridge be affected by the channelization work? She expressed gratitude and commendation for the proposed erosion control intervention. She lamented the adverse effects of the floods on their livelihoods over the years, and then commended the proposed intervention. What specific roles would the youths play in the project implementation? A request for the best services from the consulting firm. Responses to the The consultant informed the community that: concerns On the issue of criteria, the consultant informed the people that those within channelization corridor will be affected. On the issue of youth involvement, the consultant encouraged them to mobilize and become part of the project. The contractor handling the channelization would fax the road. As per the Engineering design, it is about 4m deep and 45.5m wide. Compensation shall follow extant laws and World Bank policies on social safeguards. The SPMU is the agency statutorily charged with the project implementation in the state. The Consultant was employed by the SPMU to undertake this assignment. The Terms of Reference given to the Consultant by the SPMU is well defined and so no conflict of roles is expected. YES. The status of the bridge will be addressed in the ESMP. Youths will have meaningful roles to play. Details of these will come out form the focused group discussion. Perceptions about the The community expressed willingness to forfeit any form of compensation to avoid Project any delays in the immediate commencement of the project. Closing Comments & Mr. Francis Nwogbogu thanked the team for the visit and assured them of the Remarks community’s co-operation towards the project. The meeting ended at about 11.00am. A total of 308 persons including 155 males and 153 females attended from Ofutu Ndiebor. A total of 235 persons, including 124 males and 111 females, participated from Abofia. These include: Mr. Joseph Igwe: (The village head) Mrs Justina Mbam (the woman leader) and Hon. Thomas Elom (Youth leader).
SENSITIZATION MEETING WITH ONUEBIA COMMUNITY Minutes of Stakeholders’ Meeting Held on Tuesday October 27, 2015 at the Onuebia Village Square. Attendance: See list
ITEMS DESCRIPTION
1. Project NEWMAP ESMP & RAP 2. Name of Onuebia Village (Abakaliki LGA) community 3. Date October 27, 2015
4. Language of Igbo and English communication 5. Introductions and The meeting with Onuebia Community was convened at the instance of Dr. Odili opening remarks Ojukwu - the project ESMP/RAP Consultant for the Ebia River Flood Intervention Project. The proceedings of the meeting started at about 12.00 noon with prayers and hospitality kola nuts presented by the community.
6. Overview of the Dr. Odili Ojukwu, in his remarks gratefully acknowledged the huge turnout of the proposed project community.
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He informed the audience that it was the problem of flooding of Ebia River and the consequent displacements of homesteads, farmlands and other assets that precipitated the meeting. The challenges posed by the flooding are such that require a tripartite funding arrangement involving Ebonyi State Government, the Federal Government and World Bank. And this has been actualized through NEWMAP, with a State Project Management Unit (SPMU) charged with the overall implementation of the project in Ebonyi State. A key element of the erosion control design is channelization of Ebia River to terminate at Ebonyi River. Whereas the channelization corridor will not follow the snaky route of Ebia River, there is a possibility that people’s land and other assets would he affected in the course of physical construction of the channel. The construction work and the channel would also affect other elements of the physical environment. Appropriate measures would be taken to avoid adverse effects on the people and environment. The consultant is charged with the task of identifying and documenting persons and elements of the environment that would be affected by the project and recommend appropriate mitigation measures and compensation packages to the SPMU for necessary action. This he emphasized to the participants was the purpose of the meeting. He therefore requested the cooperation of the communities with his staff that would be coming for field work to carry out these assignments. He emphasized the need for the communities to show interest in the project, monitor and evaluate every aspect of project implementation, maintain the project on completion and take full ownership of the project. The communities were told that further and more detailed meeting/consultation by way of focused group discussion would be held with elders, youths and women of the communities. These would be preceded with a census of likely PAPs starting on Wednesday 28 October, 2015 to end definitely on Tuesday 3 November 2015. Every member of the community that has structures, land, livelihoods or any other assets along the erosion corridor should present himself/herself for interview and documentation within the census period. No further documentation would be allowed after the cut of date, Nov 3, 2015.
7. Questions and The meeting took an interactive form after the remarks of the lead consultant. The concerns following questions/remarks were taken. 1) Sunday Ofoke Ibechi Question: Who are the persons to be covered by the census? Answer: All those that own assets including structures, lands and other forms of livelihood along the flood corridor. 2) Chief Anthony Uguru: Question: Where is the flood corridor? Answer: The flood corridor is the route of Ebia River. The channelization (4m x45.6m) work will largely follow the route of the river but will also cut across other land space and will terminate in Ebonyi River. 3) Mrs Abigail Odibogu: Remarks: He recounted the ordeals especially in terms of loss of livelihood suffered by women due to the flood menace. She then expressed appreciation for the proposed intervention. 8. Perceptions about Generally, the participants commended the Government and World Bank for the the Project intervention project and are excited on the participatory nature of the project. 9. Closing comments Attendees: The meeting has attended by 246 persons including 105 females and & Remarks 141 males. Key attendees were: Hon. Stephen Ofokia: Village Head, Mrs Abigail Odubogu: Woman leader; and Mr. Thomas Ofoke: Youth leader. Details of attendee are as attached Closing: The meeting rose with vote of thanks and prayers at about 2.00pm.
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SENSITIZATION MEETING WITH MGBO AGBAJA COMMUNITY Minutes of Stakeholders’ Meeting Held on Wednesday October 28, 2015 at the Mgbo Agbaja Village Square. Attendance: See list
ITEMS DESCRIPTION Project NEWMAP ESMP & RAP Name of community Mgbo Agbaja (Izzi LGA) Date October 27, 2015
Language of Igbo and English communication Introductions and The meeting started around 4:20pm with an opening prayer and the breaking of opening remarks kolanut. Thereafter the consultant Dr. Odili Ojukwu expressed his appreciation to the community for their co-operation since the inception of the project. He told the community that the various meetings held has been to ensure that everybody is carried along with the step by step process of the NEWMAP project as it affects the community The meeting was facilitated by Mr. Victor Chukwu. Overview of the Dr. Odili Ojukwu, in his remarks gratefully acknowledged the huge turnout by the proposed project various segments of the two committees. He informed the audience that it was the problem of over flooding of Ebia River and the consequent displacements of homesteads, farmlands and other assets that precipitated the meeting. The challenges posed by the flooding are such that require a robust funding arrangement involving Ebonyi State Government, the Federal Government and World Bank. And this has been actualized through NEWMAP, with a State Project Management Unit (SPMU) charged with the overall implementation of the project in Ebonyi State. A key element of the erosion control design is channelization of Ebia River to terminate at Ebonyi River. Whereas the channelization corridor will largely not follow the snaky route of Ebia River, there is a possibility that people’s land and other assets would he affected in the course of physical construction of the channel. The construction work and the channel would also affect other elements of the physical environment. Although sufficient efforts would be made to avoid adverse effects on people and environment, the consultant is charged with the task of identifying and documenting persons and elements of the environment that would be affected by the project and recommend appropriate mitigation measures and compensation packages to the SPMU for necessary action. This he emphasized to the participants was the purpose of the meeting. He therefore requested the cooperation of the communities with the Consultant personnel that would be coming for field work to carry out these assignments. He emphasized the need for the communities to show interest in the project, monitor and evaluate every aspect of project implementation, maintain the project on completion and take full ownership of the project. The communities were told that further and more detailed meeting/consultation by way of focused group discussion would be held with elders, youths and women of the communities. These would be preceded with a census of likely PAPs to end definitely on Tuesday 3 November 2015. Every member of the community that has structures, land, livelihoods or any other assets along the erosion corridor should present himself/herself for documentation within census period. No further documentation would be allowed the cut-of- date, Nov 3, 2015. Questions and The meeting took an interactive form after the remarks of the lead consultant. The concerns following questions/remarks were taken. 1) Nwibo Friday (Village Head) Question: How would the project affected persons and livelihoods be indentified? Answer: This will be done through the census exercise, physical verification of
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claims and use of relevant technology. 2) Mrs. Okpaga Nwadike: Question: Would there be compensation for persons whose assets and livelihoods where destroyed in the past? Answer: There would be no compensation for losses suffered before commencement of the project implementation. Only those whose assets would be affected to by the proposed intervention are eligible for compensation consideration. 3) Jude Ogbaga: Question: Any compensation for a person whose both structure and farmland would be affected. Answer: Yes, both will be considered for compensation. 4) Chukwu Nwibo: Question: Would there be compensation for loss of Indian Bambo tree? Answer: Being an economic tree, it would be considered. 5) Anago Nwiboko: Question: How would family land allotted to individual family members be treated? Answer: Issues of land would be treated according to extant laws and policies. Each individual allottee will be considered. 6) Onuka Moses: Question: How would the consultant treat some members of the community residing on the other side of Ebonyi river? Answer: The Consultant is only concerned with Ebia River flood corridor. Another consultant may be handling Ebonyi River site. 7) Mrs Nwibo Veronica: Question: Should the seasonal female vegetable farmers stop farming? Answer: They can continue farming pending the start of construction works. 8) Mrs Ebita Nneka: Question: What activity would take place during the so-called 7-day window? Answer: Census/documentation of PAPs will take place during the period. Physical verification would follow thereafter. Elder Okemili Nwanti: Question: How would communally- owned fruit trees be considered? Answer: They would be treated as communally- owned. Perceptions about the Generally, the participants commended the Government and World Bank for the Project intervention project and are excited on the participatory nature of the project. Closing comments & Attendees: the meeting was attended by 539 persons including 302 females and Remarks 237 males. Key members of the village by that attended were: Mr. Friday Nwibo: Village Head; Mrs Nkwogu Nwegede: Women leader; Mr. Obinna Ogbonna: Youth leader Closing: Vote of thanks was given by Mr. Friday Nwibo the village head while closing prayers were offered by Mrs. Nwibo Veronica at about 6.00pm.
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ATTENDANCE LIST FOR AMIKE ABA COMMUNITY MEETING S/NO NAMES GENDER PHONE NO S/NO NAMES GENDER PHONE NO 1 Chief Pius Aligwe Male 8034909508 46 Nwogha Udumali Male 2 Godwin Aleke Male 7062154217 47 Nwebudu Chibuzo Male 7036386120 3 Raphael Oyodo Male 7064596159 48 Nwankwegu Chikwado Male 8132825280 4 Friday Nwuzor Male 8032820844 49 Ogodo Emeka Male 8132934087 5 Prince Simeon Alo Male 8035410757 50 Mbamida Nwabueze Male 8033029007 6 Ogboloko Philip Male 8035059018 51 Nwiboeze John Male 7037077438 7 Mbam Peter S Male 8035050867 52 Chukwuka Friday Male 8 Nwambam AloNdubuisi Male 7065693849 53 Nwambam Alo Male 8064169078 9 Okemini Uchenna Male 8068531506 54 Chibuzor Nwambam Alo Male 10 Oyodo Chidi Male 8034304312 55 Jerry Male 8038739305 11 Aligwe James Male 8034909379 56 Orji Chinenye .N Male 7034970156 12 Ogbaga Onyema S Male 8039305050 57 Nwutobo Monday Male 7038299091 13 Onuoha Friday Male 8060046232 58 Nwutobo Donatus Male 8034980196 14 Engr. Mbam Nwabueze J Male 8035052978 59 Nwizi Stephen Male 8061320503 15 Okemini Ogechukwu Male 7038284894 60 Ezeoku Friday Male 7033098044 16 Ogodo Simeon Male 8037775744 61 Elder Otozi Peter Male 9096384366 17 Mbam Godwin Male 8032751971 62 Otozi Uchenna Male 8063719376 18 Nkwegu Vincent Male 8030670322 63 Oroke Ikechukwu Male 8134836870 19 Uguru Sunday Male 7062363043 64 Abuchi Nwuzor Male 8135249481 20 Akpegu Godwin Male 8166867981 65 Uguru Kelechi Male 9096150711 21 Egbe Emmanuel .P Male 8034137383 66 Mkpuike James Male 22 Nkwede Friday Male 8035727686 67 Nwogha Obinna Male 8032568571 23 Okemini Nweze Male 8064598421 68 Nwogha Uchenna. M Male 8034311280 24 Nnabuike Nwamamga Male 8066619610 69 Okemini Friday Male 8132230368 25 Michael Nwankwo Male 70 Okemini Andrew . O Male 7037525484 26 Nwachukwu Ogbonna Male 8068073057 71 Okemini Ekene Male 8066988280 27 Aligwe Divine .O Male 8034628032 72 Maria Nwankwo Female 28 Mbamida Ndubuisi Male 8064868301 73 Ifeoma Nwakuagu Female 29 Alo Ogbonna Male 8037724292 74 Alike Fedilia Female 9039553387 30 Ogbaga Onwe Male 8105607576 75 Veronica Alike Female 7068981441 31 Mbamida Friday Male 8179435395 76 Adline Alike Female 32 Nwiboeze Chibueze Male 8144806851 77 Grace Mbamida Female 7068798555 33 Nwambam Joseph Male 7038774504 78 Elizabeth Mbamida Female 8065542051 34 Chief Oba Ijeh Oku Male 8162654503 79 Christiana Mbameda Female 8144001940 35 Awam Joseph Male 7039012086 80 Agnes Mbamida Female 9033817744 36 Nwota Thomas Male 8064944455 81 Favour Mbamida Female 8133230968 37 Ogodo Thomas Male 8065161116 82 Rose Mbamida Female 8135696876 38 Nwota Uchenna Male 8060076682 83 Modesta Nwambalo Female 7034781469 39 Nwibo Ogonna Male 7061638441 84 Okemini Jacinta. I Female 8069132020 40 Nwachukwu Silas Male 7035301645 85 Chinwe Elom Female 7061188741 41 Ogodo Chinedu Male 8135146348 86 Caroline Nwagu Female 42 Ogbaga Orji Ikechukwu Male 8138929936 87 Anari Elizabeth Female 8139197126 43 Okeh Friday Male 7066625511 88 Christiana Ije Female 8146299170 44 Uguru Chinedu Male 8140765446 89 Regina Ogbonna Female 8139224835 45 Nwakwo Arinze Male 8134240371
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ATTENDANCE LIST FOR OFUTU NDIEBOR COMMUNITY MEETING
S/NO NAMES GENDER PHONE 60 ELIZABETH NWIBOKO F NUMBER 61 RIGINAEZE F 1 VERONICAEKUMA F 2 NWOGBAGAOGOBUCHI M 08038952622 62 OMINYIMARY F 3 OFIA JACINTA F 08104525206 4 MBAM NKEMKA LUCY F 08103107914 63 NWIBO NWOBA ANIGOR F 5 NDIDI NWEBONYI F 64 THERESA ONYIBE F 6 IGEMGA CHINYERE F 08060907741 7 OFOKE THERESA F 65 CECILIANWIGWE F 8 OGUZOR AGARTHA F 66 PETER OGBAGA M 07069746024 9 MBAM JOY F 08137241126 10 OZOKPOROGECHI F 09034093849 67 FELICIA OMMIYI F 08142902065 11 NWEIFE VERONICA F 08109764230 68 OGBAGA NWANKA F 12 OFOKE NKWEGU OFFIA F 13 OBOR CATHERINE F 69 SUNDAYNWOGHA M 07037360633 14 NWAMMINI UGIRU F 70 BONIFACENWOKU M 08075064863 15 UMAHI NWANKWO F 16 OMAKA VIRGINIA F 71 MBAM NWOGHA F 17 MARIA ALIKE F 72 NWOKU CHINYERE F 18 NWOGBAGA CHINYERE F 08036856854 19 NWEKEBE CHIMNASA F 73 ONWE NWOKPURU M 20 MARY ATUM F 21 NKWEGU CHINYERE F 08032968241 74 EMEKA UGWU M 08069814271 22 NKWEGU OFOKE F 75 NWEDEEUCHARIA F 08130519925 23 AUGUSTINE UGWU F 24 OSHUIM ROSE F 76 NWITE ROSE F 25 OMAKA CHINYERE F 77 NWEDE CHRISTIANA F 26 NWOGBA ALIKE F 27 MARY NWOFOKE F 78 NKWEGU OFOKEAGU F 28 IFEOMA OGERENYA F 79 NKWEGUOGERENYI F 29 EKUMA OGERENYA M 30 ROSEMARY MBAM F 80 NGOZI OGBAGA F 08147057270 31 MBAM UZOAMAKA F 81 NWEDE ELIZABETH F 32 ONUMAM THERESA F 33 MBAM ONUMAM F 82 CECILIANWOKU F 34 CHRISTIANA NKWEGU F 83 ANNA ALEKE F 08135147756 35 NWIBO CECELIA F 84 NWEFIKEFRANK F 08101034436 36 UZOAMAKA NWEFIKE F 85 ONUMANU CHINYERE F 08031937651 37 UGUM ELIZABETH F 86 THERESA NWENU F 38 MBAM NWEBONYI F 87 ROSE NWIBO F 39 ROSE ATUM F 88 FELICIA NWEBONYI F 40 UGWU ONYIBE F 89 MARY OGBAMA F 41 CHRISTIANA IGBOKE F 90 NGOZI OZOKPOR F 42 NKWEGU NWEBONYI F 91 NWIBO NWEDU F 43 CHINELO .J. OGOBUCHI F 08064710506 92 NWAKAEGONWEFIE F 44 THERESA NKWEGU F 93 FELICIA OZOKPO F 45 ROSEMARY NWAZUPHU F 07066299930 94 GRACEIBOKO F 46 VICTORY IGBOJI F 95 NWIBO OFOKEAGU F 47 BLESSING NWEFIKE F 96 ROSE NWIBO F 48 OGBAMA CECELIA F 97 STELLA OGERENYA F 07062988488 49 BENEDITHNWOGBAGA F 98 OLUCHI OFOKEAGU F 50 IJEOMANWOFOKE F 99 UZOAMAKAOGBAMA F 51 MARY OGERENYA F 100 NWANKWO UKPA F 52 OGUZORMARY F 101 NKWEGU NWOFE F 53 UGWUROSE F 102 ROSEMARYNWOGBAGA F 08138843058 54 MARY EZALI F 103 NNEKA OGBAGA F 07035438788 55 NWEBO NWANYI F 104 THERESA OGBAMMA F 56 IFEOMAMBAM F 105 NGOZI NWEBONYI F 57 NGOZI ALO F 106 ONYIBUCHI ALO M 58 CECILIANWEZZA F 107 CHIKA MBAM F 59 JELINAOGUZOR F
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108 UKAMAKA OFOKEAGU F 158 OKEZIE NWOKWO M 07063017482 109 JANNETHNWANYI F 159 NWAMINIMBAM F
110 FELICIA NWIBO F 160 CHIKANWOGBAGA F 111 SUSSAN NWEFIE F 161 ELIAS OZOKPO M 08134267389 112 MARY NWOKU F 162 OGBAGA ONYEMA M 07065666169 113 GRACE NWAGBO F 163 CHIKODILI IGANGA M
114 OLUCHISIMON F 164 OGOBUCHIOFOKE M 08179725681 115 CHINASASIMON F 165 SUNDAY OGBAGA M 07037279884 116 CHUKWUKAOFOKE M 08067444641 166 NWIBO NKWUDA F 117 NNABUCHI NWOBA M 07060599306 167 ONYINYE UGWU F
118 NWABUIKESIMON M 09031596398 168 FELICIANWEDE F 119 OGO NWEFIE M 07068154741 169 CHIEF. OMINYI NWITE M
120 NNENNANWEBONYI F 07062372267 170 CHIEF. MBAMNWAEZZA M 121 JUSTINANWEFIE F 171 ELDER. OGBU M NWANKWEZU 122 MARY OGERENYA F 172 ELDER. ALIKEOBIGA M 123 JOY OFOKEAGU F 08039660127 173 ELDER. NWOGHAOKITE M 124 NWALO EBERE F 174 ELDER. M 125 NJIDEKAMBAM F MBAMKPURUENU 175 ELDER. NWAMINI M 126 OGBAGA CHIOMA F NWEDE 127 JACINTAALO F 176 ELDER. MBAM NWIZI M 128 ROSE MBAM F 177 ELDER. NKWEGUNWEFIE M 129 JANNETHUGWU F 178 ELDER. NWOBAANIGOR M
130 JULIANAUGWU F 179 ELDER. JOE NWENU M 131 SAMUEL NWOKU M 07068583253 180 MR. MICHEAL M NWEBUENYI 132 FIDELIX NWEFIE M 08102448860 181 MR. OGBAGAUGWU M 133 MBAM AFAMEFUNA M 09037082681 182 MR. NJOKU NWEBONYI M
134 KELECHINWEBONYI M 08067476788 183 MR. OGBAMAEMEKA M 135 OKITI CHIGOZIE F 08164138637 184 CHINEDUOFOKEAGU M 136 IFEOMA OGBAMMA F 185 OBAJI MBEKEJERRY M 137 JOY NKWEGU F 186 NWOKOROUGWU M
138 GINIKA NKWEGU F 187 DOMINIC NWITE M 139 UZOAMAKANKWEGU F 188 MOSES NWAIGBO M 140 IGANGATHOMAS M 08059492892 189 ONYEBUCHIOFOKEAGU M 141 MARYALIKE F 190 THOMASKPUNIGU M
142 ADA ALIKE F 191 EMEKA NWOKE M
143 ONYINYENKWEGU F 192 UCHENNA OFOKEAGU M 144 ELECHI UGURU F 193 OGONNA OFOKE M 145 PRECILIA ELOM F 07066912921 194 SUNDAY NWITE M
146 DEBORAHOGBAGA F 195 OBAJI VINCENT M 147 UGWU OGBAGA F 196 OGOBUCHI OGERENYA M 148 MERCY OMAPAUL F 197 GODDY NWAKWO M 149 OBEJI ELIZABETH F 198 OFOKE NNABUIKE M
150 OLUCHI NWANKWO F 199 NWEDE IGWEBUIKE M 151 JULIETH NWIBO F 200 IKECHUKWU NWANI M 152 CHINYERE NWIBO F 201 OFOKE TOCHUKWU M 153 CHINYONYENWIBO F 202 ANAYO NWEBUNO M
154 FELICIAUGWU F 203 OZOKPO TOCHUKWU M
155 MARY UGWU F 204 PAUL NWANKWO M 156 JUSTINA NWOGBAGA F 205 IFEANYI OJIUGWO M 157 NWOKWOFRDAY M 08065192658 206 IGANGA OGOCHUKWU M
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207 NKWEGU EJIOFOR M 257 EJIOFOR NWEFIE M 208 PAUL OKITE M 258 NWEDE CHINONSO M
209 NWANKPU KPUNERENU M 259 NNAEMEKA NWEDE M 210 NWULEGU NWEKE M 260 OLISE OGBAGA M 211 SUNDAY NWOGBOJI M 261 AZUBIKE OFOKE M 212 ELOM ANELE M 262 OLIVER NWITE M
213 IFEANYI MBAM M 263 OGBAGA IRUKA M 214 OJIUGWO ARINZE M 264 OTSU EKA EMEKA M 215 ELOM CHUKWUDI M 265 ALO NWICHO M 216 IKECHUKWU NWITE M 266 FIDELIS OFOKEAGU M
217 SUNDAY NWITE M 267 SUNDAY NWAGBO M 218 THOMAS NWOFOKE M 268 AFAM MBAM M
219 CHRISTOPHER NWAKWO M 269 OGBONNA OFOKE M 220 OGBAGA OGERENYA M 270 IZUCHUKWU OGBAGA M
221 JOHN OFEKE MGBOKE M 271 ANWU PIUS M 222 NWAMIRI MBAM M 272 ONYIBE OGBAGANCHI M 223 ONYIBE ALO M 273 NWAMMIRI FRIDAY M 224 OGBONNA ONIGBO M 274 NWAMMIRI OGBAGA M
225 JOHN OBOR M 275 NKWEGU MBAM M 226 ELE NWAEZZA M 276 ALO CHINYERE M 227 OFOKE NSHI NWITIE M 277 PAUL OFOKEAGU M 228 SUNDAY EKUMA M 278 OGBAGA OFOKEAGU M
229 IGBOJI UGWU M 279 OBAJI CHIBUNNA M 230 NWIBO NWOKU M 280 NDUBUISI NWOGBAGA M
231 IGNATIUS OGBAGA M 281 NWIGWE FRIDAY M 232 SUNDAYOMINYI M 282 EKUMMA OGERENYA M
233 OGOBUCHI NWEDE M 283 OGBONNA MBAM M 234 ODE CHUKWUMA M 284 NWAMMIRI NNAMDI M 235 UGWU NWOFOKE M 285 OKWUDILI OKITI M 236 OKE SIMON M 286 OKEY NWOGBAGA M
237 NWAMIRI NWOGBAGA M 287 HON. FRANCIS M NWOGBAGA 238 JEREMIAH KPURUENU M 288 SUNDAY NWOGHA M 239 OFOKENSHI NWEDE M 289 NWEDE NDUBUISI M 240 UGWU JOSEPH M 290 CATHERINE NWEBONYI F 241 UGWU THOMAS M 291 CHRISTIANA KPURUENU F 242 DANIEL IBOKO M 292 NWENU REGINA F 243 SUNDAY NWAEZZA M 293 CECILIA NWIGWE F 244 OKEMMIRI NWOKU M 294 NWIGWE JOHN M 245 CHIBUZO NWUZOR M 295 ONYEBUCHI MBAM M 246 EZE NWOGBAGA M 296 ALIKE ONYEMAECHI M 247 CHINEDU NWEBUNYI M 297 NWITE NNAMDI M 248 THOMAS NWEFIE M 298 ONAMBA OGBAGA M 249 OMAKA STEPHEN M 299 ONYEBUCHI NWEBONYI M 250 IKECHUKWU EKUMA M 300 NWEBONYI FRIDAY M 251 EZEKIEL IGBOKE M 301 OGBONNA OFOKE M 252 ONYIBE CHUKWUMA M MGBOKE 302 OMAKA NWEWE M 253 OFOKE CHIJIOKE M 303 OGOBUCHI OGBU M 254 NWIBO MICHEAL M 304 UGWU ONYINYECHI F 255 NWAEZZA JOSEPH M 305 NKIRU IBOKO F 256 SUNDAY NWUZOR M 306 CHINYERE NWOFOKE F
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307 MARY UGWU F 308 JOY IBOKO F
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ATTENDANCE LIST FOR ONUEBIA 75 Nkwuda Ikenna Male 08134146671 76 Ofoke Ekene Male 07064625851 COMMUNITY MEETING 77 Emeka Nike Male 08068347605 78 Agbom Uchenna Male 07061196474 S/NO NAMES GENDER PHONE NO 79 Nnabuike Nwoba Male 09039209253 1 Thomas Odeh Male 08100330221 80 Ebonyi Nshiegbe Male 2 Linus Nweze Male 08062408767 81 Ebere Mbam Male 0813813868 3 Stephen Ofoke Male 08063297778 82 Nwoba Chukwuma Male 0703569988 4 Christian Mbam Male 08069657196 83 Uguru Friday Male 07039536259 5 Anthony Uguru Male 08035089153 84 Nweke Omma Male 08140684401 6 Edwin Ugada Male 85 Uguru Ndubisi Male 07031630629 7 Mbam Nwuguru Male 86 Nwokpuru Sunday Male 081474820 8 Chief Joseph Ogbaga Male 08063297168 87 Agbom Chinonso Male 08140922581 9 Chief Clement Odagbu Male 08068508018 88 Chukwuka Edeh Male 07033961682 10 George Odeh Male 07069734976 89 Celestine Nkwuda Male 07069311165 11 Chukwuma Mbam Male 07036865224 90 Ebube Odeh Male 08103929366 12 Cecilia Nwibo Female 07034538688 91 Nkwuda Okwudili Male 07065630137 13 Uzoamaka Ogerenya Female 08039153881 92 Ndubuisi Nkwuda Male 08068515441 14 Cecilia Nwoju Female 08064642401 93 Emeka Nweze Male 07067822620 15 Friday Nwibo Male 07039331099 94 Nshiegbe Sampson Male 09096147150 16 Ijeoma Nweze .N. Female 07063456816 95 John Nwankwo Male 08136822840 17 Jannet Nweze Female 08069505800 96 Mbam Hope Male 07035601091 18 Oketa Alice Female 07039051064 97 Elom Sunday Male 08063436078 19 Ijeoma Nweze .O. Female 07067199397 98 Mbam Onyema Male 08032813759 20 Christiana Odeh Female 08065505823 99 Elom Peter Male 08032151190 21 Abigail Odeh Female 08103929298 100 Ochuta Chikodili Male 08063127647 22 Uguru Martina Female 08063587410 101 Mbam Ndubuisi Male 07037926289 23 Samuel Mbam Male 08035265236 102 Nkwuda Amuche Male 08065050602 24 John Odeh Male 08068919172 103 Odeh Kenneth Male 08172125589 25 John Elom Male 07067675955 104 Odagbu Onyeka Male 07068753101 26 Ikechukwu Nwambam Male 08162895217 105 Chukwuebuka Nshiegbe Male 08187068806 27 Nwibo Edwin Male 08102554969 106 Isreal Nshiegbe Male 08068511304 28 Sunday Nweze Male 08069505800 107 Mbam Ogechi Male 08170624272 29 Emma Odagbu Male 108 Ochuta Chigbo Male 08100643311 30 Ebere Nwafor Male 07035003879 109 Obasi Ejike Male 08172634019 31 Augustine Nkwuda Male 110 Chinonso Elom Ekpule Male 07069008397 32 Okemini Ogerenya Male 08038216026 111 Emmanuel Eze Male 08166607647 33 Nwabueze Nwokpuru Male 08033629641 112 Nwogba Ofeke Male 08109801694 34 Nwobo Chidi .J. Male 07034541330 113 Uchenna Nwibo Male 07082977223 35 Hyacinth Mbam Male 114 Chukwudi Nweze Male 08107483962 36 Nkwuda Jonathan Male 07035186373 115 Ugada Friday Male 07065277686 37 Moses Nwibo Male 116 Chukwuma Ofoke Male 08065590250 38 Anayo Nwuzo Male 08032256155 117 Nwibo Innocent Male 08105521595 39 Augustine Uguru Male 07066839311 118 Nkwuda Chinedu Male 08137278944 40 Ezekiel Nwokpuru Male 07060873215 119 Chibuzo Ebonyi Male 08142962265 41 Monday Nkwuda Male 08034146671 120 Ofoke Monday Male 08064811304 42 Uchenna Mbam Male 07059733496 121 Nkwuda Nonso Male 08098214640 43 Maduabuchi Nkwede Male 07064244122 122 Ogbonna Okafor Male 08084741831 44 Friday Odeh Male 08067524644 123 Onyebuchi Elom Male 081633189 45 Simeon Odeh Male 08096299358 124 Uguru ThankGod Male 08066257823 46 Elom Cyprian Male 08134263967 125 Ofoke Unoabuoye Male 08165523134 47 Monday Nweze Male 08069395505 126 Ekene Mbam Male 08030560560 48 Uche Odeh Male 08172631299 127 Emma Ogobulu Male 08189935786 49 Onyebuchi Nwuzor Male 07065695335 128 Ekene Nkwude Male 08170490043 50 Chukwuma Mbam Male 07031096755 129 Elom Chinonso Male 07064925932 51 Monday Ofoke Male 130 Nwibo Chikodili Male 08169361606 52 Chukwuma Nwodu Male 07061196731 131 Mbam Ogonna Male 08098162562 53 Ifeanyi Nwibo Male 08032686642 132 Igwe Ebouche Male 09082977591 54 Chukwuma Onwe Male 07033962624 133 Emeka Mbam Male 08108565037 55 Fredrick Nshiegbe Male 08068531304 134 Emeka Ebonyi Male 07032929031 56 Innocent Odeh Male 08060900483 135 Ogbonna Nwere Male 07060891966 57 Emeka Nkwuda Male 07037900113 136 Ekene Nwibo Male 07034459644 58 Paul Mbam Male 07065500172 137 Nkwede Friday Male 09038513830 59 Lawrence Ogbaga Male 07057954923 138 Nwibo Ozoemena Male 08130482232 60 John Ochuta Male 08170321005 139 Odeh Jonas Male 08104554973 61 Cletus Ogbaga Male 08038784608 140 Anayo Nwibo Male 07064750001 62 Nkwuda Friday Male 08068473918 141 Uchenna Ovoba Male 08036324311 63 Christian Nwuzor Male 08063460052 142 Ejike Mkpuna Male 07060570387 64 Chukwuma Nwibo Male 08038122839 143 Elom Ikemefuna Male 08033475902 65 Sunday Ofoke Male 08035437428 144 Simon Nkwuda Male 07032898618 66 Nwebonyi Nweze Female 145 Anele Ogbaga Male 08101839859 67 Grace Nwankwegu Female 146 Ajashi Moses Male 08030441838 68 Gloria Nwankwegu Female 147 Nwakego Nweze Male 08143236590 69 Chukwuma Oketa Male 07034900133 148 Mbam Cynthia Female 09082930285 70 Michael Ogbaga Male 149 Nwovu Tochukwu Male 08136316686 71 Nwokpuru Ejike Male 08068439525 150 Mbam Hyacinth Male 08103969393 72 Nwobi Obinna Male 08063669325 151 Uzoigwe Peter Male 08034308183 73 Onyeka Nweze Male 08083441798 152 Ofoke Nweze Female 74 Nkwuda Julius Male 09082889951 153 Julius Nkwuda Male
154 Gladys Nwankpu Female 08081513557 202 Perpetua Nwuzo Female 08148130825 155 Regina Igube Female 08138401724 203 Martina Mbam Female 07065075230 156 Oluchi Nwokpuru Female 08163209758 204 Blessing Mbam Female 07061594052 157 Esther Okafor Female 205 Ukamaka Nwibo Female 08144744569 158 Odeh Fatima Female 08101238571 206 Eucharia Nwibo Female 08163873781 159 Sophia Nwankwo Female 08168855576 207 Ebonyi Nweze Female 160 Uzoma Elom Female 09081993841 208 Augustine Nwankpu Male 08182232130 161 Jacinta Nkwuda Female 08134309877 209 Cecilia Mbam Female 162 Uchenna Mbam Female 08135638515 210 Nneka Onunku Female 08106486422 163 Agnes Nwamini Female 07032447084 211 Sussana Nwibo Female 08105865253 164 Stella Odeh Female 08141711062 212 Nwakego Oweh Female 165 Chinyere Nweke Female 213 Helen Mbam Female 07080848965 166 Chinyere Nwokwa Female 07069311165 214 Philomena Ofoke Female 0813895403 167 Monica Nwibo Female 215 Virginia Mbam Female 08138257800 168 Okoro Augustina Female 08068052644 216 Felicia Ogbaga Female 169 Chinenye Ugada Female 217 Felicia Okemini Female 08164843 170 Elizabeth Nwokwa Female 218 Janet Ochita Female 07032022760 171 Grace Elom Female 08134243065 219 Janet Nkwuda Female 172 Nnenna Odeh Female 08168787035 220 Christiana Nwankpu Female 173 Ukamaka Nwokpuru Female 07061627456 221 Evelyn Uguru Female 174 Mbam Lucy Female 08060125431 222 Ada Eze Female 09036200994 175 Ngozi Nwankwo Female 223 Maria Mbam Female 176 Esther Odeh Female 07015707208 224 Uzoamaka Nkwuda Female 07068900656 177 Evelyn Oketa Female 225 Ifeoma Odeh Female 178 Chinasa Nkwede Female 07064546297 226 Victoria Nwokpuru Female 179 Agnes Oketa Female 227 Ogechi Nwokpuru Female 07061095197 180 Augustina Odeh Female 228 Grace Ogidi Female 181 Ngozi Nkwede Female 07036900908 229 Cordelia Odeh Female 182 Monica Ofoke Female 07069521688 230 Ekele Elom Female 07039726602 183 Felicia Odeh Female 231 Agnes Nkwukwo Female 184 Theresa Nwokwa Female 07034620913 232 Patricia Odeh Female 185 Philomena Nwibo Female 233 Benedict Ugada Female 186 Toochukwu Odeh Female 234 Chiamaka Odeh Female 08063381047 187 Augustina Nwizi Female 08030827713 235 Onyinyechi Nkwuda Female 08146706359 188 Ngozi Elom Female 236 Chinaza Nwovu Female 189 Ngozi Ofoke Female 08068912705 237 Igbokwe Mbam Male 07067958602 190 Obiageli Nkwuda Female 238 Augustina Ugada Female 07038529160 191 Rose Nweze Female 08107132903 239 Joy Ugada Female 192 Jacinta Nweze Female 240 Ngozi Mbam Female 193 Theresa Nkwuda Female 08100599681 241 Ijeoma Ebonyi Female 194 Ifeoma Odeh Female 08165803738 242 Philomena Female 08089108889 195 Chinasa Nshiegbe Female 243 Oluchi Odeh Female 0817262 196 Grace Ogbaga Female 08169632203 244 Agatha Nwele Female 197 Jenifer Nkwuda Female 08103107911 245 Ndidi Nwacharia Female 198 Nneka Chibueze Female 246 Afam Nwibo Male 199 Ifeoma Nshiegbe Female 200 Chinyere Nkwuda Female 201 Mabel Mbam Female 08063668769
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Annex 5: Complete Listing of Dominant Plant Species Observed at the Project Areas
Table AN-2: Listing of Frequent Plant Species in the Project Areas Local/ Common S/No Species Family Life Form Name 1 Mangifera indica Anacardiaceae Tree Mango 2 Pterocarpus mildbraedii Fabaceae Tree Oha 3 Citrus sinensis Rutaceae Tree Orange 4 Carica papya Caricaceae Tree Paw-paw 5 Newbouldia laevis Tree Ogirisi 6 Ficus capensis Moraceae Tree Ugbor 7 Dacryodes edulis Burseraceae Tree Ube 8 Anacardium occidentale Anacardiaceae Tree Cashew 9 Manihot esculenta Euphorbiaceae Shrub Akpu 10 Cocos nucifera Palmae Tree Coconut 11 Ornamentals Species 12 Centrosima pubisence Fabaceae Herb Efia obubu 13 Spermacoce ruelliae Rubiaceae Herb 14 Spermacoce stachydea Rubiaceae Herb Imperata cylindericum Asteraceae Herb Ekperima/Spear 15 grass 16 Sida stipulata Malvaaceae Herb Eshioku 17 Mimosa pudica Fabaceae Herb Uke 18 Spigelia anthetamia Loganiceae Herb 19 Harungana madagascariensis Hypericaceae Tree 20 Holarrhena floribunda Apocynaceae Mba 21 Eragrostis aspera Poaceae Herb 22 Ficus spp Moraceae Tree (parasite) Akpuru/Afufa ohia 23 Hillerca latifolia Phytolaccaceae Herb 24 Spondias mombin Anacardiaceae 25 Ipomea centrocema Convulvolaceae Herb 26 Bambusa vulgaris Poaceae Shrub 27 Ischaemum rugosum Poaceae Herb 28 Sida stipulate Malvaceae Herb 29 Biophytum sentitivum Fabaceae Herb Source: Field Survey, Nov. 2015
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