H u m a n Be h a v i o r & Ev o l u t i o n So c i e t y

Winter 2009 Newsletter In This Issue View From the President’s Window Spotlight Featured Interview The Student Voice HBES Conference 2009 Announcements HBES Elections!!! The next HBES Conference will be held at California State Nominations for the HBES Career Awards University, Fullerton May 27-31, 2009. Lectures Abstract deadline is April 1, 2009. Positions Conferences See: http://anthro.fullerton.edu/hbes2009/ Read more... Members in the News New Books Participate in a Survey Submit your nominations for the HBES Lifetime & Early Call for Papers: EvoS Special Feature Career Contribution Awards. Read more... Conference Report Letters From the Editors Resources HBES Executive Council Elections!! Read more...

View Spotlight Interview Students From the President’s Window Steve Gangestad Billy E. Frye Napoleon A. Chagnon The Student Voice | Aaron Blackwell

Our HBES president is Steve In this edition, Richard D. In a special interview, Nap It is time to select a new Gangestad, Distinguished Alexander, Bill Irons, and Chagnon answers questions HBES Student Representa- Professor of Psychology Nap Chagnon share some from leading scientists on tive. Please read the profiles at the University of New notes on the history of the Yanomamö on topics of the two candidates for Mexico. In this issue, HBES. They pay special ranging from the possibility HBES Student Rep, Thank Steve reveals news of tribute to Dr. Billy E. Frye, of peace to kin term manipu- you Aaron for serving as our upcoming HBES a former University of lation to the role of women. HBES Stu- conferences Michigan Thank you to including administrator Ed Hagen and dent Repre- plans to who played Nicole Hess sentative for hold a joint a critical role for organizing the past few conference in the birth of this interview. years. with ABS. HBES. Read more... Read more... Read more... Read more...

© Copyright HBES 2009 - All Rights Reserved | email: [email protected] | web: www.hbes.com View From the President’s Window | Steven W. Gangestad

have some noteworthy news: Plans for a joint meeting biological theory of the Human Behavior and Evolution Society and to an understanding Ithe Animal Behavior Society are underway, to be of human behavior. A joint held in the summer of 2012. The location has yet to be meeting with ABS offers an opportunity for us to finalized, though one promising site is currently under widen exposure of our program to biologists who, to consideration. And a complete proposal has yet to be date, have focused on the behavior of non-human formally approved by each society. Still, I’m fairly confident animals, and possibly convince a few such biologists to that this event will happen. (A reminder: Following this participate in HBES meetings in future years, perhaps year’s meeting in Fullerton, HBES will be in Eugene, even to actively engage in human behavioral research. Oregon in 2010 and then in Montpelier, France in 2011.) HBES can benefit just as greatly from exposure of our Though the meetings will in a meaningful sense be “joint,” members to the ABS program. There’s probably very little in fact each society’s respective annual meetings will, in the ABS program that, in its basic scientific rationale or under this proposal, largely be back-to-back at the same theoretical approach, isn’t also represented in some fashion site, with one full day of an overlapping program. This in what appears in the HBES program or Evolution and way, each society can retain many its own traditions and Human Behavior. Still, there are ways that biologists tend unique features, while still enjoying the benefit of a partly to approach the study of organisms’ behavior that differ, on integrated program. And, naturally, some members of each average, from how psychologists might typically do so, either may want to stay on for all or part of the non-overlapping as a function of training or disciplinary milieu. (To mention portion of the other society’s meetings. (A small proportion just a few: more deliberate comparative interpretations; of our members, of course, are currently already members greater reflection on phylogenetic relationships and of ABS.) I expect that, with hopes for this in mind, featured deep-time origins of features; more consistent and elements of each program (for instance, plenary speakers) thoroughgoing application of broad, encompassing will be selected partly to appeal to a broader crowd. (HBES theoretical frameworks; more consistent attempts to test and ABS meetings are typically of similar size, I might competing evolutionary models and virtually no interest note, which logistically works well for a joint arrangement.) in testing evolutionary models against “non-evolutionary” ones; more explicit considerations of basic constraints For many reasons, I’m very excited about the possibility organisms face, such as energetic constraints; more of these meetings. HBES can benefit in multiple ways. A typical development of research programs that deliberately good number of the members of HBES at its inception include studies that don’t explicitly concern behavior at all were trained as biologists (a few, of course, with last [but rather, to list a few examples, concern survival rates, names Williams, Hamilton, Trivers, Wilson, and Alexander). offspring sex ratios, energetic costs of specific endocrine Naturally, HBES has grown tremendously in the past two function, rates of oxidative stress, or immunogenetics] but decades. The bulk of this growth has occurred through which do inform in a very fundamental way evolutionary enlisting of members trained in behavioral sciences—most understandings of behavior and, hence, are central to the notably, psychology, and, secondarily, anthropology. Such scientific enterprise of explaining behavior.) I certainly don’t growth has been healthy. It reflects, for instance, the fact mean to imply that psychological research would benefit, in that sophisticated, sensible life science approaches have every instance, from incorporating more of what biologists successfully and fairly quickly penetrated psychological often do. Moreover, most of the members of HBES are science. The rate at which publications that embrace sophisticated consumers of the literature in evolutionary an evolutionary perspective and draw upon explicit biology and I hence suspect very familiar with a whole evolutionary theory appear in leading journals in psychology variety of approaches in the study of animal behavior. Still, continues to grow (see, for instance, my View in the many of our members, myself included, have never been Summer 2008 newsletter). At the same time, I personally immersed for days in dialogue that characterizes ABS would like to see HBES representation of biologists meetings. I consider myself to be a pretty avid reader of grow at a similar rate; my sense is that, to date, it hasn’t. the biological literature, but I nonetheless anticipate that, after this joint meeting, I may well come to think about my I’m hoping that can change. Increasing numbers of own area of research from some perspectives that differ, biologists are receptive to research that applies evolutionary even if subtly, from how I’ve typically thought about it. The View From the President’s Window (cont.)

And yet more on citation patterns… cited in EHB, generally climbed as well, though less consistently in the case of Animal Behaviour. I’ve used the writing of these biannual “Views” as good excuses to take a look at and report what might be The following table shows the converse: Percentages of interesting trends in the impact and spread of human articles appearing in the 8 biology journals citing at least one evolutionary behavior science in the scientific literature. (A EHB article, aggregated across all journals. (Related, but not year ago, I commented in this newsletter on Evolution and identical, patterns were reported in my Summer 2008 View.) Human Behavior’s impact, as indexed by some new impact indices. EHB is a highly influential journal, relative to other behavioral science journals, if reputation and visibility of the journals that cite EHB articles is used to weight citations, and I explored specific reasons for that fact. Six months ago, I examined changes in rates of citation of EHB articles over the past 6 years. Citations overall have increased substantially but, interestingly, particularly so in specific fields.)

An appropriate complement to my announcement of a joint meeting of HBES and ABS is an examination of the extent to which papers appearing in EHB have been cited in behavioral biology journals and, conversely, the extent to which These are low numbers, but of course one can’t expect articles appearing in behavioral biology journals are cited a large percentage of articles in behavioral biology in EHB articles, and whether those patterns have changed journals to cite studies on humans. More interesting, over time. Are these literatures becoming increasingly perhaps, are the rates of change across years. In fact, interconnected, as indexed by networks of citations? in 2008 the proportion of articles citing at least one EHB article was 60% greater than it was in 2003 (see the I specifically looked at articles in 8 biology journals— third column above). This is partly due to the fact that by the 8 most cited in EHB over the years: Proceedings 2008 there were more EHB articles available to be cited. of the Royal Society B, Animal Behaviour, Journal Nonetheless, the substantially greater numbers of biology of Theoretical Biology, Behavioral Ecology, Trends journal articles citing at least one human behavioral in Ecology and Evolution, Behavioral Ecology and study (specifically, from EHB) is probably a meaningful Sociobiology, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal trend reflecting greater integration of these literatures. Society of London B, and Journal of Evolutionary Biology. I included only articles published since 1980. My hope is that cross-citation both ways steadily increases over time, and for three reasons: first, because greater This table shows the mean percentage of EHB articles numbers of studies explicitly focused on human behavior appearing in years 2003-2008 that cited at least one post- are published in behavioral biology journals; second, 1980 article in these journals, averaged across the 8 journals. because greater numbers of researchers on non-humans become cognizant of pertinent studies on humans within broad, integrative comparative perspectives; and third (and just as importantly, though perhaps less often recognized), because greater numbers of EHB articles explicitly speak to studies on non-humans as well within broad, integrative comparative perspectives. All, in my view, would represent healthy trends for human evolutionary behavioral science.

Again, the proposed 2012 joint meetings of HBES and ABS may, in some small way, facilitate increased cross-citation and the further development of broad, integrative perspectives.

From 2003 to 2005, rates of citation in EHB articles A final note of papers from these journals increased substantially As always, I welcome any and all suggestions for how HBES (almost 70%). They have leveled off since then. can foster even better our shared interests in evolutionary science. You can contact me at [email protected]. Rates of citation of articles appearing in Proceedings and Animal Behaviour, the two biology journals most Spotlight | Notes on the early history of HBES. Part I by Richard D. Alexander, Willam G. Irons, & Napoleon A. Chagnon

An HBES Hero: attention and strong support, A Special Tribute to Dr. Billy E. Frye virtually alone among Dr. Frye was University of Michigan Professor of U-M administrators, gave heart to the small Biology; Dean of the U-M College of Literature, Sci- number of faculty who braved the generally hostile ence, and the Arts; U-M Vice President for Academic environment toward early efforts to connect Affairs; U-M Provost; subsequently, Emory University the evolutionary process to the makeup and Vice President, Provost, and Chancellor. potentials of human behavior. Sometimes a university administrative officer goes 2. When informed that two recently graduated well beyond the call of duty because he or she anthropology PhDs from Northwestern University, recognizes a special opportunity to assist a faculty Paul Turke and Mark Flinn, had received 3-year group in establishing and maintaining what seems Junior Fellowships at the U-M to pursue the new to be a particularly worthwhile project. Depending field of human behavior and evolution, while on the administrator’s actual contributions, the a third Northwestern graduate with the same continuing growth and worthiness of the project professional interests, Laura Betzig (Paul Turke’s may to an important extent become a product of spouse), had no such financial support, Professor the insight and effort of the administrator. Such Frye provided a three-year Vice Presidential assistance was essential in more than one of Postdoctoral Fellowship for Dr. Betzig. the early stages of what eventually became the 3. When William D. Hamilton, often referred to Human Behavior and Evolution Society. The as the most important evolutionary biologist of administrative contributor was Professor Billy E. the twentieth century, informed a U-M faculty Frye, while he was U-M Dean, Vice President, and member, by letter, of his strong interest in finding Provost. a position in the United States, Dean Frye In 2008, Richard D. Alexander suggested, in his promptly facilitated the hiring of Hamilton as a introduction to the HBES keynote presentation faculty member in the U-M Museum of Zoology in Kyoto, Japan, that because of the importance and Department of Biology. Dean Frye did this, of generating a detailed knowledge and broad despite strong and organized objections by a understanding of the evolutionary background small minority of faculty opposed to evolutionary of the human species, HBES has the potential investigations of human behavior. to become the most important scientific society 4. When the Department of Anthropology sought in the world. If this optimistic prediction is ever to hire a primatologist, after some discussion Dr. realized, it might be just as appropriate to view Dr. Frye replied that he would support the request, Frye, at that time, as the most important person but only if an evolutionary biologist were placed in the world supporting science. To prepare for on the search committee. As a direct result, Dr. this delightful possibility, we have compiled the Richard Wrangham was contacted, in England, following list of Dr. Frye’s contributions to the interviewed at Michigan, and hired as an beginnings of HBES, occurring mainly in the anthropologist. 1980s. 5. When at least one faculty member with 1. From the beginning of the rise of interest in an interest in evolution and human behavior an evolutionary approach to human behavior at encountered continuing direct hostility from Michigan, Dr. Frye became an openly concerned, multiple fellow faculty members, and (unknown to cooperative, and beneficent observer. His the faculty member) the existence and nature of Spotlight (cont.) this hostility were mentioned to Dean Frye by the remembers now. When he departed from the director of the faculty member’s unit, Dean Frye U-M for his alma mater, Emory University in emphatically stated that the faculty member was Atlanta, every U-M person known to those of us to be allowed to follow his research and teaching in HBES, who spoke of his departure, expressed interests without interference. It was later the highest respect for his performance at the reported that during this discussion the Dean’s U-M. With very few exceptions, probably all finger was pointed rather sharply, and wagged, resulting from the continuing general reluctance at the director! Every faculty member who has to delve deeply into the relationship between ever had an experience of this sort knows the the evolutionary process and the behavior of incredibly positive long-term effect of such humans, Billy Frye was regarded as a serious support. loss to the University of Michigan’s administrative organization. 6. As Dean, Dr. Frye established an organization of faculty from science and the humanities that After rising to the Emory Chancellorship, Billy met monthly, with dinner and a presentation retired, and now lives with his wife, Elisa, in the from an inside or outside speaker, to generate mountains of north Georgia, on the property, understanding and fellowship among diverse and near the farmhouse, where he was reared. faculty. On one occasion he explicitly sought Among his current enterprises are enjoying his a speaker on evolution and human behavior. and Elisa’s two daughters and one granddaughter, Napoleon Chagnon, the anthropologist to whom staying abreast of changing aspects of the social the 2005 Austin, Texas, meeting of HBES was and biological sciences by “reading biographies dedicated, accepted the invitation to speak. of founding fathers and early American history, books on world religions, and anything that 7. Dr. Frye agreed to allow the U-M Museum of purports to interpret human nature and culture Zoology to use funds that were orphaned in a in biological and evolutionary terms.” He also faculty change to bring a succession of visiting continues to grow roses and orchids, win prizes distinguished professors to the UMMZ for a with his watercolor paintings of orchids, write term or a year. Among those accepting these stories from his childhood, and listen to and play invitations from Donald W. Tinkle, Director of the classical music. UMMZ, were William D. Hamilton, George C. Williams, John Maynard Smith, and Mary Jane West-Eberhard. RDA Note: Billy Frye is a modest person. 8. On his own initiative Dr. Frye eventually Some time after he had read this essay and indicated to relevant U-M faculty his interest thanked those responsible for it, he wrote in providing financial support for a program me, quoting with obvious feeling a com- in Evolution and Human Behavior. Richard ment made at the party for him when he Wrangham was eventually placed in charge of was preparing to leave the University of the initial funds of that program. The program Michigan for Emory University. A distin- expanded, began to sponsor annual meetings, guished law professor and former Dean and, with special organizational efforts from of the Law School said to him, “When you Professors Randolph Nesse, William Irons, and leave, all our candles will burn less brightly.” Bobbi Low, formed the Human Behavior and Billy said the memory of that unusual re- Evolution Society, with William D. Hamilton mark still brings tears to his eyes. unanimously elected as the first president (Low and Nesse 1989). Reference: B. S. Low and R. M. Nesse. (1989). Summary of the evolution and There can be no doubt that Dr. Frye was human behavior conference: Ann Arbor, responsible for numerous other positive Michigan, April and October 1988. contributions, involving evolution and human Ethology and Sociobiology 10: 457-465. behavior, that none of us knew about, or Interview | Napoleon A. Chagnon

apoloen Chagnon is Emeritus Professor of Biosocial Anthropology at the Unviersity of California Santa Barbara. Prof. Chagnon has dedicated his N career to investigating the demography, settlement patterns, geographical variations, and warfare patterns of the Yanomamo, a primitve tribe residing in the Amazon Basin. Professor Chagnon provides a case study of the Yanomamö based on his field work, which started in 1964, in his book Yanomamö: The Last Days of Eden. In this special interview, Nap responds to a series of questions posed to him by leading scholars.

Do n a l d Sy m o n s : to film. That was one of the closest times I ever came to ‘intruding into Yanomamö culture.’ I’ve What are the most shocking or interesting never shown this footage in a public forum. The things about the Yanomamo that you’ve never only time I recall showing it was to Jim Neel and published? his wife, Priscilla, in a small conference room in the A large number of items fall into both categories. Let Department of Human Genetics at the University of me give an example of one of the more ‘interesting’ Michigan. Both were revolted by the footage---as, things I discovered and then one of the most I’m sure any normal person would be. shocking things. I’ve never shown this film sequence, or allowed it A. The Yanomamö, like all of us, get wax build-up in to be used in any film I’ve produced. For example, their ears. It itches and they have several ways to it raises the issue of personally “intruding” into the relieve the itching and get the wax out. The most culture you are only there to “observe”. A lot of common way is to take a feather from some bird, anthropologists whose field studies are in situations strip the feather except for the tip, moisten it by where ‘intruding’ into the culture you are studying licking it, and then ‘twirling’ the feather inside their is largely a matter of ‘etiquette’ violations, but ear (as we would use a cotton-tipped ‘Q-tip’] to some anthropologists sometimes become self- loosen the wax and manipulate it until in comes out. righteous and insist that this should NEVER be done under ANY circumstances. But where severe But the most ingenious way I’ve seen is that they or even lethal harm to you might be a possible discovered an insect that lays its eggs inside a consequence, rigid stances might not be the best specific plant (it looks to me like a lily) whose way to handle this issue: You might earn a Darwin stamen and pistol area is very waxy. The larvae Award. (‘maggots’) that develop consume the wax and, once sated, the maggots crawl out of the plant and So, the issue “Why didn’t you stop this despicable continue to develop. The Yanomamö interrupt this incident?” is not a simple question, nor, I believe, is process, capture the larvae, put them into their ears, it a simple question of anthropological “ethics”. In and, when they are bloated with ear-wax, crawl out this incident the husband was so hushuwo (a state leaving the ear clean and free from the wax that of anger, verging on homicide) that it was highly causes itchy ears. likely that he would turn on me. I should mentioned that none of the adult male Yanomamö present B. In approximately 1971 I shot a film sequence attempted to intercede for the same reason. with my Bolex 16mm camera of an outraged husband beating his young wife with a large piece of Is this a ‘double standard’? Yes. Why would males firewood. He hit her several times about the head, defend close male kinsmen in a similar situation? face, and ears and knocked her unconscious. She This could lead to a long, complex discussion about fell to the ground, senseless. But he continued to the ‘value’ of allies etc., but it turns out that this beat her on the head after she was on the ground woman had almost no kinsmen in the village----her and unconscious. With each blow her head husband did bride service in her village, over a day’s bounced off the ground, but she never felt these walk away, and then brought her back to his village. several blows. It was disgusting to watch---and Featured Interview (cont.)

I did, however, approach the angry husband after Fleeting moments in history are precious. This is he retired to his hammock and asked him if I could the kind of question that might have been answered help his unconscious wife. He raised his eyebrows with empirical data before the Yanomamö became slightly, communicating his assent. I then had her increasingly aware of how ‘non-humans’ like us carried to a hut the New Tribes Missions constructed ‘organized the calculus of our social lives’ (as and used for treating ‘sick’ Yanomamö, and cleaned Sahlins put it in mysterious but lofty terms). The her wounds, put several stitches into her scalp, social circumstances in most Yanomamö villages are and asked several concerned Yanomamö women now radically changed because of contact with and to monitor her for the next several hours and come their awareness of other peoples around them. and get me if her condition changed. She recovered But, like most of us the Yanomamö see clearly the with no visible lingering side effects. way ‘justice’, ‘courts’, and odious sanctions can Not long after that---and work outside the context unrelated to this incident- of kinship and vengeance --her infant baby slipped based on loyalties to from her arms as she slept kinsmen…their way of in her hammock and fell achieving justice. It can into the glowing embers be a new ‘social tool’ to of the fire immediately achieve biased justice. beneath her. She didn’t When, for example, hear the tiny cries of her the Venezuelan baby and the infant burned government, relying on to death, a foot below her the recommendations of mother’s arms. About a the local Salesian priests, year later the mother was began ‘appointing’ civil bitten by a poisonous authority and real power snake while collecting to individual Yanomamö firewood and died. men giving them offices Life in Yanomamö land can be plain, short, nasty called “comisarios” (similar to justices of the peace), and brutish…as it probably was in the EEA. In I witnessed some disgusting abuses of ‘power’. A my view, the EEA includes the kind of social and particularly unpleasant Yanomamö was appointed, political environment that many contemporary in approximately 1986, the Comisario in the area I horticultural tribesmen like the Yanomamö worked in. He was the Salesian choice---they were traditionally live in at this very moment. The EEA also grooming him to be a ‘regional’ political leader. is not necessarily, or even usefully, defined by He immediately used his now-legal state guaranteed how our ancestors made a living and what they authority and power to settle (or try to settle) earlier did to feed themselves. The social, political and grievances that his own behavior caused and for demographic characteristics of the Pleistocene which he was vulnerable to Yanomamö retribution in probably constituted a more rigorous and central set the old fashioned way. of selective pressures on Homo sapiens than what He tried to arrest and threatened to have imprisoned they ate. in the jail in the distant Territorial Capital the men who had legitimate rights by Yanomamö customs to St e v e n Pi n k e r : deal with him in some traditional violent way. What is the extent of the Yanomamo’s reflections about the possibility of peace La u r a Be t z i g : among them? You mentioned one comment You thought a lot of the Yanomamo headman, by one man at one point in which he noted Kaobawa. Was there a Yanomamo woman you that the Western system of dispute resolution held in high regard, and why? through a court system sounded like a neat idea. Were there other expressions of a desire Yes, I had very high regard for a number of for lasting peace, or thoughts about how to Yanomamö women I got to know fairly well. They covered the age spectrum---from children to old bring it about? Featured Interview (cont.) ladies who had been captured from distant villages. after capture? Carrying this even further, how do For example, Yanayanarima and Hubemi, who spent male orphans and sons of women who in later life most of their lives as captives in Bisaasi-teri (1974: have different husbands who are less related to Studying the Yanomamö). these male offspring than their own sons are? But, in general, I have much less information on Toward the end of my field research I began females than I have on men like Kaobawä. A large identifying males in these various categories in part of that stems from my interests in Yanomamö a large number of villages (some 10 or so) and politics, social/political organization, and warfare began monitoring on return visits such variables as: at a time in the history of anthropology when yet- survivorship, age at first marriage, marital success warring tribes had all but disappeared or their (monogamy, polygyny, polyandry), and other pre-contact political systems radically changed. metrics. War and politics are largely the domains of men. My freedom to return to the Yanomamö to continue Nevertheless I could have gotten a great deal more monitoring these variables was abruptly terminated information on Yanomamö women had I focused by a coalition of Brazilian, Venezuelan, French and more on that domain. I don’t have much evidence American anthropologists in the late 1990s who to support the argument than ‘male anthropologists brought us Darkness in Anthropology. cannot get as much information from females as female anthropologists can.’ I probably could have While I know you wanted to know more about published more on this part of Yanomamö culture-- the circumstances of Yanomamö women, your -and other topics as well. There’s a lot of untapped question raised, in my mind, even more interesting material in my tapes, notebooks, data files etc. that I questions about how the sons of these women do never managed to get to. reproductively. This, I think, has some interesting implications for the Trivers-Willard hypothesis Mi c h e l l e Sc a l i s e -Su g i y a m a : where the outcomes would appear to be, for captured women, whether or not their sons are at a How do children of women who are abducted disadvantage to ‘hit it big’ reproductively. during raids fare compared to (a) the children of women who marry within their natal village Mo n i q u e Bo r g e r h o f f Mu l d e r : and (b) the children of women who are married out to another village? You have showed so convincingly the role of violence in Yanomamo society, while others Part of this question is answered in some of my have provided a very different picture. Politics specific comments in many publications (and is implied in many others). Reproductively active and personality aside, what is your reasoning women are a limiting factor in male reproductive for this? You once raised the idea of population striving. Ergo, a woman’s female offspring do sources and sinks, peaceful sources in the less about as well in either of your specified conditions productive areas of Yanomamoland, deadly insofar as reproductive success goes (see Is RS sinks in the more productive hotspots. What Equal in Egalitarian Societies in Chagnon & Irons, more can you tell us about this interesting 1979). However, captured women or women who case of intrapopulational variability? What new are brought to the husband’s natal village after bride research questions does it raise in your mind? service often lead more ‘tragic’ lives because they have few or no adult male kinsmen to stand up for Ra y Ha m e s ’ r e v i s e d v e r s i o n o f t h e q u e s t i o n : them and defend them against mistreatment by My take on Monique’s question is that she brutal husbands. is asking two questions: 1. There is variation The other side of this equation, I think, is much more among the Yanomamo; how do we account for difficult to get good data on: how do the sons of it? 2. Some, such as Lizot, Albert, et congeners captive women or women who are taken from their have down-played Yanomamo violence and natal villages do compared to males who remain directly attacked you for your emphais on the surrounded by large numbers of adult male kin topic. Why do you think this is the case? throughout their adult lives? And, by extension, Let me give a couple of general comments on how do already born sons of captive women do in the two or more questions raised by Monique villages where they, with their mothers, are taken and Ray. First, Lizot is almost rabidly jealous of Featured Interview (cont.)

my professional (originally published as Yanomamö: The Fierce success and my People, 1968), but has an odd and rather gratuitous tendency to bring comment about me in his introduction that I focus students into the too much on Yanomamö warfare and violence and Yanomamö area that his book intends to correct that erroneous to do research portrayal of the Yanomamö. Moreover, I know from on topics he a conversation I had with Lizot in about 1975 that preemptively he has collected statistical data on mortality due to claims as his and warfare in the villages he started working in. He told jealously protects. me that he was, at first, skeptical of my data---30% Ray Hames mortality rate due to warfare---so he collected data has first-hand to challenge my figures. He admitted that the data familiarity with he collected for the Manaviche River villages and this: Lizot forced Mahekodo-teri revealed a nearly identical figure. him to do his study I’ve never seen these data in print. of subsistence I think both of these anthropologists, consciously agriculture in a or unconsciously, are aware of the possibly higher Ye’kwana, not payoffs to them associated with denigrating a a Yanomamö, village to eliminate competition, competitor than the more costly strategy of going throwing a large monkey-wrench into my 1973- through the hard work and time of collecting data 1975 Penn State Project. When Lizot learned that that possibly challenges my findings and then a major research question we were attempting to attempting to discover the reasons why the two resolve was about levels of protein consumption, sets of findings differ. Evolutionary biologists--- he rushed into print his data on the issue---with HBES people---should know about these strategies. help from Hames---and then later changed his Perhaps the best examples can be found in the story, apparently because it supported my side of ‘controversies’ that occasionally reach the boiling the argument with Marvin Harris. He then tried, point in disciplines like cultural anthropology. Some with Kenneth Good, to disqualify the data Hames of the most stunning examples of self-deception, collected in Toki on the argument that Toki (a mixed lying, cheating, subterfuge, strategies to denigrate Ye’kwana/Yanomamö village) had access to tinned competitors, honest, dishonest, costly and sardines etc. inexpensive signals, antlerless lek behavior, morality, Albert? His interests appear to lie in the area of ethics as well as ‘biology’ as social weapons, etc. challenging just about everything I have published can be found there. on Yanomamö violence and in the political advocacy I believe I have spent a rather large amount of of Native Rights. Albert studied very small villages time documenting significant differences in several and much of his data comes from the work of John variables that should help us to understand Saffirio, who confided to me that Albert had not lived why some Yanomamö villages are different up to his promise to include Saffirio as a coauthor from others. These include: village size; village (or identify and acknowledge him as the source of elevation; terrain and drainage; decrease in much of his data) used in Albert’s publications. species types and population sizes with elevation The fact of the matter is that neither Lizot nor increase; descent group size and ‘degree’ of Albert have provided us with comparable data patrilineality; distance between villages and on Yanomamö violence in the villages they have alliance patterns, etc. What should have been a studied: they simply assert that I am wrong, implying productive, empirical, comparative, and exciting or sometimes claiming that I manipulate or invented exchange between academics and professionals my data. It is possible that Albert never collected was, instead, a shameful history of professional these kinds of field data and his criticisms of my jealousy, nationalism, political correctness, and work are simply non-empirical attempts to denigrate an epistemological battle over the relative value me. Lizot is a different matter. For example, he and ‘meaning’ of data, Postmodernism, scientific spends far more time in his Circle of Fire book methods, and whether ideas from evolutionary discussing Yanomamö warfare, killings, raids, theory have a legitimate place in the study of human violence, etc. than I do in my Yanomamö monograph behavior. Featured Interview (cont.)

Le e Cr o n k : classification of female kin” as an element in male reproductive competition is a fascinating finding. Do you have any new thoughts on kin term Only male H. saps would resort to this novel way to manipulation? get their genes into the next generation. The last time I gave this topic any thought was the chapter I wrote for the book you edited (with me He n r y Ha r p e n d i n g : and Bill Irons as ‘honorary’ co-editors). The data In the late sixties and early seventies there set I collected as the empirical basis for this (and a were two prominent candidates that emerged previous paper in the book edited by Betzig, Turke from a kind of search for Mr. Natural, the and Borgerhoff-Mulder) is very large and could be !Kung and the Yanomamo. They could not ‘mined’ for a additional papers, or even books. As have been more different. How much of the you recall, I interviewed people of both sexes and all ages (some 100+ or so informants) and got, among difference do you think reflects a fact that Mr. other data, their kinship classification terms for every Natural was diverse and there is no clear EEA member of their villages (3 villages) and timed how yet, and how much do you think reflects the long it took them to respond to these questions. difference between the ethnographic teams, I also added to this data base later, but did not i.e. Berkeley hippies and serious Michigan include these data in either my first or second paper. guys? I believe I have some 75,000+ responses at this I think that using a particular society/culture as the point. I’ve only scratched the surface of these data archetype exemplifying the ‘nature’ of man---Mr. in the two mentioned papers. Natural as you somewhat puckishly put it---has severe limitations except in a didactical sense. In A dominant, pervasive, and empirically questionable that context it makes more concrete, to students, view in cultural anthropology is that ‘kinship has the Hobbes/Rousseau debate in philosophy and nothing to do with biology.’ That argument appears Western thought in history and the history of the to be largely or primarily consistent with the fact that social sciences. Students can more easily get their by the time anthropologists got around to collecting ‘teeth’ into and discover the less apparent issues of kinship terms AND genealogies of the Tribesmen this endless debate and, in a heuristic sense, this they studied, there wasn’t much correlation opposition can be useful. between the two because of the utter collapse of the population due to diseases and other effects It is a futile kind of debate, however, when grown- of contact, or to the diminishing of kinship as a ups with Ph.D.s and University faculty appointments central component in the salience of social control engage in it. These pillars of wisdom have, after of everyday activities resulting from acculturation. all, been trained in procedures and decision making For anthropologists who studied non-Tribal peoples skills that should not rest on an opposition so inane. other institutions replaced the functions that kinship Yet it persists and I can’t explain why. Maybe it is served in most social sectors beyond the family, i.e., buried in a more primitive part of our brain, close the importance of kinship outside the nuclear family to the penchant to believe in deities, desire for sex, diminishes as cultures become more complex… hunger, and immortality. except in cases where genealogy and ‘purity of You put your finger on a central issue in your descent’ has something to do with inheritance of question: the EEA. I cannot agree more with you high rank, wealth, or both. that much of what all of us do in our research is, I think the data I have collected on Yanomamö in some way, affected by our assumptions about kinship usage can be used mainly as an eye into the and conceptions of the forces of selection and their social and political aspects of life in the EEA (or ARE relative importance in the EEA. When we come to as Irons and others call it), and in that environment a more universal agreement on this issue we will the argument that ‘kinship has nothing to do with probably take a major step to greater understanding biology’ is a highly testable proposition with these and comprehension of who we are and what factors data. Remarkably, the dominant and long-held more predictably move us. cultural anthropological view seems to be supported The social, intellectual and educational only by anecdotes and assertions. backgrounds of the two teams you mention as I think, however, that “manipulation of kinship having helped shape our current views about Mr. Featured Interview (cont.)

Natural---Berkeley hippies vs serious Michigan on the “sociobiology issue”. Harris made it very guys---is probably only relevant in a non-academic clear to the audience: “If sociobiology succeeds, context: In a javelin competition the Berkeley we will have only ourselves to blame!” Harris was hippies would probably elect to be the receiving afraid that “Sociobiology” would render his life-long team. The Harvard onlookers in the crowd would effort to make anthropology a “Science of Cultural bet double-or-nothing that the instant replay would Materialism.” He had good reason to worry. show that Michigan lost.

Mi c h a e l Al v a r d : Regarding the new developments in group selection theory, has any of the recent work on cultural models of group (or multi-level) selection impacted the way you think about cooperation and conflict? I have not kept up with the recent literature on ‘group selection’ or multi-level selection and have no strong opinion on this, largely because it took me (and many others) a long time to realize that group selection was essentially untenable once you grasped what G. C. Williams and others were Some of the various ‘authority figures’ like Sahlins, arguing and how, as W. D. Hamilton pointed out in Harris, Washburn, and Geertz thought they could a number of public exchanges with D. S. Wilson squash sociobiology by just ridiculing it at every (and others), that most ‘mathematical’ examples opportunity, but it didn’t go away: it kept gaining and models of group selection ultimately rested on adherents and respectability as a viable scientific individual selection. I’m not competent to pick holes paradigm. in the mathematical arguments for group selection, but these models do not help me understand the Many of our opponents then went “underground” empirical world and they strike me as being too far and attacked from the shadows, protected by removed from “data” to be of much relevance in my “confidentiality codes” as they shot down grant own work. applications, faculty tenure cases, manuscript reviews, etc. When that couldn’t stop the growth of Bi l l Ir o n s : evolutionary biology, they resorted to chicane, lying, sabotage, “ethics”---culminating in the elaborate, When you and I were at Penn State and we self-righteous and hysterical witch hunt by the AAA were both becoming visible as enthusiasts for after the publication of Darkness in El Dorado. In sociobiology, an influential senior member of a very important sense this book was very anti- the Penn State Department told me that we sociobiological, as were many or most of the people (you and I) could not win if we continued to who supported it. The successful efforts of those pursue sociobiology. If we did this, we would who called the “final report of the AAA Task Force” have “both the crowd and the authority figures into question---you among them--- and forced a against us” and with this sort of opposition vote by secret ballot among AAA members probably we could not win. Neither of us heeded this saved Anthropology as a credible discipline. advice, and we did take many hits from both authority figures and crowds over the next Some of us who stood up for sociobiology paid thirty plus years. Did we win? a substantial price, but the costs inflicted on us allowed others to continue to expand their research I never regarded what I was doing as a researcher goals with less opposition to their work, nudging the as having anything to do with some kind of study of man back toward the standard scientific competition in which there were “winners” and methods we all should defend. “losers” but, on hindsight, that is how “the authority figures” seemed to view it. For example, in one of Did we win? Some of us certainly did. For others the special sessions at an AAA meeting in about like me the victory was Pyrrhic. 1990, Irv DeVore was “debating” Marvin Harris Featured Interview (cont.)

Ke i t h Ot t e r b e i n : disappear into the peasant masses of rural Latin America and frantically try to document some of the Now that you are approaching my age, have things that earlier anthropologists did not or perhaps you defined yourself as a person and as an could not study. anthropologist? Have you assessed your place in the history of anthropology? If you have, will Li o n e l Ti g e r : you please share this with us? What did anthropology teach you about man’s I’ve been living, breathing, studying, working in, etc. inhumanity to man? the field of anthropology so long that it is difficult for me to distinguish between me as a “person” This question begs for two kinds of answers and me as an “anthropologist”. When I could no depending on how one interprets the intent of the longer legally get back into the Yanomamö area to question. do what I loved most---field research, discovery A. Ironic Intent. of yet unknown or undocumented cause/effect Perhaps the best empirical examples of human relationships, figuring out novel ways to test tendencies toward Inhumanity to fellow Man and to hypotheses with observations that others could Savagery in the bloodiest of sense of that term can collect to reject or confirm them, etc.---I retired be found in the very field that condemns this picture from the University of California at Santa Barbara in of man---praxis in the field of Anthropology itself. I 1999. I held the highest academic rank one could mentioned large number of examples that might be achieve in the UC system---Professor Above Scale. documented in my response to the questions that I now regret that decision…I could still be engaged Monique Borgerhoff-Mulder and Ray Hames posed. in anthropology, but a good deal of the fun would be gone. I expected that most of my post retirement B. Non-Ironic Intent, but Ironic Answer. time would be devoted to publishing articles and Anthropology as a profession probably taught books from my massive data set, becoming a me next to nothing about this issue. Most ‘Senior Anthropologist’ now that I’m your age. anthropologists viewed this as an “either-or” issue, The publication something to cast a vote on one way or the other. of Darkness in El That’s one of the ways Truth is decided in modern Dorado and the Cultural Anthropology. Other disciplines usually ugliness of its base their conclusions on evidence. aftermath started The irony rests in the realization that Cultural about one year after Anthropology claims for itself the exclusive privilege I retired. Who knows of determining and describing the “Nature” of what the historians Man based on the enormous ethnographic record of anthropology will compiled by earlier anthropologists. Instead, it say about me. “Oh. has chosen to ignore this evidence and assert an That’s the guy who indefensible falsehood based more on religious- started a measles like principles: Truth based on the Authority of the epidemic among anthropological equivalents of Ayatollahs, Rabbis, some Indians that Popes, and Shamans. killed hundreds if not thousands of them to Biological, Ethological, and post-Hamiltonian theory, test his hateful sociobiological theories.” Or, “Oh. including many of things by you and Fox, were much That guy who was the first to show that successful more central to how I think about this, as well as tribal warriors had more wives and offspring than being influenced by some game-theoretical models men their own age who were not successful like Axelrod and Hamilton’s Tit-for-Tat iterated warriors. What a pity that nobody followed up on Prisoner’s Dilemma model published in Science. this in other areas of the tribe before they all became Like Malinowski, I probably view “my people” as the westernized…they could of done so then, but not “type case”. As I see the sociobiology of exchange, now.” I imagine two different groups of Yanomamö-like I don’t know if it was a privilege or a curse to be humans meeting for the first time. There is no present and watch the last sovereign tribesmen precedent for how they treat each other. Tit-for-tat Featured Interview (cont.) provides a wonderful model BUT only if each group why humans have such a long history of warfare: is capable of inflicting an equal amount of ‘harm’ they tend to assume the worst about neighbors, on the other. So cooperation evolves because no and usually with good reason. Men generally were alternative social strategy can do better. inhumane to other men until each was able to inflict approximately the same amount of harm on the Now, here is what I find to be the most fascinating other. That’s when people became nicer. Being nice aspect of this scenario: humans actually try their is not the same thing as being altruistic. best to violate the assumptions of Tit-for-Tat, they appear to consciously strive to violate them by Ri c h a r d Wr a n g h a m : inventing ways to inflict disproportional amounts of harm on a rival, to exterminate a rival, to utterly wipe What percentage of warriors on raids got hurt him off the face of the earth. or killed? or alternatively, what percentage of One can then derive, predict, or understand a great total deaths in war occurred to men (a) being deal about human behavior, such as: attacked, compared to (b) attacking. To get a reasonable estimate of this I would have to 1. Why groups try to maximize local group size go through my data to determine for men killed in to outdo rivals raids where they died, i.e.,, “place of death”. This 2. Why groups try to figure out how to exceed would tell me if they were killed “at home” while the limitations on group size set by the being attacked or were killed while attacking another mechanisms that inhere in kinship, marriage, group. I would also have to separate the small and descent fraction of the total who were killed in club fights or 3. How deception, chicane, and treachery chest pounding duels. And, there is the problem evolve and contribute to these ends of classifying the “nomohori” deaths where groups of men from another village are killed in their hosts 4. Why alliances are good in a selfish way, and village during a “dirty trick.” why allies turn on each other when benefits diminish Until I have time to do this let me just say that the fraction of men who are killed while attacking is 5. How technological improvements can quite small compared to the fraction killed in their contribute to one’s ability to outdo a rival village of residence (or close to their village) while So, I regard the question of whether somebody being attacked. Off the top of my head I would will be ‘inhumane’ to somebody else as a kind of estimate that 5% or fewer are killed or injured while strategic cost/benefit mental calculation contingent raiding others and that most of these casualties on the immediate social/political, demographic, would be wounds rather than fatalities. In short, technological, etc. variables. Tit-for-tat suggests raiders have the advantage. One reason is that that your first move should be cautious…until many raiders shoot arrows into a victim whereas you assess the costs/benefits in terms of survival fleeing raiders, if they get shot, usually get shot by and, if the costs are low and benefits high, wipe just one person. them out. Unfortunately, most groups in the EEA probably erred on the side of this view suspecting the new group would do the same. Perhaps that is

A big thank you to Ed Hagen & Nicole Hess for arranging this special interview.

If you would like to nominate someone to interview, please contact the newsletter editor at [email protected]. The Student Voice | Aaron Blackwell

HBES Student Members:

HBES elections will be upon us soon, so in this issue of the HBES newsletter I am pleased to feature our candidates for next year’s HBES student representative. There are three candidates, but only two choices; Candace Black is a first year doctoral student at the University of Arizona, while Carolyn Hodges and Kate Hanson Sobraske are doctoral students from UC Santa Barbara, running together as co-representatives. All three are eager to represent the students of HBES during the next two- year term. Each will be sending out more detailed platform statements when voting occurs. For now, take the opportunity to familiarize yourselves with the background and interests of each candidate.

STUDENT REPRESENTATIVE (CANDIDATE #1) Candace Black, University of Arizona

Candace Black is a first year student in the Ethology and Evolutionary Psychology (EEP) doctoral program at the University of Arizona. She is co-advised by Dr. A.J. Figueredo, the director of the EEP program, and Dr. Jake Jacobs, a professor in the Cognition and Neural Systems program. A California native, she earned her B.A. and M.A. in Psychology with a research emphasis from California State University, Long Beach (CSULB). She presented research conducted at CSULB at the Western Psychological Association conference, and her thesis proposal poster won first place at CSULB’s “Psych Day.” Currently, Candace is working on several projects examining the influence of female fertility on behavior, a project investigating the role of beliefs on cheating behavior, as well as several other collaborations. Her interests include behavioral neuroendocrinology, evolutionary biology, and ethology. This summer, she will pursue her interest in field research by traveling to Costa Rica to study the feeding behavior of Howler monkeys. Students (cont.)

STUDENT CO-REPRESENTATIVES (CANDIDATE #2)

Carolyn Hodges, UCSB Kate Hanson Sobraske, UCSB

Carolyn Hodges is a 4th year graduate student at the University of California, Santa Barbara in the Integrative Anthropological Sciences unit. Her broad interests include evolutionary perspectives on sex differences and human vocal communication. Over the past several years, she has been working with her advisor, Dr. Steven J. C. Gaulin, on the role of voice parameters such as pitch and pitch variation in intrasexual competition and status signaling. Before coming to UCSB, she received a master’s in experimental psychology at the College of William and Mary in Virginia working with Dr. Lee Kirkpatrick on sex differences in aggression and domain-specific self-esteem. Publications: Hodges, C.R., Gaulin, S.J.C., & Puts, D.A. (2009). Perceptions of dominance and attractiveness depend on different parameters in men’s voices. In submission. Puts, D.A, Hodges, C.R., Cardenas, R., & Gaulin, S.J.C. (2007). Men’s voices as dominance signals: vo- cal fundamental and formant frequencies influence dominance attributions among men. Evolution and Human Behavior, 28, 340-344.

Kate Hanson Sobraske is a fifth year grad student working under Steve Gaulin in the Integrative Anthropological Sciences unit at the University of California, Santa Barbara. She is broadly interested in human mating psychology with current research focusing on mate value, jealousy, and individual differences in mate choice. Kate has also researched men’s facial morphology and its relation to current and past levels of testosterone. Publications: Roney, J. R., Hanson, K. N., Durante, K. M., and Maestripieri. D. (2006) Reading men’s faces: women’s mate attractiveness judgments track men’s testosterone and interest in infants. Proc Biol Sci, 273(1598): 2169–2175. 21st Annual Meeting of the Human Behavior & Evolution Society

May 27 -31, 2009 Cal State Fullerton Orange County, California http://anthro.fullerton.edu/hbes2009

Keynote Speaker Dr. Stephen C. Stearns Edward P. Bass Prof. of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology Yale University

Abstract submission deadline: April 1st, 2009 Announcements: HBES Elections

HBES Elections

Dear HBES Members:

This is an invitation to you to provide nominations for positions on the HBES Council. Here are the positions for which nominations are solicited:

1. President 2. Treasurer 3. Secretary/Archivist 4. Council Members at Large [two positions need to be filled]

Please send nominations to: David M. Buss [past-president] at: [email protected] Please be sure to specify the position. Deadline for nominations is March 21st Announcements: HBES Awards

Nominations for the HBES Lifetime and Early Career Contribution Awards

Th e HBES Lifetime Ca r e e r Aw a r d f o r Di s t i n g u i s h e d Scientific Co n t r i b u t i o n is presented to candidates who have made distinguished theoretical or empirical contributions to basic research in evolution and human behavior. For these awards, nominators should include in the letter of nomination a statement addressing the following questions:

What are the general themes of the nominee’s major lines of research? What are the important research findings usually attributed to the nominee? To what extent have the nominee’s contributions generated research in the field? What has been the significant and enduring influence of the nominee’s research? What historical contribution has the nominee’s research made to the field? Compare the nominee with others in her/his field. What influence has the nominee had on students and others in the same field of study? Where possible, please identify the nominee’s students by name.

Nominations for these awards should include a letter of nomination, a curriculum vitae, a recent complete bibliography, up to five representative reprints and the names and addresses of several scientists familiar with the nominee’s work. Deadline for nomination: March 31, 2009. Send nominations directly to Professor David Buss, Chair: [email protected]

Th e HBES Ea r l y Ca r e e r Aw a r d f o r Di s t i n g u i s h e d Scientific Co n t r i b u t i o n recognizes excellent young scientists who have made distinguished theoretical and/or empirical contributions to the study of evolution and human behavior. The nomination letter should include the following information:

What are the general themes of the nominee’s major lines of research? What are the important research findings discovered by the nominee? To what extent have the nominee’s contributions generated research in the field?

Nominations for the HBES Early Career Award should include a statement about the worthiness of the nominee, curriculum vitae of the nominee, a recent complete bibliography, and no more than five reprints representative of the nominee’s contributions. The awards are subject to the following limitation: The nominee must be no more than 10 years post-Ph.D. Deadline for nomination: March 31, 2009. Please send nominations directly to Professor Randy Thornhill, Chair: [email protected]

Winners of both awards will be announced at the upcoming HBES conference to be held at California State University, Fullerton May 27-31, 2009. Announcements: Lectures

2009 William D. Hamilton Memorial Lecture

Ruth Garrett Millikan

“The Tangle of Biological Purposes That Is Us” Location: St. Francis Room, Jack Ketchum Library, Biddeford Campus, University of New England Date and Time: April 1, 2009 at 7:00 p.m.

From our genes to our public languages, a half dozen entwined levels of selection cooperate, but sometimes also conflict, each supporting a different level of purposes. Our own purposes, purposes of the individual, emerge from this tangle, sometimes triumphantly, sometimes conflictingly. Before Darwin, science had no means for explaining the purposive aspects of nature. One of the most remarkable achievements of Darwinian theory was its explanation of biological purpose as a natural phenomenon. However, the relationship between biological purposiveness and the aims and ideals of individuals has hitherto remained obscure. Can the latter be reduced to the former? Or is there something special about human nature that transcends our biological heritage? What about those human goals that do not aid survival or promote reproductive success? Can we explain these as the upshot of the evolutionary process? In this presentation, Dr. Millikan will address these questions, and explain how forward-looking goals, as well as goals that do not aid survival, can emerge from natural selection. Dr. Ruth Garrett Millikan is one of the most distinguished and innovative contemporary American philosophers. Professor Emerita at the University of Connecticut, she has made important contributions philosophy of biology, philosophy of mind, philosophy of language, and ontology. She is the author of Language, Thought and Other Biological Categories (1984), White Queen Psychology and Other Essays for Alice (1993), On Clear and Confused Ideas (2000), The Varieties of Meaning: The 2002 Jean Nicod Lectures (2004) and Language: A Biological Model (2005) as well as numerous papers. Dr. Millikan is the recipient of many honors, including the Jean Nicod Prize, the Distinguished Women in Philosophy award, and the first annual AAUP award for excellence in research. Note: The 2009 Hamilton Memorial Lecture will take place on the Biddeford campus of the University of New England rather than the Portland campus as it previous years.

UCLA Center for Behavior, Evolution, and Culture (BEC)

The UCLA Center for Behavior, Evolution, and Culture (BEC) hosts a weekly speaker series showcasing the work of leading investigators in the evolutionary behavioral sciences and related fields. Streaming videos of BEC presentations are now online. The BEC calendar, at http://www.bec.ucla.edu/BECSpeakerSeries.htm, provides titles, abstracts, links to the videos, and papers. Announcements: Positions

Chimpanzee & Human Communication Institute Summer Apprentice Program

The Chimpanzee & Human Communication Institute (CHCI) is currently taking applications for our Summer Apprentice Program. Graduates, undergraduates, and post-graduates from various academic backgrounds (e.g. Anthropology, Biology, Psychology, Linguistics, Philosophy, etc.) and all nationalities are encouraged to apply. The dates of the program are June 28 to August 21, 2009. The research at CHCI involves a group of chimpanzees who use the signs of American Sign Language (ASL). Washoe, Moja, Tatu, and Dar were part of the cross-fostering research that began in 1966 with Drs. R.A. & B.T. Gardner. Currently, Tatu, Dar, and Loulis reside at CHCI on the campus of Central Washington University in Ellensburg, WA in a large state-of-the-art facility.

Apprentices are at the institute daily -- cleaning enclosures, preparing meals and enrichment, making observations of the chimpanzees, and participating in one or more research projects. The first week is intensive training in laboratory jobs and chimpanzee behaviors. After several weeks each apprentice becomes more autonomous and has responsibilities in research and husbandry. The philosophy of CHCI is that the needs of the chimpanzees come first. Apprentices are trained in humane care and research techniques. The program fee is $1800 and there is a non- refundable $25 application processing fee. The costs do not include housing and transportation. Inexpensive housing is available on campus. A course in ASL is highly recommended but not required. For more information on the program and the application please see our web page at http://www.cwu.edu/~cwuchci/apprentice.html or contact Dr. Mary Lee Jensvold, CHCI, CWU, Ellensburg, WA 98926 [email protected]. The deadline to apply is March 30, 2009.

Postdoctoral Researcher: Pennsylvania State University

The Department of Anthropology at The Pennsylvania State University seeks applicants for a Postdoctoral Researcher in the laboratory of Dr. David Puts to investigate hormonal contributions to the development of psychological sex differences. The successful candidate will use the techniques and principles of behavioral endocrinology to test related hypotheses using hormonal, genetic, anthropometric and psychometric data from human subjects. In addition to designing and implementing new studies, the successful applicant will submit proposals for internal and external research funding and author manuscripts for submission to peer-reviewed journals. Doctoral degree in anthropology, biology, neuroscience, psychology or a related field is required. This is a fixed-term appointment funded for one year from the date of hire with the possibility of re-funding. Submit curriculum vita, cover letter, and contact information for 3 references in electronic form (Word or PDF preferred) to Faye Maring at [email protected]; electronic submission strongly preferred. If unable to send electronically, applications can be mailed to Faye Maring, Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, 414 Carpenter Building, University Park, PA 16802. Applications received by March 31, 2009, will receive full consideration; however, all applications will be considered until the position is filled. For information about the department, visit our Web site at http://www.anthro.psu.edu. Penn State is committed to affirmative action, equal opportunity and the diversity of its workforce. Announcements: Conferences

Symposium on Family Issues

17th Annual Symposium on Family Issues: Biosocial Research Contributions to Understanding Family Processes and Problems October 8-9, 2009

The Pennsylvania State University

The goal of this symposium is to stimulate conversation among scholars who construct and use biosocial models, as well as among those who want to know more about biosocial processes. Researchers interested in both biological and social/environmental influences on behavior, health, and development will be represented, including researchers whose work emphasizes behavioral endocrinology, behavior genetics, neuroscience, evolutionary psychology, sociology, demography, anthropology, economics, and psychology. Sixteen symposium presenters will consider physiological and social environmental influences on parenting and early childhood development, followed by adolescent adjustment, and family formation. Finally, factors that influence how families adapt to social inequalities will be examined. Lead speakers include Alison Fleming, Steve Gangestad, Guang Guo, and Jenae Neiderhiser. Please visit http://www.pop.psu.edu/events/symposium/ for more information.

NorthEastern Evolutionary Psychology Society

The Third Annual Meeting of the NorthEastern Evolutionary Psychology Society (NEEPS) will be Thursday, July 9th, through Sunday, July 12th, 2009 at the State University of New York at Oswego. The keynote speakers will be Dr. Helen Fisher of Rutgers University and Dr. Satoshi Kanazawa of the London School of Economics. For more information, please visit our website: http://neepsociety.com

International Symposium on Evolutionary Psychology

We are organizing the International Symposium on Evolutionary Psychology to celebrate the success of the ample cooperation network that was formed in 2005 to investigate the evolution of human behavior and to invest in the formation of our researchers, assuring the “reproductive success” of Brazilian Evolutionary Psychology.

We invite you to visit the website http://www.cb.ufrn.br/psicoevol/simposio and divulge to anyone who may be interested. Please see our conference poster on the next page. APRIL 19th -,21th 2009 NATAL, BRAZIL

MAIN SUBJECTS:

Cooperation and coalition Mate choice Reproductive history Parental investment Future discounting Postpartum depression

ACTIVITIES:

Workshops Posters session Conversation time Book signings and awards

INVITED SPEAKERS

Carol Weisfeld Edward Hagen Heidi Keller Klaus Jaffe Leda Cosmides Margo Wilson ONLINE REGISTRATION Maria Emilia Yamamoto http://www.cb.ufrn.br/psicoevol/simposio/ Martin Br¸ne th th Martin Daly January 20 to february 28 , 2009. Paulo Nadanovsky Venue Hotel Praia Mar Ricardo Waizbort www.praiamarnatal.com.br

REALIZATION: SUPPORT: ORGANIZATION: Announcements: Conferences

Chilean Foundation Science & Evolution: Darwin’s intellectual legacy in the XXI Century

To commemorate Darwin’s 200th anniversary and the 150th anniversary of the publishing of “The Origin of Species”, the Chilean foundation “Ciencia y Evolución” (Science and Evolution), presided by chilean HBES member Alvaro Fischer, will carry out an ambitious and extensive agenda of seminars during 2009 called “Darwin’s Intellectual Legacy in the XXI Century”.

The schedule and guest speakers of this agenda are the following:

1. MEDICINE AND EVOLUTION, May 28-29, 2009 Paul Ewald (University of Louisville) Randy Nesse (Michigan University)

2. ECONOMICS AND EVOLUCIONARY PSYCHOLOGY, June 25-26, 2009 Kevin McCabe (George Mason University) Michael Shermer (Skeptic Magazine) Ullrich Witt (Max Planck Institute)

3. LAW AND PUBLIC POLICIES, July 27-28, 2009 Oliver Curry (London School of Economics) Owen Jones (Vanderbilt University) (to be replaced)

4. DARWIN’S INTELLECTUAL LEGACY IN THE XXI CENTURY, September 7-8, 2009 Leda Cosmides (University of California, SB) Helena Cronin (London School of Economics) Richard Dawkins (Oxford University) (to be confirmed) Daniel Dennett (Tufts University) Ian McEwan (writer) Steven Pinker (Harvard University) Matt Ridley (International Center for Life) John Tooby (University of California, SB)

Chile is the country where Darwin spent a third of his trip on the Beagle, where he encountered geological variation (eruptions, earthquakes, glaciers breaking on the ocean), the stepping stone on which to found biological diversity, where he met and interacted with hunter-gatherers in Tierra del Fuego, a part of the country whose geography is flooded with names related to the Beagle’s voyage. Thus it seems an appropriate place where to host such an agenda and enhance the evolutionary perspective in the year when its founder is being celebrated the world over. The Ciencia y Evolución foundation, whose members are former government officials, National Science Award winners, academics, consultants and businessmen, was founded to develop the evolutionary perspective in Latin America, and invites all HBES members and interested public to participate in this activity next year. For further information, contact: Marcela Fischer: [email protected]. The following two websites also provide information about the scheduled events: www.darwin200.cl Announcements: Members in the News & New Books

Members in the New

Owen Jones, Professeor of Law & Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Coverage 2008 Neuron article entitled Neural Correlates of Third-Party Punishment Wall Street Journal: http://online.wsj.com/article/SB123205921925787437.html?mod Scientific American: http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=brain-judgments-about-crimes Science News: http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/39239/title/In_the_brain,_justice_is_served_from_many_parts Nature Reviews Neuroscience: http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v10/n2/full/nrn2584.html#Social-neuroscience Forbes column on evolution: http://www.forbes.com/2009/02/05/evolution-law-behavior-opinions-darwin09_0205_owen_jones.html Testing evolutionary hypotheses about the endowment effect Social Science Research Network: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1117970 http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1116963 The Economist: http://www.economist.com/science/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11579107

New Books

The Evolutionary You Still Don’t Biology of Human Understand: Typical Female Sexuality Differences between by Randy Thornhill and Men and Women—and Steven W. Gangestad How to Resolve Them Research conducted by Richard Driscoll, with in the last fifteen Nancy Ann Davis years has placed in The authors are marriage question many of the and relationship traditional conclusions psychologists, and use scholars have formed evolutionary principles to about human female make sense of peculiar sexuality. Though and confusing facets conventional wisdom of relationships. For asserts that women’s instance, research estrus has been evolutionarily lost, Randy Thornhill shows that women are more insistent in personal and Steven W. Gangestad assert that it is present, arguments while men tend to concede, placate, or though concealed. Women, they propose, therefore withdraw. Insistence is sensible for women, to test exhibit two sexualities each ovulatory cycle-estrus the strength of a commitment, while a reluctance and sexuality outside of the estrous phase, extended to offend is a more viable tactic for men, who must sexuality-that possess distinct functions. Synthesizing rely on women to transport their genes into the next research in behavioral evolution and comparative generation. Unfortunately, our innate tendencies biology, the authors provide a new theoretical also color how we see our opposites, promoting framework for understanding the evolution of human misunderstandings that undermine relationships. female sexuality, one that is rooted in female sexuality Evolutionary psychology helps us understand our and phylogeny across all vertebrate animals. misunderstandings, so that we can arrive at more realistic opinions and more viable solutions. Announcements: Survey & Call for Papers

Participate in an on-line survey for Evolutionary scholars and students

Survey of Evolutionary Scholars and Students- Please Participate!

Dear Colleagues,

We have created what we believe is the first general survey of the state of evolutionary research fo- cused on humans. The objective is to assess perceptions of academic and career issues, challenges facing scholars, and to gauge the academic strength and productivity of the field(s). Participation is anonymous and the survey will likely take less than 20 minutes to complete. More information is available in the survey introduction and we will be glad to share the results with you when the project is complete. We would greatly appreciate your participation and encourage you to forward this to appropriate col- leagues. We have two versions of the survey available:

For those who have completed their degree programs: http://survey6.webexperiment.net/run.php?exp=Evolutionary_scholars

For those who have completed not yet completed their degree programs: http://survey6.webexperiment.net/run.php?exp=Evolutionary_students2

We appreciate your help and wish you the best, Daniel Kruger, Maryanne Fisher, Steven Platek, & Catherine Salmon

Call for papers: EvoS: The Journal of the Evolutionary Studies Consortium

EvoS: The Journal of the Evolutionary Studies Consortium (EvoS Journal) is a new online, peer-reviewed journal made possible by the Expanding Evolutionary Studies in American Higher Education grant from the National Science Foundation (#0817337). EvoS Journal is designed to promote the education of evolutionary theory in colleges and universities and welcomes work from all academic disciplines. Further, this journal welcomes interdisciplinary scholarship that incorporates evolutionary theory across areas of study. As an outlet for academic articles, EvoS Journal has two particular aims. The first is to publish peer-reviewed articles related to evolutionary theory in higher education. The second is to publish undergraduate peer-reviewed publications that have arisen from courses offered through Evolutionary Studies (and related) programs.

• Articles Written Primarily by Academics. The primary purpose of this part of the journal is to help provide novel insights (based on data or high-quality theoretical review) into the many issues that underlie evolutionary studies in higher education. • Articles Written Primarily by Undergraduate Students. The primary purpose of this part of the journal is to provide high-quality examples of student work that represents the passion that underlies the Evolutionary Studies and related program experience for undergraduate students.

To visit the journal, direct your browser to http://evostudies.org/journal.html. For complete submission guidelines, please visit http://evostudies.org/submissions.html. Please direct questions to Rosemarie Sokol Chang at [email protected]. Special Features:Features Conference Report

The “Modern Approaches to Investigating Cultural Evolution” meeting was held in the Department of Anthropology, University College London, UK, November 9th 2007. Thomas E. Currie & Fiona Jordan, UCL, Department of Anthropology Sandra Martelli, UCL, Institute of Archaeology

ultural evolutionary studies have model (6)– was able to produce patterns of “new a controversial history. Most product diffusion” that resemble those seen in C anthropologists and archaeologists the uptake of the hybrid corn, with characteristic have understood cultural evolution to mean a long tails at the beginning and end of the directed and progressive increase in social and adoption process. Nicolas Maystre (Department political complexity over time (1). In contrast, of Political Economics, University of Geneva) modern approaches use the term evolution then used data from the World Values Survey in the sense that biologists do: To indicate (http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/) to show descent with modification. Many analogies exist empirically that an increase in international trade between biological and cultural evolution and over the last two decades has lead to a decrease are hypothesised to reflect Darwinian processes in cultural diversity, both within and between acting on cultural systems (2-4). Modern countries. Important future work will determine if evolutionary theory thus provides a powerful the decrease in cultural diversity is due to even systematic framework within which to address homogenization between all countries, or whether questions about human cultural diversity and the cultural behaviours and values of many changes in cultural behaviour over time. countries are changing to reflect those of the few, economically most powerful nations. The Modern Approaches to Investigating Cultural Evolution workshop was organized by the London Researchers from the Language Evolution and Evolutionary Research Network (LERN: http:// Computation Research Unit at the University of londonevolution.net) in association with the AHRC Edinburgh showcased work that uses artificial Centre for the Evolution of Cultural Diversity language learning experiments to investigate the (CECD: http://www.ucl.ac.uk/cecd/home/), with evolution of language and linguistic variation. the aim of bringing together new researchers Monica Tamariz presented work that made applying evolutionary theory to cultural systems. quantitative measures of changes in the degree Attendees came from a wide range of academic of systematicity between the structure of disciplines and institutions across the UK and forms and the structure of meanings during the Europe. process of learning. Hannah Cornish showed how languages can adapt to enable their own Cultural Evolution is not simply concerned with transmission, with efficient structure emerging the dim and distant past, and our first speakers from initially unstructured “artificial” languages. demonstrated how evolutionary principles can Such cultural evolutionary processes do not enlighten complex phenomena in industrialised require highly modularised mental capacities for nations. Anne Kandler (AHRC Centre for the language, and thus challenge the more orthodox, Evolution of Cultural Diversity, UCL) began with a “Chomskian” view that humans possess an presentation of mathematical models to explain innate grammar mechanism that has evolved by the temporal and spatial variation in the uptake natural selection (7). Building on previous work in of costly goods, with a case study exploring the sociolinguistic studies and computer simulations, adoption of hybrid corn variants in the United Gareth Roberts also showed how he is using the States between 1930 and 1950. The combination artificial language paradigm to investigate how of two existing mathematical models – a social people use linguistic variation as markers of group learning model (5), and a threshold heterogeneity identification. Special Features

truthful, but are biased towards antisocial behaviour, and often focus on determining the limits of social norms. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that language has co-evolved with mechanisms of cooperation such as indirect reciprocity and has enabled greater enforcement of group norms. After some interesting discussions over lunch the workshop resumed with a session demonstrating the application of phylogenetic methods to questions about cultural evolution. Quentin Atkinson (Institute of Social and Cultural Anthropology, University of Oxford) used Hugo Mercier (Institut Jean Nicod, Paris) data from Indo-European languages to show explored how outlandish beliefs (such as alien how the rates of change of lexical items are abductions, conspiracy theories and religious predicted by the frequency with which they are beliefs) can be reconciled with our normally spoken; more frequently spoken words tend to accurate ability to filter information from others evolve more slowly. Robin Ryder (Department and judge whether it is true (epistemic vigilance). of Statistics, University of Oxford) presented Constructing a verbal model and aligning this a new model of language evolution that can with previous experiments, Mercier proposed be applied to the phylogenetic reconstruction that such beliefs are held because we possess of historical relationships between languages. a “confirmation bias”, that is, we seek or Whereas many previous methods assume a interpret evidence in ways that are in line with constant rate of evolution, this new method our existing knowledge, beliefs or expectations. allows for certain periods of ‘catastrophic’ rate Such a system was argued to be adaptive in our heterogeneity where many language traits can evolutionary past, but suffers from a mismatch change at the same time. Fitting this model to in the present environment. The morning session Indo-European datasets produces age estimates was concluded by Gordon Ingram (Institute for the origin of Indo-European languages that of Cognition and Culture, Queen’s University, are older than the 6000 years favoured by many Belfast) who is conducting studies of pre-school historical linguists, and closer to estimates children’s “tattling” behaviour, i.e., the reporting made by Gray and Atkinson (8). Michael Dunn of transgressions of peers to an authority figure. (MPI Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, Netherlands) Ingram showed that tattling reports are normally showed how phylogenetic comparative methods could be applied to the typological features of language to test hypotheses about the functional dependence between certain grammatical elements of languages. Phylogenetic methods address two issues that have plagued previous work in typology: the historical independence of the languages under consideration, and the statistical validity of the conclusions drawn from previous samples. The final session of the day showcased a variety of approaches to investigating prehistory. Fiona Jordan (Department of Anthropology, UCL) Special Features focused on residency and inheritance patterns Overall, the workshop highlighted the “broad amongst Austronesian-speaking societies to show church” nature of cultural evolutionary studies. how phylogenetic comparative methods can be Yet despite the diversity of methodologies and used to reconstruct the ancestral states of cultural subjects encompassed by both speakers and traits. Such an approach is particularly useful as attendees, knowledge of modern evolutionary theories enabled the main issues to be intelligible to all, thus allowing a valuable exchange of ideas and interpretations. We feel that modern evolutionary theory holds great potential in shedding light on many aspects of human cultural behaviour and that future work can only benefit from reaching out to researchers working in many disciplines. The workshop provided a valuable opportunity to intensify contacts between various research groups within Britain and across Europe. Due to the success of this meeting we plan to hold similar sessions in the future. *Details of the workshop can be found by visiting many aspects of human social behaviour leave http://londonevolution.net little or no trace in the archaeological record. Erick Robinson (Research School of Archaeology and Archaeological Science, University of Sheffield) Reference List introduced us to the preliminary stages of his research on the change in toolkits between the 1. Carneiro, R. L. (2003) Evolutionism in Cultural Anthropology (Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado). late Mesolithic and the early Neolithic in the LBK culture of northwest Europe, where he will 2. Mace, R. & Holden, C. J. (2005) Trends in Ecology & apply contemporary evolutionary methods to test Evolution 20, 116-121. competing hypotheses to explain this change 3. Boyd. R. & Richerson, P.J. (1985) Culture and the in material culture. Alex Mesoudi (Department Evolutionary Process (The University of Chicago Press, of Social and Developmental Psychology, Chicago). University of Cambridge) showed how laboratory 4. Mesoudi, A., Whiten, A., & Laland, K. N. (2006) experiments developed in social psychology Behavioral and Brain Sciences 29, 329-+. can be used to reveal the details of cultural 5. Henrich, J. (2001) American Anthropologist 103, 992- transmission biases and simulate long-term 1013. patterns of cultural macroevolution. The approach 6. Van den Bulte, C. & Joshi, Y. V. (2007) Marketing was illustrated by experiments that simulated the Science 26, 400-421. cultural transmission of prehistoric Great Basin 7. Pinker, S. & Bloom, P. (1990) Behavioral and Brain projectile points (see 9). In the final presentation, Sciences 13, 707-726. Adam Powell (Centre for Genetic Anthropology, 8. Gray, R. D. & Atkinson, Q. D. (2003) Nature 426, 435- UCL) presented a series of computer simulations 439. that showed that population size is an important factor in the accumulation of cultural skills. By 9. Mesoudi, A. & O’Brien, M.J. (2008) American Antiquity, 73, 3–28. using parameter values that represent plausible human demographic situations during the Pleistocene, Powell showed that demography was potentially a key factor in the Upper Paleolithic Transition. Letters From the Editors

Letter from the Editors of Evolutionary Psychology

Todd K. Shackelford, Editor Steven M. Platek, Associate Editor and Managing Editor David P. Barash, Book Review Editor Associate Editors: Gordon G. Gallup, Jr., Edward H. Hagen, Benedict C. Jones, Robert O. Kurzban, S. Craig Roberts, Catherine A. Salmon

Evolutionary Psychology (www.epjournal. net) is proud to announce the arrival of two new Associate Editors: Gordon G. Gallup, Jr., Director, Evolution and Human Behavior Laboratory at The University of Albany, SUNY, and S. Craig Roberts, Lecturer in Behavioral Ecology and Evolutionary Psychology, University of Liverpool. Evolutionary Psychology is indexed in PsycInfo and EBSCOhost. In addition, and effective immediately, Evolutionary Psychology will be indexed in Elsevier/ SCOPUS databases. This is important for two reasons. First, it means that the articles published in Evolutionary Psychology have the potential to reach a larger audience. Second, because of the direct link between SCOPUS and the SCIMAGO Journal Ranking system, Evolutionary Psychology will shortly be receiving its first standardized measure of scientific impact. Evolutionary Psychology covers empirical, philosophical, historical, and socio-political perspectives and includes a diverse editorial board composed of distinguished and enthusiastic individuals who wish to encourage appropriate submissions across all relevant fields, including original research papers, subject reviews, topic reviews, and book reviews. Recent published articles continue to elevate the Journal’s visibility, producing articles in mainstream media such as New Scientist and The Wall Street Journal. Evolutionary Psychology now receives about 25,000 page views per month (see Figure 1) and nearly 240,000 page views in the past year. If you would like to receive our monthly Table of Contents via e-mail, please see the Journal website (www.epjournal.net) for fast sign-up. We now also offer a RSS feed, which will notify you when new articles become available throughout the month. You can sign up for the RSS feed through the Journal website (www.epjournal.net) or through http://feeds.feedburner.com/EvolutionaryPsychology. Letters From the Editors

Letter from the Editors of Evolution & Human Behavior

With the January 2009 issue, Evolution and Human Behavior launched it 30th year of publication, the first 17 under the title Ethology and Sociobiology. At the editorial offices we are awaiting Eigenfactor’s next report of the Journal’s relative Impact; the most recently posted data place E&HB’s “Article Influence Score” (based on per-article citation rates) in the 92.5 percentile of all scientific journals. Summary statistics on the 211 articles submitted to E&HB during the 2008 calendar year are given to the left. The average time to final decision for completed 2008 manuscripts was 65 days; this is quite a rapid turn-around time because virtually no manuscripts are accepted without at least one round of revisions. Because many of the 38 manuscripts still under review are being revised at an editor’s request, the acceptance rate for this group will be higher than the 22% figure observed among the already completed submissions. A plausible estimate of acceptance rate for the entire 211 manuscripts would be 30-32%. As has been the case in recent years, nearly half of the Journal’s submissions originate in psychology departments (as indicated by the affiliation of the corresponding author). We continue to encourage submissions from all evolutionarily oriented scholars, regardless of academic affiliation. Steve Gaulin, Ruth Mace, Dan Fessler, & Martie Haselton, Editors, EHB

Letter from the Newsletter Editor

Dear HBES Members, I hope you enjoy this installment of the HBES newsletter. Please send URLs of members in the news, suggestions for interviews, and suggestions for additional content in future newsletters to [email protected]. Debra Lieberman, Editor Resources

Conferences Organization for Computational Neuroscience July 18-23, 2009, Berlin, Germany American Anthropological Association http://www.cnsorg.org/2009/ December 2-6, 2009, Philadelphia, PA http://www.aaanet.org/meetings/ Social Cognitive Neuroscience: ESF-JSPS Frontier Science Conference for Young Researchers American Psychological Association Feb. 27 - March 4, 2009, Acquafredda di Maratea, August 6-9, 2009, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Italy http://www.esf.org/conferences/09263 http://www.apa.org/ Society for Cross-Cultural Research Animal Behavior Society Feb. 18-21, 2009, Las Vegas, NV June 22-26, 2009, Pirenopolis, Brazil http://www.sccr.org/sccr2009/ http://www.animalbehavior.org/Brazil09/ Society for Evolutionary Analysis in Law (S.E.A.L.) Association for Psychological Science April 16-18, 2009, Vanderbilt University, TN May 22-25, 2009, San Francisco, CA http://law.vanderbilt.edu/seal/index.htm http://www.psychologicalscience.org/convention/ schedule.cfm Society for the Study of Evolution June 13-17, 2009, Moscow, Idaho Behavior Genetics Association http://www.evolutionsociety.org/meetings.asp June 17-20, 2009, Minneapolis, MN http://www.bga.org/pages/1/Home.html

Cognitive Neuroscience Society Predoctoral Fellowships/Grants March 21-24, 2009, San Francisco, CA http://www.cnsmeeting.org/ NSF: Graduate Research Fellowship Program https://www.fastlane.nsf.gov/grfp/ Cognitive Science Society July 30-August 1 2009, Free University, Amsterdam Ford Foundation: Diversity Fellowships http://www.ai.rug.nl/cogsci09/ http://www7.nationalacademies.org/fellowships/

European Human Behavior and Evolution NIH: Predoctoral Fellowship for Minority Students April 6-8, 2009, University of St. Andrews, Scotland http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/pa-files/PA-00- http://www.ehbes.com/ 069.html

Human Behavior & Evolution Society APA: Predoctoral Fellowship in the Neurosciences May 27-31, 2009, CSU Fullerton, CA http://www.apa.org/mfp/prprogram.html http://anthro.fullerton.edu/hbes2009/ AAUW: American Fellowships (women) International Population Conference (IUSSP) http://www.aauw.org/fga/fellowships_grants/ Sept. 27 - Oct. 2, 2009. Marrakech, Morocco american.cfm http://iussp2009.princeton.edu/lobby.aspx Guggenheim: http://www.hfg.org/df/guidelines.htm International Society for Human Ethology http://evolution.anthro.univie.ac.at/ishe/index.html

NorthEastern Evolutionary Psychology Society July 9-12, 2009, SUNY Oswego, NY http://www.neepsociety.com