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Principles of Decoration in the Roman World Decor Decorative Principles in Late Republican and Early Imperial Italy Principles of Decoration in the Roman World Decor Decorative Principles in Late Republican and Early Imperial Italy Edited by Annette Haug Editorial Board Anna Anguissola, Bettina Bergmann, Jens-Arne Dickmann, Miko Flohr, Jörg Rüpke Volume 2 Principles of Decoration in the Roman World Edited by Annette Haug and M. Taylor Lauritsen This publication was funded by the ERC Consolidator Grants DECOR (Nr. 681269). ISBN 978-3-11-072906-1 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-073213-9 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-073221-4 ISSN 2702-4989 DOI https://doi.org/9783110732139 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. For details go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. Library of Congress Control Number: 2020950976 Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. © 2021 Annette Haug, M. Taylor Lauritsen, published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston The book is published with open access at www.degruyter.com. Typesetting: Dörlemann Satz, Lemförde Printing and binding: Hubert & Co. GmbH Co. KG, Göttingen Cover image: Photo by M. Taylor Lauritsen www.degruyter.com Preface In late February 2019, the ERC-funded project DECOR convened the first of two research colloquia dedicated to the exploration of decorative phenomena in the Roman world. Held in the Institut für Klassische Altertumskunde at Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Principles of Decoration in the Roman World brought together a group of international scholars who sought to address a range of important, if sometimes overlooked, topics related to various forms of decorative media. DECOR, which is supported by the ERC consolidator grant no. 681269, aims to provide a holistic analysis of the decorative principles employed in Roman Italy between the Late Republic and Early Imperial periods (2nd century B.C. – late 1st century A.D., broadly construed). In doing so, it is the first programme of research to move away from studies of visual media in isolation, focusing instead on the manner in which decorative elements interact with one another. This comprehensive approach is being applied to a range of spatial contexts, including houses, sanctuaries and streets. The goal of this volume is to expand the analytical scope beyond the geographical and temporal boundaries established by the project, while still adhering to its central principles. Although the papers col- lected in the book differ in contextual focus, they seek to engage with a theoretical concept situated at the heart of DECOR’s research methodology: the relationship between the built environment, decorative media and human action. The success of the colloquium itself can be attributed not only to this volume’s contributors, but also to a number of individuals who provided important organisational and technical assistance. Many thanks to Ruth Bielfeldt, Jens-Arne Dickmann and Patric-Alexander Kreuz, who chaired the colloquium sessions and led discussions throughout the event. Thanks also to Manuel Flecker for helping to coordinate the keynote lecture and subsequent reception, which was held in the Antiken sammlung at the Kunsthalle zu Kiel. We are grateful to Torben Keßler, who assisted in the production of various materials, including the colloquium flyer and programme, and to Julia Hagge and Rebecca Hannemann, who organised tea, coffee and snacks. This book has benefitted substantially from the critical support of Bettina Bergmann and Jens-Arne Dickmann, as well as comments from two anonymous reviewers. Marcel Deckert, Katrin Göttsch, Rebecca Hannemann, Daniel Nieswand, Iria Schmidt and Ruth Thormann were responsi- ble for preliminary editing and the production of certain figures; to them we are extremely grateful. Thanks to Douglas Fear, who provided additional editing and proofreading support. We would also like to express our gratitude to De Gruyter, who established the DECOR series for the publication of the ERC project’s results, and to Mirko Vonderstein, in particular, who has overseen the production of this book and the others in the series with great care. Annette Haug and Taylor Lauritsen Kiel, Summer 2020 Open Access. © 2021 Annette Haug and M. Taylor Lauritsen, published by De Gruyter. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110732139-201 Table of Contents Preface V Annette Haug Introduction: Principles of Decor 1 Francesco de Angelis Decoration and Attention in the Forum of Augustus: The Agency of Ancient Imagery Between Ritual and Routine 15 Michael Feige Decorative Features and Social Practices in Spaces for Agricultural Production in Roman Villas 33 Domenico Esposito Decorative Principles Between the Public and Private Spheres in Pompeii: Contexts, Patrons and Artisans 53 Anne Kleineberg The Capitolium at Brescia in the Flavian Period 71 Johannes Lipps Ceiling Decor Contextualised: A Case Study from the ‘Casa di Augusto’ on the Palatine 91 Alexandra Dardenay From Insula to Dwelling: Architectural Transformations and Principles of Decor in Insula V at Herculaneum 107 M. Taylor Lauritsen Ornamental Painting on Campanian House Façades 123 Eric M. Moormann The Murals of the Synagogue at Dura Europos as an Expression of Roman Koine 141 Katharina Lorenz All the World’s a Stage: On the Interplay of Decoration in Pompeian Houses 163 Mantha Zarmakoupi The Intermediality of Landscape in the Decorum of Roman Villas 177 Author Biographies 193 Annette Haug Introduction: Principles of Decor The aim of this volume is to examine the interplay between decorative elements, architecture and action1. Architecture organises the perception of decoration and vice versa. At the same time, spatial contextualisation lends decorative forms their social quality, because ‘space’ is only con- stituted through concrete actions. Decoration thus acquires an orientating role in relation to and through the people who populate spaces. In antiquity, this interrelation was underpinned by the idea of decor/decorum. Decor and the notion of appropriateness The concept of decor/decorum means that any kind of form should be appropriate (πρέπον/aptus) to its specific context2. The definition of form and context can vary considerably, however. With regard to architecture, Vitruvius considers decor/decorum to be a central design category along- side ordinatio (order), dispositio (arrangment), eurythmia (proportion), symmetria (symmetry) and distributio (distribution)3. He thus adopts a producer perspective on architecture, decoration and actors. In this context, he names three levels on which decor is effective: decor autem est emendatus operis aspectus probatis rebus conpositi cum auctoritate. is perficitur statione, quod graece themat- ismo dicitur, seu consuetudine aut natura4. The categories of statio, consuetudo and natura are then explained further5, revealing the following levels of reference: – When describing the term statio, Vitruvius discusses the relationship between form and (semantic) content in the broadest sense, emphasising the atmospheric fit of individual dec- orative forms. Here he offers the example of appropriate temple design, recommending that the geometrically conceived Doric order should be chosen for temples whose deities possess virtus, such as Minerva, Mars and Hercules. For the deities Venus, Flora, Proserpina and the spring nymphs, the floral Corinthian order is deemed appropriate, since graceful buildings are better suited to their nature. The Ionic order, however, occupies a middle position (ratio medi- ocritatis), combining the strict character of Doric (severus mos doricorum) and the delicacy of Corinthian (teneritas corinthiorum). – Consuetudo can be associated with the notion of convenientia: the quality (magnificus vs. inhon- estus) of a building should be coherent. A magnificent entrance hall, for example, should be adorned with an elegant interior. – The term consuetudo also makes reference to culturally accepted, habitual norms. From Vit- ruvius’ perspective, decor can be expressed by adhering closely to established traditions. As 1 The content of this introduction is based largely on the much more detailed theoretical reflections in my book on decorative principles in the Roman house (Haug 2020). Thanks go to Taylor Lauritsen for an intensive discussion on what structural form the text should take in this volume, as well as advice on the grammatical formulations that are appropriate in English. 2 In recent research, the terms decor and decorum are frequently discussed: see Horn-Oncken 1967, 29−31; Knell 1985, 33 f.; Muth 1998, 54; Irmscher 2005, 31; Perry 2005, 31; Gros 2006; Sluiter – Rosen 2012, 6; Haug 2014, 219 f. In this context, the terms decor and decorum will only be used if the idea of ‘appropriateness’ is explicitly addressed. When it comes to forms of design, the terms ‘decoration’ or ‘decorative elements’ are used, which in English, unlike German (Dekor/Dekoration), have no aesthetically pejorative connotation. 3 Vitr. De arch. 1, 2, 1. 4 Vitr. De arch. 1, 2, 5: ‘Decor demands the faultless ensemble of a work composed, in accordance with precedent, of approved details. It obeys convention, which in Greek is called thematismos, or custom or nature’ (translation by Granger 1955, 27). 5 Vitr. De arch. 1, 2, 5–7. Open Access. © 2021
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