Racing Towards Silent Spring

Volume XXXVI, Number 7/8 (Published March 2019) Racing Towards Silent Spring

By William Quarles Photo courtesy of Kim Mitchell USFWS

n the last 40 years, the human population has nearly doubled—from 4.5 billion to 7.9 billion. We now have to feed Inearly twice as many people as in 1980. Though organic agriculture could do the job with less of an environmental impact (Badgley et al. 2007; Rodale 2014), corpora- tions have promoted GMOs and large fields of monocultures protected by pesticides and boosted by excessive applications of synthetic fertilizer (Quarles 2017a; Gomiero et al. 2011). Agricultural intensification of this kind has encroached upon wildlife areas and increased global warming and environmental pollution (Edenhofer et al. 2014; Dirzo et al. 2014). While the human population has increased, most wildlife has Populations of the rusty-patched bumble bee, Bombus affinis, shown here, seen severe decline. Though much have dropped by 87% in the last 20 years, and it is considered an attention has been given to loss of endangered species. vertebrates, insects such as butterflies, bees, and beetles are also at risk (Sanchez-Bayo and Wyckhuys are electronic beeps, blaring horns, by some biologists “the sixth mass 2019). In the same 40-year time cell phone jabbering, sirens, and extinction” (Barnosky et al. 2011: span, flying insects in some areas screams of urban crazies (Carson McCallum 2015). According to have decreased by more than 75%. 1962, Dirzo et al. 2014, Barnosky Dirzo et al. (2014), about 16-33% of Species that eat insects, such as et al. 2011). wild vertebrate species assessed are frogs, birds, and bats have also This article briefly reviews the threatened or endangered, and pop- been impacted (Lister and Garcia catastrophic collapse of insect population numbers have been reduced 2018; Hallmann et al. 2017; Dirzo ulations, and proposes solutions to by an average 28% over the past 40 et al. 2014). Major drivers of the reverse it. years. Since 1500, 322 species have invertebrate decline are habitat gone extinct. destruction, agricultural intensifi- Vertebrates cation, pesticide use, and climate Vertebrate decline first drew change (Dirzo et al. 2014; San- the eye of biologists, the amount chez-Bayo and Wyckhuys 2019). of the loss depends on the popu- In This Issue Many wild species are going lations surveyed (Diamond 1989; extinct, and those that remain are McCallum 2015). Clearly, human Insect Decline 1 showing reduced populations. We expansion can mean fewer tigers Conference Notes 9 are racing toward Rachel Carson’s and elephants, but more mundane Calendar 11 Silent Spring—a world devoid of bird wildlife is also disappearing. The and insect sounds. Instead, there dramatic decline has been called Update Photo courtesy of Kathy Keatley Garvey Sanchez-Bayo and Wyckhuys (2019) report an average 22% of vertebrate species in decline and 18% threatened. The average reduction for amphibian species is 23%, land mammals 15%, bats 27%, and reptiles 19%. A study of 3706 vertebrate species in 14,152 monitored populations mostly in Western Europe by the World Wildlife Fund (WWF 2016), showed an average 58% decline in wild vertebrate populations between 1970 and 2012. Terrestri- al, marine and freshwater species were part of this number. Terrestrial vertebrate species showed an average 38% decline. Marine mammal, bird, reptile and fish species had a 50% reduction. Honey bee, Apis mellifera, Most alarming, populations of pollinating an almond blossom. freshwater vertebrates had dropped by 81% (WWF 2016). al. 2014). Losses are being driven by habitat fragmentation and loss, Loss of Pollinators “pesticide application and environ- Loss of pollinators first drew mental pollution, decreased re- general attention to the disappear- source diversity, alien species, the ance of insects. A National Acade- spread of pathogens, and climate my of Sciences study documented change” (Potts et al. 2010). See reduced populations of pollinators moths and bees below. such as bees, butterflies, and bats (NAS 2007). Headlines about honey Measuring bee colony collapse disorder drama- Invertebrate Decline tized the situation (Schacker 2008; But insect decline extends Quarles 2008ab). well beyond pollinators. Conserva- About 75% of our crops are tion biologists are alarmed at the pollinated by insects, leading to dramatic collapse of many popula- about one-third of the food we eat, tions, including extinction of some a service worth at least $14.6 bil- species. Decline is documented by lion due to honey bees, Apis mellif- comparing current surveys with era, and $3.07 billion due to wild historical records. Most of the bees (NAS 2007; Losey and Vaughn research covers insect populations 2006). In the U.S. much of the polli- in the U.S. and Europe, since his- nation is done by managed colonies torical records are more complete of honey bees, but we cannot even in these areas (Sanchez-Bayo and control losses in managed colonies. Wyckhuys 2019). Populations of Since 1947 we have lost 45% of our individual species are counted, or honey bee colonies. There are fewer just total insect biomass at a par- beekeepers and less natural forage ticular location (Dirzo et al. 2014; for bees due to loss of habitat. Each Hallmann et al. 2017). year, about 40-45% of existing col- A convenient technique is to onies are destroyed by pesticides, map the geographical species range 2019 bee mites and other causes. These by presence-absence surveys on a losses have to be replaced by estab- 10 km (6 mi) grid. Numerical popu- lishing new colonies each year (NAS lations can then be estimated from 2007; Quarles 2008ab). a measurement of ranges. This Pollinators such as moths technique shows that 50% of the and bees are decreasing both in bird species and 71% of the butter- diversity and abundance (Dirzo et fly species surveyed in Britain have

IPM Practitioner, XXXVI (7/8) Published March 2019 2 Box 7414, Berkeley, CA 94707 Update Photo courtesy of Gary McDonald seen range reductions over about a 20-year period (1970-1995)(Thomas et al. 2004). Another technique is direct counts at historical sites. Counts can be conducted by visual observations, traps, or sweep net sam- pling. Sweep nets or visual observations on flowers are often used for bee populations (Blaauw and Isaacs 2014; Cameron et al. 2011), and light traps for moth populations (Conrad et al. 2006). For general insect biomass, malaise traps (Hall- mann et al. 2017) or suction traps (Shortall et al. 2009) are employed. There is also qualitative information from citizen surveys using the “windshield” test. Drivers travel through a standard route and re- cord the number of insects hitting a collection plate. This number is compared with a similar survey at a previous time (Jarvis 2018). Wild bees like this mason bee, Osmia sp. provide much pollination, but they are disappearing. Magnitude of the Effect Individual species are endangered or becoming extinct, and re- that followup on baseline counts extinct in the last 600 years (Dunn duced populations have been seen may have to be conducted in the 2005). across several species. Severely re- middle of a new parking lot (Dirzo Some reduction results from duced populations are the first step et al. 2014). habitat collapse of specialists such toward extinction. As mentioned Each study gives slightly as prairie butterflies, but generalist above, reduced populations are of- different numbers, but about 40% insects as well as specialists are ten determined by visual counts at of invertebrate species that have disappearing (Swengel et al. 2011). historical aggregation sites and by been assessed are considered trapping. Changes are so dramatic threatened, and “67% of monitored A 76% Decline in species show 45% mean abundance Flying Insects decline” (Dirzo et al. 2014). Accord- Insect biomass is showing Photo courtesy of BioQuip ing to a review of 75 publications, an alarming drop, even in nature an average 41% of the insect spe- protected areas. Malaise trap data cies studied are in decline, and 10% at 63 nature protected areas over are showing extinction in local pop- a 27-year period (1989-2016) in ulations. Those most affected are Germany showed a 76% seasonal aquatic insects such as Trichoptera reduction in flying insect biomass. (caddis flies, 68% decline), Lepidop- Though nutrient rich areas had tera (moths, butterflies, 53%), Hy- more insects, insect decline did menoptera (bees, 46%), Coleoptera not vary with habitat. Traps were (dung beetles and ground beetles, deployed within one meter (3.3 ft) of 49%) and Orthoptera (grasshop- the ground, and about 94% of the pers, 49%) (Sanchez-Bayo and sites were surrounded by agricul- Wyckhuys 2019). Surveys of local tural fields. Hence, pesticides and insect biomass are showing even agricultural intensification may greater reductions (see below) explain the loss. Agricultural fields Due to lack of research, the treated with pesticides could act as number of insect species that have a sink for the insect populations gone extinct are likely underesti- (Hallmann et al. 2017). mated. There are more than 3.4 The amount of reduction seen Netting of this malaise trap catches million insect species. If extinction varies with the technology. Suction flying insects that then crawl into follows the same trend as mam- traps at 12.1 m (39.7 ft) above the the collection cup at the top. mals, 44,000 species have gone ground showed losses in only one

Box 7414, Berkeley, CA 94707 3 IPM Practitioner, XXXVI (7/8) Published March 2019 Update of four sites in Britain (Shortall et stance, in Iowa “approximately 75% neonicotinoids, are another cause. al. 2009). According to Hallmann et of monitored rivers are designated Surviving bees also have high loads al. (2017), malaise traps near the as impaired or potentially impaired” of pathogens such as Nosema ground are a better measurement of (Olson et al. 2016). bombi (Goulson and Nicholls 2016; local insect populations. Cameron et al. 2011). Bee Decline The most striking example is Decline in Tropical Areas Much has been written about the once common rusty-patched Tropical areas are usually loss of honey bees, but in many bumble bee, Bombus affinis, which buzzing with insect life, but major areas of the U.S., bumble bee pop- has declined by 87% over the past losses have been seen even there. ulations are crashing. Four species, 20 years. It covers only 0.1% of From 1976 to 2012 there was an Bombus affinis, B. occidentalis, its historic range, and it is now an 86% to 98% reduction in insect bio- B. pensylvanicus, and B. terricola endangered species. Habitat loss, mass in the Puerto Rican tropical have dropped by up to 96% and intensive farming, pesticide use, rain forest. Sticky traps deployed at their ranges have contracted by and climate change are the caus- ground level showed a 98% reduc- 23-87%. Bombus franklini has gone es of its decline (Colla and Packer tion (470 to 8 mg/trap/day). Traps extinct. Monocultures and subse- 2008; USFWS 2017). in the tree canopy showed an 86% quent loss of habitat is one cause Bumble bees are especially reduction (37 to 5 mg/trap/day). of the decline. Pesticides, especially susceptible to extinction because Authors of the study believe that they reproduce at the end of a long colony cycle. Minor changes in food

global warming may be the cause of Photo courtesy of Gary McDonald the decline. During this time, mean availability can have a big impact maximum temperatures in the area on reproductive success. They also increased by 2°C (3.6°F). Increasing need three different habitats for for- temperature favors insects in tem- aging, nesting, and hibernating in perate areas, but leads to decline in close proximity. Thus, they are very tropical regions (Lister and Garcia vulnerable to habitat destruction 2018). (Colla and Packer 2008). Declining insect populations In Great Britain honey bees led to reductions in bird, frog, and do 34% of the work while wild lizard populations. For example, pollinators do the rest. Popula- from 1990 to 2005, the number of tions of bumble bees have seen captured birds in the monitored significant decline (Goulson and areas dropped 53%. Insectivorous Nicholls 2016). Foraging bumble birds showed a 90% decline (Lister Yellow-faced bumble bee, Bombus bees in Britain have been exposed and Garcia 2018). vosnesenskii, on a flower. to significant levels of agricultural pesticides (Botias et al. 2017).

Freshwater From Nixon 1954 Species Collapse Moths and Butterflies The greatest reduction in both In Britain, 66% of 337 moth vertebrate and invertebrate popu- species declined over a 35 year lations is seen in freshwater envi- study period, and 21% of them ronments. According to the World dropped by more than 30% (Conrad Wildlife Fund, decline of freshwater et al. 2006). A study of 12 moth vertebrates such as frogs and fish species showed ranges were shift- is 81% (WWF 2016). ing northward each year in concert Collapse of freshwater verte- with global warming. Some species brates is partly due to the crash of were increasing in abundance, oth- the freshwater insects. Insects such ers, such as Macaria wauaria, were as caddis flies (Trichoptera) that dropping by as much as 77% (Fox live near or in freshwater have de- et al. 2011). clined by 68%. This includes both Butterflies in Great Britain the larval aquatic form (44%) and are generally in decline, but some the adult, moth-like terrestrial form species are increasing in abun- (38%) (Sanchez-Bayo and Wyckhu- dance (Isaac et al. 2011). Prairie ys 2019). The most likely cause of butterflies in the Midwestern U.S. freshwater species collapse is water Bumble bees nest in the ground. The are disappearing, as prairies are pollution. Water in agricultural spheres are cocoons. Open cocoons being destroyed by development areas is extensively polluted with are being used for honey storage. (Swengel et al. 2011). In the study fertilizers and pesticides. For in- Honey pots are at the right. areas of the World Wildlife Fund,

IPM Practitioner, XXXVI (7/8) Published March 2019 4 Box 7414, Berkeley, CA 94707 Update

grassland butterflies show a 33% Photo courtesy Jim Lovett, www.MonarchWatch.org decline over 22 years (WWF 2016). In the Netherlands 55% of butterfly species studied (11 of 20) show reduced populations, and cumulative butterfly abundance has dropped by about 30% (Van Dyck et al. 2009). More examples can be found in Sanchez-Bayo and Wyckhuys (2019).

Specialists at Greater Risk Specialist butterflies that rely on specific plants are more endangered than generalist ones. Many species have become extinct. In Suffolk county England 42% of res- ident species have disappeared. In Bavaria 117 species have dropped to 71 since 1840 (Thomas 2016). European grassland butterflies declined by 50% between 1990 and 2011 (Hallmann et al. 2014). A study of 673 Lepidopteran species Populations of the monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus, have seen in Great Britain showed 417 (62%) catastrophic reductions. The California population has crashed from 4.5 either declined or showed a tenden- million to 20,000. cy to decline over a 40 year period This increase was probably due to tional farms (Wickramasinghe et al. starting in 1970. Major drivers were favorable weather at the overwin- 2004). habitat modification and climate tering sites in Mexico. Populations Insectivorous birds are affect- change (Fox et al. 2014). are still well below historical levels ed by the general insect decline (Ecowatch 2019). (see below). Frogs are impacted by Monarch Populations pesticides directly and also by loss Specialists such as the mon- Ecological Destruction of freshwater invertebrates such as arch butterfly,Danaus plexippus, Removal of one species can Trichoptera. Malnutrition and pes- have been severely impacted. Over- have a cascade effect on other spe- ticides could depress their immune wintering populations have dropped cies. Loss of insects can lead to loss systems and lead to increased 90% or more since the 1980s. of birds, bats, and frogs that feed infections with the chytrid fungus. The California population in the on insects. Loss of pollinators can U.S. surveys show an amphibian 1980s was estimated at 4.5 million also lead to loss of plants (San- population decline of about 4% per (Schultz et al. 2017). Overwintering chez-Bayo and Wyckhuys 2019). year. Populations of the leopard counts at 97 sites along the Pacific For instance, Trichoptera frog, Rana pipiens have dropped Coast in winter of 2018 revealed (aquatic insects) and Lepidoptera about 50% (Quarles 2015; Mason et only about 20,000. This estimate is (moths) feed bats. Aquatic insects al. 2012). about 0.5% of the monarch pop- (caddis flies) are one-third the diet ulation’s historical size, and rep- of the little brown bat, Myotis luci- Disappearing Birds resents a catastrophic reduction fugus. The 68% average decline of About 60% of birds rely on of 86% from 2017. Possible factors Trichoptera could severely reduce insects as a food source (Hallmann are pesticides, drought, and forest its food supply. Malnourished et al. 2017). About 42 common bird fires that are encouraged by global hibernating bats are more suscepti- species in Canada, U.S. and Mexico warming (Pelton 2018). ble to the lethal white nose fungus, have lost 50% of their populations But there is some good news. Geomyces destructans, that has in the last 40 years (Lister and Gar- Monarch overwintering populations killed about six million bats since cia 2018). According to one report, in Mexico showed a 144% increase 2006 (Quarles 2013; Sanchez-Bayo about 12% of the world’s bird spe- in 2018 compared to 2017. There and Wyckhuys 2019). cies are threatened with extinction, were 2.48 ha (6.1 acre) of overwin- Pesticides are likely a factor and 40% of 11,000 bird species tering monarchs in Mexico in 2017. in insect food loss for bats. For are in decline. Bird populations in This number increased to 6.05 ha instance, organic farms have more France have seen 33% reduction (14.9 acre) in the winter of 2018. insects and more bats than conven- (Bird Life 2018).

Box 7414, Berkeley, CA 94707 5 IPM Practitioner, XXXVI (7/8) Published March 2019 Update

Photo courtesy of Miguel Altieri Neonicotinoid insecticides, such as imidacloprid, have been linked to insect and bird loss in the Nether- lands. Neonicotinoids are very persistent, and extremely soluble in water. They are applied each year to crops, so there is a flow from treated crops and seeds to soil, then to water. Concentration in water provides a sensitive assay for the amount present in the environment. Where the imidacloprid concentration in water exceeded 19.43 ng/liter, 14 out of the 15 insectivorous bird species studied showed reduced populations (Hallmann et al. 2014; Goulson 2014). [an ng, nanogram, is one-billionth of a gram] The decline is likely due to fewer insects, and less food available. Van Dijk et al. (2013) had previously shown that insect populations in an area drop as water concentrations of imidacloprid increase. In the U.S. 23-75% of water samples in corn and Flowers such as sweet alyssum, Lobularia maritima, soybean regions are contaminated with neonicotinoids. can be planted in fields of monocultures to provide Maximum amounts range from 42 to 356 ng/liter. These food for bees, butterflies and biocontrols. levels are greater than those associated with bird decline

Photo courtesy of Tony Morosco in the Netherlands (Hladik et al. 2014). Neonicotinoids may also be impacting populations of seed eating birds. Populations of the bobwhite, Colinus virginianus, are lower in areas of Texas where crops are being raised with neonicotinoid treated seeds. As neonicotinoid use goes up, total bobwhite populations go down in all regions surveyed (Quarles 2014a; Erti et al. 2018).

Human Pests Thriving Insects dependent on wild habitat are disappearing, but pests of humans and their food supply are thriving. Climate change is encouraging mosquitos, ticks, and human pathogens. Lyme disease has doubled in the U.S., and arthropod borne diseases are spiking (Quarles 2007; Quarles 2017a). Agricultural monocultures are encouraging specialist and generalist crop pests, leading to increased use of agricultural pesticides that kill ben- Roadsides can be planted with floral resources such eficial insects and biocontrols (Gomiero et al. 2011). For as the sunflower,Helianthus sp. shown here. instance, the number of U.S. soybean acres treated with insecticides increased by 20-fold between 1994 and 2015 Photo courtesy USDA and NRCS (Quarles 2017b). Invasive species associated with increasing population and world trade such as the emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis, and the brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys, are on the rise (Kenis et al. 2009; DeSantis et al. 2013; Quarles 2014b).

What to Do? We need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. We can do this through fuel efficient cars and renewable sources of power generation. We need to eat less meat and more vegetables. Less meat would mean fewer con- fined animal feeding operations (CAFOs) and less meth- ane greenhouse gas emissions. When possible, we should buy organic food (Edenhofer et al. 2014; Smith et al. 2008). We need to modify monocultures to reduce the impact of pesticides on beneficial insects and biocontrols. Cover crops can provide food for bees, butterflies, Regenerative agriculture techniques such as cover crop- and biocontrols. They can be mechanically crimped ping, no-till production, in-field rows of floral resources, down before planting.

IPM Practitioner, XXXVI (7/8) Published March 2019 6 Box 7414, Berkeley, CA 94707 Update and vegetative barriers at the field There are 10 million acres control pests. Backyard gardens edges to reduce water pollution are (4 million ha) of roadsides in the and roadside plantings can com- practical and possible. Microbial U.S. Establishing milkweed along pensate for some of the habitat inoculants can be used to reduce roadsides can help preserve mon- loss. pesticides and fertilizers (Rodale arch butterflies. Establishing native Unless we reverse the whole- 2014; Quarles 2018ab). plants in an IPM program for road- sale destruction of wildlife, reduce In agricultural non-field areas, side weeds can provide nourish- pesticide applications, and mitigate restorative techniques such as ment for native bees and butterflies. global warming, we are headed farmscaping should be employed. For example, conversion of Iowa toward the Silent Spring pictured by Areas around ditches, utility poles roadsides from herbicides to IPM Rachel Carson. can be planted with floral resources management increased the number for bees and butterflies. Insectary of roadside stands of milkweed by plants along field edges can in- 64% (Harper Lore and Wilson 2000; William Quarles, Ph.D., is an IPM crease biological controls (Quarles Quarles 2003; Hopwood 2008). Specialist, Executive Director of the and Grossman 2002; Altieri 2004; Bio-Integral Resource Center (BIRC), Bugg et al. 1998; King and Olkows- Network of Garden Clubs and Managing Editor of the IPM Prac- ki 1991). There are millions of back- titioner. He can be reached by email,

Photo courtesy Stephen Ausmus USDA yard gardeners in the U.S. and 40 [email protected] million acres (16.2 million ha) of lawns. Local action such as plant- References ing bee and butterfly gardens can have a national impact. Details of Altieri, M. 2004. Agroecology and sustainable agri- which plants to establish are in culture. IPM Practitioner 26(9/10):1-7. published articles (Quarles 2008a; Badgley, C. J. Moghtader, E. Quintero et al. 2007. 2016ab) on the birc website www. Organic agriculture and the global food supply. Renewable Agric. Food Sys. 22(2):86-106. birc.org and elsewhere. A network Barnosky, A.D., N. Matzke, S. Tomiya et al. 2011. of Garden Clubs with similar plans Has the earth’s sixth mass extinction already and policies could convert local arrived? Nature 471:51-57. conservation actions into a national Blaauw, B.R. and R. Isaacs. 2014. Flower plant- program. There are also specialized ings increase wild bee abundance and the pollination services provided to a pollination conservation organizations such as dependent crop. J. Appl. Ecol. 51:890-898. the Sierra Club, Native Plant Societ- Bird Life. 2018. State of the World’s Birds. Bird Life ies, Xerces Society, Monarch Joint International, Cambridge, UK. 41 pp. Venture, the North American But- Botias, C., A. David, E.M. Hill et al. 2017. Quanti- Adult western corn rootworm, terfly Association, Humane Society, fying exposure of wild bumblebees to mixtures of agrochemicals in agricultural and urban Diabrotica virgifera virgifera. Pollinator Partnership, National landscapes. Environ. Pollut. 222:73-82. Wildlife Federation, American Bird Bugg, R.L., J.H. Anderson, C.D. Thomsen et al. Conservancy, and the Audubon 1998. Farmscaping in California. In: Pickett IPM for Pests Society. and Bugg, 339-374. We need to use fewer pes- Cameron, S.A., J.D. Lozier, J.P. Strange et al. 2011. Patterns of widespread decline in North ticides in crop production. IPM Conclusion American bumble bees. PNAS 108(2):662-667. methods can be used to reduce Life on earth is being recon- Carson, R. 1962. Silent Spring. Fawcett, Green- insecticide applications. For exam- figured from diverse populations in wich, CT. 304 pp. ple, monitoring, crop rotation, soil ecological balance to a simplified Colla, S.R. and L. Packer. 2008. Evidence for treatment with nematodes, and use decline in eastern North American bumblebees ecosystem of humans, human food, with special focus on Bombus affinis Cresson. of baits for the adult beetles can be and human pests. In the last 40 Biodivers. Conserv. 17:1379-1391. used to control the western corn years, human populations have Conrad, K.F. M.S. Warren, R. Fox et al. 2006. rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgif- nearly doubled, but many other Rapid declines of common, widespread British era (Quarles 2017c). moths provide evidence of an insect biodiversity living populations have dropped by crisis. Biol. Conserv. 132:279-291. 50% or more. DeSantis, R.D., W.K. Moser, D.D. Gormanson et Roadside Restoration The degradation of wild pop- al. 2013. Effects of climate on emerald ash bor- Some studies suggest that ulations was not necessary. We er mortality and the potential for ash survival in North America. Agric. Forest Meteorology populations of butterflies can be should try to mitigate some of this 178/179:120-128. most effectively restored by estab- damage, or there will be conse- Diamond, J.M. 1989. The present, past and future lishing optimum stands of larval quences such as loss of pollinators, of human caused extinctions. Phil. Trans. R. habitat (Thomas et al. 2011). In loss of ocean food, and a highly Soc. Lond. B 325:469-477. the case of the monarch butterfly, restricted food supply. We should Dirzo, R., H.S. Young, Mauro Galetti et al. 2014. Defaunation in the Anthropocene. Science 345 planting milkweed is an effective increase regenerative and organic (6195):401-406. restoration action. agriculture. IPM should be used to

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Berkeley, CA. 422 pp. Butterflies, birds, and plants and the global Gomiero, T., D. Pimentel and M.G. Paoletti. 2011. Potts, S.G., J.C. Biesmeijer, C. Kremen et al. 2010. extinction crisis. Science 303 (5665):1879-1881. Is there a need for a more sustainable agricul- Global pollinator decline: trends, impacts and ture? Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 30:6-23. Thomas, J.A., D.J. Simcox and T. Hovestadt. drivers. Trends Ecol. Evol. 25(6):345-353. 2011. Evidence based conservation of butter- Goulson, D. 2014. Pesticides linked to bird de- Quarles, W. and J. Grossman. 2002. Insectary flies.J. Insect Conserv. 15:241-258. clines. Nature 511:295-296. plants, intercropping and biological control. IPM Thomas, J.A. 2016. Butterfly communities under Goulson, D. and E. Nicholls. 2016. The canary in Practitioner 24(3):1-11. threat. Science 353(6296):216-218. the coalmine: bee declines as an indicator of Quarles, W. 2003. Native plants and integrated environmental health. Sci. Prog. 99(3):312-326. USFWS (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service). 2018. roadside vegetation management. IPM Practi- Rusty patched bumble bee, Bombus affinis. Harper-Lore, B.L. and M. Wilson. 2000. Roadside tioner 25(3/4):1-9. January 10, 2017; www.fws.gov Use of Native Plants. Island Press, Washington, Quarles, W. 2007. Global warming means more DC. 665 pp. Van Dijk, T.C. M.A. van Staalduinen and J.P. van pests. IPM Practitioner 29(9/10):1-7. der Sluijs. 2013. Macro-invertebrate decline in Hallmann, C.A., R.P.B. Foppen, C.A.M. van Quarles, W. 2008a. Pesticides and honey bee colo- surface water polluted with imidacloprid. PLoS Turnhout et al. 2014. Declines in insectivorus ny collapse disorder. IPM Practitioner 30(9/10): ONE 8:e54819. birds are associated with high neonicotinoid 1-9. concentrations. Nature 511:341-345. Van Dyck, H. A.J. van Strien, D. Maes et al. 2009. Quarles, W. 2008b. Protecting native bees and Declines in common, widespread butterflies in a Hallmann, C.A., M. Sorg, E. Jongejans et al. 2017. other pollinators. Common Sense Pest Control landscape under intense human use. Conserv. More than 75% decline over 27 years in total Quarterly 24(1-4):4-14. Biol. 23(4):957-965. flying insect biomass in protected areas.PLoS ONE 12(10): e0185809. Quarles, W. 2013. Bats, pesticides, and white nose Wickramsinghe, L.P., S. Harris, G. Jones et al. syndrome. IPM Practitioner 33(9/10):1-9. 2004. Abundance and species richness of Hladik, M.L., D.W. Kolpin and K.M. Kuivila. 2014. nocturnal insects on organic and conventional Widespread occurrence of neonicotinoid insec- Quarles, W. 2014a. Neonicotinoids, bees, birds, farms: effects of agricultural intensification on ticides in streams in a high corn and soybean and beneficial insects.Common Sense Pest bat foraging. Conserv. Biol. 18(5):1283-1292. producing region. USA. Environ. Pollution Control Quarterly 28(1-4):3-14. WWF (World Wildlife Fund). 2016. Living Planet 193:189-196. Quarles, W. 2014b. IPM for the brown marmorated Report 2016—Risk and Resilience in a New Era. Hopwood, J.L. 2008. The contribution of roadside stink bug. IPM Practitioner 35(3/4):1-8. World Wildlife Fund for Nature, Gland, Switzer- grassland restorations to native bee conserva- Quarles, W. 2015. Pesticides and amphibian land. 144 pp. www.panda.org tion. Biol. Conserv. 141:2632-2640. decline. Common Sense Pest Control Quarterly

Isaac, N.J.B., M. Girardello, T.M. Breverton et 29:3-12. Rrom Nixon, 1954 al. 2011. Butterfly adundance in a warming Quarles, W. 2016a. Bringing back the monarchs. climate: patterns in time and space are not Common Sense Pest Control Quarterly 30(1- congruent. J. Insect Conserv. 15:233-240. 4):3-12. Jarvis, B. 2018. The insect apocalypse is here. Quarles, W. 2016b. Bringing back the birds and New York Times Magazine, December 2, 2018. bees. Common Sense Pest Control Quarterly Pp. 40-45, 67, 69. 30(1-4):13-19. Kenis, M., M.A. Auger-Rozenberg, A. Roques et al. Quarles, W. 2017a. Global warming means more 2011. Ecological effects of invasive alien insects. pathogens. IPM Practitioner 35(7/8):1-8. Biol. Invasions 11:21-45. Quarles, W. 2017b. Glyphosate, GMOs, and King, S. and W. Olkowski. 1991. Farmscaping and environmental pollution. IPM Practitioner IPM. IPM Practitioner 13(10):1-12. 35(10/11):1-8. Lister, B.C. and A. Garcia. 2018. Climate driven Quarles, W. 2017c. IPM for the western corn root- declines in arthropod abundance restructure worm. IPM Practitioner 35(9/10):1-11. a rainforest food web. PNAS 115(44): E10397- E10406. Quarles, W. 2018a. Regenerative agriculture can reduce global warming. IPM Practitioner Losey, J.E. and M. Vaughn. 2006. Economic value 36(1/2):1-8. of ecological services provided by insects. BioSci- ence 56(4):311-323. Quarles, W. 2018b. Farming with microbes: microbial seed treatments. IPM Practitioner 36(3/4):1-8. Bumble bee, Bombus sp.

IPM Practitioner, XXXVI (7/8) Published March 2019 8 Box 7414, Berkeley, CA 94707 Conference Notes ESA 2018 Meeting Highlights

By Joel Grossman 3 grasses and 16 native forbs had thiamethoxam and its degradant 28% native and 72% exotic lady clothianidin.” Of the active ingre- These Conference Highlights beetles. Lady beetle populations in dient applied to seeds, 94% was were selected from among 3,000 general, both native and exotic, in- unaccounted for, and is presumably presentations at the Nov. 11-14, crease when urban pocket prairies in the soil and subject to future 2018 joint Annual Meeting of the replace cement and other impervi- leaching into water supplies. Given Entomological Societies of America ous surfaces. the large areas of the Midwest U.S. (ESA), Canada (ESC) and British treated with neonics, progressive- Columbia (ESBC). The next ESA Neonics in ly larger amounts of neonics from annual meeting is November 17- Aquatic Ecosystems seeds, soils and dust could enter 20, 2019 in St. Louis, Missouri. For One-third of world insecti- the environment in future years. more information contact the ESA cide use is neonicotinoids, and in “The slow release of neonicotinoids (3 Park Place, Suite 307, Annapolis, the U.S., “an area at least the size into waterways is likely chronical- MD 21401; 301/731-4535; http:// of California” is annually planted ly exposing aquatic organisms to www.entsoc.org). with neonic-treated corn, soybean neonicotinoids with unclear conse- and cotton seed, said Sarah Mc- quences,” said McTish. Inner City Lady Beetles Tish (Penn State Univ, 101 Merkle Native lady beetles are declin- Lab, University Park, PA 16802; Neonic Wild Bee Threat ing in the U.S., and they are being [email protected]). From 2014 Solitary ground-nesting bees displaced by exotic lady beetles. to 2017, U.S. neonic use doubled: such as the hoary squash bee, For instance, Cleveland, Ohio’s 12 79-100% of U.S. corn seed and Peponapis pruinosa, are “among native lady beetles species com- the most important pollinators” of pumpkins, squash, gourds and pose only 28% of the city’s lady Photo courtesy James Cane, USDA beetle community, said Denisha other cucurbits. Populations in Parker (Ohio State Univ, 2001 Ontario, Canada are at risk from Fyffe Rd, Columbus, OH 43210; residues from neonicotinoids such [email protected]). Cleveland’s as imidacloprid, thiamethoxam manufacturing jobs and many peo- and clothianidin, said Susan Chan ple have left, leaving 27,000 acres (Univ Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, (11,000 ha) of vacant lots, a figure Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada; increasing by 4,000 acres (1,620 [email protected]). Bee neonic ha) annually. The vacant lots are exposure from cucurbit farm soils being converted to rain gardens, during nest construction exceeded urban gardens, and other green acceptable LC50 levels by over 35% space uses. Green spaces can also in most soil samples from cucurbit farms. be increased by planting patches A squash bee, Peponapis pruinosa, “All ground-nesting bees that of native wildflowers called “pocket sips nectar. prairies,” an alternative that in- live on farms may be at risk of creases ecosystem services such harm from exposure to soils of ne- as pollination and populations of 34-44% of soybean seed is treated onicotinoid-treated field crops such native lady beetles such as Bra- with neonics. About 5% of neonic as corn, soybean, and wheat in chiacantha ursina and Cycloneda active ingredient passes from seeds Ontario, based on the hoary squash munda. to growing crops, with 1% becoming bee soil exposure,” said Chan. “Rec- “Our goal was to examine if dust. Most neonic loss from treat- ognition and mitigation of risks to city-managed vacant lots, vacant ed seed is into groundwater. Early ground-nesting bees from exposure lots receiving reduced management, and late season rainfall washes to neonicotinoid residues in agri- or lots transformed to create low-di- neonics into surface water, where it cultural soil are needed to inform versity or high-diversity pocket can move up ecological food chains pesticide-use guidelines and protect prairies acted as a conservation from aquatic life and insects to fish crop pollinators.” resource for native lady beetles,” and birds. said Parker. Lady beetles in gen- In 2017, surface and sub- Predatory Mites eral prefer similar habitats, so the surface water runoff from corn Protect Ornamentals pocket prairies did not increase na- plots with thiamethoxam-treated Amblyseius swirskii, a gen- tive populations relative to exotics. seeds was analyzed “using HPLC/ eralist predatory mite feeding on High-diversity pocket prairies with MS-Orbitrap for concentrations of pollen, spider mites, broad mites,

Box 7414, Berkeley, CA 94707 9 IPM Practitioner, XXXVI (7/8) Published March 2019 Conference Notes eriophyid mites, whiteflies and June,” said Marshall. The best ticides, can be controlled in chry- thrips on mock orange, citrus, shade netting, bent to protect 10 santhemum greenhouses using the maples and other plants, “does well apple trees behind a netting bar- fungus Beauveria bassiana GHA in hot, humid climates found in rier, reduced stink bugs by 90%. (Botanigard®) plus a soil-dwelling the southeastern USA,” said Karla Stink bug flight height, a factor in rove beetle, Dalotia coriaria, at 92% Addesso (Tennessee State Univ, barrier selection, varies significant- less cost (>$100) than spinosad 472 Cadillac Lane, McMinnville, TN ly; but most stink bugs fly about (>$900), said Yinping Li (Kansas 37110; [email protected]). A. 1 m (3.3 ft) above the ground. In a State Univ, Manhattan, KS 66506; swirskii is available for purchase in year of low stink bug populations, [email protected]). D. coriaria, a slow release sachet/colonies, shak- a 39% reduction in orchard stink commercially available predator er bottles, strips, or bulk media for bug numbers was not statistically feeding on WFT pupae and prepu- hand or mechanical dispersal. The significant. But more organic apple pae in the soil, was evaluated in lab predatory mites disperse well, and farms are expected to use netting experiments. are consistently recovered from un- barriers. A 1:15 predator:prey ratio treated control plots and ornamen- (rove beetle:WFT) was more effective tal pepper plants that act as banker Onion Thrips IPM than either 1:5 or 1:10. Plant foliar plants or refuges. Onion thrips, Thrips tabaci, a quality (90% “great”), WFT levels In “container yard” nurser- key pest during the April to Sep- (20 WFT/plant) and 8 weeks of ies with 3 gallon (11 liter) and 15 tember onion season in New York yellow sticky card captures of WFT gallon (57 liter) potted maples, A. and the Great Lakes region, went adults were similar when biocontrol swirskii controlled-release sachets from easy to control with chem- was compared to treatment with suppressed midsummer outbreaks icals in the 1990s to pesticide the standard insecticides spi- of broad mites and spider mites. In resistant in the early 2000s to zero nosad, pyridalyl, chlorfenapyr and greenhouses, pollen helped A. swir- control with 30% yield losses by abamectin. skii survive periods without prey. 2005, said Brian Nault (Cornell Releases of 5 A. swirskii/ft2 (54/m2) Univ, 630 W North St, Geneva, NY Japanese Beetle were sufficient for persistence on 14456; [email protected]). With Suppressive Soils Hydrangea with dense leaf hairs. two weeks for a generation, onion “Japanese beetle, Popillia A. swirskii survives misting under thrips quickly builds up numbers japonica, the most important pest plastics, but has difficulty estab- on young, 3-4 leaf onion plants in of golf courses in the Midwestern lishing in propagation beds with April. Growers are now limited to USA,” and “a major pest of the discontinuous canopies. two pesticide sprays per season, a nursery and fruit industries,” is week to 10 days apart. under federal quarantine limiting Stink Bug Netting By 2014, 80% of onion farmers movement of infested agricultural In late-summer, North Cen- scouted their fields. Action thresh- products, said Michael Piombino IV tral Washington apple orchards old use increased from 40% in (Michigan State Univ, East Lansing, annually apply broad-spectrum 2014 to 57% in 2015, and 82% in MI 48824; mickpiombino@gmail. insecticides to control stink bugs, 2017. In 2014, 52% rotated among com). “Fairway turfgrass wilts and which “has led to severe outbreaks four products from different chem- dies in patches after larvae con- of secondary pests such as spider ical classes to counter insecticide sume most of the roots. Up until mites and woolly apple aphids,” resistance; by 2017, 100% rotated this time long-term biological con- said Adrian Marshall (Washington pesticide products among different trol has largely been lacking.” State Univ, 1100 N Western Ave, chemical classes. Growers using However, Ovavesicula popil- Wenatchee, WA 98801; atmarshall@ action thresholds applied 2-4 fewer liae, a microsporidean pathogen wsu.edu). So, mechanical exclu- onion thrips pesticide sprays per discovered in Connecticut in 1988, sion techniques used in organic year, saving $64/acre ($158/ha). reduces female egg laying 50%. orchards were tested: One, 5 kinds Onion thrips chemical control costs Japanese beetle larvae survival of 2×3 m (6.6×9.8 ft) sticky barri- dropped from $483/acre ($1,093/ was 78% in soils without O. popil- ers; two, 3 types of 4×50 m (13×164 ha) in 2014 to $294/acre ($726/ha) lia, versus 37.6% in soils with the ft) shade net barriers, with and in 2017, proving the economic val- pathogen. The pathogen, via direct without deltamethrin; and three, no ue of IPM programs with scouting, mortality and reduced fecundity, netting (the control). action thresholds and resistance is likely a reason southern Michi- Contrary to the traditional management. gan soils have declining Japanese grower belief that there is one stink beetle populations. When O. popillia bug migration into apple orchards Rove Beetles infections start in August to Sep- in August, “stink bugs move be- Versus Thrips tember, Japanese beetle mortality tween the orchard and surrounding Western flower thrips (WFT), is 95-100% between October and vegetation multiple times through- Frankliniella occidentalis, a world- May. Japanese beetle survival is out the year starting as early as wide pest resistant to many insec- higher when infections start after

IPM Practitioner, XXXVI (7/8) Published March 2019 10 Box 7414, Berkeley, CA 94707 Conference Notes Calendar mid-October. “We were able to infect Drosophila Biocontrol February 22-23, 2019. 31st Annual CA healthy larvae by putting them into Adult spotted wing drosophila Small Farm Conference. Davis, CA. soil from a site where O. popillia is Contact: Agricultural Sustainability Inst.; (SWD), Drosophila suzukii, on fall https://asi.ucdavis.edu active,” said Piombino. raspberries in Québec, Canada are effectively suppressed with synthet- April 5-6, 2019. 37th National Pesticide Forum. New York City. Contact: Beyond Asian Citrus ic insecticides, but pollinators can Pesticides, 202-543-5450; www.beyond- Psyllid Biocontrol be harmed and SWD larvae inside pesticides.org Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), fruit are unaffected, said Phanie Bonneau (Univ Laval, Phytologie, April 8-10, 2019. Board of Directors, Pest Diaphorina citri, vectors Candidatus Control Operators CA, Sacramento, CA. Liberibacter asiaticus, the bacteri- Québec City, Québec G1V 0A6 Contact: PCOC, 3031, Beacon Blvd, W. um causing huanglongbing (HLB) Canada; phanie.bonneau.1@ulaval. Sacramento, CA 95691; www.pcoc.org (citrus greening), a lethal citrus tree ca). Four commercially available August 3-7, 2019. American Phytopatholog- disease. Classical biological control predators were assayed for SWD ical Society Conference, Cleveland, OH. agents imported from Pakistan’s biocontrol: spined soldier bug, Contact: APS, 3340 Pilot Knob Road, St. Punjab region have reduced the Podisus maculiventris; the true bug Paul, MN 55121; 651-454-7250; aps@ pest psyllid by 70% on homeowner (Miridae), Dicyphus hesperus; the scisoc.org properties in southern California’s green lacewing, Chrysoperla car- August 11-16, 2019. 104th Annual Con- Los Angeles County, said Mark nea; and the minute pirate bug, ference, Ecological Society of America, Hoddle (Univ California, 900 Uni- Orius insidiosus. These predators Louisville, KY. Contact: ESA, www.esa.org versity Ave, Riverside, CA 92521; are also being tested in the U.S., October 15-18, 2019. NPMA Pest World, San [email protected]). Of nine and are likely already in use. Diego Conference Center, San Diego, CA. parasitoid species from Punjab, In no-choice, 24-hour trials Contact: NPMA, www.npmapestworld.org most were hyperparasitoids that did with SWD on raspberry leaves, the October 15-18, 2019. California Invasive not attack ACP. However, Tamarixia predators easily found all SWD life Plant Council Symposium. Riverside, CA. radiata, which disperses up to 8 stages, with least preference for Contact: California Invasive Plant Coun- miles (13 km), and Diaphorencyrtus pupae. In longer two week arena cil, 1442 Walnut St., No. 462, Berkeley, CA 94709. www.cal-ipc.org aligarhensis respond to ACP popu- trials with organic raspberries and lation increases. all SWD life stages, Orius insidiosus November 10-13, 2019. Annual Meeting, Micro-video cameras recorded was the best forager, getting 50% Crop Science Society of America. San Antonio, TX. Contact: https://www.crops. 19,200 hours with 647 ACP kills. of SWD, including eggs and larvae. org About 60% of ACP mortality was The second best forager, Chrysop- due to syrphid flies; 29% was due erla carnea, snagged 30% of SWD. November 10-13, 2019. Annual Meeting, In 2019, the four predators plus American Society of Agronomy. San Anto- to T. radiata; 12% of ACP were nio, TX. https://www.acsmeetings.org killed by lacewing larvae. Argentine three parasitic wasp species will be ants, Linepithema humile, tend ACP tested in fruit fields. November 10-13, 2019. Annual Meeting, Soil Science Society of America. San Anto- for honeydew and block biocontrol nio, TX. Contact: www.soils.org by interfering with psyllid natural Persistent Native enemies. So, South America is be- Nematodes November 17-20, 2019. Annual Meeting, ing explored for classical biocontrol Entomological Society of America, St. “After multiple years of signifi- Louis, MO. Contact: ESA, 9301 Annapolis agents combating Argentine ants. cant reductions to strawberry crop Rd., Lanham, MD 20706; www.entsoc.org Without ants, Asian citrus psyllid yields” at Rulfs Orchards in Clinton populations in commercial orchards November 20-22, 2019. Association of Ap- County, NY a single application of plied Insect Ecologists. Visalia Convention drop 80% in four weeks when T. native New York entomopathogenic Center, Visalia, CA. Contact: www.aaie. radiata is present. nematodes (EPNs) has provided five net Prototype infrared sensors, years of biological control of black January 22-25, 2020. 40th Annual Eco- with videotape to check for accu- vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus, Farm Conference. Asilomar, Pacific Grove, racy, are being developed to trans- in strawberry and blueberry fields, CA. Contact: Ecological Farming Associa- mit phone alerts to treat Argentine said Elson Shields (Cornell Univ, tion, 831/763-2111; [email protected] ant “hot spots” in citrus orchards. 4142 Comstock Hall, Ithaca, NY February 27-29, 2020. 31st Annual Moses Sucrose baits with neonicotinoids 14853; [email protected]). Root Organic Farm Conference. La Crosse, such as thiamethoxam last for weevil infestations are very difficult WI. Contact: Moses, PO Box 339, Spring about a week before degrading, but to manage due to inconspicuous Valley, WI 54767; 715/778-5775; www. mosesorganic.org can kill queen ants. Biodegradable larval root feeding, and initial con- hydrogel baits are effective, reduc- trol of these invasive weevils with March 2-5, 2020. Annual Meeting Weed ing ant observations to under 10 in foliar and soil insecticides has been Science Society of America. Maui, HI. a 2-minute count. both costly and time-consuming. Contact: www.wssa.net Shields Lab reared multiple March 15-18, 2021. 10th International native New York nematode spe- IPM Symposium. Denver, CO. Contact: cies in greater wax moth, Galleria https://ipmsymposium.org

Box 7414, Berkeley, CA 94707 11 IPM Practitioner, XXXVI (7/8) Published March 2019 Conference Notes mellonella, larvae and “then serially surfaces, in box spring cracks and Bed bugs can hide under a diluted” the nematodes in water for crevices, and the four corners of great range of surface covers, car- application. Multiple locally adapt- mattresses. However, that comes pets and fabric types, many un- ed nematode species were “integrat- with a major caveat in the field, as tested, as well as paper, cardboard, ed to deter host larvae populations bed bugs drop to the floor to avoid and plastic. Important variables in a combinatorial approach,” said the lethal steam. So, areas under include “how fast steam is released Shields. Steinernema feltiae ‘NY 04’ and around steamed surfaces must and the attachment type being was chosen for its persistence in also be treated. But 100% bed bug used.” Larger brush attachments the top 7 cm (2.8 in) of soil. Heter- mortality on mattresses and floors are generally selected over smaller orhabditis bacteriophora ‘Oswego’ is possible; four seconds of steam tips to avoid steam being released was chosen for its persistence at a is the minimum to treat bed bugs so fast that bed bugs are blown to depth of 8-20 cm (3.1-7.9 in). “S. hiding in cracks. safety. But overall, “steamers at carpocapsae was originally paired With fabric covers, highest affordable prices achieved the same with S. feltiae, but was found to be mortality is under thin sheets. high control efficacy as the expen- ineffective under plot conditions” in Sofa leather lowers temperatures sive steamer when properly used,” 2013. to under 45°C (113°F), resulting in said Wang. After a single application (250 low bed bug kill even with 15-30 million of each species) combining seconds of steaming. Even with lon- S. feltiae ‘NY 04’ and H. bacteriopho- ger treatment times, steam may not ra ‘Oswego’ in August 2014, “black pass through thick leathers. “Once vine weevil was reduced to non-de- water vapor had condensed over a tectable by the end of June 2015” fabric cover, it became less con- in a 4 ha (10 acre) strawberry field. ducive to steam passing through,” An adjacent blueberry field, the said Wang. “Moving the steamer at- weevil infestation source, was sub- tachment slowly across the surface sequently successfully treated with of the cover is essential” to kill bed a single application of the native bugs hiding under fabric surface Bed Bug, Cimex lectularius nematode combo. covers.

Steaming Bed Bugs Professional and consumer-grade commercial steamers designed for cleaning homes are affordable and effective bed bug IPM tools, said Changlu Wang (Rutgers, 96 Lipman Dr, New Brunswick, NJ 08901; [email protected]). Representative steamers tested in- cluded: One, the inexpensive, porta- ble HAAN HS-20R Handheld Steam Cleaner (HAAN Corp, Lancaster, PA), retailing for $60-75; two, the higher consumer-grade Steamfast SF-370WH Multi-Purpose Steam Cleaner (Steamfast, Andover, KS), retailing for $100-120; and three, the professional grade Amerivap Systems STM-BASIC Steamax Commercial Steam Cleaner (Amer- ivap Systems Inc, Dawsonville, GA), “commonly used by pest management professionals,” priced in the $1200 range. The boiling point of water at sea level is 100°C (212°F), and the minimum lethal temperature to kill bed bugs is 52°C (126°F). At 72- 75°C (162-167°F), steamers can kill 100% of bed bug eggs and 91-95% of nymphs and adults on exposed

IPM Practitioner, XXXVI (7/8) Published March 2019 12 Box 7414, Berkeley, CA 94707 Box 7414, Berkeley, CA 94707 13 IPM Practitioner, XXXVI (7/8) Published March 2019 Control pests with low or no impact on the environment or hazard to the user. Promote plant growth and yield. PredaLure Controlled release. Attracts predators/parasites for control of aphids, mites, leafhoppers, and many others. Honey Bee Lure Controlled release dispenser attracts bees for increased pollination. No spray. No mess. Mycostop Biological Fungicide Insect Traps Stink Bugs, Oriental Fruit Moth, Onion Maggot, Cucumber Beetles, Codling Moth, Peach Tree Borer, Thrips, Poison-Free Fly Trap and more. Mycorrhiza High Potency. Undiluted. University Tested. Since 1990 303-469-9221 www.agbio-inc.com

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