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Chapter 5 Sinicization and Indigenization: the Emergence of the Yunnanese
Between Winds and Clouds Bin Yang Chapter 5 Sinicization and Indigenization: The Emergence of the Yunnanese Introduction As the state began sending soldiers and their families, predominantly Han Chinese, to Yunnan, 1 the Ming military presence there became part of a project of colonization. Soldiers were joined by land-hungry farmers, exiled officials, and profit-driven merchants so that, by the end of the Ming period, the Han Chinese had become the largest ethnic population in Yunnan. Dramatically changing local demography, and consequently economic and cultural patterns, this massive and diverse influx laid the foundations for the social makeup of contemporary Yunnan. The interaction of the large numbers of Han immigrants with the indigenous peoples created a 2 new hybrid society, some members of which began to identify themselves as Yunnanese (yunnanren) for the first time. Previously, there had been no such concept of unity, since the indigenous peoples differentiated themselves by ethnicity or clan and tribal affiliations. This chapter will explore the process that led to this new identity and its reciprocal impact on the concept of Chineseness. Using primary sources, I will first introduce the indigenous peoples and their social customs 3 during the Yuan and early Ming period before the massive influx of Chinese immigrants. Second, I will review the migration waves during the Ming Dynasty and examine interactions between Han Chinese and the indigenous population. The giant and far-reaching impact of Han migrations on local society, or the process of sinicization, that has drawn a lot of scholarly attention, will be further examined here; the influence of the indigenous culture on Chinese migrants—a process that has won little attention—will also be scrutinized. -
501 Mcclung Tower Department of Religious Studies University of Tennessee Knoxville, TN 37996 (865) 382-0850 / [email protected]
MEGAN BRYSON 501 McClung Tower Department of Religious Studies University of Tennessee Knoxville, TN 37996 (865) 382-0850 / [email protected] Current Position: Associate Professor and Associate Department Head, Department of Religious Studies, University of Tennessee, Knoxville EMPLOYMENT Associate Professor, Department of Religious Studies, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 2019-present Assistant Professor, Department of Religious Studies, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 2013-2019 Lecturer, Department of Religious Studies, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 2010-2013 EDUCATION Stanford University, Stanford, California, 2002-2010 Ph.D. in Religious Studies, September 23, 2010 Specializations: Chinese Buddhism, Chinese Religions, East Asian Buddhism, Buddhism and Gender Advisors: Dr. Carl Bielefeldt, Dr. Bernard Faure University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, 1996-2000 B.A., Religious Studies and Chinese, summa cum laude, with departmental honors, March 2000 Thesis topic: Buddhist discourses on gender and ritual pollution in late imperial China. PUBLICATIONS Books (Monographs) In Print 2016. Goddess on the Frontier: Religion, Ethnicity, and Gender in Southwest China. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. Reviews: Balkwill, Stephanie. H-Buddhism (online). Bilik, Naran. Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions 22.3 (Feb. 2019): 130-132. Chen, Meiwen. Journal of the American Academy of Religion 85.4 (December 2017): 1181-1183. Dardess, John. Journal of Interdisciplinary History 48.1 (Summer 2017): 121-122. Giersch, C. Patterson. Pacific Affairs 91.1 (March 2018): 149-151 He, Yuemin. Religion and the Arts 21.5 (2017): 665-668. Lazzerini, Simona. Reading Religion (online). Notar, Beth E. Nan Nü: Men, Women and Gender in China 21.1 (2019): 138-141. Tenzin, Jinba. Cross-Currents: East Asian History and Culture Review (E-Journal) 24. -
YMCI Ered.Pdf
IMPORTANT NOTICE NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION TO ANY PERSON OR ADDRESS IN THE UNITED STATES. THIS OFFERING IS AVAILABLE ONLY TO INVESTORS WHO ARE ADDRESSEES OUTSIDE OF THE UNITED STATES. IMPORTANT: You must read the following before continuing. The following applies to the offering circular following this page (the ‘‘Offering Circular’’), and you are therefore advised to read this carefully before reading, accessing or making any other use of the Offering Circular. In accessing the Offering Circular, you agree to be bound by the following terms and conditions, including any modifications to them any time you receive any information from us as a result of such access. NOTHING IN THIS ELECTRONIC TRANSMISSION CONSTITUTES AN OFFER OF SECURITIES FOR SALE IN THE UNITED STATES OR ANY OTHER JURISDICTION WHERE IT IS UNLAWFUL TO DO SO. THE SECURITIES HAVE NOT BEEN, AND WILL NOT BE, REGISTERED UNDER THE UNITED STATES SECURITIES ACT OF 1933, AS AMENDED (THE ‘‘SECURITIES ACT’’), OR THE SECURITIES LAWS OF ANY STATE OF THE UNITED STATES OR OTHER JURISDICTION AND THE SECURITIES MAY NOT BE OFFERED OR SOLD WITHIN THE UNITED STATES, EXCEPT PURSUANT TO AN EXEMPTION FROM, OR IN A TRANSACTION NOT SUBJECT TO, THE REGISTRATION REQUIREMENTS OF THE SECURITIES ACT AND APPLICABLE STATE OR LOCAL SECURITIES LAWS. THIS OFFERING IS MADE SOLELY IN OFFSHORE TRANSACTIONS PURSUANT TO REGULATION S UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT. THIS OFFERING CIRCULAR MAY NOT BE FORWARDED OR DISTRIBUTED TO ANY OTHER PERSON AND MAY NOT BE REPRODUCED IN ANY MANNER WHATSOEVER, AND IN PARTICULAR, MAY NOT BE FORWARDED TO ANY US ADDRESS. ANY FORWARDING, DISTRIBUTION, OR REPRODUCTION OF THIS DOCUMENT IN WHOLE OR IN PART IS UNAUTHORISED. -
Toponyms of the Nanzhao Periphery/ John C
University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Masters Theses 1911 - February 2014 2003 Toponyms of the Nanzhao periphery/ John C. Lloyd University of Massachusetts Amherst Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses Lloyd, John C., "Toponyms of the Nanzhao periphery/" (2003). Masters Theses 1911 - February 2014. 1727. Retrieved from https://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses/1727 This thesis is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses 1911 - February 2014 by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. TOPONYMS OF THE NANZHAO PERIPHERY A Thesis Presented by John C. Lloyd Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Massachusetts Amherst in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS May 2003 Chinese TOPONYMS OF THE NANZHAO PERIPHERY A Thesis Presented by John C. Lloyd Approved as to style and content by Zhongwei/Shen, Chair Alvin P. Cohen, Memb Piper Rae-Ciaubatz, Member Donald Gjertson, Department Head Asian Languages and Literatures TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF MAPS iv CHAPTER L THE NON-CHINESE TRIBES OF ANCIENT YUNNAN PROVINCE l 1.1 Introduction ^ 1 .2 Background of the Tai-Nanzhao Debate 9 II. TOPONYMS OF THE NANZHAO PERIPHERY 22 2.1 Explanation of Method 22 2.2 Historical Phonology of the Toponymic Elements 25 The Northwest 2.3 Border of Zhenla Eli, 7'^8'^enturies: Shaiiguo"f^i'and Can Ban #^ 27 2.4 The mang-/ head ^- element toponyms of the Nanzhao border areas 37 III. -
The Great Kingdom of Eternal Peace: Buddhist Kingship in Tenth-Century Dali
buddhist kingship in tenth-century dali Asia Major (2019) 3d ser. Vol. 32.1: 87-111 megan bryson The Great Kingdom of Eternal Peace: Buddhist Kingship in Tenth-Century Dali abstract: Tenth-century China’s political instability extended beyond Tang territorial bound- aries to reach the Dali region of what is now Yunnan province. In Dali, the void left by the fallen Nanzhao kingdom (649–903) was filled by a series of short-lived regimes, the longest of which was Da Changhe guo (903–927), or “The Great King- dom of Eternal Peace.” Though studies of the “Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms” omit Changhe, its rulers’ diplomatic strategies, and particularly their representa- tions of Buddhist kingship, aligned with the strategies of contemporaneous regimes. Like their counterparts to the east, Changhe rulers depicted themselves as heirs of the Tang emperors as well as the Buddhist monarchs Liang Wudi and Aªoka. This article uses understudied materials, including a 908 subcommentary to the Scripture for Humane Kings (Renwang jing) only found in Dali, to argue that Changhe belongs in discussions of religion and politics in tenth-century China, and tenth-century East Asia. keywords: Dali, Yunnan, Changhe kingdom, Scripture for Humane Kings, Buddhism, Five Dynas- ties and Ten Kingdoms, tenth century INTRODUCTION tudies of tenth-century East Asia have long recognized the limita- S tions of Ouyang Xiu’s 歐陽修 (1007–1072) “Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms” model, which took the Song dynastic viewpoint. However, scholarship on this time period continues to apply its focus on the re- gional politics that was of interest to the Song court and its officials.1 This has had the effect of erasing the short-lived regimes in modern- day Yunnan from the period’s overall religious, cultural, and political Megan Bryson, Dept. -
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International Conference on Arts, Design and Contemporary Education (ICADCE 2016) On Site Selection of Jianchuan Grottoes Chunji Zhang Sichuan Fine Arts Institute Chongqing, China Ceramic Institutes of Jingdezhen Jingdezhen, China Abstract—Jianchuan Shizhongshan Grottoes were the largest representative ones were still Shizhongshan Grottoes in Buddhism grotto during Nanzhao and Dali Kingdoms, which are Shibaoshan Mountain in Jianchuan. located in Shizhongshan Mountain of Shibaoshan Mountain, 30.5km southwest from Jianchuan County, Dali Bai Autonomous II. ANALYSIS ON IMPORTANT REASONS FOR SITE Prefecture, Yunnan Province. The paper introduces the compelling reason of formation of Jianchuan Grottoes, whose SELECTION OF JIANCHUAN GROTTOES important reason of selecting site was that the shape of Shizhong The Jianchuan is a little remote, the reason why a grotto in Mountain was like the head sculpture of Sakyamuni very much, different shape was sculptured here were as follow: which made a natural Buddha head. A. The Appearance of Shibaoshan Mountain Was Like the Keywords—Jianchuan grottoes; site selection; shallow analysis Head Sculpture of Buddha The special geographic phenomenon of Shibaoshan I. INTRODUCTION Mountain shaped it unique mountain shape. There was a small China‟s grotto art rose with the introduction of Buddhism hill on the west side of Jianchuan Grottoes, whose shape was into China, and had close connection to politics, economy, like stone bell (Shizhongshan Mountain got the name for this), philosophy, ethics, culture and art of past dynasties of China. but was more like the head sculpture of Shakyamuni. Its Open the distribution map of China‟s grottoes, there is bottom was on an inclined mountain, where the shape of a “Sanxian Cave” in Kashgar, Xinjiang, “Kizil Grottoes” in huge human face could be distinguished. -
Studies on Ethnic Groups in China Stevan Harrell, Editor
Studies on Ethnic Groups in China Stevan Harrell, Editor Studies on Ethnic Groups in China Cultural Encounters on China’s Ethnic Frontiers Edited by Stevan Harrell Guest People: Hakka Identity in China and Abroad Edited by Nicole Constable Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China Jonathan N. Lipman Lessons in Being Chinese: Minority Education and Ethnic Identity in Southwest China Mette Halskov Hansen Manchus and Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928 Edward J. M. Rhoads Ways of Being Ethnic in Southwest China Stevan Harrell Governing China’s Multiethnic Frontiers Edited by Morris Rossabi On the Margins of Tibet: Cultural Survival on the Sino-Tibetan Frontier Åshild Kolås and Monika P. Thowsen The Art of Ethnography: A Chinese “Miao Album” Translation by David M. Deal and Laura Hostetler Doing Business in Rural China: Liangshan’s New Ethnic Entrepreneurs Thomas Heberer Communist Multiculturalism: Ethnic Revival in Southwest China Susan K. McCarthy COmmUNIst MUltICUltURALIsm Ethnic Revival in Southwest China SUSAN K. McCArthY university of washington press • Seattle and London This publication is supported in part by the Donald R. Ellegood International Publications Endowment. © 2009 by the University of Washington Press Printed in the United States of America Design by Pamela Canell 14 12 11 10 09 5 4 3 2 1 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or trans- mitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. -
If You Have Time for but One Province in China, Yúnn
© Lonely Planet Publications 216 云南 YÚNNÁN YÚNNÁN Y ú n n á n We’ve said it before and we’ll say it again: if you have time for but one province in China, Yúnnán should be it. Strong words but hyperbole is remarkably understated when describ- ing Yúnnán. No other province can rival Yúnnán’s diversity in land and people. Guìzhoū is also an ethnic mosaic, Sìchuān’s rivers garner much of the Southwest’s glory and Guǎngxī’s scenery leaps from every encyclopaedia’s entry on China. Yet Yúnnán can top ’em all. Just gaze at a map. Yúnnán’s majestic, and often sacred, peaks thrust from the Tibetan ranges to the north, lush jungle lies a two-day bus ride south and a fertile plain spreads through the rest of the province. It’s also home to China’s highest number of species of flora and fauna – including 2500 varieties of wild flowers and plants – and known for its mild climate year-round. Indeed, the province’s nicknames include ‘Kingdom of Plants’ and ‘Garden of Heavenly Marvellous Flowers’; the capital’s nickname is ‘Spring City’. A huge attraction is the province’s astonishingly diverse populace. Home to nearly half of all China’s ethnic minorities, nearly 50% of the province is non-Han (Han are China’s main ethnic group). Village-hop this breathtaking province and greet a new minority group each day, many in time-capsule towns that you’ll never forget. Smacks of PR pulp? Well, just be prepared that if you start here, you may never get to another province. -
The Ai-Lao and Nan Chao/Tali Kingdom: a Re-Orientation
The Ai-Lao and Nan Chao/Tali Kingdom: A Re-orientation Grant Evans1 Abstract—Debates concerning the origins of the Thai or the Lao have not yet laid to rest the notion that the Ai-lao of west Yunnan and the peoples of the Nan Chao kingdoms are their ancestors. Such ideas are common-place in Laos, for example. This is partly because refutations have been presented in a fragmentary way. The following essay attempts a definitive refutation. This, however, is simply a prelude to presenting a strong case for the inclusion of the Nan Chao kingdom among the ancient states of Southeast Asia. In doing so the essay also shows how Nan Chao played an important role in the spread of Tai peoples across mainland Southeast Asia. The following essay takes up an old debate about the origins of the Thai and the Lao, namely assertions that their ancestors were the Ai-Lao from Southwestern China and the people of the Nan Chao/Tali kingdom. These notions are still actively propagated by Lao historians, but less so by Thai historians. Yet as Winai Pongsripian writes in his survey of historiography on the Tai: There is no problem in the history of South East Asia that has attracted such continuous interest from the international research community as that of the ‘Nan Chao problem’, …yet we know that this issue has still not been definitively settled. (2002: 50-51)2 It remains alive in popular culture in both Thailand and in Laos. Sanya Polprasid’s The Edge of Empire (1988), published in Thai in 1973, gives a fictional account of the Thai battles with the Chinese as they were forced south from Sichuan to Nan Chao and finally to Thailand. -
1 the DALI STELE George Lane School of Oriental and African
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by SOAS Research Online ‘The Dali Stele’ in Nurten Kilic-Schubel and Evrim Binbash, eds., Horizons of the World: Festschrift for Isenbike Togan / Hududü'l-Alem: İsenbike Togan'a Armağan, Istanbul: Ithaki Press, 2011. THE DALI STELE1 George Lane School of Oriental and African Studies, London Standing just outside the ancient city walls, facing the city gates across a dusty highway, the stele commemorating Qubilai Khan’s 1252 conquest of Dali, the strategic capital of the region, is hidden from the passing traffic by a string of ramshackle buildings clustered along the coastal highway. The stele, originally engraved in 1304, was discovered in 1962 and then in 1991 set up in its small commemorative compound not far from the three pagodas for which Dali is renowned. The presence of a commemorative stele is hardly an unusual sight in China since much of Chinese history has been recorded in stone engravings, and these stone records, the steles, which seem to clutter up every provincial museum in the country, form the basis for the later chronicles and historical biographies and records that were traditionally compiled and written up by each succeeding dynasty. The Ming compilers of the Yuan Shi seem to have gleaned their information on Yunnan’s Mongol past from this particular stele and its very memorable record which describes Qubilai’s pacification of the province employing peaceful means and resisting the use of violence even in the face of extreme provocation. In the eighth year of Dade of Yuan (1304), a high-ranking Mongol official Ye Su Da Er (Yesudaer, governor of Yunnan) known in Chinese as Pin Zhang Zheng Shi, 1 Thanks are due to Professor Yao Jide, Director of Iranian Studies, Yunnan University, Kunming, for the transcription of the Dali Stele. -
The Transformation of Yunnan in Ming China from the Dali Kingdom to Imperial Province
The Transformation of Yunnan in Ming China From the Dali Kingdom to Imperial Province Edited by Christian Daniels and Jianxiong Ma First published 2020 ISBN: 978-0-367-35336-0 (hbk) ISBN: 978-0-429-33078-0 (ebk) 2 Local communities, village temples and the reconstruction of ethnic groups in western Yunnan, fourteenth to seventeenth centuries Jianxiong Ma (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) Funder: Hong Kong University of Science and Technology 2 Local communities, village temples and the reconstruction of ethnic groups in western Yunnan, fourteenth to seventeenth centuries Jianxiong Ma1 Introduction This chapter investigates how shifts in Ming state administration, particularly household registration, taxation and systems for social control, shaped the trans- formation of local society in the three basins of Dengchuan 鄧川, Fengyu 鳳羽 and Langqiong 浪穹 near Dali between the fourteenth and eighteenth centuries. Lying directly north of Lake Erhai, the core area of the Nanzhao and the Dali kingdoms, these three basins fall under the jurisdiction of today’s Eryuan county 洱源縣2 and are watered by tributaries of the Miju River 瀰苴河. Focusing on irrigation facilities, I trace the construction of different categories of local com- munity through household registration and other administrative policies in the early Ming, their decline during the late Ming/early Qing, and their reconstruction as new communities during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries through the agency of the local elite. I argue that the increase in village-owned common prop- erty and the joint management of water resources for wet rice agriculture shaped social change in the village communities in the basins from the seventeenth century. -
1 the DALI STELE George Lane School of Oriental and African
‘The Dali Stele’ in Nurten Kilic-Schubel and Evrim Binbash, eds., Horizons of the World: Festschrift for Isenbike Togan / Hududü'l-Alem: İsenbike Togan'a Armağan, Istanbul: Ithaki Press, 2011. THE DALI STELE1 George Lane School of Oriental and African Studies, London Standing just outside the ancient city walls, facing the city gates across a dusty highway, the stele commemorating Qubilai Khan’s 1252 conquest of Dali, the strategic capital of the region, is hidden from the passing traffic by a string of ramshackle buildings clustered along the coastal highway. The stele, originally engraved in 1304, was discovered in 1962 and then in 1991 set up in its small commemorative compound not far from the three pagodas for which Dali is renowned. The presence of a commemorative stele is hardly an unusual sight in China since much of Chinese history has been recorded in stone engravings, and these stone records, the steles, which seem to clutter up every provincial museum in the country, form the basis for the later chronicles and historical biographies and records that were traditionally compiled and written up by each succeeding dynasty. The Ming compilers of the Yuan Shi seem to have gleaned their information on Yunnan’s Mongol past from this particular stele and its very memorable record which describes Qubilai’s pacification of the province employing peaceful means and resisting the use of violence even in the face of extreme provocation. In the eighth year of Dade of Yuan (1304), a high-ranking Mongol official Ye Su Da Er (Yesudaer, governor of Yunnan) known in Chinese as Pin Zhang Zheng Shi, 1 Thanks are due to Professor Yao Jide, Director of Iranian Studies, Yunnan University, Kunming, for the transcription of the Dali Stele.