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Cardiac Surgery in the Presence of Chronic Internal Carotid Artery Occlusion

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Cardiac Surgery in the Presence of Chronic Internal Carotid Artery Occlusion Heart and Vessels (2019) 34:1471–1478 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00380-019-01381-6 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Cardiac surgery in the presence of chronic internal carotid artery occlusion Mario Lescan1 · Volker Steger1 · Mateja Andic1 · Kujtim Veseli1 · Helene Haeberle2 · Tobias Krüger1 · Christian Schlensak1 Received: 30 August 2018 / Accepted: 15 March 2019 / Published online: 23 March 2019 © Springer Japan KK, part of Springer Nature 2019 Abstract The aim was to evaluate the incidence of stroke in the setting of cardiac surgery with or without hemodynamically relevant asymptomatic carotid stenosis contralateral to the occlusion. We designed a historical cohorts study, focused on patients with unilateral totally occluded internal carotid arteries who were referred for any cardiac surgery at our center. Isolated unilateral occlusions were assigned to group 1 (n = 60), and those with a contralateral stenosis grade ≥ 60% were included in group 2 (n = 51). A total of 111 patients operated in our center from 1997 to 2016 were included. Patients in group 2 had an asymptomatic contralateral internal carotid artery stenosis with a mean stenosis grade of 71 ± 20%. Simultaneous carotid endarterectomy (CEA) was performed in 22 patients from group 2. The overall mortality was 8/111 (7.2%). Carotid- associated mortality was not observed, whereas an overall stroke incidence of 8/111 (7.2%) was detected. The group-related outcome showed comparable results for mortality (group 1: 4/60 (6.7%) vs. group 2: 4/51 (7.8%); p = 1.0). Regarding stroke incidence, group 2 had a higher incidence of overall strokes (2/60 (3.3%) vs. 6/51 (11.8%); p = 0.14) with more contralateral (0/60 (0%) vs. 2/51 (3.9%); p = 0.209) and ipsilateral strokes (2/60 (3.3%) vs. 4/51 (7.8%); p = 0.411). Stroke rate peaked in patients with simultaneous carotid and cardiac surgery (n = 22; 18.2%; p = 0.048). Performing simultaneous CEA during cardiac surgery in the presence of a contralateral occlusion may promote stroke. Asymptomatic contralateral carotid stenosis is a risk factor for stroke in patients with carotid occlusion prior to cardiac surgery. Keywords Endarterectomy · Carotid · Carotid stenosis · Stroke · Cardiac surgical procedures Introduction patients with total internal carotid artery occlusion referred for cardiac surgery is not that well established. Carotid occlusion may lead to cerebrovascular insufciency In the setting of cardiac surgery, the aim of our retrospec- if compensatory collateral pathways do not adequately tive study was to evaluate the outcome in those high-risk replace the anatomic blood supply. patients. Regarding the neurological outcome, the impact In case of unfavorable hemodynamic situations which of the CEA and the relevance of a carotid stenosis on the may occur perioperatively during cardiac surgery, those contralateral side to the occlusion were evaluated. pathways may be insufcient to prevent stroke. Chronic total carotid occlusion increases the occurrence of perioperative stroke during isolated carotid endarterectomy (CEA) [1–3]. Materials and methods However, the risk of perioperative mortality and stroke in This study was approved by our local ethics committee (No. 125/2017BO2). We designed a historical cohort study, * Mario Lescan [email protected] focused on patients with unilateral totally occluded internal carotid arteries who were referred for any cardiac surgery at 1 Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, our center. All patients received a carotid ultrasound prior University Medical Center Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler Strasse to the operation. Patients with isolated unilateral occlusions 3, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany without contralateral carotid stenosis were assigned to group 2 Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center 1. Patients with contralateral internal carotid artery stenosis Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany Vol.:(0123456789)1 3 1472 Heart and Vessels (2019) 34:1471–1478 with a stenosis of 60% or greater were included in group Statistical analysis 2, who were either referred for isolated cardiac surgery or for the synchronous carotid endarterectomy (CEA). Pre- The statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS 23 operative diagnostics for carotid stenosis were performed software (IBM Corporation, Somer, NY, USA). All variables by duplex sonography, and the stenosis grade was assessed were tested for normality using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov according to NASCET-based criteria [4]. test. After Gaussian distribution was proven, two tailed We evaluated the postoperative outcomes such as death, t-tests were used for further evaluation of the metric data. stroke and myocardial infarction. All patients with postop- In terms of nominal variables, the statistical signifcance erative stroke were isolated from the cohort. Subsequently, between the groups was assessed by Fisher’s exact test. In they were analyzed for the severity of stroke according to this work, metric variables are presented as the mean with the NIHSS score in the acute phase as proposed by Kasner the standard deviation in parentheses, whereas ordinal varia- et al. and modifed Rankin scale (mRS) at discharge based bles are shown as percentages. p values < 0.05 were regarded on medical records [5]. Subgroup analysis was performed as statistically signifcant. to evaluate the risk of simultaneous operations in patients with a carotid occlusion. Myocardial infarction, shock or embolism-promoting disease, such as endocarditis, were Results defned as exclusion criteria. From January 1997 to December 2016, a total of 113 patients Data acquisition with a completely occluded internal carotid artery were scheduled for cardiac surgery. One patient with endocardi- tis and another patient in cardiogenic shock were excluded Data acquisition was performed based on medical records. accordingly to the exclusion criteria. Two study groups were Demographic data and the existence of morbidity predictors formed: group 1 (n = 60) with intact contralateral carotid were included. Outcome parameters of the two groups were arteries, including patients with contralateral stenosis grade in-hospital mortality and morbidity variables, including any 0–60% and group 2 (n = 51) with an asymptomatic con- stroke, ipsilateral stroke, contralateral stroke, myocardial tralateral stenosis greater than 60%. The follow-up time was infarction, carotid-related mortality and delirium. Postopera- defned by the duration of the mean hospital stay (in-hospital tive stroke was defned as an acute focal dysfunction of the outcome), which was 15.6 ± 7.8 days in the overall study brain lasting longer than 24 h with an evidence of infarction population (group 1: 16 ± 9 d; group 2: 15 ± 5 d; p = 0.445). in the CT imaging [6]. Elevation of creatine kinase (CK) lev- els with concomitant signifcant elevation of CK-MB levels (both measured 24 h postoperatively) and ST-segment eleva- Baseline characteristics tion in the ECG were indicative of postoperative myocardial infarction [7]. Table 1 shows the characteristics of patients from both study groups. The group profles were similar regarding comor- bidities. Demographically, patients in group 2 were 3.3 years Surgery older (p < 0.05) than in group 1 (Table 1). At the same time, there were more combination procedures in group 2, All surgical procedures were performed under general whereas aortic valve replacement was performed more fre- anesthesia either in cardioplegic cardiac arrest on cardio- quently in group 1. Isolated CABG was the most common pulmonary bypass (CABG, aortic valve repair and aortic operation (80% of all surgical procedures). CABG without valve repair + CABG) or as of-pump coronary artery bypass cardiopulmonary bypass (OPCAB) was accomplished in (OPCAB) procedures. Synchronous CEA was accomplished 10% of all cases. The OPCAB revascularization rate was before sternotomy in 22 patients from group 2. Routine higher in group 2 (8.3 vs. 12.3%). The mean contralateral carotid shunting was employed to avoid clamping ischemia carotid stenosis level in group 2 was 71 ± 20%. during CEA. Neuromonitoring was assessed by near-infrared spectrometry (INVOS™, Medtronic, Minneapolis, USA) in Overall outcome all procedures. Postoperatively, patients were transferred to the intensive care unit, where neurological examination We report an overall mortality of 7.2%; however, carotid- occurred after extubation. Patients with neurological symp- associated mortality was not observed. Table 2 gives an toms were additively evaluated by neurologists. Native CT overview of the causes of death observed in this study. scans were performed directly after the neurological diag- Stroke occurred in 8.1% of the cases in the entire study nosis and 24 h after symptom onset. 1 3 Heart and Vessels (2019) 34:1471–1478 1473 Table 1 Baseline characteristics Characteristic Group 1 Group 2 p of study groups 1 and 2 n = 60 n = 51 Female sex (%) 16.7 17.6 1.000 Age (years ± SDa) 67.5 (± 8.6) 70.8 (± 7.7) 0.039* Ejection fraction (% ± SD) 48.6 (± 12.7) 52.2 (± 11.8) 0.125 Grade of contralateral carotid stenosis (%) – 71 (± 20) – Vertebrobasilar stenosis (%) 13.3 17.6 0.409 Left main disease > 50% (%) 26.6 35.3 0.602 Coronary 3-vessel disease (%) 75 80.4 0.649 Aortic stenosis (%) 18.3 17.6 1.000 CABGb (%) 80 80.4 1.000 AVRc (%) 6.7 2 3.72 AVR + CABG (%) 13.3 17.6 0.602 Renal replacement therapy (%) 1.7 2.0 1.000 *Statistically signifcant (p < 0.05) a Standard deviation b Coronary artery bypass graft c Aortic valve replacement Table 2 Analysis of the cause No. Age Group CEAa Cardiac surgery Cause of death of death among the study population 1 58 1 No CABGb Respiratory failure 2 78 1 No CABG Pneumonia, sepsis 3 77 1 No CABG Pneumonia, sepsis 4 77 1 No AVRc Low cardiac output syndrome 5 75 2 No AVR Mediastinitis, sepsis 6 74 2 No CABG (OPCAB)d Hyperkalemia 7 72 2 No CABG + AVR Myocardial infarction, cardiogenic shock 8 70 2 Yes CABG Bowel ischemia, sepsis a Carotid endarterectomy b Coronary artery bypass graft c Aortic valve replacement d Of-pump coronary artery bypass population.
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