DOCSLIB.ORG

Evidence of the Relationship Between Education and Smoking in Brazil

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Evidence of the Relationship Between Education and Smoking in Brazil Evidence of the relationship between education and smoking in Brazil Elder G. Sant'Anna1, Marcelo Justus2, Elo´aS. Davanzo3, Gustavo C. Moreira4 Abstract We investigated the role of education in an individual's decision to smoke and in the intensity of tobacco use when he or she becomes a smoker, controlling for socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, among other relevant variables. We present evidence from estimations (probit model, sample selection model, count model) using a sample composed of almost 36,000 people living in Brazil in 2008. Reinforcing findings from the international literature, we saw that higher levels of education are associated with a lower probability of smoking and with a lower number of cigarettes smoked daily. Other marginal and relevant results were also found. Information about the risks of smoking and tobacco advertising are examples of variables with high statistical significance and the expected sign (negative and positive, respectively). These results is in line with the National Program of Tobacco Control. Keywords: smoking, tabacoo, addiction, education, human capital, health JEL Classification: I12, D12, C50 Area´ Anpec: Area´ 12 { Economia Social Resumo Investigamos o papel da educa¸c~aono tabagismo, tanto na decis~aode fumar, como na in- tensidade do v´ıcio,controlando as caracter´ısticassocioecon^omicas,demogr´aficase outros fatores. Utilizamos uma amostra de quase 36 mil pessoas brasileiras na estimati¸c~aode modelos probit, de sele¸c~aoamostral e de contagem. As evid^enciasencontradas refor¸cam as conclus~oesdos estudos internacionais, indicando que altos n´ıveis de escolaridade est~ao associados a uma menor probabilidade de ser fumante, e ao menor consumo di´ariode cigarros. As vari´aveis que controlam o conhecimento do risco do uso de tabaco e a ex- posi¸c~ao`apropaganda de cigarro e derivados apresentaram o sinal esperado (negativo e positivo, respectivamente) e foram estatisticamente significantes. Esse resultado vai ao encontro da proposta do Programa Nacional de Controle do Tabaco. Palavras-chave: tabagismo, cigarro, v´ıcio,educa¸c~ao,capital humano, sa´ude 1. Introduction Smoking is a toxicomania characterized by physical and psychological addic- tion to nicotine, one of the 4,720 toxic substances contained in tobacco. Research associates smoking with at least fifty types of diseases, most of which are chronic and severe ones. It is estimated that the life expectancy of a smoking individual is at least 10 years shorter than that of a non-smoking one. In Brazil, tobacco use often takes the form of consumption of manufactured cigarettes. In 2013, there were 21.4 million smokers in Brazil, 18.5 million of whom were daily smokers. According to the Ministry of Health, about 200,000 deaths per year are related to tobacco consumption. In economic terms, smoking increases expenditures with health care and de- creases productivity due to morbidity and premature death, substantially redu- cing the stock of human capital in society (World Bank, 1999). According to estimates of World Bank (2015), when indirect costs are also taken into account, smoking accounts for losses estimated at US$ 1 trillion worldwide every year. The World Health Organization (WHO) considers smoking as the main cause of preventable death in the world. In view of the great social impact of smoking, this paper is mainly intended to empirically investigate, based on Becker and Murphy (1988) theory of ratio- nal addiction, the socioeconomic and demographic risk factors associated with tobacco consumption and intensity of tobacco use, emphasizing the hypotheti- cal effect of education. What socioeconomic characteristics are associated with the decision to smoke and with the intensity of tobacco use? Since education is positively associated with an individual's health status and habits (Cutler and Lleras-Muney, 2006; Deaton and Paxson, 2004; Grossman, 2006; Lleras-Muney, 2005), is the same reasoning valid for the relationship between education and smoking behavior? The theory of human capital and the relationship between education and he- alth can explain the link between education and decisions related to smoking. Becker (1962) defines investment in human capital as one of the activities lea- ding to a higher real income in the future for an individual. This investment includes schooling, professional training, health care and acquisition of informa- tion about the economic system. All investments of this kind in human beings Email addresses: [email protected] (Elder G. Sant'Anna), [email protected] (Marcelo Justus), [email protected] (Elo´aS. Davanzo), [email protected] (Gustavo C. Moreira) 1PhD candidate at the University of S~aoPaulo, Brazil. 2Professor in the Intitute of Economics at the University of Campinas, S~aoPaulo, Brazil. 3PhD candidate in the Intitute of Economics at the University of Campinas, S~aoPaulo, Brazil 4Professor at the University of S~aoCarlos, S~aoPaulo, Brazil. 2 could improve their physical and mental skills, making it possible to predict with greater certainty that their real income will be higher in the future. Workers can invest in any aspect that can enhance and improve their skills (schooling and/or training), thus improving their human capital and consequently raising their marginal productivity and earnings in the labor market. For Schultz (1961) much of what we consider consumption is actually invest- ment in human capital: spending on education, health care, internal migrations in search of better job opportunities, among other expenditures. By investing in themselves, individuals can expand the set of choices available to them, increasing their well-being. Galama and van Kippersluis (2015) mention the importance of health care as an element of human capital: longevity, provision of direct utility and time that can be devoted to working. Theory describes the persistent association between education and health in several ways. There is evidence that education increases access to important information for people to consider health care when making decisions, i.e. education paves the way for different patterns of reasoning and decision-making. In general, more educated people respond to new information faster than less educated or uneducated individuals. Education also affects health through changes in behaviors and opportunities, particularly in income oppor- tunities (World Bank, 1999; Cutler and Lleras-Muney, 2006; de Walque, 2010; Feinstein, 2002; Grossman, 1972). As education affects health-related decisions, it is also likely to affect decisions related to smoking. Several studies have shown that this relation is real. Their results suggest that education can affect the decision to quit smoking and that more education reduces smoking initiation and addiction to nicotine. Indirectly, if education makes people more patient, it reduces their propensity to indulge in short-term pleasures with long-term costs (de Walque, 2010; Kendler et al., 1999; Koning et al., 2015; Sander, 1995). In this theoretical context, we apply two hypotheses. The first one is that "education reduces the probability of an individual becoming a smoker", and the second one is that "education reduces the intensity of tobacco use among smo- kers". Therefore, we used a large random sample of Brazilians aged 15 and above composed of almost 36,000 people from all over the country. We highlight that microdata of this nature is rarely found even in developed countries, where data for empirical research are more available. This study is organized as follows. We present Becker and Murphy (1988) theory of rational addiction and relevant empirical literature in Section 2. In Section 3 we show the data base, the modelling and the specification of empirical models and discuss our results. Section 5 concludes the paper. 3 2. Theoretical Background Becker and Murphy (1988) developed a theory of rational addiction accor- ding to which rationality implies a consistent plan to maximize utility over time. Strong addiction requires a great effect of consumption of a good in the past on its consumption in the present. This complementarity causes some stationary states to become unstable. According to the authors, the theory of rational choice would explain a large number of addiction behaviors. Even the most addicted individuals are usually rational in the sense that they make prospects of maxi- mizing their utility based on stable preferences. Here, addiction is not seen as restricted to alcohol, tobacco or cocaine, as it includes addiction to work, food, religion, music and so forth. A good is considered addictive if its consumption at different moments in time is complementary and the greater the complementa- rity, the greater the degree of addiction. The onset and continuity of dangerous addictions, such as smoking and alcoholism, and of beneficial addictions, such as to religion, are often linked to stressful events experienced throughout one's life cycle, such as adolescence, divorce, unemployment, and so on. Even people with the same utility function and the same income and facing the same price levels may have different degrees of addiction according to their different experiences in life. This study will use the economic theory of cigarette addiction (Suranovic et al., 1999) presented below as the basis for the specification of the empirical models and for discussing the results of the econometric estimations. The effects of smoking for a smoker at age A are broken down into three separable addictive components:
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Sacred Smoking
    FLORIDA’SBANNER INDIAN BANNER HERITAGE BANNER TRAIL •• BANNERPALEO-INDIAN BANNER ROCK BANNER ART? • • THE BANNER IMPORTANCE BANNER OF SALT american archaeologySUMMER 2014 a quarterly publication of The Archaeological Conservancy Vol. 18 No. 2 SACRED SMOKING $3.95 $3.95 SUMMER 2014 americana quarterly publication of The Archaeological archaeology Conservancy Vol. 18 No. 2 COVER FEATURE 12 HOLY SMOKE ON BY DAVID MALAKOFF M A H Archaeologists are examining the pivitol role tobacco has played in Native American culture. HLEE AS 19 THE SIGNIFICANCE OF SALT BY TAMARA STEWART , PHOTO BY BY , PHOTO M By considering ethnographic evidence, researchers EU S have arrived at a new interpretation of archaeological data from the Verde Salt Mine, which speaks of the importance of salt to Native Americans. 25 ON THE TRAIL OF FLORIDA’S INDIAN HERITAGE TION, SOUTH FLORIDA MU TION, SOUTH FLORIDA C BY SUSAN LADIKA A trip through the Tampa Bay area reveals some of Florida’s rich history. ALLANT COLLE ALLANT T 25 33 ROCK ART REVELATIONS? BY ALEXANDRA WITZE Can rock art tell us as much about the first Americans as stone tools? 38 THE HERO TWINS IN THE MIMBRES REGION BY MARC THOMPSON, PATRICIA A. GILMAN, AND KRISTINA C. WYCKOFF Researchers believe the Mimbres people of the Southwest painted images from a Mesoamerican creation story on their pottery. 44 new acquisition A PRESERVATION COLLABORATION The Conservancy joins forces with several other preservation groups to save an ancient earthwork complex. 46 new acquisition SAVING UTAH’S PAST The Conservancy obtains two preserves in southern Utah. 48 point acquisition A TIME OF CONFLICT The Parkin phase of the Mississippian period was marked by warfare.
    [Show full text]
  • Family Income Mediates the Effect of Parental Education on Adolescents
    brain sciences Article Family Income Mediates the Effect of Parental Education on Adolescents’ Hippocampus Activation During an N-Back Memory Task Shervin Assari 1,* , Shanika Boyce 2, Mohsen Bazargan 1,3 and Cleopatra H. Caldwell 4,5 1 Department of Family Medicine, Charles R Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA; [email protected] 2 Department of Pediatrics, Charles R Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA; [email protected] 3 Department of Family Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA 4 Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA; [email protected] 5 Center for Research on Ethnicity, Culture, and Health (CRECH), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-734-232-0445; Fax: +1-734-615-8739 Received: 30 June 2020; Accepted: 3 August 2020; Published: 5 August 2020 Abstract: Introduction: Hippocampus, a medial temporal lobe structure, has significant implications in memory formation and learning. Although hippocampus activity is believed to be affected by socioeconomic status (SES), limited knowledge exists on which SES indicators influence hippocampus function. Purpose: This study explored the separate and combined effects of three SES indicators, namely parental education, family income, and neighborhood income, on adolescents’ hippocampus activation during an N-Back memory task. As some of the effects of parental education may be through income, we also tested if the effect of parental education on hippocampus activation during our N-Back memory task is mediated by family or neighborhood income.
    [Show full text]
  • Mortality and Disability from Tobacco-Related Diseases in Brazil
    DOI: 10.1590/1980-5497201700050007 ORIGINAL ARTICLE / ARTIGO ORIGINAL Mortality and disability from tobacco-related diseases in Brazil, 1990 to 2015 Mortalidade e incapacidade por doenças relacionadas à exposição ao tabaco no Brasil, 1990 a 2015 Bruno Piassi de São JoséI, Ricardo de Amorim CorrêaII, Deborah Carvalho MaltaIII, Valéria Maria de Azeredo PassosII, Elisabeth Barboza FrançaIV, Renato Azeredo TeixeiraV, Paulo Augusto Moreira CamargosVI ABSTRACT: Introduction: The global tobacco epidemic has taken pandemic proportions, with about 1.3 billion users and 6 million annual deaths. This study aimed to analyze the trends in mortality from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung, lips, oral cavity, pharynx, and esophagus cancer in Brazil between 1990 and 2015. Methods: The study was made possible through a partnership between the Metrics and Health Assessment Institute (IHME), University of Washington, Ministry of Health and the GBD Brazil technical group, using estimates from the Global Disease Charge 2015 study. Results: The mortality rates due to COPD fell; in 1990, it was 64.5/100,000 inhabitants and in 2015, 44.5, a decrease of 31%. For the various types of cancer related to smoking, the decrease was in a lower proportion than for COPD. For lung cancer, rates were 18.7/100,000 inhabitants in 1990 to 18.3 in 2015. For women, there is an upward curve for lung cancer from 1990 to 2015, with an increase of 20.7%. Discussion: The study points to smoking as a risk factor for premature mortality and disability due to COPD and cancer. The significant reduction in tobacco prevalence in recent decades could explain reductions in tobacco-related disease trends.
    [Show full text]
  • Niveles De Ingreso Y Prevalencia De Tabaquismo En América Latina: Revisión Sistemática Y Metaanálisis
    NÚMERO TEMÁTICO SOBRE ECONOMÍA DEL CONTROL DEL TABACO EN LAS AMÉRICAS Pan American Journal Revisión of Public Health Niveles de ingreso y prevalencia de tabaquismo en América Latina: revisión sistemática y metaanálisis Ariel Bardach,1 Herney Andrés García Perdomo,2 Ruth Amanda Ruano Gándara1 y Agustín Ciapponi1 Forma de citar Bardach A, García Perdomo HA, Ruano Gándara RA, Ciapponi A. Niveles de ingreso y prevalencia de tabaquismo en América Latina: revisión sistemática y metaanálisis. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2016;40(4):263–71. RESUMEN Objetivo. Determinar la relación entre la prevalencia de consumo actual de tabaco y los niveles de ingresos monetarios de fumadores en América Latina y el Caribe (ALC). Métodos. Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en bases de datos incluyendo MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL, SOCINDEX y LILACS. Se incluyeron estudios de ALC publicados desde enero 1989 hasta diciembre de 2015. Se realizaron análisis de subgrupos planeados por década calendario de los datos, país, riesgo de sesgo, sexo y grupos de edad. Resultados. De un total de 1 254 estudios evaluados por texto completo se incluyeron 29 artículos, de los cuales 25 fueron incorporados en metaanálisis. Todos los estudios incluidos fueron de corte transversal o de vigilancia, la mayoría provenientes de Brasil y de México. Un bajo nivel de ingresos se asoció con una mayor prevalencia de tabaquismo activo (odds ratio [OR] 1,62; intervalo de confianza de 95% [IC95%] 1,34–1,96) con respecto al nivel alto (referencia). Se observó una tendencia de efecto dosis-respuesta: nivel medio de ingresos (OR 1,23; IC95% 1,00-1,52) y nivel bajo de ingresos (OR 1,64; IC95% 1,17-2,30).
    [Show full text]
  • Brazilian Consensus on Non-Cystic Fibrosis Bronchiectasis Biomarkers
    ISSN 1806-3713 Volume 45, Number 4 July | August 2019 PUBLICAÇÃO OFICIAL DA SOCIEDADE BRASILEIRA DE PNEUMOLOGIA E TISIOLOGIA Volume 45, Number 4 Volume July | August 2019 HIGHLIGHT Brazilian consensus Biomarkers in Chest computed on non-cystic fibrosis community acquired tomography and bronchiectasis pneumonia sleep apnea ISSN 1806-3713 Continuous and Bimonthly Publication, J Bras Pneumol. v. 45, n. 4, July/August 2019 EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Bruno Guedes Baldi - Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo - SP DEPUTY EDITOR Associação Brasileira Rogerio Souza - Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo - SP de Editores Científicos ASSOCIATE EDITORS Alfredo Nicodemos da Cruz Santana - HRAN da Faculdade de Medicina da ESCS - Brasília - DF | Area: Doenças pulmonares intersticiais Bruno do Valle Pinheiro - Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora - MG | Area: Terapia intensiva/Ventilação mecânica Danilo Cortozi Berton - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre - RS | Area: Fisiologia respiratória Publicação Indexada em: Denise Rossato Silva - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre - RS | Area: Tuberculose/Outras infecções respiratórias Latindex, LILACS, Scielo Dirceu Solé - Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo - SP | Area: Pneumopediatria Brazil, Scopus, Index Edson Marchiori - Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói - RJ | Area: Imagem Copernicus, ISI Web of Fabiano Di Marco - University of Milan - Italy | Area: Asma / DPOC Fernanda Carvalho de Queiroz Mello - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro - RJ | Area: Tuberculose/ Knowledge, MEDLINE e Outras infecções respiratórias PubMed Central (PMC) Frederico Leon Arrabal Fernandes - Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo - SP | Area: DPOC/Fisiologia respiratória Giovanni Battista Migliori - Director WHO Collaborating Centre for TB and Lung Diseases, Fondazione S.
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of Professional Physical Therapists in Smoking Cessation
    icine: O ed pe M n l A a r c e c e n s e s G Freire et al., Gen Med (Los Angeles) 2017, 5:2 General Medicine: Open Access DOI: 10.4172/2327-5146.1000287 ISSN: 2327-5146 Review Article Open Access The Role of Professional Physical Therapists in Smoking Cessation: A Literature Update Ana Paula Coelho Figueira Freire1*, Dionei Ramos1, Bruna Spolador de Alencar Silva1, Marceli Rocha Leite1, Juliana Souza Uzeloto1, Francis Lopes Pacagnelli2 and Ercy Mara Cipulo Ramos1 1São Paulo State University – Presidente Prudente, São Paulo – Brazil. 2Oeste Paulista University - Presidente Prudente, São Paulo – Brazil. *Corresponding author: Ana Paula Coelho Figueira Freire,Roberto Simonsen, 305 Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil, Tel: 55 18 988029656; Fax: 5518 32295821; E-mail: [email protected] Received date: March 31, 2016; Accepted date: March 28, 2017; Published date: April 3, 2017 Copyright: © 2017 Freire FAPC. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Abstract Objective: To update the literature on the role of the physical therapist in smoking cessation interventions and the effects of smoking in different therapeutic approaches. For this update the Medline, Scielo, Lilacs and Cochrane electronic databases were searched using the following keywords: physical therapy specialty, physical therapists, tobacco use cessation, smoking, national program of tobacco control. The physical therapist presents particularities that enable them a broad role in smoking intervention due to frequent contact with the patient for prolonged periods, generally individually; physical therapy usually takes place several times a week for sessions of one hour or more and for long follow up periods (months or years), characteristics which are quite specific to these professionals.
    [Show full text]
  • The Triumph and Tragedy of Tobacco Control: a Tale of Nine Nations
    University of Pennsylvania Carey Law School Penn Law: Legal Scholarship Repository Faculty Scholarship at Penn Law 12-1-2011 The Triumph and Tragedy of Tobacco Control: A Tale of Nine Nations Eric A. Feldman University of Pennsylvania Carey Law School Ronald Bayer Columbia University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/faculty_scholarship Part of the Community Health and Preventive Medicine Commons, Comparative and Foreign Law Commons, Health Law and Policy Commons, Health Policy Commons, Law and Society Commons, Other Public Health Commons, and the Public Law and Legal Theory Commons Repository Citation Feldman, Eric A. and Bayer, Ronald, "The Triumph and Tragedy of Tobacco Control: A Tale of Nine Nations" (2011). Faculty Scholarship at Penn Law. 384. https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/faculty_scholarship/384 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Penn Law: Legal Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Scholarship at Penn Law by an authorized administrator of Penn Law: Legal Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Triumph and Tragedy of Tobacco Control: A Tale of Nine Nations 1 2 Eric A. Feldman and Ronald Bayer 1 University of Pennsylvania Law School, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104; email: [email protected] 2 Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032; email: [email protected] on 12/20/11. For personal use only. use only. personal For on 12/20/11. Annu. Rev. Law Soc. Sci. 2011. 7:79–100 Keywords The Annual Review of Law and Social Science is smoking, social gradient, comparative law online at lawsocsci.annualreviews.org This article’s doi: Abstract 10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-102510-105427 The use of law and policy to limit tobacco consumption illustrates one Copyright Oc 2011 by Annual Reviews.
    [Show full text]
  • Smoking and Cancer: Brazil and the Global Burden of Disease Initiative
    DOI: 10.1590/1516-3180.2015.13353108 EDITORIAL Smoking and cancer: Brazil and the Global Burden of Disease initiative Fumo e câncer: Brasil e a iniciativa “Carga Global de Doenças” Paulo Andrade LotufoI Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil I MD, DrPH. Full Professor, Department of Internal The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study is an initiative from the World Health Organization Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil. and Harvard University. It was launched in 1996 as an initiative by Alan Lopez and Christopher Murray. The aim was to provide systematic epidemiological estimates for an unprecedented 150 major health conditions and, from this, indispensable global and regional data for health plan- ning, research and education.1 Subsequently, with financial support from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, the University of Washington embraced the proposal for an Institute of Health Metrics. Since then, the GBD initiative has sought to “synthesize all available epidemio- logical data using a coherent measurement framework, standardized estimation methods and transparent data sources to facilitate comparisons of health loss over time across causes, age-sex groups and countries.”2 The GBD initiative has been developed along two important lines of action. One is to involve a considerable number of researchers around the world, in order to establish a continuous col- laboration with interchangeability of information. The other summarizes measurements such as disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and healthy life expectancy (HALE), in order to enable comparison of epidemiological variables over time and across countries.
    [Show full text]
  • Socioeconomic Inequalities in Youth Smoking in Brazil
    Open Access Research BMJ Open: first published as 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003538 on 2 December 2013. Downloaded from Socioeconomic inequalities in youth smoking in Brazil Sandhi Maria Barreto,1 Roberta Carvalho de Figueiredo,1 Luana Giatti1,2 To cite: Barreto SM, ABSTRACT Strengths and limitations of this study de Figueiredo RC, Giatti L. Objective: The contribution of smoking to Socioeconomic inequalities in socioeconomic inequalities in health is increasing ▪ youth smoking in Brazil. BMJ The main strength of this study is its analysis of worldwide, including in Brazil. Youth smoking may play an Open 2013;3:e003538. the social determinants, at the household and doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2013- important role in the increasing social inequalities related individual levels, of teenage smoking using a 003538 to smoking. This study investigates social determinants of nationwide household sample in a large smoking among 15-year-old to 19-year-old individuals. middle-income country. Design: Cross-sectional study. ▪ ▸ Prepublication history for The main limitation is the lack of information this paper is available online. Setting: The study uses data of 3536 participants aged about the relationship between adolescents and To view these files please 15–19 years of age of the Global Adult Tobacco Survey other smokers in the household. visit the journal online (GATS) and the National Household Sample Survey ▪ Results reinforce that household smoking restric- (http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ (Pesquisa Nacional por Amostragem de Domicilio, PNAD) tions protect against adolescent smoking. bmjopen-2013-003538). obtained from household interviews. Smoking was defined as currently smoking tobacco products, regardless Received 3 July 2013 of frequency.
    [Show full text]
  • Downloads/9789240000032-Eng.Pdf
    Malta et al. Population Health Metrics 2020, 18(Suppl 1):24 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12963-020-00215-2 RESEARCH Open Access Trends in prevalence and mortality burden attributable to smoking, Brazil and federated units, 1990 and 2017 Deborah Carvalho Malta1,2* , Luisa Sorio Flor3, Ísis Eloah Machado2,4, Mariana Santos Felisbino-Mendes1,2, Luisa Campos Caldeira Brant5, Antonio Luiz Pinho Ribeiro5, Renato Azeredo Teixeira6, Eduardo Marques Macário7, Marissa B. Reitsma3, Scott Glenn3, Mohsen Naghavi3 and Emmanuela Gakidou3 Abstract Background: The present study sought to analyze smoking prevalence and smoking-attributable mortality estimates produced by the 2017 Global Burden of Disease Study for Brazil, 26 states, and the Federal District. Methods: Prevalence of current smokers from 1990 to 2017 by sex and age was estimated using spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression. Population-attributable fractions were calculated for different risk-outcome pairs to generate estimates of smoking-attributable mortality. A cohort analysis of smoking prevalence by birth-year cohort was performed to better understand temporal age patterns in smoking. Smoking-attributable mortality rates were described and analyzed by development at state levels, using the Socio-Demographic Index (SDI). Finally, a decomposition analysis was conducted to evaluate the contribution of different factors to the changes in the number of deaths attributable to smoking between 1990 and 2017. Results: Between 1990 and 2017, prevalence of smoking in the population (≥ 20 years old) decreased from 35.3 to 11.3% in Brazil. This downward trend was seen for both sexes and in all states, with a marked reduction in exposure to this risk factor in younger cohorts.
    [Show full text]
  • The Impact of Cigarette Package Design on Young Women in Brazil: Brand Appeal and Perceptions of Health Risk
    The impact of cigarette package design on young women in Brazil: brand appeal and perceptions of health risk by Christine White A thesis presented to the University of Waterloo in fulfillment of the thesis requirement for the degree of Master of Science in Health Studies and Gerontology Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 2011 ©Christine White 2011 AUTHOR'S DECLARATION I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. This is a true copy of the thesis, including any required final revisions, as accepted by my examiners. I understand that my thesis may be made electronically available to the public. ii Abstract Tobacco use is responsible for 5.4 million deaths every year worldwide and a leading cause of preventable death. The burden of these deaths is rapidly shifting to low and middle-income countries, such as Brazil. Brazil is widely regarded as an international leader in tobacco control. The country has prohibited most forms of advertising; however, the cigarette pack remains a primary source of tobacco marketing. The current study sought to examine how tobacco packaging influences brand appeal and perceptions of health risk among female youth in Brazil. A between-subjects experiment was conducted in which 640 Brazilian females between the ages of 16 to 26 years participated in an online survey. Each participant was asked to view and rate a series of cigarette packages that were digitally altered to correspond to one of three experimental conditions: (1) ―standard‖ branded cigarette packages, (2) the same packs with all brand imagery removed (―plain packaging‖), or (3) the same packs with all imagery and brand descriptors removed.
    [Show full text]
  • Income Levels and Prevalence of Smoking in Latin America: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis*
    THEMATIC ISSUE ON ECONOMICS OF TOBACCO CONTROL IN THE AMERICAS Pan American Journal Review of Public Health Income levels and prevalence of smoking in Latin America: a systematic review and meta-analysis* Ariel Bardach,1 Herney Andrés García Perdomo,2 Ruth Amanda Ruano Gándara,1 and Agustín Ciapponi1 Suggested Citation (Original article) Bardach A, García Perdomo HA, Ruano Gándara RA, Ciapponi A. Niveles de ingreso y prevalencia de tabaquismo en América Latina: revisión sistemática y metaanálisis Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2016;40(4):263-71. ABSTRACT Objective. Determine the relationship between the prevalence of current tobacco use and smoker income levels in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). Methods. A systematic search was conducted in MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL, SOCINDEX, and LILACS databases. Studies from LAC published from January 1989 to December 2015 were included and analyzed by subgroups disaggregated by decade of data, country, bias risk, sex, and age group. Results. Of 1,254 studies evaluated by full text, 29 articles were included, of which 25 were chosen for meta-analysis. All included studies were cross-sectional or surveillance, and were primarily from Brazil and Mexico. Low income was associated with a higher prevalence of active tobacco use (odds ratio [OR] 1.62; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.34–1.96 than high income (reference). A dose-re- sponse effect trend was observed: middle income (OR 1.23; 95% CI 1.00-1.52) and low income (OR 1.64; 95% CI 1.17-2.30). This association was greater in men (OR 2.22; 95% CI 1.77- 2.78) than in women (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.11-2.47).
    [Show full text]