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Role of Sciellin in Gallbladder Cancer Proliferation and Formation Of Li et al. Cell Death and Disease (2021) 12:30 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41419-020-03286-z Cell Death & Disease ARTICLE Open Access Role of Sciellin in gallbladder cancer proliferation and formation of neutrophil extracellular traps Yang Li1,2,3, Ruiyan Yuan1,2,3,TaiRen 1,2,3,BoYang4, Huijie Miao1,2,3,LiguoLiu1,2,3, Yongsheng Li1,2,3,ChenCai1,2,3, Yang Yang1,2,3,YunpingHu1,2,3, Chengkai Jiang1,2,3,QindieXu5, Yijian Zhang1,2,3 and Yingbin Liu 2,3 Abstract Apart from primary tumor development and metastasis, cancer-associated thrombosis is the second cause of cancer death in solid tumor malignancy. However, the mechanistic insight into the development of gallbladder cancer (GBC) and cancer-associated thrombosis remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the mechanistic role of Sciellin (SCEL) in GBC cell proliferation and the development of venous thromboembolism. The expression level of SCEL was determined by immunohistochemical staining. Roles of SCEL in gallbladder cancer cell were determined by molecular and cell biology methods. SCEL was markedly upregulated in GBC and associated with advanced TNM stages and a poor prognosis. Furthermore, SCEL interacted with EGFR and stabilized EGFR expression that activates downstream PI3K and Akt pathway, leading to cell proliferation. In addition, SCEL induces tumor cell IL-8 production that stimulates the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), accelerating thromboembolism. In xenografts, SCEL-expressing GBCs developed larger tumors and thrombosis compared with control cells. The present results indicate that SCEL promotes GBC cell proliferation and induces NET-associated thrombosis, thus serving as a potential therapeutic target. 1234567890():,; 1234567890():,; 1234567890():,; 1234567890():,; Introduction occurrence of the cancer-associated thrombosis has Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is the most common biliary increased yearly worldwide7. Although large efforts have tract malignancy and its incidence is ranked as the seventh been significantly made to identify potential molecular popular one in gastrointestinal cancers1,2. The prognosis mechanisms underlying venous thrombosis, the overall of patients with advanced GBC is very poor and the 5-year benefit is minimal. Mechanistically, immune cell-driven survival rate is only 5%, probably owing to lack of early thrombosis in the vessels has recently received considerable diagnosis of this dismal disease that usually undergoes attention, where polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) – rapid progression3 5. release chromatin and granular proteins to form an extra- In addition to malignant transformation of cancer cells cellular fibrillar matrix, termed neutrophil extracellular traps which primarily contributes to cancer death, cancer- (NETs)8. Initially in neutrophils, the nuclear histones become associated thrombosis is the second leading cause of death citrullinated by peptidylarginine-deiminase 4 (PAD4), which among cancer patients6. Furthermore, it is emerging that the leads to a change in chromatin charge and facilitates chro- matin decondensation. The nuclear membrane and granular membranes subsequently dissolve, thus allowing for the Correspondence: Yijian Zhang ([email protected])or mixing of chromatin with granule content in the presence of Yingbin Liu ([email protected]) the ruptured cytoplasmic membrane. A large thrombus 1 fi Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Af liated to Shanghai Jiao eventually develops as a result of platelet recruitment in the Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, 9–11 China NETs . At present, the molecular regulation of 2Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affliated to Shanghai neutrophil-mediated NET remains poorly understood. Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China Sciellin (SCEL), a precursor of the cornified envelope, was Full list of author information is available at the end of the article These authors contributed equally: Yang Li, Ruiyan Yuan, Tai Ren first identified in mammalian keratinizing tissues including Edited by A. Peschiaroli © The Author(s) 2021 Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a linktotheCreativeCommons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Official journal of the Cell Death Differentiation Association Li et al. Cell Death and Disease (2021) 12:30 Page 2 of 13 the oral cavity, esophagus, and vagina12.SCELcontains16 with one volume of 0.45% NaCl solution or culture medium inexact repeats of 20 amino acid residues and an LIM at 0.5 N to restore normal osmolality. The cell suspension domain (derived from LIN-11, Isl1, and MEC-3) that may was transferred to a 15 ml tube. After centrifugation at function as a protein interaction module regulating locali- 400 × g for 10 min, the cells were washed with the medium zation of SCEL and protein assembly in the cornified followed by spinning down again and finally resuspended in envelope13. SCEL was enriched in stratified epithelia, where culture medium. they play an important role in stress-bearing and barrier properties(8-10). Intriguingly, aberrant SCEL expression was NETs generation elevated in varied malignant tumors including pancreatic For the in vitro NET generation assay, 1 × 105 neutrophil – cancer, colorectal cancer, and renal cancer14 16. However, it were seeded on a slide coated with poly-L-lysine and is largely unknown regarding the pathological role of SCEL in cocultured with 5 × 105 tumor cells using 0.4 um transwell the development of GBC. The present study was to investi- system for 3.5 h in RPMI1640 complete medium at 37 °C and gate SCEL expression in GBC and potential mechanisms 5% CO2, immunofluorescence microscopy and Western blot underlying GBC development. We found that elevated were used to verify NET formation. expression of SCEL was correlated with EGFR expression and the progression of GBC. GBC cells expressing SCEL IHC and immunofluorescence induced IL-8 secretion that in turn stimulated neutrophils IHC was performed to assess SCEL and Ki-67 expression extracellular traps formation that facilitate the formation of in GBC tissues. In brief, paraffin-embedded sections of GBC cancer-associated thrombosis. These results may shed light and cholecystitis tissue were deparaffinized and then heated on identification of the novel biomarker and target for in a pressure pot for 2.5 min to retrieve antigens. Thereafter, diagnosis and treatment of GBC. the sections were incubated with primary anti-SCEL and anti-Ki-67 antibodies (1:100, Abcam, Burlingame, CA, USA) Materials and methods overnightat4°C.Antibodybinding was detected using a Cell culture and human sample collection peroxidase–conjugated secondary antibody at 37 °C for Human tumor cell lines GBC-SD were purchased from the 40 min. A DAB Substrate Kit was used to perform the Cell Bank of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Shanghai, chromogenic reaction. The intensity of the staining was China), SGC-996 was obtained from Tongji University evaluated in accordance with the following criteria: 0, nega- (Shanghai, China). The other human GBC cell lines EH-GB1 tive;1,low;2,medium;3,high.Theextentofstainingwas and NOZ were purchased from the Health Science Research scored as follows: 0, 0% stained; 1, 1–25%stained;2,26–50% Resources Bank (Osaka, Japan). GBC-SD, EH-GB1, and stained; 3, 51–100% stained. Five random fields (20× mag- SGC-996 were cultured in DMEM, and NOZ cell line was nification) were evaluated using a light microscope. The final cultured in William’s medium. All cells were cultured in their scores were determined by multiplying the scores of the corresponding media supplemented with 10% fetal bovine intensity with those of the extent and dividing the samples serum (FBS) at 37 °C in a humidified atmosphere of 95% air into four grades: 0, negative (-); 1–2, low staining (+); 3–5, 17,18 and 5% CO2, all the cell line without mycoplasma con- medium staining (++); 6–9, high staining (+++) . tamination. All 49 GBC tissues were collected from patients Immunofluorescence staining was performed to detect the who underwent radical surgery at the Xinhua Hospital neutrophils. In brief, NETswereaddedon13mmglass Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Med- coverslips (Fisher Scientific) and allowed to adhere overnight icine, Shanghai, China. We retrospectively obtained clin- at 4 °C on coverslips followed by culture in the presence of icopathological data from these patients, including age, sex, T anti-citH3 (1:100, NOVUS, USA) and NE (1:100, NOVUS) stage regional lymph node status, TNM stage, and differ- antibody at 4 °C overnight. Thereafter, cells were incubated entiation. The usage of these specimens and the patient data with fluorescent dye-labeled secondary antibodies at room were approved by the Ethics Committee of the Xinhua temperature
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