Baseline Report

Securing the livelihood of marginalized tribal community through a self- sustained model of Lac cultivation.

CONTENTS

List of Tables, Figures and Annexure

Chapter 1: Introduction ...... 9-12

Chapter 2: Scheme of Implementation of the Project and Survey Methodology ...... 13-20

Chapter 3: Study Area Profile and Progress of Scheme ...... 21-28

Chapter 4: Profile of the Respondents ...... 29-50

Chapter 5: Housing and Basic Services ...... 51-65

Chapter 6: Employment and Livelihood Pattern ...... 66-81

Chapter 7: Assets and Land...... 82-95

Chapter 8: Women’s Empowerment, Awareness and Media Exposure ...... 96-102

Chapter 9: Conclusion and Recommendations ...... 104-110

List of Tables, Figures and Annexure

List of Table Table 3.1: Distribution of Population in 2011 Table 3.2: Distribution of Population by Caste in Rural Areas Table 3.3: Literacy Rate (7+ years) in Rural Area Table 3.4: Work Participation Rate in Rural Area (All (Main+Marginal) and Main Work)1 Table 3.5: Distribution of Workers by Main Occupation in Rural Area

Table 4: Distribution of Sample Households Table 4.1: Distribution by Social Group of the sample Households Table 4.2: Distribution by Religious Groups Table 4.3 Population, Size and Sex Ratio of the Surveyed Household

List of Figure Figure 4.1a: Distribution of Social Group (control and Treatment Figure 4.1b: Distribution of Social Group (overall) Figure 4.2 a: Distribution of Religious Group (Control) Figure 4.2 b: Distribution of Religious Group (Treatment) Figure 4.2 c: Distribution of Religious Group (All) Figure 4.3: Distribution of Primitive Tribal Groups Figure 4.4: Distribution of BPL Card Holders Figure 4.5: Distribution of Ration Card Holders Figure 4.6a: Distribution of Ration Card Holders (Control) Figure 4.6b: Distribution of Ration Card Holders (Treatment) Figure 4.6c: Distribution of Ration Card Holders (All) Figure 4.7a: Marital Status (Control) Figure 4.7b: Marital Status (Treatment) Figure 4.8: Attended School (>6 years) Figure 4.9: Currently Attending School Figure 4.10a: Highest Education of Sample Households Members (Control) Figure 4.10b: Highest Education of Sample Households Members (Treatment) Figure 4.10c: Highest Education of Sample Households Members (All) Figure 4.11: Person with Disability Figure 4.12a: Adhar/Voter Card (Control) Card Figure 4.12b: Adhar/Voter Card (Treatment) Card Figure 4.12b: Adhar/Voter Card (All) Card Figure 4.13: Distribution of KCC

1Note: Main Workers are those workers who had worked for the major part of the reference period i.e. 6 months or more. Marginal Workers are those workers who had not worked for the major part of the reference period i.e. less than 6 months.

Figure 4.14a: Distribution of Type of Training (Control) Figure 4.14b: Distribution of Type of Training (Treatment) Figure 4.14c: Distribution of Type of Training (All) Figure 4.16a: Training from Local and Outside (Control) Figure 4.16a: Training from Local and Outside (Treatment) Figure 4.16a: Training from Local and Outside (Treatment) Figure 4.20a: Frequency of Meeting (Control) Figure 4.20b: Frequency of Meeting (Treatment) Figure 4.20c: Frequency of Meeting (All)

Figure 5.1a: Ownership status of your house (control) Figure 5.1b: Ownership status of your house (treatment) Figure 5.1c: Ownership status of your house (all) Figure 5.2a: Type of your house (control) Figure 5.2b: Type of your house (treatment) Figure 5.2c: Type of your house (all) Figure 5.3a: Main material of the roof (control) Figure 5.3b: Main material of the roof (treatment) Figure 5.3c: Main material of the roof (all) Figure 5.4a: Main material of the floor (control) Figure 5.4b: Main material of the floor (treatment) Figure 5.4c: Main material of the floor (all) Figure 5.5a: Main material of the walls (control) Figure 5.5b: Main material of the walls (treatment) Figure 5.5c: Main material of the walls (all) Figure 5.6: Build this house under the Indira AavasYojna Figure 5.7a: Main source of drinking water (control) Figure 5.7b: Main source of drinking water (treatment) Figure 5.7b: Main source of drinking water (treatment) Figure 5.8a: Toilet facility (control) Figure 5.8b: Toilet facility (treatment) Figure 5.8c: Toilet facility (all) Figure 5.9a: Type of fuel does your household mainly use for cooking (control Figure 5.9b: Type of fuel does your household mainly use for cooking (treatment) Figure 5.9c: Type of fuel does your household mainly use for cooking (all) Figure 5.10a: Main source of lighting in the evening of your house (control) Figure 5.10b: Main source of lighting in the evening of your house (treatment) Figure 5.10c: Main source of lighting in the evening of your house (all)

Figure 6.1: Work Participation Rate Figure 6.2: MGNREGA job card Figure 6.3a: Main Activity (control) Figure 6.3b: Main Activity (treatment) Figure 6.3c: Main Activity (all) Figure 6.4: Household reported enough food for all family members to have at least two full meals every day (%) Figure 6.5: Require sell/mortgage any assets to buy food in the last 12 months Figure 6.6: Require borrowing money to buy food in the last 12 months Figure 6.7: Received dry food through the Ration/Public Distribution System Figure 6.8a: Received your Ration through Public Distribution System Frequency (control) Figure 6.8b: Received your Ration through Public Distribution System Frequency (treatment) Figure 6.8c: Received your Ration through Public Distribution System Frequency (all) Figure 6.9a: Expenditure Pattern of Households (control) Figure 6.9b: Expenditure Pattern of Households (treatment) Figure 6.9c: Expenditure Pattern of Households (all) Figure 6.10: Households have one or more outstanding loans taken Figure 6.11: Save any money, however small an amount, in the last 12 month Figure 6.12a: Save in the last 12 months (control) months Figure 6.12b: Save in the last 12 months (treatment) months Figure 6.12c: Save in the last 12 months (all) months Figure 6.13a: Place where put the savings of the last year (control) Figure 6.13b: Place where put the savings of the last year (treatment) Figure 6.13c: Place where put the savings of the last year (all) Figure 6.14a: Have Insurance (control) Figure 6.14b: Have Insurance (treatment) Figure 6.14c: Have Insurance (all)

Figure 7.1.1a: Agricultural Assets (control) Figure 7.1.1b: Agricultural Assets (treatment) Figure 7.1.1c: Agricultural Assets (all) Figure 7.1.2a: Agricultural Assets (control) Figure 7.1.2b: Agricultural Assets (treatment) Figure 7.1.2c: Agricultural Assets (all) Figure 7.2a: Consumer Assets (control) Figure 7.2b: Consumer Assets (treatment) Figure 7.2c: Consumer Assets (all) Figure 7.3a: Business Related Assets (control) Figure 7.3b: Business Related Assets (treatment) Figure 7.3c: Business Related Assets (all) Figure 7.4: Own agricultural land Figure 7.5: Land irrigated Figure 7.6: Leased out any land in the last 12 months Figure 7.7a: Scheme under leased out land (control) Figure 7.7b: Scheme under leased out land (treatment) Figure 7.7c: Scheme under leased out land (all) Figure 7.88: Mortgaged any land (%) Figure 7.9: Lease in any land (%) Figure 7.10a: Scheme under leased in land (control) Figure 7.10b: Scheme under leased in land (treatment) Figure 7.10c: Scheme under leased in land (all) Figure 7.11a: Types of agricultural technology being used for rice cultivation (control) Figure 7.11b: Types of agricultural technology being used for rice cultivation (treatment) Figure 7.11c: Types of agricultural technology being used for rice cultivation (all) Figure 8.1: Female Family member involved in SHGs Figure 8.2: Female Family Attending Meeting of SHG Figure 8.3: female member part of the local panchayat Figure 8.4a: Female members of household participated in Gram Sabha (control) Figure 8.4b: Female members of household participated in Gram Sabha (treatment) Figure 8.4c: Female members of household participated in Gram Sabha (all) Figure 8.5: Female members’ part of any committee at village level(%)like- VHSNC, VFC, SMCs, VDC Figure 8.6: Female members cast the vote in last election Figure 8.7: Female actively took part in planning of MGNREGA Figure 8.8: Female in family holds Bank or post office A/c Figure 8.9: Female in family hold a property /fixed asset in her name Figure 8.10: Watching Television Figure 8.11: Listening Radio

Annexure: Questionnaires

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The Baseline report of “Securing the livelihood of marginalized tribal community through a self- sustained model of Lac cultivation.” has been made possible with the invaluable advice and helpful contributions of many people and organizations.

This project is implemented under Udyogini with the main objective to meet brood sufficiency in the lac production sector through scientific techniques of lac cultivation and proper market linkages. The project aims to establish Lac as a key product for supplementing the income of rural poor through creation of a sustainable model and hence bringing them one step forward towards becoming key players in an important growth-oriented product. The major area of intervention are capacity building of the target communities mainly women farmers for Lac cultivation, intensification methods in agriculture (Paddy, Wheat, oilseeds, pulses, millet), integrated farming systems (seed production, composting techniques), accessing government schemes (convergence with MGNREGA, Agriculture, Forest and Animal Husbandry department), etc. The existing traditional practices in all above mentioned livelihood area has also be improved upon by participatory planning process.

Much appreciation and thanks go to our research team members including the field investigators for their responsible participation in conduction of field survey, compilation of data and preparation of the report.

Mr. Amit Kumar contributed greatly towards the successful completion of the report by way of preparing the tables using the SPSS software.

Further, I wish toacknowledge my sincere gratitude to Mr. Ashwani Kumar and Ms Devika Modi for taking great interest in analyzing the data and preparing the final report.

We would also take this opportunity to extend our gratitude and thanks to our respondents; the villagers who were ever so co-operative during the visits to the villages. This report in truth is an assimilation of their experiences which they willingly shared with us and were always more than ready in providing their help whenever it was needed.

We are grateful to Ms. Ritika Sah and Mr. Bharat Rathor for their invaluable assistance in compiling, editing and revising the content of the report to enhance its readability and ensure accessibility of its discourse to a wider audience.

All responsibility for any misrepresentation or omission of facts rests with the Udyogini team.

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background Jharkhand got poverty as a legacy at the time of its creation in November 2000, inheriting 2.4 percent of the total geographical area and 2.72 percent of the population of the country as compared to a meagre 2 percent share in the national Gross Domestic Product (GDP) calculated at constant prices in the year 2004-05. The ratio of its GSDP to the GDP of the country declined further in the following years and reached to 1.7 percent in 2008-09, the year of global recession, which hit the Jharkhand economy more severely than the national economy. It, however, has started improving since then, and has reached 1.9 percent in the year 2013-14. This has happened because the rate of growth of the state economy has been more impressive than that of the country on the whole in the last few years. The tertiary sector has been the main driver of the economic growth of the state. About 62 percent of the growth in GSDP at factor cost, at constant (2004-05) prices, in last one decade, is explained by the performance of this sector (Table 1.3). Within this sector, transport, storage and communication, trade hotels and restaurants and public administration have made the major contribution. Each of them has contributed more than ten percent to the growth in real GSDP of the state in last one decade (2004-05 to 2014-15). Industry has been the second major driver to the economic growth of the state. It explains about 20 percent of the growth of the real GSDP of the state in this period. But, within this sector, it is the construction and the mining and quarrying which have contributed the most. They have contributed 9.33 percent and 13.04 percent, respectively, to the GSDP growth of the state. Manufacturing, especially the registered manufacturing has worked as a growth depressing force. The contribution of manufacturing has been negative 3 percent and that of registered manufacturing negative 7.46 percent. Agriculture and allied sectors have recorded an average annual growth rate of about 8 percent and the services sector about 11 percent in last one decade. The performance of industry has remained very poor; it has grown at CAGR of 3.24 percent and at an average rate of 4.16 percent per annum. The growth in any of the sector has never been uniform throughout this period. The performance of agriculture and allied sector, to a large extent, has varied with the variation in rainfall. The output of this sector recorded a 6.2 percent fall in its output in the year 2009-10, a drought year for the state. Its output in other years varied between 3.6 percent in 2005-06, another drought year to 26.2 percent in 2011-12. During the eleventh plan period, this sector grew at an average annual rate of 9.3 percent and in last three year at 7.7 percent. The people dependence on agriculture is very high, which characterized by mostly of small producers, who are finding it increasingly difficult to manage the high risk of farming, evidenced by growing weather uncertainties, unreliable input supplies, near non-existent public extension services, and unfavourable marketing arrangements. This calls for a largely macro level, cereal production strategies to reach out to vast sections of the peasantry, of the rain fed regions in particular. Producers in these regions already suffer from a serious technological and productivity gap compared to better endowed areas. Their condition is likely to deteriorate further. In this backdrop, Udyogini has an experience of working with NTFPs in states like Madhya Pradesh, Uttrakhand and started its intervention in Jharkhand in the year 2008 as a result of a feasibility study conducted which revealed lac to be a major source of alternative livelihood through NTFPs amongst the natives of Jharkhand. Udyogini started its intervention with the Ministry of Panchayati Raj funded programme called as Rural Business Hub. This project was successful to bring profits to around 750 producers. Motivated by the positive results, Udyogini has been working tirelessly since then with various donours like Intel Foundation, Misereor (Germany), European Commission, ICCO, NABARD and the like. 1.2. About the Project This project is implemented under Udyogini with main objective is to meet brood sufficiency in the lac production sector through scientific techniques of lac cultivation and proper market linkages. The project aims to establish Lac as a key product for supplementing the income of rural poor through creation of a sustainable model and hence bringing them one step forward towards becoming key players in an important growth-oriented product. The major area of intervention are capacity building of the target communities mainly women farmers for Lac cultivation, intensification methods in agriculture (Paddy, Wheat, oilseeds, pulses, millet), integrated farming systems (seed production, composting techniques), accessing government schemes (convergence with MGNREGA, Agriculture, Forest and Animal Husbandry department), etc. The existing traditional practices in all above mentioned livelihood area has also be improved upon by participatory planning process. The target areas have immense potential to do Lac cultivation under the leadership of women farmers (CRP ) in the villages. Since Jharkhand has one fourth area under forest cover and the area of South Chotanagpur and Palamu has the natural availability of host plants like Palas (Buteamonosperma), Ber, Kusum and many others. People in the villages have the knowledge to practice Lac cultivation since long. In recent years due to drought, pest attack and non- availability of seed the cultivation of Lac got affected in terms of coverage and production. The focus of scheme is in four clusters having good presence of Lac host trees mainly Palas and Ber. The location of villages is in Bundu, Angara and Namkum blocks of Ranchi district. Udyogini engaged carried out its integral activity of forming Women Enterprise Groups (WEGs) with individuals having the resource or potential to start small enterprises. This was followed by developing a Package for Scientific cultivation of Lac (with the support of technical experts like Indian Institute of Natural Resins and Gums, IINRG), training materials for goat rearing, poultry, small enterprises etc, promotion of Community Resource Persons for training and monitoring and establishing proper financial and forward and backward market linkages for the enterpries. However, some of the lac producers presently are also individuals who will get included into WEGs in due course. In a tenure of 4 years, Udyogini has been able to reach to a scale of 5500 lac producers in 3 blocks of Ranchi and 1 block of Khunti district and 8000 producers in Gumla district of Jharkhand. Of these producers, 3500 have already successfully demonstrated the practice and earned profits in Angara and Bundu blocks of Ranchi and Khunti Block of Khunti district respectively. In Namkum block of Ranchi district, 2000 additional producers have joined in April’12 with whom successful demonstration of lac cultivation is yet to be achieved. Under the proposed project focusing on lac cultivation, Udyogini aims to achieve two major objectives with the support of MKSP: a) Federating the already functional 2000 lac producers into Institutions for value addition of lac with 2000 producers already into production to achieve sustainability and enhancement of income for the producers at the village level. b) Promoting producers’ profits with 2000 new producers and also federating them into Institution. The project area is mono-cropped area and the crop intensity is very less even in comparison to state crop intensity which is 1.1. Paddy is major crop and in few of the pockets of the project area wheat, vegetables are being produced. Such pockets are mainly in the control of big farmers and the targeted beneficiaries have hardly any benefit from that. Another aspect of this project is the area selected are having suffering records from recurring droughts, Naxalism, poor status of women ( decision making in accessing land , water and forest based resources), poor performance of social security schemes. In the intervention made for building the capacities of women farmers around their available livelihood baskets which directly help them in increasing the income of their household level. 1.3. Objectives of MKSP Following are the main objectives of the project: 1) Promotion of crop intensification techniques in Paddy, Wheat, Millet, Oilseed, Pulses and vegetables for increase in production. 2) To promote Scientific Lac cultivation for increasing its production. 3) To promote various composting techniques 4) To promote various organic insecticides and pesticides preparation and its use. 5) To capacitate women farmers for rearing of ruminants and birds.

This project is going to address the existing natural livelihood options focusing on Lac and agriculture through capacity building of women groups. The introduction of scientific method of Lac cultivation and new techniques in agriculture like system of seed rate intensification, sustainable integrated farming techniques, introduction of bio-fertilizers, standardization of composting techniques ensure increase in production of forest and agriculture based livelihood options.

Simultaneously the inculcation of managerial skills to access the government schemes and other resources strengthen the capacities of women farmers. The federation of groups helps women to establish and manage the existing and upcoming produce based forward linkages. Since the target family gets benefit, which have ripple effect through common accessibility of resources (land, water, forest, knowledge, skill etc.), so the objective of the MKSP can be strongly address.

CHAPTER 2 SCHEME OF IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROJECT AND SURVEY METHODOLOGY

Udyogini has an experience of working with NTFPs in states like Madhya Pradesh, Uttrakhand and started its intervention in Jharkhand in the year 2008 as a result of a feasibility study conducted which revealed lac to be a major source of alternative livelihood through NTFPs amongst the natives of Jharkhand. The livelihood of these farmers is mostly dependent upon various production systems, but of it agriculture forms the mainstay of their livelihood. The other problem is of low and fragmented undulating land holding. Due to heavy rains, uneven topography exposes the un-bunded uplands to sheet and gully erosion, causing loss of soil and plant nutrients. Around 65 per cent of the rural households are engaged in subsistence farming under adverse and risky environmental conditions (Census, 2011). The families are often engaged in low paying non-agricultural activities. The livelihood basket consists of agriculture (that meets food security only for few months in a year), income from forest (fuel wood and NTFP2), livestock, and wage labour (local as well as migration). The weak links in the livelihood basket are low agricultural productivity, small and fragmented land holding, poor soil and water resource condition, degraded forest, lack of access to quality and certified seeds, fertilizers/compost, poorly/ non-managed Common Property Resources, lack of marketing linkages for forest produce and non-availability of local wage labour. The project aims at Federating the already functional 2000 lac producers into Institutions for value addition of lac with 2000 producers already into production to achieve sustainability and enhancement of income for the producers at the village level, and promoting producers’ profits with 2000 new producers and also federating them into

2 Non Timber Forest Produce

Institution. capacitate women farmers for upgrading their skill and improving their capabilities for supporting farming activities.

Past Experience of PIA in the proposed area Udyogini as the name suggests works to promote women entrepreneurs majorly to ascertain that women in rural areas get an opportunity to earn their own livelihood and hence prosper socio- economically through small enterprises. For this purpose Udyogini works with Women Enterprise Group (WEGs) consisting of 12-15 members each in the intervention area/clusters. These Groups are formed with individuals having involved in enterprises like lac cultivation, goat rearing, poultry, rural kiosks etc. There are presently 520 WEGs working with Udyogini in Jharkhand only of which 217 have been bank linked. These WEGs majorly:  Engage themselves in lac production  Establish Small enterprises  Build their own corpus Udyogini has helped the producers internalize some ideas through practice which have now emerged as the best practices of these groups:  Proper maintenance of meeting minutes in group registers provided to them by Udyogini.  Reading out group norms in every meeting as mentioned in the printed Group register to compel members to abide by the norms.  Weekly meetings by WEGs to make them resilient to collapse.  Conducting Functional Literacy classes for the Group members.  Conducting Group motivational activities (Through Udyogini’s Women enterprise Motivation module)  In case of women not having access to own host trees, share cropping is promoted amongst the group.  Maintenance and checking of data card of each producer to keep track of lac production quantity and quality by the WEGs. Strategies undertaken in the past in enabling access to credit, technology and markets through the women groups/federations: Credit: These are the key aspects for lac cultivation. Initially Udyogini sensitized its producers to take small credit support from their own WEGs to start lac cultivation. This has not only made the things easier for the producers but also created a road for the WEGs to earn interest and rotate their corpus for a very short span of time i.e. for 6 months. In the later stage the beneficiaries were motivated to save and open bank accounts for meeting their capital requirement related to Lac cultivation. Bank Linkages have been done to provide seed capital to the corpus of the WEGs. The State Bank of India is preparing a special scheme for Lac producers under which loans of Rs. 50,000 are offered to groups and individuals without collateral. Market: The backward and forward linkages have both been secured by Udyogini for the producers. Agreements with two market players viz Tajna Shellac and Gopal Shellac Pvt Ltd has been made to ensure the forward linkage of the product. The idea was to leverage suitable price for the producers and also to break the vicious cycle of middleman and small traders who cheated in price and weights measurement. While this provided the forward linkage, it was also critical to meet brood supply for propagation of lac cultivation in a given situation where there is acute brood scarcity in the country. This is done through the establishment of brood farms and exchange of brood within clusters of Udyogini. Strategies to be undertaken: 1. Proposed strategies to ensure implementation of the project community processes including use of community resource persons : Lac Business Development Service Providers (BDSPs): Udyogini has already created in other lac producing areas it has worked in, a cadre of women which is called as Lac BDSPs by Udyogini which are actually Community Resource Persons (CRP) who use PSCL for outreach to larger numbers of producers on a fee-basis from the cooperatives, thus creating an income source for themselves. These CRPs are well equipped with various other training curriculums of Udyogini which were specially meant for people who are directly engaged in livelihood and enterprise related works such as PSCL; Training for Enterprise support Team (TEST) for gender- sensitive entrepreneurship; Grassroots Management Training (GMT) for motivating and orientation of producers to undertake enterprise and livelihood activities. Being from the community, these CRPs have the advantage of being more acceptable and ensuring better learning processes in the community. 2. Systems and checks put in place to ensure that the local resource persons are accountable to / managed by the women institutions: Cooperatives pay CRPs: This is an in-built accountability mechanism as only if the Cooperative is satisfied with the quality of service, after giving training to the CRPs, a certificate would be issued to the CRPs confirming their capacity to train. The CRP’s payment would be performance based. CRPs selected from WEGs: Since the cadre of CRPs will be selected from within the WEGs established by the village women, these CRPs would already have been ‘incubated’ in the WEGs which are involved in lac production. Sustaiability model of CRP’s:-  CRP’s will be provided with social security through cooperatives.  Cooperatives will utilize CRP’s in other assignments as and when required on payment basis.  CRP’s will get paid by the cooperative for supplying pesticides, insecticides and brood to the producers. 3. Plans to enable Smooth Accounting and Monitoring (internal and external): Udyogini would follow a community owned initiative to channelize the Community Investment Support to the producers. This would be done by transferring the total amount recieved by Udyogini for brood purchase to the account of the Producer Cooperatives through cheques only. The Cooperatives in turn would purchase brood and provide them to the producers on a revolving loan basis that is the producers would have to return the amount of brood recieved by them in one cycle to the cooperative in the next cycle for benefiting another round of producers. This would also ensure brood sufficiency and help in meeting the huge amount of brood constraint presently prevailng in the market. The producers would also be helped with the purchase of equipments by the cooperatives only such as sprayers and sceteurs with preference to the poorest of the producers. The monitoring plan for the project is an in-built approach to enrich the project operations and take timely corrective measures in case of negative deviations from project objectives. To ensure focussed application of the monitoring process it has been divided at following levels – Organisation Level Monitoring by the Project Coordinator for project progress. The project monitoring will be based on –  Field visits, observation and interaction with beneficiaries  Tracking of field and office record  Quarterly staff review meetings  Periodic physical and financial progress reports Cluster based monitoring based on MIS. The overall monitoring of the activities of the team, is evaluated through a structured and scientific software system i.e. www.vikasdwar.com/udyogini ,developed by an external software agency which is known as Management Information System (MIS) that helps the Head office as well as the State Office to keep a track of the progress of the project activities. This is an excellent way of tracking the progress of every project based on the project activities and their indicators and thus evaluating the overall health of the organization.. It helps the Head Office as well as the State Offices to keep a track of the progress of the project activities thus, evaluating the overall work-status of the organization. MIS workshops for keeping the MIS officers updated with the process of working on it are conducted on quarterly basis. Cooperative level Internal Monitoring: Cooperative Review Meetings: Quarterly meetings to review progress will be conducted convened by the board of the cooperative. Inter-cooperative Review: Udyogini will institute an inter-cooperative-review system where one cooperative will review the work of another cooperative and report the findings to the Federation. This will be cross-checked against the cooperatives self-assessment to create a robust Federation of cooperatives around lac outcomes. Producer Card: Each lac producer maintains a card in which details like the quantity of brood inoculated, the due date for spraying of insecticides, pesticides, removal of phoonki etc. This card helps the CRPs monitor the standing crop and handhold the lac producers accordingly. Project implementation design Context of area and community: The historical oppression of people belonging to Scheduled Tribe, Schedule Caste and Other Backward Castes in India has no parallel in any part of world, wherein a person is not only discriminated because of the caste he was born into, but also is forced into a predetermined life and occupation. Any attempt to defy this is met with severe consequences and further subjugation. Though this problem exists in most parts of India but nowhere is it so predominant and blatant as it is in rural areas of BIMARU states and Jharkhand. Ranchi district which we have selected to intervene with our model of Lac cultivation. These two districts are considered as most backward and naxal affected areas among the 24 districts of Jharkhand. 94% and above community members to be addressed through this project are from tribal community. These areas are far away from the development and people here are forced to live in the dearth of poverty. People belonging to Scheduled Tribes have to face discrimination. The only opportunity for employment is menial work in the field; that too at rates which are highly exploitative. Often women are subjected to physical and sexual harassment at their work place because of their extreme vulnerability and poverty.. Although they have accessed credit facilities with the help of WEGs their chances for economic improvement is limited because of lack of market access, enterprise skills, skills to aggregate and add value to their products and lack of access to agricultural services to improve productivity so that they can earn more profit. All these factors form a vicious cycle of poverty, and there is need of immediate intervention to break this. This condition has remained there for a very long time, and it may remain same until interventions enable change. Proposed project will be implemented in three blocks of Ranchi district namely Angara, Bundu and Namkom. All the blocks are of same topology and climate condition is favorable for Lac cultivation.

Problem Analysis: The following problems during the feasibility study conducted by Udyogini were glaring enough to motivate Udyogini into working with the communities in Jharkhand on lac cultivation:- Marginalization of Tribal Communities, especially women: The incomes of tribal people are largely dependent on natural resources - forests and land. Population led pressures lead to several problems in both these two sectors - depletion of forests and loss of bio-diversity; and low productivity of land. Tribals own land but it provides income for barely 3 months in the year. They have to migrate out of the area in large numbers for work in exploitative conditions in industries such as construction. This disrupts family life, especially the lives of children in the family. Insurgency and Unrest: Forty per cent of India's top 50 mineral-rich districts, many of them in Jharkhand, are insurgency-affected, according to the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE). They are also the hubs of tribal discontent. Though Jharkhand, because of its mineral wealth, should be able to provide sustainable livelihoods to its poor people, it is one of the 13 states in the country hit by Maoist insurgency that prevents government and private services from reaching its people in the affected districts. Poor harvesting and production techniques: There is a paradoxical situation of underutilized capacity of forests to generate income on the one hand and destruction of entire trees to extract a part of the resource from them. In the production of a traditional product lac, poor harvesting and systems of production are majorly due to reasons like lack of awareness, motivation, extension services, and unavailability of working capital, insufficient and untreated brood lac (insect brood), lack of strong producers associations and lack of marketing institutions have constrained this sector. Informality and Unfairness along the value chain: One of the reasons for unsustainable harvesting is intermittent market access. Tribal communities, being in interior areas and having little access to the market due to poor road connectivity and awareness of market demand and prices, heavily depend on traders to come to their locations to procure the forest products. Poor entrepreneurship skills to improve returns all along the chain: Udyogini’s experience of working with women in order to move them up the value chains has shown that most women are constrained in motivation, skills and infrastructure to be able to become entrepreneurs in the professional sense, i.e. able to think and act innovatively, and be managers and leaders that can make their businesses grow. No efforts have been taken in past to engage producers for round the year in lac cultivation so as to maintain their interest in the activity and also fetch handsome income. One of the major lacking is the absence of any institutional model in the state to sustain lac cultivation and ensure community ownership to take forward the theme. Hence the Project Goal is to establish Lac as a key product for supplementing the income of rural poor through creation of a sustainable model and hence bringing them one step forward towards becoming key players in an important growth-oriented product. Key Outputs/outcomes:  120 new WEGs formed with new 2000 producers.  At least 3 Cooperatives are functional and efficient by the end of project period.  At least 4000 producers practicing scientific cultivation of lac and earning additional income of Rs. 25000 from their baseline income.  Exposure visits conducted for CRPs and Producers.  At least 80 CRPs (1 per 50 producers) created and functional.  Brood sufficiency achieved for 4000 producers of lac.  Plantation of semialata plant done in 150 acres of land successfully.  Market linkages established with MoU done for the produce (brood and value added lac) to get sold at fair price in the market.  Social Audits done on half yearly basis to maintain transparency in dealings. Strategies addressing sustainable/evergreen/regenerative agriculture practices:- Following are the strategies proposed for regenerative and sustainable lac cultivation practices:- Host Plant Management:- Proper host management practices will be incorporated which will give optimal rest to the host plants for getting maximum production. Seed Management:- Producers will be mobilized to rotate their brood(seed) among the other producer rather than scraping and selling it to the factory in order to meet the brood requirement. Bio-diversity enhancement:- Protection and plantation of new host plants in the project area will help in conservation of bio-diversity. Lac cultivation on semialata is done in inter-cropping mode which again adds to it. Low cost sustainable practices:- In scientific cultivation practices producers are taught to use the brood as per the requirement of the twigs. This practice will help producers to low down their input cost and get more return of the investment. Resilience to climate change:- Climate change is a big threat noticed during past 8-10 years influencing the lac production. Huge fluctuation in temperature lead to activation of various parasites. Timely spray of fungicides and insecticides.

CHAPTER 3 STUDY AREA PROFILE ANDPROGRESS OF SCHEME

3.1. Livelihood Promotion in Jharkhand The key challenge of the state is to improve the living condition of the vast majority of its rural population, which still lagging behind in many human development indicators compared to other state and all India. Udyogini has an experience of working with NTFPs in states like Madhya Pradesh, Uttrakhand and started its intervention in Jharkhand in the year 2008 as a result of a feasibility study conducted which revealed lac to be a major source of alternative livelihood through NTFPs amongst the natives of Jharkhand. However, the study also revealed a dismal situation wherein the communities were giving up lac production dramatically given that the age old product was now unable to fetch them enough returns. When Udyogini intervened, it realized that there were several reasons for the advent of this situation viz climate change, non-practice of scientific methods of lac cultivation suiting with the changing climate hence leading to scarcity of brood1. The situation in these communities was depressing, given the minimal livelihood options these people had. Most worked as agriculture or daily labourers while some often migrated to other states to earn themselves a living. They did have a rich resource base of host trees but did not know how to optimally exploit them. Udyogini started its intervention with the Ministry of Panchayati Raj funded programme called as Rural Business Hub. This project was successful to bring profits to around 750 producers. Motivated by the positive results, Udyogini has been working tirelessly since then with various donours like Intel Foundation, Misereor (Germany), European Commission, ICCO, NABARD and the like. The main objective of the scheme is to improve rural livelihood options and work towards social and economic empowerment of rural poor and women in Jharkhand. For capacity building the project are to organize the poor women in its integral activity of forming Women Enterprise Groups (WEGs) with individuals having the resource or potential to start small enterprises. This is followed by developing a Package for Scientific cultivation of Lac (with the support of technical experts like Indian Institute of Natural Resins and Gums, IINRG), training materials for goat rearing, poultry, small enterprises etc, promotion of Community Resource Persons for training and monitoring and establishing proper financial and forward and backward market linkages for the enterpries. The available opportunities mentioned above have the potential for replication across state. 3.2. Profile of Project Area The population distribution of Jharkhand and its four districts, where study was undertaken is presented in table 1. The population distribution further showed that a little more than three- fourth of state population resides in rural areas. Ranchi block (29 lakh) has the highest population, in which among the three districts Namkum (1 lakh 45 thousand) has the highest population, then Angara (1 lakh 12 thousand) and the lowest being in Bundu (61 thousand). Districts like Angara and Bundu, all the people, i.e 100 percent people reside in the rural areas. Whereas in Namkum, 80 percent people reside in rural areas, and overall in Ranchi 56 percent of the people reside in rural areas. Overall, 76 percent of the people in Jharkhand reside in rural areas. Table 3.1: Distribution of Population in 2011 Total Rural Urban Rural % Angara 112,759 112,759 0 100.0 Namkum 145,841 118,002 27,839 80.9 Bundu 61,921 61,921 0 100.0 Ranchi 2,914,253 1,656,918 1,257,335 56.9 Jharkhand 32,988,134 25,055,073 7,933,061 76.0 Source: Census of India, GoI, 2011

There is a dominance of Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe population, in the state of Jharkhand. The state has a sizable tribal population, which constitute nearly quarter of (26.2 per cent) of the population. Among all the States and the UTs, Jharkhand holds the 6th rank in terms of Scheduled Tribe (ST) population. Besides the STs, the state has a sizable population of the Scheduled Castes (SCs), another equally deprived community. The SCs constitute 12.1 per cent of the population of the state. Namkum has the highest percentage of ST dominated population, it being 68.5 percent, which is followed by Bundu having a population of 59.8 percent ST population. Angara has the third largest ST population among the four districts, being 55 percent. The overall ST population in Ranchi district, occupies 4 percent of the total population of Ranchi. Lowest SC population is in Namkum and Bundu, which have 5.5 percent SC population.

Table 3.2: Distribution of Population by Caste in Rural Areas District SC ST Others Total Angara 7.9 55.0 37.1 100.0 Namkum 5.5 68.5 26.0 100.0 Bundu 5.5 59.8 34.7 100.0 Ranchi 8.0 4.0 89.0 100.0 Jharkhand 13.0 6.0 81.0 100.0 Source: Census of India, GoI, 2011

The literacy rate of Jharkhand was lowest among all the states in India in 2011, with only three other states namely Rajasthan (67 per cent), Arunachal Pradesh (66.9 per cent) and Bihar (63.8 per cent) placed below it. The literacy rate in rural areas of Bundu, Namkum and Angara were higher than the state average. (Table 3.3).it can also be seen that both male and female literacy rate is higher in all four districts when compared to the state average. The state average in male literacy being, 73 percent, and, female literacy being, 49 percent.

Table 3.3: Literacy Rate (7+ years) in Rural Area Person Male Female Angara 64.9 76.5 53.2 Namkum 70.3 80.1 60.4 Bundu 66.4 80.4 52.0 Ranchi 68.0 79.0 57.0 Jharkhand 61.0 73.0 49.0 Source: Census of India, GoI, 2011

The work participation rate or people involved in some productive or economic activities in rural areas were relatively higher in the three blocks namely, Bundu, Nmakum, and Angara than the state average (see table 3.4). In particular, female WPR was significantly lower in than male, this gap was highest in Angara (20 percentage point difference approx.), followed by Namkum (17 point difference approx.) block and the relatively lower being in Bundu (15 point difference). It is surprising that only one-fifth of the people were mainly engaged in economic activity throughout the year with just little over one-quarter male and one-tenth female. This reflects high underemployment and non-working population in the districts as well as the state.

Table 3.4: Work Participation Rate in Rural Area (All (Main+Marginal) and Main Work)3 All Main Person Male Female Person Male Female Angara 45.3 52.8 37.7 23.2 33.1 13.1 Namkum 45.5 52.5 38.5 22.9 31.2 14.6 Bundu 48.7 54.5 42.6 23.4 30.6 15.8 Ranchi 45.0 52.0 39.0 26.0 34.0 17.0 Jharkhand 43.0 51.0 35.0 20.0 28.0 11.0 Source: Census of India, GoI, 2011

The main workers distribution presented in table 3.5 also showed that majority of the workers were still dependent on agriculture for their livelihood either as a cultivators or agriculture labourers. In all the blocks more people were engaged in agriculture as cultivators and then agriculture labourers. The absence of household industries reflected from relatively lower participation of workers in such activities in study districts compared to district average. Similar pattern of occupational distribution observed in case of both male as well as female in all the study districts. The high dependency on agriculture and low work participation of women reveals the lack of better livelihood opportunities in the State as well as in these districts.

3Note: Main Workers are those workers who had worked for the major part of the reference period i.e. 6 months or more. Marginal Workers are those workers who had not worked for the major part of the reference period i.e. less than 6 months.

Table 3.5: Distribution of Workers by Main Occupation in Rural Area Cultivator Agri Labour HH Industries Others Total Person Angara 33.5 14.8 2.7 48.9 100.0 Namkum 27.0 15.7 3.2 54.1 100.0 Bundu 41.8 36.7 5.2 16.3 100.0 Ranchi 47.0 22.0 3.0 27.0 100.0 Jharkhand 40.0 25.0 4.0 31.0 100.0 Male Angara 32.9 12.7 2.2 52.1 100.0 Namkum 26.0 12.4 2.6 59.0 100.0 Bundu 43.3 32.9 3.9 19.9 100.0 Ranchi 46.0 19.0 3.0 32.0 100.0 Jharkhand 40.0 22.0 3.0 35.0 100.0 Female Angara 35.1 20.1 4.1 40.7 100.0 Namkum 29.2 22.7 4.4 43.7 100.0 Bundu 38.8 44.4 7.9 8.9 100.0 Ranchi 50.0 29.0 4.0 18.0 100.0 Jharkhand 42.0 30.0 7.0 21.0 100.0 Source: Census of India, GoI 2011. Therefore, the project seeks to address the issues of food and livelihood insecurity in 3 blocks of Ranchi district in Jharkhand. As the state of Jharkhand has 29 per cent of its area under forest, a major population of the state is still dependent on Agriculture as a main source of livelihood, while forest and forest produce contributes a major share towards the household cash income for the farmers. The demographic composition of the project villages shows that it has 54 per cent ST population mostly comprising of Munda, Oraon, Kharias and a PTG CheroKhairwar, 16 per cent SC population.

Traditionally Lac has been a major source of income for the farmers of the region but Lac production trends in India during (2004-05 to 2009-10) showed a significant positive growth trend up to 2006-07 but subsequently, there has been a decline in production, which is has been attributed to unavailability of good quality brood lac, lack of knowledge of scientific techniques, climatic patterns un-favourable for lac crop and increasing risk due to pest/climate aspects.

The agricultural productivity on the other hand has been facing the challenges of undulating topography, untimely rains, rainfed, low productivity, unavailability of quality inputs, high increase in production costs due to increasing use of fertilizers and chemicals. The 5 out of the 7 project blocks fall under the rain shadow region of Jharkhand. The rainfall data of last decade shows that there has been a marked decrease in annual rainfall in Anagara and Namkum region.

Most rural households are engaged in subsistence farming under adverse, rainfed and changing environmental conditions. The families are often engaged in low paying non-agricultural activities. The livelihood basket consists of agriculture (that meets food security only for few months in a year), income from forest (fuel wood and NTFP4), livestock, and wage labour (local as well as migration). The weak links in the livelihood basket are low agricultural productivity, small and fragmented land holding, poor soil and water resource condition, degraded forest, lack of access to quality and certified seeds, fertilizers/compost, poorly/ non-managed CPR, lack of marketing linkages for forest produce and non-availability of local wage labour. This has led to huge seasonal migrations, in the Thethaitangar block; it is almost 37 per cent as mentioned in a study conducted by planning commission.

In this context, the progress of the scheme in the overall state and respective district is discussed in the next section.

3.3. Progress of the Scheme Udyogini started its intervention with the Ministry of Panchayati Raj funded programme called as Rural Business Hub. This project was successful to bring profits to around 750 producers. Motivated by the positive results, Udyogini has been working tirelessly since then with various

4 Non Timber Forest Produce donours like Intel Foundation, Misereor (Germany), European Commission, ICCO, NABARD and the like. In the meanwhile, Udyogini has engaged in carrying out its integral activity of forming Women Enterprise Groups (WEGs) with individuals having the resource or potential to start small enterprises. This was followed by developing a Package for Scientific cultivation of Lac (with the support of technical experts like Indian Institute of Natural Resins and Gums, IINRG), training materials for goat rearing, poultry, small enterprises etc, promotion of Community Resource Persons for training and monitoring and establishing proper financial and forward and backward market linkages for the enterpries. However, some of the lac producers presently are also individuals who will get included into WEGs in due course. In a tenure of 4 years, Udyogini has been able to reach to a scale of 5500 lac producers in 3 blocks of Ranchi and 1 block of Khunti district and 8000 producers in Gumla. Of these producers, 3500 have already successfully demonstrated the practice and earned profits in Angara and Bundu blocks of Ranchi and Khunti Block of Khunti district respectively. In Namkum block of Ranchi district, 2000 additional producers have joined in April’12 with whom successful demonstration of lac cultivation is yet to be achieved. Though this project is for working with 4000 producers in Ranchi district but during the implementation of project (after getting the success) we will up scale the model and replicate it in nearby district named khunti with another set of 5000 producers. Under the proposed project focusing on lac cultivation, Udyogini aims to achieve two major objectives with the support of MKSP: a) Federating the already functional 2000 lac producers into Institutions for value addition of lac with 2000 producers already into production to achieve sustainability and enhancement of income for the producers at the village level. b) Promoting producers’ profits with 2000 new producers and also federating them into Institution. It is being felt by Udyogini now that since the producers have already started earning enough profit, the community should come forward to take greater ownership. Hence, a community owned producers’ Institution will help the producers to sustain in the long run and take ownership of the activities. Also, now that brood sufficiency has been achieved by the existing 2000 producers, a large amount of scrapped lac is available from these areas along with the scrap that will come from the new 2000 producers, hence a processing unit for initial level value addition to lac should be established here. The institution in the form of Cooperatives would be established at the Block level, that is one cooperative per block having all the members of WEGs (having a common interest in lac cultivation) as members of the cooperative. The members of the cooperative would consist of producers from villages per block. The cooperative would function in a rented store house. It would perform the functions of Bulk purchase and sale of brood lac, Market negotiations, loan provision to producers etc. The cooperative would receive revenue for post project sustainability from 2% Commission per Kg of transaction of brood or scrapped lac, annual membership fee from members and interest from the soft loans provided to the producers. Producers’ profit for new 2000 producers would be promoted through the provision of training, handholding, financial and market linkages and ultimately federating them into a cooperative as well. At the end of the project duration, producers will have 100% increased production from the baseline and earn an average profit of INR 29175 annualy. The value addition to lac at the Processing units with the existing farmers will also help them gain small profits INR (1500- 2000) initially which will increase as the production and stages of value addition further increase with time.

Chapter 4 PROFILE OF THE RESPONDENTS

4.1. Identification Particulars and Household Particular In total, 364 households were interviewed with half of them from control (182 households) and treatment(182 households) group from three districts, Angara, Bundu, and Namkum. The highest number of sample households were interviewed from Angara block (144) followed by Namkum (116), Latehar (103) and Bundu (104). Table 4: Distribution of Sample Households Block Control Treatment Total N % N % N % Angara 72 39.6 72 39.6 144 39.6 Bundu 52 28.6 52 28.6 104 28.6 Namkum 58 31.9 58 31.9 116 31.9 Total 182 100.0 182 100.0 364 100.0

4.1.1. Social Groups The social groups represent socio-economic hierarchy in rural society. In the survey, nearly 73 per cent of the respondents belonged to Schedule Tribe, 24.7 per cent belonged to Scheduled Caste and 2.2 per cent belonged to other backward classes among the Control Households. Among the treatment households also, the pattern was found to be similar. 62.6 per cent of the people belonged to Scheduled tribe category, 35.7 per cent of the people belonged to the Scheduled Caste category and 1.6 per cent of the people belonged to the other backward category. This pattern also exist across the blocks, except Angara, where SCs were highest. Among blocks, respondents belonged to STs were highest in Bundu, followed by Namkum. Among all the blocks, the percentage of households belonging to the general category was nil. The distribution of respondents between control and non-control groups was almost similar.

Table 4.1: Distribution by Social Group of the sample Households Angara Bundu Namkum All Control SC 58.3 0.0 5.2 24.7 ST 41.7 100.0 87.9 73.1 OBC 0.0 0.0 6.9 2.2 General 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Treatment SC 90.3 0.0 0.0 35.7 ST 9.7 94.2 100.0 62.6 OBC 0.0 5.8 0.0 1.6 General 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Total SC 74.3 0.0 2.6 30.2 ST 25.7 97.1 94.0 67.9 OBC 0.0 2.9 3.4 1.9 General 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Figure 4.1a: Distribution of Social Group (control and Treatment) 120

100

80

60 Angara 40 Bundu

20 Namkum

0

ST ST ST

SC SC SC

OBC OBC OBC

General General General Control Treatment Total

Figure 4.1b: Distribution of Social Group (overall)

General OBC

Total ST SC

General OBC ST

Treatment SC

General

OBC

ST Control SC

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

4.1.2. Religion Nearly half of the respondents in the control households belonged to Hindu (57.7) religion followed by 11.5 per cent Christians and 30.8 per cent others. It was a similar situation among the treatment households also, half of the households were Hindu, 44 percent were belonging to other religions and 6 per cent belonged to Christian religion. The percentage of Hindus was highest in Angara and lowest in Bundu; Christians were highest in Bundu and nil in Angara; Muslims were nill in all the blocks; others were highest in Bundu and lowest in Angara blocks.

Table 4.2: Distribution by Religious Groups Angara Bundu Namkum Total Control Hindu 100.0 34.6 25.9 57.7 Muslim 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Christian 0.0 32.7 6.9 11.5 Other 0.0 32.7 67.2 30.8 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Treatment Hindu 98.6 11.5 24.1 50.0 Muslim 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Christian 0.0 0.0 19.0 6.0 Other 1.4 88.5 56.9 44.0 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Total Hindu 99.3 23.1 25.0 53.8 Muslim 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Christian 0.0 16.3 12.9 8.8 Other 0.7 60.6 62.1 37.4 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Figure 4.2 a: Distribution of Religious Group (Control) 120 100 100

80 67.2 Hindu 57.7 60 Muslim Christian 34.6 40 32.732.7 30.8 Other 25.9

20 11.5 6.9 0 0 0 Angara Bundu Namkum Total

Figure 4.2 b: Distribution of Religious Group (Treatment) 120

98.6 100 88.5

80 Hindu 56.9 Muslim 60 50 44 Christian 40 Other 24.1 19 20 11.5 6 0 1.4 0 0 Angara Bundu Namkum Total

Figure 4.2 c: Distribution of Religious Group (All) 120

99.3 100

80 Hindu 60.6 62.1 60 53.8 Muslim Christian 37.4 40 Other 23.1 25 16.3 20 12.9 8.8 0 0.7 0 Angara Bundu Namkum Total

4.1.3. Primitive Tribal Groups Among the reported cases of Schedule Tribes, almost 1.6 per cent revealed that they belong to Primitive Tribal Groups (PTGs). This proportion was highest in Namkum and nil in Bundu. The proportion of PTGs was higher among Treatment group except in Angara block and higher among Control group in Namkum block.

Figure 4.3: Distribution of Primitive Tribal Groups 5 4.5 4.3 4 3.4 3.5 3 Cntrol 2.5 2.2 Treatment 2 1.7 1.6 1.4 Total 1.5 1.1 1 0.7 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 Angara Bundu Namkum Total

4.1.4. BPL Card Six out of ten household had BPL ration card, which was relatively higher for control groups in Bundu and Namkum block compared to overall average. On the other hand, BPL card holders’ households in Angara were relatively lower, whereas Treatment group household had higher percentage of BPL card holders compared to control. Bundu had a full 100 percent of households having a BPL Card. Figure 4.4: Distribution of BPL Card Holders

120 100 100 100 100 76.4 80 72.4 66.2 62.5 64.7 Cntrol 56.9 56 60 43.1 Treatment 40 Total 23.6 20

0 Angara Bundu Namkum Total

4.1.5. Ration Card Similarly ration card holders were nearly 80.5 per cent of the surveyed households, which was marginally higher among treatment group compared to control ones. This proportion was relatively higher in Bundu and Angara, whereas lower in Namkum block. Across the blocks, relatively higher proportion of treatment households had ration card in Bundu and Angara compared to overall. Figure 4.5: Distribution of Ration Card Holders 120 100 95.2 100 90.4 84.787.5 86.1 84.1 76.9 80.5 80 65.5 60.3 Cntrol 60 55.2 Treatment 40 Total

20

0 Angara Bundu Namkum Total

4.1.6. Type of Card The distribution of 480 surveyed households by card type showed that 73.7 per cent had BPL card followed by 20.5 percentAntadoya, 4.1 percent Annapurna and 1.4 percent APL. Among control group as well as the treatment group the BPL and Antadoyacard holders were highest. Again the pattern across the blocks were similar, with proportion of BPL households were higher in Bundu and Namkum, followed by Angara. Figure 4.6a: Distribution of Ration Card Holders (Control) 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 percentage 20 10 0 Do not Antadoya Anapurna BPL APL Other know Angara 52.5 9.8 32.8 4.9 0 0 Bundu 8.5 0 91.5 0 0 0 Namkum 3.1 3.1 90.6 0 0 3.1 Total 26.4 5 65.7 2.1 0 0.7

Figure 4.6b: Distribution of Ration Card Holders (Treatment) 100 90 80

70 60 50 40 percentage 30 20 10 0 Do not Antadoya Anapurna BPL APL Other know Angara 23.8 1.6 74.6 0 0 0 Bundu 3.8 0 94.2 1.9 0 0 Namkum 15.8 10.5 73.7 0 0 0 Total 15 3.3 81 0.7 0 0

Figure 4.6c: Distribution of Ration Card Holders (All) 100 90 80 70

60 50

percentage 40 30 20 10 0 Do not Antadoya Anapurna BPL APL Other know Angara 37.9 5.6 54 2.4 0 0 Bundu 6.1 0 92.9 1 0 0 Namkum 10 7.1 81.4 0 0 1.4 Total 20.5 4.1 73.7 1.4 0 0.3

4.2. Demography 4.2.1. Population, Average Size and Sex Ratio The surveyed households had 1878 members with 956 in control group and 922 in treatment group. The average household size was little over 5, which was relatively higher among control compared to treatment. The sex ratio was 1002, which was relatively higher among treatment than control. Across the blocks, among the control households, highest number of members household was found in Namkum and lowest in Bundu block. Among the treatment households, the highest household size was found to be in Angara and the lowest in Bundu, whereas sex ratio was highest in Angara and lowest in Namkum block. The dependency ratio was 75 meaning 75 dependent people out of 100 working age people for his/her livelihood. This ratio was marginally higher among control group households compared to treatment ones and relatively lower in Namkum andBundu block and higher in Angara compared to overall average.

Table 4.3 Population, Size and Sex Ratio of the Surveyed Household

Control Treatment Total Angara Bundu Namkum Total Angara Bundu Namkum Total Angara Bundu Namkum Total * Depen dent Population 393 231 332 956 420 222 280 922 813 453 612 1878 peopl Hhsize 5.5 4.4 5.7 5.3 5.8 4.3 4.8 5.1 5.6 4.4 5.3 5.2 e out Sex Ratio 985 991 1024 1000 1100 1075 830 1004 1043 1031 931 1002 of 100 worki Dependency 105 76 61 81 83 52 66 69 93 64 63 75 ng Ratio* age people 4.2.2. Marital Status The marital status showed that little more than half of the surveyed household members were married (49.6 per cent) and around 48.5 per cent were unmarried, while just 1.9 per cent members were widow/widower and 0.1 per cent both separated and divorced. The married household members were relatively higher in Bundu (56.1 percent), followed by Nmakum (53.9 per cent) and lowest in Angara (42.8 per cent).

Figure 4.7a: Marital Status (Control) 60

50

40

30

percentage 20

10

0 Widow or Separated or Married Unmarried Divorced Widower Deserted Angara 43.5 53.4 2.8 0 0.3 Bundu 52.4 46.8 0.9 0 0 Namkum 53.3 45.2 1.5 0 0 Total 49.1 49 1.9 0 0.1

Figure 4.7b: Marital Status (Treatment) 70 60

50 40 30

percentage 20 10 0 Widow or Separated or Married Unmarried Divorced Widower Deserted Angara 42.1 55.7 2.1 0 0 Bundu 59.9 39.2 0.9 0 0 Namkum 54.6 43.2 2.1 0 0 Total 50.2 47.9 1.8 0 0

Figure 4.7c: Marital Status (All) 60

50

40 30

percentage 20 10 0 Widow or Separated or Married Unmarried Divorced Widower Deserted Angara 42.8 54.6 2.5 0 0.1 Bundu 56.1 43 0.9 0 0 Namkum 53.9 44.3 1.8 0 0 Total 49.6 48.5 1.9 0 0.1

4.2.3. Children Attended Schools Out of total children above 6 years, around 78.9 per cent attended school, which was relatively higher among treatment groups compared to control groups. This percentage was relatively higher in Bundu and lower in Angara block. However, the pattern between control and non- control group was the same, the treatment group children attending school more relatively to control groups. Figure 4.8: Attended School (>6 years) 100 90 90.2 90.1 90 77 79.3 78 78.1 79.7 78.9 80 74.1 70.8 72.6 70 60 Cntrol 50 Treatment 40 Total 30 20 10 0 Angara Bundu Namkum Total

4.2.4 Children Currently Attending School It is surprising that nearly 64.4 per cent of children were currently going to school, which was almost similar between control and treatment groups. This percentage was relatively higher in Namkum and almost equal in Angara and Bundu. On a block level analysis it was found out that Angara and Bundu blocks, the percentage was higher for Control groups whereas for Namkum the percentage was higher for treatment groups.

Figure 4.9: Currently Attending School

80 73.56 67.6 69 70 64.8 62.4 64.6 63.5 64.6 64.3 64.4 58.7 60 56.3

50 Cntrol 40 Treatment 30 Total 20

10

0 Angara Bundu Namkum Total

4.2.5. Highest Education Around 13.7 per cent of the household member had qualification up-to secondary level and nearly 8.9 per cent had higher secondary level qualification. However, just 2.7 per cent of the household members were graduate and above level qualification. Majority of the householdsmembers were educated upto primary and middle level. This proportion was relatively higher in Bundu, and Namkum blocks. The secondary education level was higher in the Control groups but as the level of education moved higher, the treatment groups were found to be more qualified than the control groups.

Figure 4.10a: Highest Education of Sample Households Members (Control) 50 45 40

35

30 25

20 percentage 15 10 5 0 Upto Higher Graduate & Primary Middle Secondary Primary Secondary above Angara 45.1 12.1 19.2 10.7 7.6 5.4 Bundu 31.8 10.9 26.6 14.6 12.5 3.6 Namkum 38.5 12.8 22.3 12.2 12.8 1.4 Total 38.8 11.9 22.5 12.4 10.6 3.7

Figure 4.10b: Highest Education of Sample Households Members (Treatment) 60

50

40

30

percentage 20

10

0 Upto Higher Graduate & Primary Middle Secondary Primary Secondary above Angara 49.8 9.6 18.3 12.7 8 1.6 Bundu 29.5 14.2 32.4 14.8 5.7 3.4 Namkum 39 12.7 22.4 17.6 7.8 0.5 Total 40.7 11.9 23.6 14.9 7.3 1.7

Figure 4.10c: Highest Education of Sample Households Members (All) 50 45 40 35 30 25 20

percentage 15 10 5 0 Higher Upto Secondar Graduate Primary Middle Secondar Primary y & above y Angara 47.6 10.7 18.7 11.8 7.8 3.4 Bundu 30.7 12.5 29.3 14.7 9.2 3.5 Namkum 38.8 12.7 22.4 15.3 9.9 0.8 Total 39.8 11.9 23.1 13.7 8.9 2.7

4.2.6. Disability Nearly one per cent of the household members were disabled, which is relatively higher in treatment than control groups. This was relatively higher in Anara and Bundu blocks, while higher among treatment groups in Angara and control in Bundu and Namkum blocks.

Figure 4.11: Person with Disability 2 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.1 1 1 Cntrol 1 0.9 0.8 Treatment 0.8 0.6 Total 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0 0 Angara Bundu Namkum Total

4.2.7. Identification Card (Adhar/Voter ID) Around half of the household member had both Adhar and Voter ID, whereas 38 per cent had only Aadhar and just 1 per cent had only Voter ID. The distribution was almost equal among control and non-control households. Distribution of identification cards among the household members across the blocks was almost similar except in Namkum where people have Aadhar cards. Figure 4.12a: Adhar/Voter Card (Control) Card 60

50

40

30

percentage 20

10

0 Angara Bundu Namkum Total All 38.2 52.4 28.9 38.4 None 33.3 27.3 22.9 28.2 Only Aadhar 19.8 16.5 32.5 23.4 Only Voter 8.7 3.9 15.7 9.9

Figure 4.12b: Adhar/Voter Card (Treatment) Card 80 70

60

50 40

30 percentage 20 10 0 Angara Bundu Namkum Total All 40 0 9.7 21.2 None 30.7 71.6 53.4 47.4 Only Aadhar 26.7 0 9.3 15 Only Voter 2.6 28.4 27.6 16.4

Figure 4.12b: Adhar/Voter Card (All) Card 60

50

40

30

percentage 20

10

0 Angara Bundu Namkum Total All 39.1 26.7 20.1 29.9 None 32 49 36.8 37.7 Only Aadhar 23.4 8.4 21.9 19.3 Only Voter 5.5 15.9 21.1 13.1

4.2.8. KCC Only 0.5 per cent members had KCC, which was 0.9 for control groups and 0.1 percent for Treatment groups. Across the districts, Bundu had the highest in Control group category being 2.2 per cent, and in the treatment group category, across districts; Angara had the highest percent of 0.2. Figure 4.13: Distribution of KCC 2.5 2.2

2

1.5 Cntrol 1.1 Treatment 1 0.9 0.9 Total 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0 0 0 Angara Bundu Namkum Total

4.3. Training 4.3.1. Type of Training Majority of the respondent had received training on paddy cultivation –SRI (92.9 per cent) followed by just 7.1 per cent mother and child health care and others. The reason why Namkum shows zero is because the intervention was started later and the trainings are still in the process. The proportion of people from control groups got training more in paddy cultivation compared to others. In particular, almost all the trainees in Angara, 90.9 per cent in Bundu were trained in Paddy cultivation-SRI, 4.5 per cent got training in Bundu for vegetable cultivation and SHG Management. Among the treatment groups only, the households were given training in mother and child health and exposure visits.

Figure 4.14a: Distribution of Type of Training (Control) 120

100

80

60 percentage 40

20

0 Paddy cultivation-SRI Vegetable cultivation SHG Management Angara 100 0 0 Bundu 90.9 4.5 4.5 Namkum 0 0 0 Total 92 4 4

Figure 4.14b: Distribution of Type of Training (Treatment) 100 90 80

70

60 50

40 percentage 30 20 10 0 Exposure visits- Paddy Vegetable SHG Mother & Child at production cultivation-SRI cultivation Management Health care site, market site Angara 90.9 0 0 9.1 0 Bundu 68.4 5.3 1.8 15.8 8.8 Namkum 75 18.8 0 6.3 0 Total 72.6 7.1 1.2 13.1 6

Figure 4.14c: Distribution of Type of Training (All) 100 90 80

70

60 50

40 percentage 30 20 10 0 Exposure visits- Paddy Vegetable SHG Mother & Child at production cultivation-SRI cultivation Management Health care site, market site Angara 92.9 0 0 7.1 0 Bundu 74.7 5.1 2.5 11.4 6.3 Namkum 75 18.8 0 6.3 0 Total 77.1 6.4 1.8 10.1 4.6

4.3.2. Place of Training Majority of them got training locally in the control groups. Only, 4.3 per cent got training from outside. In the treatment groups, 12.8 percent got their training from outside help, whereas 87.2 per cent got their training locally.

Figure 4.16a: Training from Local and Outside (Control) 120

100

80

60

percentage 40

20

0 Angara Bundu Namkum Total Local 66.7 100 0 95.7 Outside 33.3 0 0 4.3

Figure 4.16a: Training from Local and Outside (Treatment) 120

100

80

60

percentage 40

20

0 Angara Bundu Namkum Total Local 81.8 84.3 100 87.2 Outside 18.2 15.7 0 12.8

Figure 4.16a: Training from Local and Outside (Treatment) 120

100

80

60

percentage 40

20

0 Angara Bundu Namkum Total Local 78.6 88.7 100 89.1 Outside 21.4 11.3 0 10.9

4.3.3 Frequency of meeting More than half of the respondents reported SHGs meeting held on a regular basis followed by weekly, which was almost similar among control and non-control group. Control groups have had 100 per cent regular meetings.

Figure 4.20a: Frequency of Meeting (Control) 120

100

80

60

percentage 40

20

0 Angara Bundu Namkum Total Regular 100 100 100 100 Weekly 0 0 0 0

Figure 4.20b: Frequency of Meeting (Treatment) 120

100

80

60 percentage 40

20

0 Angara Bundu Namkum Total Regular 100 100 93.1 97.8 Weekly 0 0 3.4 1.1

Figure 4.20c: Frequency of Meeting (All) 120

100

80

60 percentage 40

20

0 Angara Bundu Namkum Total Regular 100 100 96.6 98.9 Weekly 0 0 1.7 0.5

CHAPTER 5 HOUSING AND BASIC SERVICES

5.1. Housing All the households had owned houses. All the households among control group and treatment group had owned houses.

Figure 5.1a: Ownership status of your house (control) 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Owned but Tenant in Tenant in Owned Other mortgaged cash kind Angara 100 0 0 0 0 Bundu 100 0 0 0 0 Namkum 100 0 0 0 0 Total 100 0 0 0 0

Figure 5.1b: Ownership status of your house (treatment) 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Owned but Tenant in Tenant in Owned Other mortgaged cash kind Angara 100 0 0 0 0 Bundu 100 0 0 0 0 Namkum 100 0 0 0 0 Total 100 0 0 0 0

Figure 5.1c: Ownership status of your house (all) 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Owned but Tenant in Tenant in Owned Other mortgaged cash kind Angara 100 0 0 0 0 Bundu 100 0 0 0 0 Namkum 100 0 0 0 0 Total 100 0 0 0 0

Nearly 96.4 per cent had kutcha houses, 3 per cent pucca and just 0.5 per cent semi-pucca houses. Across blocks, Angara and Bundu had 100 per cent kutcha houses, and both Pucca and semi-pucca houses in Namkum block. There was marginally higher pucca treatment groups (5.5 per cent) compared to control (0.5 and 1.1 per cent)

Figure 5.2a: Type of your house (control) 120

100

80

60

40

20

0 Angara Bundu Namkum Total Kutcha 100 100 94.8 98.4 Pucca 0 0 1.7 0.5 Semi-pucca 0 0 3.4 1.1 Other 0 0 0 0

Figure 5.2b: Type of your house (treatment) 120

100

80

60

40

20

0 Angara Bundu Namkum Total Kutcha 100 100 82.8 94.5 Pucca 0 0 17.2 5.5 Semi-pucca 0 0 0 0 Other 0 0 0 0

Figure 5.2c: Type of your house (all) 120

100

80

60

40

20

0 Angara Bundu Namkum Total Kutcha 100 100 88.8 96.4 Pucca 0 0 9.5 3 Semi-pucca 0 0 1.7 0.5 Other 0 0 0 0

Again majority of the houses roof were made of kutcha tiles, which was higher for control compared to treatment ones. The similar pattern was observed across the districts with relatively higher proportion houses used kutcha tiles in Angara and Bundu and lower in Namkum.

Figure 5.3a: Main material of the roof (control) 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Bamboo Kutcha or Bricks Cement Asbestos Mixed Other Tiles Leaves Angara 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 Bundu 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 Namkum 81 15.5 1.7 0 1.7 0 0 Total 94 4.9 0.5 0 0.5 0 0

Figure 5.3b: Main material of the roof (treatment) 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Bamboo Kutcha or Bricks Cement Asbestos Mixed Other Tiles Leaves Angara 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 Bundu 96.2 3.8 0 0 0 0 0 Namkum 65.5 15.5 5.2 3.4 6.9 3.4 0 Total 87.9 6 1.6 1.1 2.2 1.1 0

Figure 5.3c: Main material of the roof (all) 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Bamboo Kutcha or Bricks Cement Asbestos Mixed Other Tiles Leaves Angara 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 Bundu 98.1 1.9 0 0 0 0 0 Namkum 73.3 15.5 3.4 1.7 4.3 1.7 0 Total 90.9 5.5 1.1 0.5 1.4 0.5 0

Similarly, main material used for the floor was mud with relatively higher in control group households. Angara had 99 percent of the houses which had a mud flooring, only Namkum block had cement flooring.

Figure 5.4a: Main material of the floor (control) 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Bamboo Mud Bricks Cement Mixed Other or Leaves Angara 98.6 0 1.4 0 0 0 Bundu 100 0 0 0 0 0 Namkum 94.8 0 5.2 0 0 0 Total 97.8 0 2.2 0 0 0

Figure 5.4b: Main material of the floor (treatment) 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Bamboo Mud Bricks Cement Mixed Other or Leaves Angara 100 0 0 0 0 0 Bundu 96.2 3.8 0 0 0 0 Namkum 81 3.4 10.3 1.7 3.4 0 Total 92.9 2.2 3.3 0.5 1.1 0

Figure 5.4c: Main material of the floor (all) 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Bamboo Mud Bricks Cement Mixed Other or Leaves Angara 99.3 0 0.7 0 0 0 Bundu 98.1 1.9 0 0 0 0 Namkum 87.9 1.7 7.8 0.9 1.7 0 Total 95.3 1.1 2.7 0.3 0.5 0

Similar pattern were observed in regard to main material used for the households, most of them used mud where percentage of control groups was relatively higher compared to treatment groups. Across districts percentage was higher in Angara and Bundu.

Figure 5.5a: Main material of the walls (control) 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Bamboo Mud Bricks Cement Mixed Other or Leaves Angara 100 0 0 0 0 0 Bundu 51 1 0 0 0 0 Namkum 54 0 4 0 0 0 Total 177 1 4 0 0 0

Figure 5.5b: Main material of the walls (treatment) 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Bamboo Mud Bricks Cement Mixed Other or Leaves Angara 100 0 0 0 0 0 Bundu 100 0 0 0 0 0 Namkum 81 3.4 13.8 1.7 0 0 Total 94 1.1 4.4 0.5 0 0

Figure 5.5c: Main material of the walls (all) 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Bamboo Mud Bricks Cement Mixed Other or Leaves Angara 100 0 0 0 0 0 Bundu 99 1 0 0 0 0 Namkum 87.1 1.7 10.3 0.9 0 0 Total 95.6 0.8 3.3 0.3 0 0

5.2. Housing under Government Scheme Around one-fifth of the households got their houses under the government scheme, which was relatively higher among treatment group compared to control. This percentage was higher in Namkum and Angara but relatively lower in Bundu.

Figure 5.6: Build this house under the Indira AavasYojna 25 22.8

20 16.5

15 control 10.3 treatment 10 7.7 total 6.6 5.6 5.5 5 2.8 1.9 1 0 0 0 Angara Bundu Namkum Total

5.3. Drinking Water The main source of drinking water was Dug well followed by one-third still using water from Tubewell/Bore well/Hand pump. This percentage was almost similar across control and non- control households, which was relatively higher in Bundu, and Angara and lower in Namkum.

Figure 5.7a: Main source of drinking water (control) 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Tube well or Piped water Piped water Bore well or Dug well Surface water Other into dwelling in the yard Hand Pump Angara 0 0 16.7 72.2 0 11.1 Bundu 0 0 0 100 0 0 Namkum 1.7 0 19 75.9 3.4 0 Total 0.5 0 12.6 81.3 1.1 4.4

Figure 5.7b: Main source of drinking water (treatment) 120

100

80

60

40

20

0 Tube well or Piped water Piped water Bore well or Dug well Surface water Other into dwelling in the yard Hand Pump Angara 0 0 0 100 0 0 Bundu 0 1.9 1.9 94.2 1.9 0 Namkum 0 0 15.5 77.6 6.9 0 Total 0 0.5 5.5 91.2 2.7 0

Figure 5.7b: Main source of drinking water (treatment) 120

100

80

60

40

20

0 Tube well or Piped water Piped water Bore well or Dug well Surface water Other into dwelling in the yard Hand Pump Angara 0 0 8.3 86.1 0 5.6 Bundu 0 1 1 97.1 1 0 Namkum 0.9 0 17.2 76.7 5.2 0 Total 0.3 0.3 9.1 86.3 1.9 2.2

5.4. Toilet Facility Even after scheme like Total Sanitation Campaign, implemented by the government, majority of the households still go to open fields for defecation. This situation is relatively better in treatment groups where a very marginal percentage but still some people opt for community toilets or pit latrines. Figure 5.8a: Toilet facility (control) 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Community Open fields Pit latrine Flush toilet Other Toilet Angara 100 0 0 0 0 Bundu 100 0 0 0 0 Namkum 100 0 0 0 0 Total 100 0 0 0 0

Figure 5.8b: Toilet facility (treatment) 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Community Open fields Pit latrine Flush toilet Other Toilet Angara 100 0 0 0 0 Bundu 98.1 0 0 1.9 0 Namkum 98.3 1.7 0 0 0 Total 98.9 0.5 0 0.5 0

Figure 5.8c: Toilet facility (all) 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Community Open fields Pit latrine Flush toilet Other Toilet Angara 100 0 0 0 0 Bundu 99 0 0 1 0 Namkum 99.1 0.9 0 0 0 Total 99.5 0.3 0 0.3 0

5.5. Fuel Majority of the households used mainly wood as fuel for cooking almost similar percentage among control and non-control. However, only 6.9 per cent of the treatment group in Namkum used electricity and 1.7 per cent of the control group in Namkum used LPG and 6.9 percent used kerosene and 1.7 per cent charcoal. 2.8 percent and 5.2 percent of the treatment groups in Angara and Namkum used charcoal respectively. Figure 5.9a: Type of fuel does your household mainly use for cooking (control) 120

100

80

60

40

20

0 Straw or Agricultu cowdung Electricit Kerosen LPG Bio Gas Coal Charcoal Wood Grass or ral crop or dung y e leaves waste cake Angara 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 Bundu 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 Namkum 0 1.7 0 6.9 0 1.7 89.7 0 0 0 Total 0 0.5 0 2.2 0 0.5 96.7 0 0 0

Figure 5.9b: Type of fuel does your household mainly use for cooking (treatment) 120

100

80

60

40

20

0 Straw or Agricultu cowdung Electricit LPG Bio Gas Kerosene Coal Charcoal Wood Grass or ral crop or dung y leaves waste cake Angara 0 0 0 0 0 2.8 97.2 0 0 0 Bundu 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 Namkum 13.8 0 0 0 0 5.2 77.6 1.7 1.7 0 Total 4.4 0 0 0 0 2.7 91.8 0.5 0.5 0

Figure 5.9c: Type of fuel does your household mainly use for cooking (all) 120

100

80

60

40

20

0 Agricult cowdun Straw or Electricit Kerosen ural g or LPG Bio Gas Coal Charcoal Wood Grass or y e crop dung leaves waste cake Angara 0 0 0 0 0 1.4 98.6 0 0 0 Bundu 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 Namkum 6.9 0.9 0 3.4 0 3.4 83.6 0.9 0.9 0 Total 2.2 0.3 0 1.1 0 1.6 94.2 0.3 0.3 0

5.6. Lighting Sources The households are using kerosene oil lamp as main source of lighting in the evening, although around 44.5 per cent of the households had electricity connection. The use of kerosene oil lamp was relatively higher in Bundu and Angara and lower in Namkum. 66.4 per cent used electricity in Namkum. 5.2 per cent of the control group households in Namkum used Solar lights whereas, 1.4 per cent of the treatment groups households in Angara used Solar lights.

Figure 5.10a: Main source of lighting in the evening of your house (control) 120

100

80

60

40

20

0 Bio Gas Based Kerosene Oil Electricity LPG Petromax Solar Light light Lamp Angara 70.8 0 0 0 29.2 Bundu 1.9 0 0 0 98.1 Namkum 56.9 0 0 5.2 37.9 Total 46.7 0 0 1.6 51.6

Figure 5.10b: Main source of lighting in the evening of your house (treatment) 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Bio Gas Based Kerosene Oil Electricity LPG Petromax Solar Light light Lamp Angara 34.7 0 0 1.4 63.9 Bundu 15.4 0 0 0 84.6 Namkum 75.9 0 0 0 24.1 Total 42.3 0 0 0.5 57.1

Figure 5.10c: Main source of lighting in the evening of your house (all) 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Bio Gas Based Kerosene Oil Electricity LPG Petromax Solar Light light Lamp Angara 52.8 0 0 0.7 46.5 Bundu 8.7 0 0 0 91.3 Namkum 66.4 0 0 2.6 31 Total 44.5 0 0 1.1 54.4

CHAPTER 6 EMPLOYMENT AND LIVELIHOOD PATTERN

6.1. Employment 6.1.1. Work Participation Rate Almost half of the population was involved in economic activities such as self-cultivation in agriculture, agriculture labour, small business and construction work etc, which was relatively higher among treatment group compared to control group. This WPR was relatively higher in Bundu and Namkum and lower Angara among the control groups. WPR among treatment group was higher in Anagara block, where WPR among control group was lower than treatment, but in Bundu and Namkum, the WPR was lower for treatment groups.

Figure 6.1: Work Participation Rate 120

100 95.7 90.5 90.7 86.5 86.3 85.3 82.4 83.9 83.2 79.2 80 76.2 67.8 control 60 treatment total 40

20

0 Angara Bundu Namkum Total

6.1.2. Employment in MGNREGA Nearly 32.1 per cent of the members in the households have MGNREGA job cards. It was significantly higher in Angara block and lower in Namkum in the treatment group and highest in Nmakum and lowest in Bundu block in the Control group, reflecting socio-economic profile of these districts. The percentage of household members having MGNREGA job card was relatively higher in treatment group than control as the people belong to former were better off than the later as discussed earlier.

Figure 6.2: MGNREGA job card 60 51.7 50 39.2 40 32.9 31.1 31.132.1 29 30.9 29.1 control 30 26.9 23.1 treatment 20 total 13.5 10

0 Angara Bundu Namkum Total

6.1.3. Main Activity The household members mainly involved in agriculture were either self-employed (25.72 per cent) or wage labour (17.6 per cent) followed by income from forest produce (17.2 percent) and animal husbandry (14.2 per cent). The members in control households were relatively more involved in farming, agricultural laborers than non-control households. Households in the treatment groups were more involved in forest produce than the control households. They were also involved more in other activities when compared to control groups. Across the blocks, Bundu had more households involved in farming and agricultural labourers and households in Namkum were more involved in animal husbandry and forest produce gathering.

Figure 6.3a: Main Activity (control) 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 livestoc Self Petty Agricult Unskille k or Forest employ Farmin Skilled Service trader Pensio ure d animal produc ed Other g worker s or shop n labour worker husban e profess owner dary ional Angara 23.3 14.8 6.2 1.6 14.8 3.3 0 8.2 0.7 1 26.2 Bundu 38.9 29 3.1 1.5 6.9 11.5 4.6 0 2.3 0.8 1.5 Namkum 21.1 16.7 8.4 2.9 20 21.1 0 7.3 0.7 0.7 1.1 Total 25.3 18.1 6.5 2.1 15.3 11.7 0.8 6.3 1 0.8 12

Figure 6.3b: Main Activity (treatment) 35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0 livestoc Self Petty Agricult Unskille k or Forest employ Farmin Skilled Service trader Pensio ure d animal produc ed Other g worker s or shop n labour worker husban e profess owner dary ional Angara 23.7 16.7 8 2.3 9.3 20.7 3.3 3 1.3 0.3 11.3 Bundu 30.4 17.5 5.3 2.9 6.4 26.3 2.3 0 4.1 3.5 1.2 Namkum 22.9 17.1 6.1 1.6 22.4 22.9 0.8 1.2 1.6 0 3.3 Total 25 17 6.7 2.2 13.1 22.8 2.2 1.7 2.1 1 6.1

Figure 6.3c: Main Activity (all) 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 livestoc Self Petty Agricul Unskill k or Forest employ Farmin Skilled Service trader Pensio ture ed animal produc ed Other g worker s or shop n labour worker husban e profess owner dry ional Angara 23.5 15.7 7.1 2 12.1 11.9 1.7 5.6 1 0.7 18.8 Bundu 34.1 22.5 4.3 2.3 6.6 19.9 3.3 0 3.3 2.3 1.3 Namkum 21.9 16.9 7.3 2.3 21.2 21.9 0.4 4.4 1.2 0.4 2.1 Total 25.2 17.6 6.6 2.2 14.2 17.2 1.5 4 1.5 0.9 9

6.2 Consumption and Expenditure Exigencies 6.2.1 Consumption Around one-tenth of the households reported that it was difficult for all family members to have at least two meals every day. Treatment groups were relatively higher than the control groups when it came to having two meals a day by the family. The control group in Angara had the most difficulty in getting two meals a day when compared to the rest of the blocks. Similarly within treatment groups, Namkum households had the most difficulty in providing two meals to their families when compared to other blocks. Bundu recorded the highest percentage when it came to providing two meals to the families.

Figure 6.4: household reported enough food for all family members to have at least two full meals every day (%) 120

100 98.1 100 93.1 96.2 87.9 84.186.7 85.4 81.3 79.1 80 69.4 70.2 control 60 treatment

40 total

20

0 Angara Bundu Namkum Total

Nearly 8.3 per cent of the households reported that they had sold/mortgaged their assets to buy food in the last 12 months. This was relatively higher among control households and in Angara and Namkum blocks as compared to Bundu and overall.

Figure 6.5: Require sell/mortgage any assets to buy food in the last 12 months 16 13.9 14 11.8 12 10.3 9.7 9.3 10 8.7 8.3 control 8 7 7.2 treatment 6 total 3.8 4 2.9 1.9 2

0 Angara Bundu Namkum Total

Nearly 7.4 per cent of the households reported that they borrowed money to buy food in the last 12 months. This was relatively higher among control households and in Angara as compared to other blocks as well as overall. Figure 6.6: Require borrowing money to buy food in the last 12 months 30 25 25

20

14.6 control 15 treatment 11 10 total 7.4 5.8 4.2 3.9 5 2.9 3.4 1.8 2.6 0 0 Angara Bundu Namkum Total

Nearly 86 per cent of the households reported that they receive dry food through the Ration/Public Distribution System. This was relatively higher among treatment households. In control households Bundu received 100 per cent food through PDS and also among the treatment households. Figure 6.7: Received dry food through the Ration/Public Distribution System 120

100 98.1 100 96.2 86.1 87.3 86 84.785.4 82.5 84.6 80 75.7 69 control 60 treatment

40 total

20

0 Angara Bundu Namkum Total

Majority (91 per cent) of the households reported that they received ration once in a month through the Ration/Public Distribution System. This was relatively higher among control households and in Angara and Bundu as compared to Namkum and also overall.

Figure 6.8a: Received your Ration through Public Distribution System Frequency (control) 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 More than 4 Once a Once in 15 Once in times in a Others week days month month Angara 0 0 98.4 0 1.6 Bundu 0 0 98.1 1.9 0 Namkum 0 2.5 87.5 7.5 2.5 Total 0 0.6 95.5 2.6 1.3

Figure 6.8b: Received your Ration through Public Distribution System Frequency (treatment) 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 More than 4 Once a Once in 15 Once in times in a Others week days month month Angara 0 0 95.1 4.9 0 Bundu 4 4 92 0 0 Namkum 0 2.1 70.2 2.1 25.5 Total 1.3 1.9 86.7 2.5 7.6

Figure 6.8c: Received your Ration through Public Distribution System Frequency (all) 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 More than 4 Once a Once in 15 Once in times in a Others week days month month Angara 0 0 96.7 2.4 0.8 Bundu 2 2 95.1 1 0 Namkum 0 2.3 78.2 4.6 14.9 Total 0.6 1.3 91 2.6 4.5

6.2.2. Expenditure Around 9.1 percent money was spent on food, 31 per cent on social ceremony, 14 per cent on health and 12 per cent on education. 32 percent was spent on other activities. This pattern of expenditure was also reported by most of the households across the blocks and both control as well as non-control households, except, the control group spent 15 per cent on health and 29 per cent on social ceremony, whereas, in treatment groups, 13 per cent was spent on health and 33 per cent was spent on social ceremony. Angara block spent the highest on food and social ceremony, Namkum on education, health and other activities, while Bundu spent the highest on health. Figure 6.9a: Expenditure Pattern of Households (control) 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Social Food Education Health Others Ceremony Angara 13.5 9.7 10.4 39.6 26.8 Bundu 7.3 6.5 20.4 32.6 33.2 Namkum 6.2 17.1 16 22 38.8 Total 8.3 12.4 15.8 29.2 34.3

Figure 6.9b: Expenditure Pattern of Households (treatment) 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Social Food Education Health Others Ceremony Angara 14 10.1 10 41.1 24.8 Bundu 12.1 8.4 22.2 29.9 27.4 Namkum 5.2 16 12.1 28.2 38.5 Total 9.9 12.2 13.7 33.1 31.2

Figure 6.9c: Expenditure Pattern of Households (all) 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Social Food Education Health Others Ceremony Angara 13.8 10 10.2 40.5 25.6 Bundu 9.5 7.4 21.2 31.4 30.5 Namkum 5.7 16.6 14.1 25 38.6 Total 9.1 12.3 14.7 31.2 32.7

6.3. Debt, Saving and Investment Nearly 28.7 per cent of the households reported that they had taken one or more outstanding loans during the last 12 months (during July 2013-till date). This was relatively higher among treatment households and in Angara block. The control households in Bundu and Namkum have relatively low or zero outstanding loans.

Figure 6.10: Households have one or more outstanding loans taken 60 52.8 51.4 52.1 50

40 35.4

28.7 control 30 26.9 treatment 22.8 22 20 total 13.5 13 10 3.4 0 0 Angara Bundu Namkum Total

Majority of households reported saving money however it was a small amount in the last 12 months. This was reported almost by all the households in Bundu, Angara and Namkum had saved some amount of money. There was difference between control and treatment groups in Anagara and Namkum, where the treatment households had lower amount of savings than control households.

Figure 6.11: Save any money, however small an amount, in the last 12 month 100.5 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

99.4 99.5 99.3 99.1 98.9 99 control 98.6 treatment 98.5 98.2 total 98

97.5

97 Angara Bundu Namkum Total

Almost 36.7 per cent of the households reported that they saved uptoRs 1000 during the last one year period, which was relatively higher among control groups compared to treatment groups. More than 64.4 per cent of the respondents in Bundu and 28.3 per cent respondents in Namkum reported a saving of more than Rs.10,000. Highest saving in Angara was reported to be between 500 to 1000, its percentage was, 36.4.

Figure 6.12a: Save in the last 12 months (control) months 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 More Less than Rs 500 - Rs 1001- Rs 2501- Rs 5001 – than Rs Rs 500 Rs 1000 Rs 2500 Rs 5000 Rs 10000 10000 Angara 18.1 52.8 20.8 8.3 0 0 Bundu 0 0 1.9 0 0 98.1 Namkum 7 35.1 14 19.3 5.3 19.3 Total 9.4 32 13.3 9.4 1.7 34.3

Figure 6.12b: Save in the last 12 months (treatment) months 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Less than Rs 500 - Rs 1001- Rs 2501- Rs 5001 – More than Rs 500 Rs 1000 Rs 2500 Rs 5000 Rs 10000 Rs 10000 Angara 9.9 19.7 14.1 31 7 18.3 Bundu 15.4 30.8 1.9 9.6 11.5 30.8 Namkum 10.7 10.7 14.3 5.4 21.4 37.5 Total 11.7 20.1 10.6 16.8 12.8 27.9

Figure 6.12c: Save in the last 12 months (all) months 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Less than Rs 500 - Rs 1001- Rs 2501- Rs 5001 – More than Rs 500 Rs 1000 Rs 2500 Rs 5000 Rs 10000 Rs 10000 Angara 14 36.4 17.5 19.6 3.5 9.1 Bundu 7.7 15.4 1.9 4.8 5.8 64.4 Namkum 8.8 23 14.2 12.4 13.3 28.3 Total 10.6 26.1 11.9 13.1 7.2 31.1 .

Almost 63.9 percent of the households reported putting their saving money in either nationalized banks / Garmin Banks. The proportion of households putting money in banks was relatively the same. 16.4 per cent of the households put their money in SHGs. 19.7 per cent of the households also kept their money at their homes itself. Among the control groups, 98 percent of the households in Bundu kept their money in the banks and majority in Angara and Namkum kept their money in homes and SHGs respectively. Among the treatment households, Anagara and Namkum households kept their money in the banks and in Bundu they kept it with SHGs.

Figure 6.13a: Place where put the savings of the last year (control) 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Jwellery Relative Post or In House Bank SHG or Other Office valuable Friend s Angara 20.8 55.6 23.6 0 0 0 0 Bundu 1.9 98.1 0 0 0 0 0 Namkum 38.6 47.4 14 0 0 0 0 Total 21 65.2 13.8 0 0 0 0

Figure 6.13b: Place where put the savings of the last year (treatment) 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Jwellery Relative Post or In House Bank SHG Other or Friend Office valuable s Angara 9.9 78.9 11.3 0 0 0 0 Bundu 28.8 40.4 30.8 0 0 0 0 Namkum 19.6 62.5 17.9 0 0 0 0 Total 18.4 62.6 19 0 0 0 0

Figure 6.13c: Place where put the savings of the last year (all) 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Jwellery Relative Post or In House Bank SHG Other or Friend Office valuable s Angara 15.4 67.1 17.5 0 0 0 0 Bundu 15.4 69.2 15.4 0 0 0 0 Namkum 29.2 54.9 15.9 0 0 0 0 Total 19.7 63.9 16.4 0 0 0 0

It is interesting that only 29 per cent households had health insurance and almost 22.9 per cent had life insurance cover. This percentage was higher among treatment groups compared to control. In particular, Bundu, 91.3 per cent did not have any kind of insurance, followed by Namkum (63 per cent) and Angara (62 per cent). 6.1 per cent of the households in Nmakum had health insurance cover. Health insurance was relatively higher in treatment groups as compared to control groups.

Figure 6.14a: Have Insurance (control) 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Life Health Livestock Shop Crop None Insurance Insurance Insurance Insurance Insurance Angara 26.4 0 0 4.2 0 69.4 Bundu 1.9 0 0 0 0 98.1 Namkum 26.3 1.8 1.8 0 1.8 68.4 Total 19.3 0.6 0.6 1.7 0.6 77.3

Figure 6.14b: Have Insurance (treatment) 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Life Health Livestock Shop Crop None Insurance Insurance Insurance Insurance Insurance Angara 37.5 5.6 1.4 0 0 55.6 Bundu 5.8 3.8 1.9 1.9 1.9 84.6 Namkum 31.6 10.5 0 0 0 57.9 Total 26.5 6.6 1.1 0.6 0.6 64.6

Figure 6.14c: Have Insurance (all) 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Life Health Livestock Shop Crop None Insurance Insurance Insurance Insurance Insurance Angara 31.9 2.8 0.7 2.1 0 62.5 Bundu 3.8 1.9 1 1 1 91.3 Namkum 28.9 6.1 0.9 0 0.9 63.2 Total 22.9 3.6 0.8 1.1 0.6 71

CHAPTER 7 ASSETS AND LAND

7.1. Asset 7.1.1.1 Agricultural Assets More than 73.2 per cent of the households are still using traditional plough. Around 19.6 per cent had pumping sets, 7.2 per cent were using bullock carts and none possessed power tiller, thresher and tractors. In Angara, 20.8 per cent the households had pumping sets, whereas Bundu has 14 per cent and Namkum had relatively higher proportion of pump sets i.e, 25 per cent. Angara had the highest number of households that had plough, compared to Namkum and Bundu respectively. There was significant variation between control and non-control households, where control groups used bullock carts more as compared to treatment households, which used plough more when compared.

Figure 7.1.1a: Agricultural Assets (control) 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Bullock Power Pump sets Tractors Thresher Plough Carts Tiller Angara 22.2 0 0 0 0 77.8 Bundu 13.6 28.8 0 0 0 57.6 Namkum 22.4 0 0 0 0 77.6 Total 18.3 13.4 0 0 0 68.3

Figure 7.1.1b: Agricultural Assets (treatment) 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Bullock Power Pump sets Tractors Thresher Plough Carts Tiller Angara 20 0 0 0 0 80 Bundu 14.6 2.4 0 0 0 82.9 Namkum 27.9 0 0 0 0 72.1 Total 20.9 0.7 0 0 0 78.4

Figure 7.1.1c: Agricultural Assets (all) 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Bullock Power Pump sets Tractors Thresher Plough Carts Tiller Angara 20.8 0 0 0 0 79.2 Bundu 14 18.7 0 0 0 67.3 Namkum 25 0 0 0 0 75 Total 19.6 7.2 0 0 0 73.2

7.1.1.2 Animals 16.9 per cent of the households had cows, 4.8 had buffaloes, 22.9 per cent had bullocks, 20.4 per cent had goats or sheep, 9.4 per cent had pigs and 25.5 has poultry. Across control and treatment groups there was only marginal difference between the ownership, which was almost the same. Across districts, Namkum had the highest percentage of cows (20.5 per cent), buffaloes (6.3 per cent) and poultry (26.3 per cent); whereas, Bundu had maximum percentage of bullocks (27.9 per cent) and goats and sheep (23.4 per cent) and Anagar had the maximum percentage of pigs (14.9 per cent). Figure 7.1.2a: Agricultural Assets (control) 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Goats or Cow Buffaloes Bullocks Pigs Poultry sheep Angara 16.3 3.2 19.5 21.3 14.9 24.9 Bundu 17.5 8.7 24.6 20.6 0 28.6 Namkum 19.9 3.4 23.3 19.9 8 25.6 Total 17.8 4.6 22 20.7 9 26

Figure 7.1.2b: Agricultural Assets (treatment) 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Goats or Cow Buffaloes Bullocks Pigs Poultry sheep Angara 13.1 4.1 23.9 19.4 14.9 24.8 Bundu 15.1 1.4 30.9 25.9 3.6 23 Namkum 21.3 9.7 17.4 16.1 8.4 27.1 Total 16.1 5 23.8 20.2 9.9 25

Figure 7.1.2c: Agricultural Assets (all) 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Goats or Cow Buffaloes Bullocks Pigs Poultry sheep Angara 14.7 3.6 21.7 20.3 14.9 24.8 Bundu 16.2 4.9 27.9 23.4 1.9 25.7 Namkum 20.5 6.3 20.5 18.1 8.2 26.3 Total 16.9 4.8 22.9 20.4 9.4 25.5

7.1.2 Consumer Assets More than half of the households had mobile phones (52.6 per cent) in the surveyed areas followed by 18.1 per cent motorcycles followed by both 8.1 per cent television and 7.7 per cent fans. While under control groups 56.5 percent households had mobile phone, under treatment groups only 49 per cent had mobile phones when compared. The percentage of equipment’s was nil under control group, while treatment groups had 2.3 percent equipment.

Figure 7.2a: Consumer Assets (control) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Televisi Gas Televisi on with Motor Equipm connecti Lighting Radio Phone Fridge Fan on only Disc or cycle ents on Cable Angara 12.7 3.2 0 0 6.3 1.6 65.1 3.2 7.9 0 Bundu 5.3 2.6 0 2.6 23.7 6.6 56.6 1.3 1.3 0 Namkum 6.7 1.3 1.3 4 26.7 2.7 49.3 1.3 6.7 0 Total 7.9 2.3 0.5 2.3 19.6 3.7 56.5 1.9 5.1 0

Figure 7.2b: Consumer Assets (treatment) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Televisi Gas Televisi on with Motor Equipm connecti Lighting Radio Phone Fridge Fan on only Disc or cycle ents on Cable Angara 2.5 0 0 1.3 18.8 0 61.3 1.3 10 5 Bundu 12.9 5.9 1.2 3.5 11.8 4.7 42.4 0 16.5 1.2 Namkum 8.8 6.6 0 2.2 19.8 12.1 45.1 1.1 3.3 1.1 Total 8.2 4.3 0.4 2.3 16.8 5.9 49.2 0.8 9.8 2.3

Figure 7.2c: Consumer Assets (all) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Televisi Gas Televisi on with Motor Equipm connect Lighting Radio Phone Fridge Fan on only Disc or cycle ents ion Cable Angara 7 1.4 0 0.7 13.3 0.7 62.9 2.1 9.1 2.8 Bundu 9.3 4.3 0.6 3.1 17.4 5.6 49.1 0.6 9.3 0.6 Namkum 7.8 4.2 0.6 3 22.9 7.8 47 1.2 4.8 0.6 Total 8.1 3.4 0.4 2.3 18.1 4.9 52.6 1.3 7.7 1.3

7.1.3. Business Related Assets Among the households, who reported possessed some business related assets, 32.4 per cent had sewing machines for business purposes and for Kirana stores, 17.6 per cent possessed floor or oil mills and 8.8 for chai or paandukan. In Angara and Namkum the highest percentage was for kirana stores and in Bundu it was for sewing machines for business purposes. Angara had the highest percentage of floor mills (33.3 per cent).and 17.6 percent in Bundu had some other shops. The difference between control and treatment also, was relatively different, where treatment groups owned 15 percent other shops, in control groups, this percentage was nill.

Figure 7.3a: Business Related Assets (control) 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Sewing Mills or General machine Floor mills Chai Paan Other or Kirana for Workshop or Oil Dukan Shop Store business mills purpose Angara 100 0 0 0 0 0 Bundu 14.3 14.3 28.6 42.9 0 0 Namkum 16.7 0 50 33.3 0 0 Total 21.4 7.1 35.7 35.7 0 0

Figure 7.3b: Business Related Assets (treatment) 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Sewing Mills or General machine Floor mills Chai Paan Other or Kirana for Workshop or Oil Dukan Shop Store business mills purpose Angara 0 0 100 0 0 0 Bundu 10 10 10 40 0 30 Namkum 25 12.5 37.5 25 0 0 Total 15 10 30 30 0 15

Figure 7.3c: Business Related Assets (all) 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Sewing Mills or General or machine Chai Paan Other Floor mills Kirana for Workshop Dukan Shop or Oil mills Store business purpose Angara 33.3 0 66.7 0 0 0 Bundu 11.8 11.8 17.6 41.2 0 17.6 Namkum 21.4 7.1 42.9 28.6 0 0 Total 17.6 8.8 32.4 32.4 0 8.8

7.2. Land Nearly 94 per cent of the households had agricultural land, which was higher among treatment group compared to control group. This percentage was relatively higher in Namkum and lower in Angara. Namkum had 100 per cent agricultural land in both control as well as treatment group.

Figure 7.4: Own agricultural land 120

98.1 100 99 100 100 100 100 92.395.6 94 88.9 85.4 81.9 80 control 60 treatment

40 total

20

0 Angara Bundu Namkum Total

Around 41.8 per cent of households reported having irrigated land. This percentage was relatively higher for treatment group with 49.5 per cent irrigated area, compared to control group which had 34.1 per cent irrigated area. Across districts, this percentage was relatively higher in Namkum, in both control as well as treatment households.

Figure 7.5: Land irrigated 90 79.3 80

70 67.2

60 55.2 49.5 50 control 41.8 38.9 treatment 40 33.3 34.1 30.8 27.8 30 25 total 19.2 20

10

0 Angara Bundu Namkum Total

Only 3.3 per cent of the households reported that they leased out their some part of land in the last 12 months. This proportion was relatively higher for treatment groups having 4.4 per cent and control groups having 2.2 per cent. The treatment group in Bundu reported 11.5 per cent leased out land, which was the highest among all the districts.

Figure 7.6: Leased out any land in the last 12 months 14

12 11.5

10

8 6.7 control treatment 6 4.4 total 4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.3 1.9 2.2 2 1.4 0.7 0 0 Angara Bundu Namkum Total

More than half (66.7 per cent) of them reported leased under Bataiya system (share cropping or fixed rent in Rs or grain), which was higher among treatment group households compared to control group households. Under the control group households, Angara leased land under the Patta system, whereas Bundu leased under the Bataiya system. In Namkum, the system was divided half and half. Under the treatment group the, Angara did not lease out any land under any scheme, according to the survey, whereas, in Namkum, 100 percent leased out land under the Batiya system. Figure 7.7a: Scheme under leased out land (control) 120

100

80

60

40

20

0 Angara Bundu Namkum Total Patta 100 0 50 50 Bataiya 0 100 50 50 Other 0 0 0 0

Figure 7.7b: Scheme under leased out land (treatment) 120

100

80

60

40

20

0 Angara Bundu Namkum Total Patta 0 33.3 0 25 Bataiya 0 66.7 100 75 Other 0 0 0 0

Figure 7.7c: Scheme under leased out land (all) 120

100

80

60

40

20

0 Angara Bundu Namkum Total Patta 100 28.6 25 33.3 Bataiya 0 71.4 75 66.7 Other 0 0 0 0

Only 3 per cent households reported mortgaged any land, which was higher among treatment than control groups. While Angara had zero mortgaged land, Namkum ad the highest across the blocks. Figure 7.8: Mortgaged any land (%) 14 12.1 12

10 7.8 8 control treatment 6 4.4 total 3.4 4 3 1.9 1.9 1.9 2 1.6 0 0 0 0 Angara Bundu Namkum Total

Just 2.2 per cent of the households reported about leased in land, which was higher among treatment compared to control groups. Across districts, Angara had zero leased in land, while Bundu had the highest leased in land, both in control as well as treatment groups.

Figure 7.9: Lease in any land (%) 12

10 9.6

8

5.8 control 6 treatment 3.8 4 3.4 total 2.2 1.9 1.7 2 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 Angara Bundu Namkum Total

Again leased in land system was also prevalent under the Bataiya system. This system was relatively higher in Bundu, with 100 per cent leased in land. Namkum block under the treatment group has 50 per cent under Bataiya system and 50 percent under the Patta system. Angara as mentioned earlier did not have any leased land, hence the land system was also not prevalent.

Figure 7.10a: Scheme under leased in land (control) 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Angara Bundu Namkum Total Patta 0 0 0 0 Bataiya 0 100 0 100 Other 0 0 0 0

Figure 7.10b: Scheme under leased in land (treatment) 120

100

80

60

40

20

0 Angara Bundu Namkum Total Patta 0 0 50 14.3 Bataiya 0 100 50 85.7 Other 0 0 0 0

Figure 7.10c: Scheme under leased in land (all) 120

100

80

60

40

20

0 Angara Bundu Namkum Total Patta 0 0 50 12.5 Bataiya 0 100 50 87.5 Other 0 0 0 0

Majority of the households (89.8 per cent) still use conventional method for rice cultivation, only with marginally higher among control group. Around 1.7 per cent of the households were using system of rice intensification in Namkum under the control group and no other blocks were using this system, whereas under treatment groups, there were few households using the SRI method for rice cultivation.

Figure 7.11a: Types of agricultural technology being used for rice cultivation (control) 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Angara Bundu Namkum Total Conventional method 100 80.8 98.3 94 only System of Rice 0 0 1.7 0.5 Intensification Conventional & SRI both 0 0 0 0 Other 0 19.2 0 5.5

Figure 7.11b: Types of agricultural technology being used for rice cultivation (treatment) 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Angara Bundu Namkum Total Conventional method 98.6 78.8 75.9 85.7 only System of Rice 1.4 1.9 1.7 1.6 Intensification Conventional & SRI both 0 9.6 0 2.7 Other 0 9.6 22.4 9.9

Figure 7.11c: Types of agricultural technology being used for rice cultivation (all) 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Angara Bundu Namkum Total Conventional method 99.3 79.8 87.1 89.8 only System of Rice 0.7 1 1.7 1.1 Intensification Conventional & SRI both 0 4.8 0 1.4 Other 0 14.4 11.2 7.7

CHAPTER 8 WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT, AWARENESS AND MEDIA EXPOSURE

8.1. Involvement in Self Help Groups Almost all the households both among control and non-control had a family member associated with SHGs. The proportion is almost equally distributed across the districts and between control and non-control group households.

Figure 8.1: Female Family member involved in SHGs 120

100 100 97.2 95.2 100 94.7 91.7 92.8 92.3 88.2 90.4 89.5 79.2 80 control 60 treatment

40 total

20

0 Angara Bundu Namkum Total

Around 95.9 per cent of the family members were attending meetings of the SHG with lesser difference across control and treatment groups. The percentage across districts also showed that all the family members were attending SHGs meetings in Namkuma relatively lesser percentage in Angara block.

Figure 8.2: Female Family Attending Meeting of SHG 100 98.6 98.1 98.298.2 98.2 97.8 98 97.1 96.2 95.9 96 93.9 94 93.1 92 control 90 treatment 87.5 88 total 86 84 82 80 Angara Bundu Namkum Total

8.2. Involvement in Local Panchayat It was very surprising to see that the female participation in the control households was 100 percent, whereas the treatment households there were no participation of the female members. It was a very surprising statistic and is a matter, which can be looked into further.

Figure 8.3: female member part of the local panchayat 120

100

80

60 control treatment 40

20

0 Angara Bundu Namkum Total

8.3. Involvement in Gram Sabha Around 70.7 per cent of the female members of households reported their participation in Gram Sabha in the last 12 months, which was almost equal among control group compared to treatment group. This percentage was highest in Bundu and lowest in Namkum block. They participated in the gram sabha meeting at least 4 times.

Figure 8.4a: Female members of household participated in Gram Sabha (control) 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1 – 4 5 – 8 9 – 12 more Never Total times times times than 12 Angara 25 65.3 6.9 2.8 0 100 Bundu 2 50 0 0 0 52 Namkum 9 31 2 12 3 57 Total 29 128 7 14 3 181

Figure 8.4b: Female members of household participated in Gram Sabha (treatment) 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1 – 4 5 – 8 9 – 12 more Never Total times times times than 12 Angara 12.5 79.2 6.9 1.4 0 100 Bundu 12 38 0 1 1 52 Namkum 8 33 10 5 1 57 Total 29 128 15 7 2 181

Figure 8.4c: Female members of household participated in Gram Sabha (all) 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 more than Never 1 – 4 times 5 – 8 times 9 – 12 times 12 Angara 18.8 72.2 6.9 2.1 0 Bundu 13.5 84.6 0 1 1 Namkum 14.9 56.1 10.5 14.9 3.5 Total 16 70.7 6.1 5.8 1.4

8.4. Involvement in Village Level Committee Nearly 45 per cent of the households reported that their female members were part of any committee at village level in the surveyed village. This percentage was relatively higher among treatment groups expect in Angara block, with highest in Bundu.

Figure 8.5: Female members’ part of any committee at village level(%)like- VHSNC, VFC, SMCs, VDC 120

98.1 100

80 75.4 65.8 65.2 control 60 56.1 50 treatment 45 40 33.3 total 25 24.9 16.7 20 1.9 0 Angara Bundu Namkum Total

8.5. Voted in the Election It is encouraging that almost all the households’ members did cast their vote in the last election. There was not much difference between control groups, but it was marginally less in Namkum block. Figure 8.6: Female members cast the vote in last election

105 100 100 98.1 96.2 95 93.9 93.192.4 92.5 91.7 91.2 91.2 control 90 87.7 treatment 84.2 85 total

80

75 Angara Bundu Namkum Total

8.6. Involvement in MGNREGA Around 69.9 per cent of the female actively took part in planning of MGNREGA last year. This was higher in control group compared to treatment. Across blocks, it was reported highest in Bundu and lowest in Angara. But there was differences in control and treatment, female from control group participated higher in Bundu and Namkum, whereas lower in Angara.

Figure 8.7: Female actively took part in planning of MGNREGA 120

98.1 100 94.296.2

80 72.2 69.9 64.1 63.2 63.2 control 60 56.3 treatment 40.3 36.8 40 total 24.3 20

0 Angara Bundu Namkum Total

8.7. Bank or Post Office A/C Around 64.6 per cent of the women hold bank or post office account with relatively higher percentage among treatment groups. This percentage was almost similar across the blocks. Bundu had very low percentage in control group and highest among all blocks in treatment group. Figure 8.8: Female in family holds Bank or post office A/c

120

98.1 100 85.1 80.6 78.9 80 73.7 76.3 64.6 64.6 control 60 48.6 51 treatment 43.6 40 total

20 3.8 0 Angara Bundu Namkum Total

8.8. Holds Property/Fixed Asset

In only 5.5 per cent of the households’ women hold a property/fixed asset in their name. This was higher in treatment groups compared to control ones, even across the blocks also. Bundu on one hand has zero percent in control group category whereas, in treatment group had 21.2 percent. Figure 8.9: Female in family hold a property /fixed asset in her name 25 21.2 20

15 control 10.6 treatment 10 7.7 total 6 5.5 4.4 5 4 2.8 2.8 2.8 1.8 0 0 Angara Bundu Namkum Total

8.9. Watch Television Overall around only 36.5 per cent of the surveyed household reported that they watched television. This percentage was little higher among treatment groups compared to control and relatively higher in Namkum, where nearly 50.9 per cent of the households watched television. However, only 21.5 percent of the households watched television in Angara and 41.3 per cent in Bundu.

Figure 8.10: Watching Television 90 80.8 80

70

60 54.4 50.9 52.5 50 47.4 control 41.3 40 36.5 treatment 30.6 30 total 21.5 20.4 20 12.5 10 1.9 0 Angara Bundu Namkum Total

8.10. Listen Radio Overall just 28.4 per cent of the surveyed households reported that they listen radio, which was relatively higher among treatment groups compared to control. The proportion of households listening radio was highest in Bundu (43.3 per cent) and lowest in Angara block with just 15.4 per cent compared to overall. Figure 8.11: Listening Radio

90 82.7 80

70

60 48 50 43.3 44.6 control 40 treatment 31.3 28.4 30 25.4 total 17.9 20 15.4 8.9 10 5.6 3.8 0 Angara Bundu Namkum Total

CHAPTER 9 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

According to 2011 census, Ranchi block (29 lakh) has the highest population, in which among the three districts Namkum (1 lakh 45 thousand) has the highest population, then Angara (1 lakh 12 thousand) and the lowest being in Bundu (61 thousand), which are predominantly rural, and the percentage of rural population in these districts was higher than the State’s (76 per cent) share of rural population except Ranchi. Namkum has the highest percentage of ST dominated population, it being 68.5 percent, which is followed by Bundu having a population of 59.8 percent ST population. Angara has the third largest ST population among the four districts, being 55 percent. The overall ST population in Ranchi district, occupies 4 percent of the total population of Ranchi. Lowest SC population is in Namkum and Bundu, which have 5.5 percent SC population. In the survey, nearly 73 per cent of the respondents belonged to Schedule Tribe, 24.7 per cent belonged to Scheduled Caste and 2.2 per cent belonged to other backward classes among the Control Households. Among the treatment households also, the pattern was found to be similar. 62.6 per cent of the people belonged to Scheduled tribe category, 35.7 per cent of the people belonged to the Scheduled Caste category and 1.6 per cent of the people belonged to the other backward category.

According to the survey findings, the Hindu community is the dominant population group (75 per cent), followed by the Christians (10 per cent) and the Muslims communities (7 per cent). Nearly half of the respondents in the control households belonged to Hindu (57.7) religion followed by 11.5 per cent Christians and 30.8 per cent others. It was a similar situation among the treatment households also, half of the households were Hindu, 44 percent were belonging to other religions and 6 per cent belonged to Christian religion. The percentage of Hindus was highest in Angara and lowest in Bundu; Christians were highest in Bundu and nil in Angara; Muslims were nill in all the blocks; others were highest in Bundu and lowest in Angara blocks. Six out of ten household had BPL ration card, which was relatively higher for control groups in Bundu and Namkum block compared to overall average. On the other hand, BPL card holders’ households in Angara were relatively lower, whereas Treatment group household had higher percentage of BPL card holders compared to control. Bundu had a full 100 percent of households having a BPL Card. Similarly ration card holders were nearly 80.5 per cent of the surveyed households, which was marginally higher among treatment group compared to control ones. The surveyed households had 1878 members with 956 in control group and 922 in treatment group. The average household size was little over 5, which was relatively higher among control compared to treatment. The marital status showed that little more than half of the surveyed household members were married (49.6 per cent) and around 48.5 per cent were unmarried, while just 1.9 per cent members were widow/widower and 0.1 per cent both separated and divorced.

Out of total children above 6 years, around 78.9 per cent attended school, which was relatively higher among treatment groups compared to control groups. Nearly 64.4 per cent of children were currently going to school, which was almost similar between control and treatment groups. This percentage was relatively higher in Namkum and almost equal in Angara and Bundu. Around 13.7 per cent of the household member had qualification up-to secondary level and nearly 8.9 per cent had higher secondary level qualification. However, just 2.7 per cent of the household members were graduate and above level qualification.

Around half of the household member had both Adhar and Voter ID, whereas 38 per cent had only Aadhar and just 1 per cent had only Voter ID. The distribution was almost equal among control and non-control households.

Majority of the respondent had received training on paddy cultivation –SRI (92.9 per cent) followed by just 7.1 per cent mother and child health care and others. The reason why Namkum shows zero is because the intervention was started later and the trainings are still in the process. The proportion of people from control groups got training more in paddy cultivation compared to others. In particular, almost all the trainees in Angara, 90.9 per cent in Bundu were trained in Paddy cultivation-SRI, 4.5 per cent got training in Bundu for vegetable cultivation and SHG Management. Among the treatment groups only, the households were given training in mother and child health and exposure visits. Majority of them got training locally in the control groups. Only, 4.3 per cent got training from outside. In the treatment groups, 12.8 percent got their training from outside help, whereas 87.2 per cent got their training locally. All the surveyed households had their own houses. Household majority of them were still residing in thatched and katccha houses and few living in semi puccaand puccahouses. Nearly 96.4 per cent had kutcha houses, 3 per cent pucca and just 0.5 per cent semi-pucca houses. Across blocks, Angara and Bundu had 100 per cent kutcha houses, and both Pucca and semi- pucca houses in Namkum block. There was marginally higher pucca treatment groups (5.5 per cent) compared to control (0.5 and 1.1 per cent) Majority of the houses roof were made of kutcha tiles, which was higher for control compared to treatment ones. Similarly, main material used for the floor was mud with relatively higher in control group households. Similar pattern were observed in regard to main material used for the households, most of them used mud where percentage of control groups was relatively higher compared to treatment groups. Around one-fifth of the households got their houses under the government scheme, which was relatively higher among treatment group compared to control.

The main source of drinking water was Dug well followed by one-third still using water from Tubewell/Bore well/Hand pump. This percentage was almost similar across control and non- control households, which was relatively higher in Bundu, and Angara and lower in Namkum. Majority of the households (99.5 per cent) defecate outside in the open, which was totally unhygienic. This situation is relatively better in treatment groups where a very marginal percentage but still some people opt for community toilets or pit latrines.

Majority of the households used mainly wood as fuel for cooking almost similar percentage among control and non-control. However, only 6.9 per cent of the treatment group in Namkum used electricity and 1.7 per cent of the control group in Namkum used LPG and 6.9 percent used kerosene and 1.7 per cent charcoal. 2.8 percent and 5.2 percent of the treatment groups in Angara and Namkum used charcoal respectively. The households are using kerosene oil lamp as main source of lighting in the evening, although around 44.5 per cent of the households had electricity connection.

Almost half of the population was involved in economic activities such as self-cultivation in agriculture, agriculture labour, small business and construction work etc, which was relatively higher among treatment group compared to control group. Nearly 32.1 per cent of the members in the households have MGNREGA job cards. It was significantly higher in Angara block and lower in Namkum in the treatment group and highest in Nmakum and lowest in Bundu block in the Control group, reflecting socio-economic profile of these districts.

The household members mainly involved in agriculture were either self-employed (25.72 per cent) or wage labour (17.6 per cent) followed by income from forest produce (17.2 percent) and animal husbandry (14.2 per cent). The members in control households were relatively more involved in farming, agricultural laborers than non-control households. Households in the treatment groups were more involved in forest produce than the control households.

Around one-tenth of the households reported that it was difficult for all family members to have at least two meals every day. Treatment groups were relatively higher than the control groups when it came to having two meals a day by the family. The control group in Angara had the most difficulty in getting two meals a day when compared to the rest of the blocks. Similarly within treatment groups, Namkum households had the most difficulty in providing two meals to their families when compared to other blocks. Bundu recorded the highest percentage when it came to providing two meals to the families.

Nearly 8.3 per cent of the households reported that they had sold/mortgaged their assets to buy food in the last 12 months. Nearly 7.4 per cent of the households reported that they borrowed money to buy food in the last 12 months. Nearly 86 per cent of the households reported that they receive dry food through the Ration/Public Distribution System. Majority (91 per cent) of the households reported that they received ration once in a month through the Ration/Public Distribution System. Around 9.1 percent money was spent on food, 31 per cent on social ceremony, 14 per cent on health and 12 per cent on education. 32 percent was spent on other activities. This pattern of expenditure was also reported by most of the households across the blocks and both control as well as non-control households, except, the control group spent 15 per cent on health and 29 per cent on social ceremony, whereas, in treatment groups, 13 per cent was spent on health and 33 per cent was spent on social ceremony.

Nearly 28.7 per cent of the households reported that they had taken one or more outstanding loans during the last 12 months (during July 2013-till date). This was relatively higher among treatment households and in Angara block. Majority of households reported saving money however it was a small amount in the last 12 months. This was reported almost by all the households in Bundu, Angara and Namkum had saved some amount of money.

It is interesting that only 29 per cent households had health insurance and almost 22.9 per cent had life insurance cover. This percentage was higher among treatment groups compared to control.

More than 73.2 per cent of the households are still using traditional plough. Around 19.6 per cent had pumping sets, 7.2 per cent were using bullock carts and none possessed power tiller, thresher and tractors.

16.9 per cent of the households had cows, 4.8 had buffaloes, 22.9 per cent had bullocks, 20.4 per cent had goats or sheep, 9.4 per cent had pigs and 25.5 has poultry. Across control and treatment groups there was only marginal difference between the ownership, which was almost the same.

More than half of the households had mobile phones (52.6 per cent) in the surveyed areas followed by 18.1 per cent motorcycles followed by both 8.1 per cent television and 7.7 per cent fans. While under control groups 56.5 percent households had mobile phone, under treatment groups only 49 per cent had mobile phones when compared. The percentage of equipment’s was nil under control group, while treatment groups had 2.3 percent equipment.

Among the households, who reported possessed some business related assets, 32.4 per cent had sewing machines for business purposes and for Kirana stores, 17.6 per cent possessed floor or oil mills and 8.8 for chai or paandukan.

Nearly 94 per cent of the households had agricultural land, which was higher among treatment group compared to control group. This percentage was relatively higher in Namkum and lower in Angara. Namkum had 100 per cent agricultural land in both control as well as treatment group.

Around 41.8 per cent of households reported having irrigated land. This percentage was relatively higher for treatment group with 49.5 per cent irrigated area, compared to control group which had 34.1 per cent irrigated area. Only 3.3 per cent of the households reported that they leased out their some part of land in the last 12 months. This proportion was relatively higher for treatment groups having 4.4 per cent and control groups having 2.2 per cent.

More than half (66.7 per cent) of them reported leased under Bataiya system (share cropping or fixed rent in Rs or grain), which was higher among treatment group households compared to control group households. Only 3 per cent households reported mortgaged any land, which was higher among treatment than control groups.

Majority of the households (89.8 per cent) still use conventional method for rice cultivation, only with marginally higher among control group.

Almost all the households both among control and non-control had a family member associated with SHGs. The proportion is almost equally distributed across the districts and between control and non-control group households. Around 95.9 per cent of the family members were attending meetings of the SHG with lesser difference across control and treatment groups.

Around 70.7 per cent of the female members of households reported their participation in Gram Sabha in the last 12 months, which was almost equal among control group compared to treatment group.

Nearly 45 per cent of the households reported that their female members were part of any committee at village level in the surveyed village. This percentage was relatively higher among treatment groups expect in Angara block, with highest in Bundu.

It is encouraging that almost all the households’ members did cast their vote in the last election. There was not much difference between control groups, but it was marginally less in Namkum block.

Around 69.9 per cent of the female actively took part in planning of MGNREGA last year. This was higher in control group compared to treatment.

Around 64.6 per cent of the women hold bank or post office account with relatively higher percentage among treatment groups. This percentage was almost similar across the blocks.

In only 5.5 per cent of the households’ women hold a property/fixed asset in their name. This was higher in treatment groups compared to control ones, even across the blocks also.

Overall around only 36.5 per cent of the surveyed household reported that they watched television. This percentage was little higher among treatment groups compared to control and relatively higher in Namkum, where nearly 50.9 per cent of the households watched television. However, only 21.5 percent of the households watched television in Angara and 41.3 per cent in Bundu.

Overall just 28.4 per cent of the surveyed households reported that they listen radio, which was relatively higher among treatment groups compared to control group.