International Journal of Scientific Research and Review ISSN NO: 2279-543X

Groundwater Level and the stage of Groundwater Development Correlation in District of

Lokamani .M1 and Sunilkumar .R2 1Research Scholar, * & 1 & 2Assistant Professors Post Graduate and Research Department of Geography Government Arts College (Autonomous), Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu,

Abstract: Ground water is the best source for water in nowadays in all parts of the world. Ground water is often cheaper, more convenient and less vulnerable to pollution than the surface water. Therefore it is commonly used for public water supplies. For example, ground water provides the largest source of usable water storage in the United States, and California annually withdraws the largest amount of ground water of all the states. In the study area, is also used the ground water availability to irrigation, industrial and domestic uses. The district located in the central western part of Tamil Nadu state and had the total area of 4723.22 sq.km. The Spearman’s rank correlation analysis for 2010 was used to find out the correlation between the ground water level and the stage of ground water development and it shows the perfect positive correlation (0.9).

Keywords: Groundwater level, Annual Average Groundwater Level and Groundwater Extraction 1. INTRODUCTION

Groundwater is the water present beneath the earth’s surface in soil pore spaces and in the fractures of rock formations. The upper level of the saturated layer of an unconfined acquifer is called the water table or phreutic surface. Below the water table, where in general all pore spaces are saturated with water is the phreutic zone. Grouwater makes up about twenty percent of the world’s fresh water supply, which is about 0.61% of the entire world’s water including oceans and permanent ice. Global water storage is roughly equal to the total amount of fresh water stored in the snow and ice pack, including the north and south poles. This makes it an important resource that can act as a natural storage that can buffer against shortage of surface water, as in during times of drought. Ground water is naturally replenished by surface water from precipitation, streams, and rivers when this recharge reaches the water table. Groundwater is a very useful and often abundant resource, for irrigation, industrial and domestic purposes in the present period. The over-use, over-abstraction or over draft can cause major problems to human beings and to the environment. Overdraft of ground water can cause the lowering of the water table beyond the reach of existing wells. A lowered water table may, in turn, cause other problems such as ground water related subsidence at salt water intrusion. Ground water is also ecologically very important. The correlation between the ground water level and the stage of development of ground water shows the drafting condition of ground water.

2. STUDY AREA

The present study deals with the geographical perspectives of the crop combination in Coimbatore district. The district lies in the western part of Tamil Nadu. It extends from 10010’N to 11030’ N latitudes and 76040’E to 77030’E longitudes. The total geographical area of Coimbatore district is 4723.22 sq.km. The district borders with Palakkad district of Kerala in the west, Nilgiri district in the north, Erode district in the north east and east, Idukki district of Kerala in the south and Dindigul district in the south east. Administratively it is divided in to ten taluks, and 12 blocks. For the present study the block wise analysis were carried out.

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Figure No.1 Study Area 3. METHODOLOGY

The toposheets with 1:50,000 scale was used to prepare the base map. The ground water level and extraction details were collected from the Public Works Department, at Chennai. For the correation analysis Spearman’s Rank Correlation was used and Arc GIS 10.2 version was used to represent the results in map form.

Objectives

► To find out the spatial distribution of ground water level,

► To understand the stage of ground water development and

► To analyse the correlation between the ground water level and the stage of ground water development.

4. GROUNDWATER LEVEL

The ground water level is categorised in to high (<10m), medium (10-20m), low 20-30m) and very low >30m). The ground water level was high in the southern parts of the district including North, Pollachi South, and Anamalai blocks, medium ground water level found in the north to central parts of the district in Karamadai, Annur, Periyanaikenpalayam, Thondamuthur, Madukkarai, Sulthanpet, and Kinathukadavu blocks, north central block, Sarkarsamakulam had low ground water level and the remaining Sulur block only had very low ground water level located in the north eastern parts of the district.

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Table No. 1 Groundwater Level

Sl. Name of the block Ground water level The stage of grounwater No. in metres development in percentage

1 Karamadai 14.22 66

2 Annur 11.78 120

3 Periyanaikenpalayam 14.92 107

4 Sarkarsamakulam 24.05 120

5 Sulur 31.08 78

6 Madukkarai 10.26 100

7 Thondamuthur 16.63 119

8 Sulthanpet 16.40 85%

9 Kinathukadavu 13.88 84%

10 Pollachi North 4.61 86%

11 Pollachi South 4.96 114%

12 Anamalai 4.18 48%

Source: PWD, Chennai

5. The stage of groundwater development

The stage of ground water development was derived from the availability of ground water subtracted with the overall use of draft of ground water. The stage of ground water development is classified by Central Ground Water Board in to four categories including safe (<70%), semi-critical (70-90%), critical (90%) and over exploited (>100%). In the study area the stage of ground water was safe in the northern (Karamadai-66%) and southern (Anamalai-48%) blocks of the district, semi- critical stage found in central south and eastern blocks of Sulur (78%), Sulthanpet (85%), Kinathukadavu (84%), and Pollachi North (86%), Critical in the central block of Madukkarai (100%), and over exploited stage of development seen in north east, north west and south eastern blocks including Annur (120%), Periyanaikenpalayam (107%), Sarkarsamakulam (120%), Thondamuthur (119%), and Pollachi South (114%).

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Figure No.2 Annual Average Groundwater Level - 2010

Figure No.3 Groundwater Extraction - 2010

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6. The Spearman’s Rank Correlation analysis

Spearman rank correlation is a non-parametric test that is used to measure the degree of association between two variables. The Spearman rank correlation test does not carry any assumptions about the distribution of the data and is the appropriate correlation analysis when the variables are measured on a scale that is at least ordinal. The following formula is used to calculate the Spearman ran correlation:

P = 1- 6∑d2

N(N2-1)

d = the difference between the ranks of corresponding variables

N = the number of observations

Table No.2 Groundwater Level

Sl. Name of the Block Groundwater The stage of ground No. level water development

1 Karamadai 2 1

2 Annur 2 4

3 Periyanaikenpalayam 2 4

4 Sarkarsamakulam 3 4

5 Sulur 4 2

6 Madukkarai 2 3

7 Thondamuthur 2 4

8 Sulthanpet 2 2

9 Kinathukadavu 2 2

10 Pollachi North 1 2

11 Pollachi South 1 4

12 Anamalai 1 1

P = 1- 6x29

12(144-1)

= +0.9

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7. Conclusion

The more amount of water can extract from the higher ground water level and only less water can extract from the lower water level. If the extraction level exceeds the optimum availability of water, it creates the lowering of ground water, it creates the lowering of ground water level and scarcity of water. The ground water level was high in the southern parts of the district, medium ground water level found in north to central parts of the district, north central block had low ground water level and very low water level seen in north eastern parts of the district, (Sulur). The stage of ground water development was safe in Karamadai, and Anamalai blocks, semi-critical in Sulur, Sulthanpet, Kinathukadavu, and Pollachi North blocks, critical in Madukkarai block only and over exploited seen in five blocks including Annur, Periyanaikenpalayam, Sarkarsamakulam, Thondamuthur and Pollachi South blocks. The Spearman’s rank correlation analysis shows the ground water level and the stage of ground water development had perfect positive correlation. References

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