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How New Is New Loyalism?
HOW NEW IS NEW LOYALISM? CATHERINE MCGLYNN EUROPEAN STUDIES RESEARCH INSTITUTE UNIVERSITY OF SALFORD SALFORD, UK Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, February 2004 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction Page 1 Chapter One Hypothesis and Methodology Page 6 Chapter Two Literature Review: Unionism, Loyalism, Page 18 New Loyalism Chapter Three A Civic Loyalism? Page 50 Chapter Four The Roots of New Loyalism 1966-1982 Page 110 Chapter Five New Loyalism and the Peace Process Page 168 Chapter Six New Loyalism and the Progressive Page 205 Unionist Party Chapter Seven Conclusion: How New is New Loyalism? Page 279 Bibliography Page 294 ABBREVIATONS CLMC Combined Loyalist Military Command DENI Department of Education for Northern Ireland DUP Democratic Unionist Party IOO Independent Orange Order IRA Irish Republican Army LAW Loyalist Association of Workers LVF Loyalist Volunteer Force NICRA Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association NIHE Northern Ireland Housing Executive NILP Northern Ireland Labour Party PUP Progressive Unionist Party RHC Red Hand Commandos RHD Red Hand Defenders SDLP Social Democratic and Labour Party UDA Ulster Defence Association UDP Ulster Democratic Party UDLP Ulster Democratic and Loyalist Party UFF Ulster Freedom Fighters UUP Ulster Unionist Party UUUC United Ulster Unionist Council UWC Ulster Workers' Council UVF Ulster Volunteer Force VPP Volunteer Political Party ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my PhD supervisor, Jonathan Tonge for all his support during my time at Salford University. I am also grateful to all the staff at the Northern Irish Political collection at the Linen Hall Library in Belfast for their help and advice. -
Volume I Return to an Address of the Honourable the House of Commons Dated 15 June 2010 for The
Report of the Return to an Address of the Honourable the House of Commons dated 15 June 2010 for the Report of the Bloody Sunday Inquiry The Rt Hon The Lord Saville of Newdigate (Chairman) Bloody Sunday Inquiry – Volume I Bloody Sunday Inquiry – Volume The Hon William Hoyt OC The Hon John Toohey AC Volume I Outline Table of Contents General Introduction Glossary Principal Conclusions and Overall Assessment Published by TSO (The Stationery Office) and available from: Online The Background to Bloody www.tsoshop.co.uk Mail, Telephone, Fax & E-mail Sunday TSO PO Box 29, Norwich NR3 1GN Telephone orders/General enquiries: 0870 600 5522 Order through the Parliamentary Hotline Lo-Call: 0845 7 023474 Fax orders: 0870 600 5533 E-mail: [email protected] Textphone: 0870 240 3701 The Parliamentary Bookshop 12 Bridge Street, Parliament Square, London SW1A 2JX This volume is accompanied by a DVD containing the full Telephone orders/General enquiries: 020 7219 3890 Fax orders: 020 7219 3866 text of the report Email: [email protected] Internet: www.bookshop.parliament.uk TSO@Blackwell and other Accredited Agents Customers can also order publications from £572.00 TSO Ireland 10 volumes 16 Arthur Street, Belfast BT1 4GD not sold Telephone: 028 9023 8451 Fax: 028 9023 5401 HC29-I separately Return to an Address of the Honourable the House of Commons dated 15 June 2010 for the Report of the Bloody Sunday Inquiry The Rt Hon The Lord Saville of Newdigate (Chairman) The Hon William Hoyt OC The Hon John Toohey AC Ordered by the House of Commons -
Tartan Gangs, Subcultural Violence and Loyalist Paramilitarism in Working Class Belfast, 1971 – 1974
TARTAN GANGS, SUBCULTURAL VIOLENCE AND LOYALIST PARAMILITARISM IN WORKING CLASS BELFAST, 1971 – 1974 This article seeks to raise awareness of youth culture and subcultural violence in the early years of Northern Ireland’s ‘Troubles’ with specific emphasis on the Protestant working class in Belfast during the period 1971 – 1974. By appealing for a better understanding of the origins, impetuses and geographies of the historically under-researched ‘Tartan’ phenomenon in loyalist areas the article sheds light on the manner in which subcultural violence and working class conflict paved the way for young men to join the loyalist paramilitary groupings the Ulster Volunteer Force and the Red Hand Commando which came to prominence during this period. Keywords: subcultural violence, youth gangs, tartans, protestant working class, ulster volunteer force, red hand commando, vanguard, teddy boys, belfast 1971: Sowing the seeds of a Protestant backlash 1971 was to be a cataclysmic year for Northern Ireland in general and the Protestant working class community in particular. Two months early in 1971, February and March, brought about events that caused an increased bitterness in working class loyalist areas. In February Robert Curtis, a soldier in the 32nd Heavy Regiment of the Royal Artillery was shot dead by an IRA sniper during a gun battle in the New Lodge area of North Belfast.1 It was another even the kidnap and execution of three young soldiers from the Royal Highland Fusiliers – brothers John and Joseph McCaig and Dougald McCaughey - that caused the first major rupture in the overflowing levee of Protestant feeling. A Belfast Telegraph editorial commented: ‘After all the horrors of recent weeks and months, Ulster people have almost lost the capacity for feeling shock. -
I ... Their CONF I DENTIAL © PRONI NIO/12/191 Their Political Wing (In Much the Same Relationship the Republican As Between Clubs and OIRA)
ALDERMAN HUGH SMYTH Chairman, Progressive Unionist . Party \ Background: Born in the Shankill in 1939, he was educated locally before taking up a job as a sheet-metal worker. He was first elected to Belfast City Council (Shankill Ward) in a bye-election in 1972, and was reelected on local government reorganisation in 1973. He was elected to the NI Assembly in 1973 coming third in the poll for which he stood as an independent unionist member of the W.Belfast Loyalist Coalition (which included John Laird and Miss Jean Coulter). Closely connected with the UVF, he became a member of the Ulster Loyalist Front in March 1974, the UVF's first political wing. He was a founder member of the Volunteer Political Party (VPP) in June 1974 - the UVF's second attempt to go political. On the VPP's eclipse, he became a member of the Loyalist Prisoners' and Detainees' Welfare Committee, which was closely associated with the UVF. He was elected to the NI Constitutional Convention in 1975 on an independent unionist ticket since he was refused the support of the UUUC; he came last in the poll. The official report of the Convention records him as declaring: "I Rave never tried to hide my feelings for the UVF. I am a member of the welfare section of it". He declared himself to be a spokesman for the UVF at a Laneside meeting on 3 October (one day before the UVF's proscription) at which he handed over a document signed by the so-called Adjutant of the UVF's Brigade Staff which asked that "Cllr Hugh Smyth, Independent Unionist member for W.Belfast be recognised by the Northern Ireland Office as intermediary between the UVF and the NIO". -
Northern-Ireland-Time-Of-Choice.Pdf
Job Name:2274802 Date:15-06-18 PDF Page:2274802pbc.p1.pdf Color: Black PANTONE 7530 C THE AMERICAN ENTERPRISE INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC POLICY RESEARCH, established in 1943, is a publicly supported, nonpartisan research and educa tional organization. Its purpose is to assist policy makers, scholars, businessmen, the press and the public by providing objective analysis of national and inter national issues. Views expressed in the institute's publications are those of the authors and do not necessariIy reflect the views of the staff, advisory panels, officers or trustees of AEI. Institute publications take three major forms: 1. Legislative Analyses-balanced analyses of current proposals before the Congress, prepared with the help of specialists from the academic world and the fields of law and government. 2. Studies-in-depth studies and monographs about government programs and major national and international problems, written by independent scholars. 3. Rational Debates, Meetings, and Symposia-proceedings of debates, dis cussions, and conferences where eminent authorities with contrasting views discuss controversial issues. ADVISORY BOARD Paul W. McCracken, Chairman, Edmund Ezra Day University Professor of Business Administration, University of Michigan R. H. Coase, Professor of Economics, University of Chicago Milton Friedman, Paul S. Russell Distinguished Service Professor of Economics, University of Chicago Gottfried Haberler, Resident Scholar, American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research C. Lowell Harriss, Professor of Economics, Columbia University George Lenczowski, Professor of Political Science, University of California, Berkeley Robert A. Nisbet, Albert Schweitzer Professor of the Humanities, Columbia University James A. Robinson, President, University of West Florida EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Herman J. Schmidt, Chairman of the Richard J. -
The Troubles in Northern Ireland and Theories of Social Movements
11 PROTEST AND SOCIAL MOVEMENTS Bosi & De Fazio (eds) Bosi Fazio & De and Theories of of Theories and in Northern Ireland The Troubles Social Movements Social Edited by Lorenzo Bosi and Gianluca De Fazio The Troubles in Northern Ireland and Theories of Social Movements The Troubles in Northern Ireland and Theories of Social Movements Protest and Social Movements Recent years have seen an explosion of protest movements around the world, and academic theories are racing to catch up with them. This series aims to further our understanding of the origins, dealings, decisions, and outcomes of social movements by fostering dialogue among many traditions of thought, across European nations and across continents. All theoretical perspectives are welcome. Books in the series typically combine theory with empirical research, dealing with various types of mobilization, from neighborhood groups to revolutions. We especially welcome work that synthesizes or compares different approaches to social movements, such as cultural and structural traditions, micro- and macro-social, economic and ideal, or qualitative and quantitative. Books in the series will be published in English. One goal is to encourage non- native speakers to introduce their work to Anglophone audiences. Another is to maximize accessibility: all books will be available in open access within a year after printed publication. Series Editors Jan Willem Duyvendak is professor of Sociology at the University of Amsterdam. James M. Jasper teaches at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York. The Troubles in Northern Ireland and Theories of Social Movements Edited by Lorenzo Bosi and Gianluca De Fazio Amsterdam University Press Cover illustration: Two rows of RUC Land Rovers keeping warring factions, the Nationalists (near the camera) and Loyalists, apart on Irish Street, Downpatrick. -
Working Papers in International Studies Centre for International Studies Dublin City University
CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by DCU Online Research Access Service Working Papers in International Studies Centre for International Studies Dublin City University ‘Ulster Like Israel can only lose once’: Ulster unionism, security and citizenship from the fall of Stormont to the eve of the 1998 Agreement. John Doyle School of Law and Government Dublin City University Working paper 8 of 2003 Centre for International Studies School of Law and Government Dublin City University Ireland Tel. +353 1 7008084 Fax + 353 1 7008036 Email [email protected] Web: www.dcu.ie/~cis ‘Rebels have no rights’1 Introduction The idea that unionist political elites perceive themselves as representing a community which is ‘under siege’ and that their ideology reflects this position is regularly repeated in the literature.2 Unionists are not uncomfortable with this description. Dorothy Dunlop, for example, is certainly not the only unionist politician to have defended herself against accusations of having a siege mentality by countering that ‘we are indeed under siege in Ulster.’3 A Belfast Telegraph editorial in 1989 talks of a unionist community ‘which feels under siege, both politically and from terrorism.’4 Cedric Wilson UKUP member of the Northern Ireland Forum said ‘with regard to Mr. Mallon’s comments about Unionist’s being in trenches, I can think of no better place to be ... when people are coming at you with guns and bombs, the best place to be is in a trench. I make no apology for being in a trench’5. Yet despite this widespread use of the metaphor there have been few analyses of the specifics of unionism’s position on security, perhaps because the answers appear self-evident and the impact of unionists’ views on security on the prospects for a political settlement are not appreciated.6 This paper examines how the position of unionist political elites on security affects and reflects their broader views on citizenship. -
Loyalism and Unionism Under Threat?
Reflections on 1969 Lived Experiences & Living history (Discussion 5) Loyalism and Unionism under Threat? compiled by Michael Hall ISLAND 122 PAMPHLETS 1 Published December 2019 by Island Publications 132 Serpentine Road, Newtownabbey BT36 7JQ © Michael Hall 2019 [email protected] http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/islandpublications The Fellowship of Messines Association gratefully acknowledge the assistance they have received from their supporting organisations Printed by Regency Press, Belfast 2 Introduction The Fellowship of Messines Association was formed in May 2002 by a diverse group of individuals from Loyalist, Republican and other backgrounds, united in their realisation of the need to confront sectarianism in our society as a necessary means of realistic peace-building. The project also engages young people and new citizens on themes of citizenship and cultural and political identity. Among the different programmes initiated by the Messines Project was a series of discussions entitled Reflections on 1969: Lived Experiences & Living History. These discussions were viewed as an opportunity for people to engage positively and constructively with each other in assisting the long overdue and necessary process of separating actual history from some of the myths that have proliferated in communities over the years. It was felt important that current and future generations should hear, and have access to, the testimonies and the reflections of former protagonists while these opportunities still exist. Access to such evidence would hopefully enable younger generations to evaluate for themselves the factuality of events, as opposed to some of the folklore that passes for history in contemporary society. The fifth discussion in the series was held in the Linen Hall Library, Belfast, on 2 November 2019.