African Journal of Business Management Volume 8 Number 2 14 January, 2014 ISSN 1993-8233 ABOUT AJBM The African Journal of Business Management (AJBM) is published weekly (one volume per year) by Academic Journals. African Journal of Business Management (AJBM) is an open access journal that publishes research analysis and inquiry into issues of importance to the business community. Articles in AJBM examine emerging trends and concerns in the areas of general management, business law, public responsibility and ethics, marketing theory and applications, business finance and investment, general business research, business and economics education, production/operations management, organizational behaviour and theory, strategic management policy, social issues and public policy, management organization, statistics and econometrics, personnel and industrial relations, technology and innovation, case studies, and management information systems. The goal of AJBM is to broaden the knowledge of business professionals and academicians by promoting free access and providing valuable insight to business-related information, research and ideas. AJBM is a weekly publication and all articles are peer-reviewed. Contact Us Editorial Office: [email protected] Help Desk: [email protected] Website: http://www.academicjournals.org/journal/AJBM Submit manuscript online http://ms.academicjournals.me/ Editor-in-Chief Prof. Wilfred Isioma Ukpere Dr. Sérgio Dominique Ferreira Department of Industrial Psychology and People Polytechnic Institute of Cavado and Ave Management, Campus IPCA, Lugar do Aldão, 4750-810. Vila Faculty of Management, Frescainha, University of Johannesburg, Portugal. South Africa. Prof. Ravinder Rena Editors Department of Economics University of the Western Cape Dr. Amran Awang Private Bag: X17 Faculty of Business Management, Modderdam Road 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia Bellville 7535 Cape town, South Africa Prof. Giurca Vasilescu Laura University of Craiova, Romania Dr. Shun-Chung Lee 13, A.I. Cuza, 200585, Craiova, Dolj, Taiwan Institute of Economic Research Romania. No. 16-8, Dehuei Street, Jhongshan District, Taipei City 104, Associate Editors Taiwan. Dr. Ilse Botha Dr. Kuo-Chung Chu University of Johannesburg National Taipei University of Nursing and Health APK Campus PO Box 524 Aucklandpark 2006 Sciences No. 365, Min-Te Road, Taipei, South Africa. Taiwan. Dr. Howard Qi Dr. Gregory J. Davids Michigan Technological University University of the Western Cape 1400 Townsend Dr., Houghton, MI 49931, Private Bag x17, Bellville 7535, U.S.A. South Africa. Dr. Aktham AlMaghaireh Prof. Victor Dragotă United Arab Emirates University Bucharest Academy of Economic Studies, Department Department of Economics & Finance of Finance United Arab Emirates. Bucharest, Sector 1, Piata Romana no. 6, Room 1104, Romania Dr. Haretsebe Manwa University of Botswana Dr. Maurice Oscar Dassah Faculty of Business School of Management, IT and Governance University of Botswana University of KwaZulu-Natal P.O. Box UB 70478 Post Office Box X54001 Gaborone Botswana. Durban 4000 Dr. Reza Gharoie Ahangar South Africa. Islamic Azad University of Babol, Iran. Prof. Joseph Offiong Udoayang Dr. Anton Sorin Gabriel University of Calabar Carol I Boulevard, No. 11, 700506, Iasi, P.M.B 1115, Calabar. Cross River State, Nigeria. Alexandru Ioan Cuza University Iaşi, Romania. Prof. Robert Taylor University of KwaZulu-Natal Dr. Aura Emanuela Domil Varsity Drive, Westville 31 Horia Creanga, zip code 300253, Timisoara, South Africa. West University from Timisoara, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Romania. Dr. Nazim Taskin Massey University - Albany Dr. Guowei Hua Quad Building A, Room 3.07 NO. 3 Shangyuancun, Haidian District, Beijing 100044, Gate 1, Dairy Flat Highway (State Highway 17)Albany, School of Economics and Management, New Zealand Beijing Jiaotong University, China. Prof. João J. M. Ferreira Dr. Mehdi Toloo University of Beira Interior (UBI) Technical University of Ostrava, Estrada do Sineiro, Pólo IV 6200 Covilhã, Ostrava, Czech Republic Portugal. Dr. Surendar Singh Dr. Izah Mohd Tahir Department of Management Studies, Invertis University Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin Invertis village, Bareilly - Gong Badak Campus, 21300 Kuala Terengganu, Lucknow Highway, N.H.-24, Bareilly Terengganu, Malaysia. (U.P.) 243 123 India. Dr. V. Mahalakshmi Dr. Nebojsa Pavlovic Panimalar Engineering College High school “Djura Jaksic” 7-A,CID Quarters, Mandaveli,Chennai-600028, Trska bb, 34210 Raca, Serbia. Tamilnadu, India. Dr. Colin J. Butler University of Greenwich Dr. Ata Allah Taleizadeh Business School, University of Greenwich, Greenwich, SE10 Iran University of Science and Technology 9LS, Faculty of Industrial Engineering, London, UK. Iran University of Science and Technology, Narmak, Tehran, Iran. Prof. Dev Tewari School of Economics and Finance Dr. P.S. Vohra Westville Campus University of Kwa-Zulu Chandigarh Group of Colleges, Landran, Mohali, India Natal (UKZN) Durban, 4001 #3075, Sector 40 D South Africa. Chandigarh, Pin code 160036 Dr. Paloma Bernal Turnes Dr. José M. Merigó Universidad Rey Juan Carlos University of Barcelona Dpto. Economía de la Empresa Department of Business Administration, Av. Diagonal Pº de los Artilleros s/n 690, Spain. Edif. Departamental, Desp. 2101 28032 Madrid, España Prof. Mornay Roberts-Lombard Department of Marketing Management, Dr. Jurandir Peinado C-Ring 607, Kingsway campus, University of Universidade Positivo Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg, 2006, Rua Silveira Peixoto, 306 South Africa Zip 80240-120 Curitiba – PR – Brazil Prof. Fabrizio Rossi Ahmad.M.A.Ahmad Zamil University of Cassino and Southern Lazio (Italy) King Saud University, P.O.Box 28095 , Via G. Di Biasio 43, Cassino (Italy) Riyadh 11437 Dr.Kingdom Nebojsa of Pavlovic Saudi Arabia High school “Djura Jaksic” Editorial Team TrskaOlof bb,Wahlberg 34210 Raca, Serbia.Mid Sweden University, Dr. T.S. Devaraja 851 70 Sundsvall Sweden Department of Commerce, Dr. Colin J. Butler Post Graduate Centre, UniversityMario Javier of Greenwi Donatech-Manzanares Hemagangotri Campus, BusinessFacultad School, de Derecho University y Ciencias of Greenwich, Sociales RondaGreenwich, de Toledo, SE10 s/n University of Mysore 9LS,13071 Ciudad Real Spain India. London, UK. Mohamed Abd El Naby Mohamed Sallam Dr. Peide Liu Dr. V. Mahalakshmi Prof.Faculty Dev of Tewari Commerce - Business Administration School, Panimalar Engineering College SchoolUniversity of Economics of Kafr El and-Sheikh Finance Shandong Economic University, China 7-A,CID Quarters, Mandaveli,Chennai-600028, WestvilleEgypt Campus Tamilnadu, India. University of Kwa-Zulu Natal (UKZN) Dr. Marwan Mustafa Shammot Durban,Dr. Bhaskar 4001 Bagchi King Saud University, P.O.Box 28095 , Dr. Ata Allah Taleizadeh SouthAlipurduar Africa. College - Riyadh 11437 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Iran University of Science and Technology Helapukur (Shibmandir); CHANDERNAGAR, Pin – 712136; Faculty of Industrial Engineering, Iran University of Science Dr.West Paloma Bengal Bernal Turnes and Technology, Narmak, Tehran, Iran. UniversidadINDIA Rey Juan Carlos Dr. Hela Miniaoui Dpto. Economía de la Empresa University of Wollongong in Dubai, Dr. P.S. Vohra PºDr. de Pawel los Artilleros Tadeusz s/n Kazibudzki Knowledge Village, Block 15 PoBox 20183, Dubai Chandigarh Group of Colleges, Landran, Mohali, India Edif.Jan Departamental,Dlugosz University Desp. in Czestochowa, 2101 The Faculty of Social UAE #3075, Sector 40 D Chandigarh, Pin code 160036 28032Sciences Madrid, España Poland Dr. Suhanya Aravamudhan Dr. José M. Merigó Prof. Mornay Roberts-Lombard 6965 Cumberland Gap Pkwy, Harrogate, TN University of Barcelona DepartmentDr. Cherukuri of MarketingJayasankaraprasad Management, C-Ring 607, USA Department of Business Administration, Av. Diagonal 690, KingswayDepartment campus, of Business University Management of Johannesbu rg, Auckland Spain. Park,Krishna Johannesburg, University (State 2006, Govt. of A.P.) Dr. Hooman Attar SouthMachilipatnam, Africa A.P., India-521001 Amirkabir University of Technology Dr. Anton Sorin Gabriel Iran Carol I Boulevard, No. 11, 700506, Iasi, Dr.Dr. Jurandir Aleksander Peinado Aristovnik Alexandru Ioan Cuza University Iaşi, UniversidadeFaculty of Administration, Positivo University of Ljubljana, Slovenia Prof. Luis Antonio Fonseca Mendes Romania. Rua Silveira Peixoto, 306 University of Beira Interior – ZipDr. 80240 Bhavesh-120 Parmar Curitiba – PR – Brazil Business and Economics Department - Dr. Aura Emanuela Domil Department of Business Management, Sankalchand Patel Estrada do Sineiro – Polo IV – 6200-209 Covilhã 31 Horia Creanga, zip code 300253, Timisoara, Prof.College Fabrizio of Engineering, Rossi Visnagar. (Affiliated to Gujarat Portugal West University from Timisoara, UniversityTechnological of Cassino University.) and Southern India. Lazio (Italy) Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Via G. Di Biasio 43, Cassino (Italy) Wu, Hung-Yi Romania. Prof. Paulo Alves Department of Business Administration Lisbon College of Accountancy and Administration and Graduate Institute of Business Administration Dr.Lusofona Mehdi TolooUniversity Portugal National Chiayi University No.580, Xinmin Rd., Chiayi City Technical University of Ostrava, 60054, Taiwan (R.O.C.) Ostrava, Czech Republic Editorial Team Dr. Mathew Analogbei Shu -Fang Luo Dr.The Surendar Open University Singh Business School UK. No.28,Dr. T.S. Da Devaraja-Ye S. Road, Lin-Hai Industrial Park, DepartmentCentre for Marketing of