26, 2000 Ocean City, Maryland

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MIDDLE ATLANTIC ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONFERENCE

MARCH 24 - 26, 2000

OCEAN CITY, MARYLAND NOTES

30th Annual Meeting of the MIDDLE ATLANTIC ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONFERENCE

March 24 - 26, 2000

Princess Royale Ocean City, Maryland

Officers and Organizers

President Christopher Bergman

President-Elect Edward Otter

Treasurer Alice Guerrant

Recording Secretary Douglas W. Sanford

Membership Secretary Faye Stocum

Board Member at Large David Mudge

Journal Editor Roger W. Moeller

Program Chair Roger W. Moeller

Arrangements Chair Kurt Carr

Web sites: www.Siftings.com/maac.html www. Quad5 0 .com/maac.htm 1 www.American.edu/maac/maac.html

26 Rebecca J. Morehouse Maryland Archaeological Conservation Laboratory [email protected] Melba J. Myers Virginia Department of Historic Resources [email protected] Paul A. Nevin SPA Chapter 28, ESRARA [email protected] Michael M. Palus Dept Anthropology, University Of Maryland [email protected] Douglas W. Sanford Mary Washington College [email protected] Dwayne Scheid Mary Washington College dscheid.381 [email protected] Carole Sinclair-Smith Monmouth County Historical Association [email protected] Megan Springate Monmouth County Historical Association [email protected] . Michael Stewart Temple University [email protected] Michael S. Tomaso Montclair State University [email protected] Richard F. Veit Monmouth University [email protected] Frank Vento Clarion University [email protected] Stanley L. Walling Montclair State University [email protected] Kristin J. Ward Mary Washington College kward5 [email protected] Stephen G. Warfel The State Museum Of Pennsylvania [email protected]. us Lynn-Marie Wieland Hunter College [email protected] Emily Williams Colonial Williamsburg ewi 11 [email protected] Lisa Young Alexandria Conservation Svcs [email protected]

25 William M. Gardner Catholic University [email protected] Middle Atlantic Archaeological Conference Brandon Grodnitsky Archaeological Testing And March 24 - 26, 2000 Consulting Ocean City, Maryland [email protected] Lucia Hamett National Museum Of Ireland PROGRAM [email protected] Phillip J. Hill Archaeological Testing And Consulting Friday Morning March 24 Robert M. Jacoby Louis Berger and Associates [email protected] 9:00- 12:00 JACK CRESSON Lithic Workshop Gregory M. Katz Temple University Friday Afternoon March 24 I I [email protected] Mechelle L. Kerns The Lost Towns Of Anne Arundel General Session: DOUGLAS SANFORD, chair Project [email protected] I :00-l :20 META JANOWITZ Stonewares from the African Burial Ground: Not All Spiral Micha�J J. Klein William and Mary Center For -fVL / Motifs Come From New Jersey r0� Archaeological Research , I :20-l :40 DOUGLAS SANFORD _ � [email protected] Putting Survey Results to Work: Comparing Local and , 0 Darrin Lowery Temple University Regional Models for Site Location [email protected] .net 1 :40-2:00 CYNTHIA W. AUMAN Ludomir R. Lozny Louis Berger Associates/hunter Excavations Along the State Route 1 Corridor in Delaware College 2:00-2:20 KURT CARR and CHRISTOPHER BERGMAN [email protected] The Use of Bifacial Core Technology and Blade Core James Marine KCI Technologies Inc Technology in the Middle Atlantic Region [email protected] 2:20-2:40 JOHN BEDELL Bernard Klaus Means Alexandria Archaeology Museum The Puncheon Run Site and the Settlement System of the St. Jones Valley I ganapati2@ao I .com Patricia Miller KCI Technologies Inc 2:40-3:00 Break [email protected] Paula Miller CHRS Inc General Session: MICHAEL KLEIN, chair [email protected] Paul Frederick Mintz The Lost Towns Of Anne Arundel 3:00-3:20 MARTIN GALLIVAN and MICHAEL J. KLEIN Project Late Prehistoric Social Transformation in the Southern Middle pmintz 1 @gl.umbc.edu Atlantic: A Multi-scalar Analysis Roger W. Moeller Archaeological Services 3:20-3:40 MICHAEL B. BARBER [email protected] The Bone Grave Goods from the Shannon Site (44MY8), [email protected] Montgomery County, Virginia: Boniness Versus Symbolic Value

24 3:40-4:00 GREGORY M. KATZ Presenter's Affiliation and E-mail Address Heat Treatment and Characterization of Pennsylvania's Stony Ridge Chert Cynthia W. Auman Parsons Engineering Science, Inc 4:00-4:20 ROBERT M. JACOBY [email protected] Come and Get It: A Recipe for Protein Residue Analysis Michael B. Barber George Washington and Jefferson Friday Evening March 24 National Forests [email protected] 7:30 ROGER W. MOELLER Kenneth J. Basalik CHRS Inc A Post-Apocalyptic View of Archaeology: A Lesson in Current Events [email protected] Co Ii n Beaven Archaeological Testing and Saturday Morning March 25 Consulting General Session: CHRISTOPHER FENNELL, chair co Ii n_ [email protected] Marshall Joseph Becker West Chester University 8:00-8:20 DARRIN LOWERY [email protected] The Paleoindian Period of the Central Delmarva Peninsula: John C. Bedell The Louis Berger Group What do the Data Suggest? jbedel [email protected] 8:20-8:40 CHRISTOPHER FENNELL Christopher Bergman 3DE Group Of BGE Environmental Ethnicities and Material Culture: Inferring Past Identities from [email protected] Spiritual Beliefs and Practices. David Bibler KCI Technologies Inc 8:40-9:00 MICHAEL J. KLEIN and JOSH DUNCAN [email protected] The Cabin Run Site (44WR3) and Prestige Goods Exchange in Varna Boyd Greenhome & O'Mara, Inc the Southern Middle Atlantic Region 9:00-9:20 PAUL FREDERICK MINTZ and MECHELLE L. KERNS [email protected] Thriving Trade, Thirsty Traders: A Look at Rumney's Tavern Tammy L. Bryant Catholic University in London Town [email protected] 9:20-9:40 MATTHEW M. PALUS Kurt Carr Pennsylvania Historical and Museum The Archaeology of Corporate Industry and Absenteeism at Commission Virginius Island, Harpers Ferry National Historic Park, Harpers kurt_ [email protected] Ferry, WV John Eric Deetz Association for the Preservation of 9:40- 10:00 PAULA MILLER and KENNETH J. BASALIK Virginia Antiquities "Grandmother Keen was the Ruler of the House": Gender, [email protected] Community and Identity in Early Twentieth Century Lancaster Josh Duncan W i11 iam and Mary Center for County Archaeological Research [email protected] 10:00- 10:20 Break Christopher Fennell University Of Virginia, Dept General Session: VARNA BOYD, chair Anthropology l 0:20-l 0:40 PHILLIP J. HILL [email protected] Data Recovery of the Anthony Holmead Site in N.W. Martin Gallivan William and Mary Center for Washington, D.C. Archaeological Research [email protected]

2 23 l 0:40-11 :00 BRANDON GRODNITSKY and COLIN BEAVEN NewLisa InsightsYoung Into Philadelphia's Past: Archaeological Conservation as Perceptions of the Anthony Holmead Site aScholarly Resource l l :00-11 :20 VARNA BOYD Archaeological Investigations of Fort Frederick During an archaeological testing and monitoring phase on Independence Park 11:20-11:40 DAVID BIBLER, PATRICIA MILLER, FRANK VENTO, and in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, archaeologists from the National Park Service JAMES MARINE and John Milner Associates, uncovered thr�e well and privy features. After the The Paleoindian and Archaic Periods at Three Stratified Sites initial artifact processing stage, the materials were transferred to the National on the Susquehanna River Floodplain Park Service, Applied Archeology Center in Silver Spring, Maryland for 11 :40-Noon LUDOMIR R. LOZNY further examination and analysis. Paul Inashima, Project Director, recognized Core Technology and Sedentism the need to further conserve many of the materials, and after two years and Saturday Afternoon March 25 3000 objects, conservation efforts are still on-going. This conservation project · provided a unique opportunity for archaeologists, specialists, interns, students, Session: Archaeological Collections and Conservation: volunteers and archaeological conservators to work together to help piece Implementing Innovative Strategies for a New Millennium together the past. This paper will discuss the project, the outcomes of the BERNARD KLAUS MEANS and LISA YOUNG, Co-Organizers. conservation efforts and relate how the project was used to educate and train BERNARD KLAUS MEANS, Chair interested scholars in archaeological conservation. 1 :00-1 :20 BERNARD KLAUS MEANS Mapping a New Future for the Past: Further Insights into Depression-era Archaeological Excavations in Southwestern Pennsylvania 1:20- 1 :40 LISA YOUNG New Insights into Philadelphia's Past: Archaeological Conservation as a Scholarly Resource I :40-2:00 REBECCA J. MOREHOUSE The Maryland State Highway Administration and the Maryland Historical Trust: A Cooperative Partnership in Collections Management 2:00-2:20 EMILY WILLIAMS and LUCIA HARNETT Re-Evaluating Treatment Methods for Waterlogged Leather 2:20-2:40 MELBA J. MYERS Conservation Documentation: What You Can Do With a Digital Camera and Off-the-Shelf Software

2:40-3:00 Break

General Session: WILLIAM M. GARDNER, chair

3:00-3:20 WILLIAM M. GARDNER and TAMMY L. BRYANT Anonymous Slaves and Alexander Brown, Esq.: 44PW690

22 3 3:20-3:40 TAMMY BRYANT and WILLIAM M. GARDNER Stephen G. Warfel, Way Beyond the Big House: Field Slaves Sites in the Northern Investigating One of America's Oldest Communes --Archaeology Field Virginia Piedmont Schools at the Ephrata Cloister 3:40-4:00 JOHN ERIC DEETZ "From Arts, From Trades, From Valour, Honour Springs" The Ephrata Cloister Archaeology Project is a multi-year research program designed to discover and record the locations of principal structures that housed General Session: JAY CUSTER, chair :t;;::;J � V b,w,,t---- �, and served the 18th century Ephrata religious commune, determine building e ages and functions, and interpret lifestyles of community members. From its 4:00-4:20 JAY CUSTER � rt,._ fl � start in 1993 the project was structured as a student-training program which I've Got Biases I Don't Even Know About: Rethinking Middle invites public participation in both the field and laboratory. This presentation �7 Atlantic Archaeology (I� will highlight some of the project's accomplishments to date and evaluate the 4:20-4:40 MICHAEL STEWART effectiveness of utilizing archaeological field schools to realize research Indian Territories in the Delaware Valley: Problems and objectives. Prospects of Identification

7:00 Business Meeting Lynn-Marie Wieland 9:00 est. Hospitality Time lake Kitchawan: A Residential Area For at least 8000 Years Sunday Mornine March 26 The land surrounding Lake Kitchawan, New York is residential. Houses range Session: I Know What You Did Last Summer from estates, farms, to small summer cottages. Most families have lived here RICHARD VEIT, Organizer and Chair for twenty years or more. Some have occupied their land since 1743 . Even so these people are newcomers. This land has been occupied for at least 8,000 8:20-8:40 RICHARD VEIT years. For the fi rst time, collections of artifacts found by landowners, twelve "The Best Lights on the Coast of the United States": Searching year-olds, avocational archaeologists, and archaeologists are being included in for the Original Navesink Twin Lights a database and a story of the early inhabitants of this area is emerging. Lithic 8:40-9:00 STEPHEN G. WARFEL usewear studies indicate their activities and land use patterns. Diagnostic points Investigating One of America's Oldest Communes - suggest occupation from 6000 BC to contact. The lithic debitage suggests three Archaeological Field Schools at the Ephrata different tool technologies, with different uses for exotic and local materials. Cloister As the lithic studies end and ceramic studies begin, the story of the Lake 9:00-9:20 MEGAN SPRINGATE and CAROLE SINCLAIR-SMITH Kitchawan people is coming together. Minors in the Tavern: Summer Camp Excavations at the Allen House, Shrewsbury, NJ. 9:20-9:40 MICHAEL S. TOMASO, STANLEY L. WALLING and Emily Williams and Lucia Harnett RICHARD VEIT Re-evaluating Treatment Methods for Waterlogged leather Industrial Town, Utopia, Resort or Outdoor Classroom? Preliminary Interpretation of a Field School Conducted at Castor oil impregnation was used as a treatment for waterlogged leather for Feltville/Glenside Park, Central New Jersey many years. Its usage was abandoned in favor of other methods including the 9:40- 10:00 KRISTIN J. WARD use of glycerol and polyethylene glycol. Two paper presented at the 1995 Archaeological Survey at Menokin meeting of the ICOM working group on leathercraft and related objects advocated a return to the use of castor oil for the treatment of waterlogged I 0:00- 10:20 Break leather. This paper looks at the performance of castor oil treatments over a thirty-year period and the effects of this treatment on the structure of the leather. 21 4 benefitsand liabilities of this particular pedagogical method. At the same time, General Session: LYNN-MARIE WIELAND, chair they report on current research at a number of interesting historic sites, dating I 0:20- 10:40 LYNN-MARIE WIELAND from the 18th and 19th centuries. Lake Kitchawan: A Residential Area for at Least 8000 Years I 0:40- 1 I :00 MARSHALL JOSEPH BECKER Richard Veit, Wampum Revisited Via a Re-Discovered Example in the "The Best Lights on the Coast of the United States": Searching for the Vatican Museum Original Navesink Twin Lights 11:00- 1 1 :20 DWAYNE SCHEID Archaeology of Fredericksburg's Market Square Monmouth University's summer 1999 field school in archaeology focused on 11:20-Noon PAUL A. NEVIN identifying the remains of the original Navesink Light Station. The light The Safe Harbor Petroglyphs Revisited station, a pair oflighthouses located in Highlands Borough, Monmouth County, New Jersey, marked the southern entrance to New York Harbor from 1828 to 1862. They were the first lights in the United States to employ Fresnel lenses, and during their years of operation were regarded as "The best lights on the coast of the United States." However, throughout their short history they were plagued with structural problems. This paper describes the remains of the lighthouses and auxiliary buildings foundduring the course of the fieldschool. Particular attention is paid to the structural remains and the insights they provide into the why the lighthouses failed. The paper also discusses some of the benefits and liabilities of carrying out research with students at National Register listed historic site.

Kristin Ward Archaeological SurveyAnalysis at Menokin

Menokin is a plantation site occupied during the mid-eighteenth century to the late nineteenth century and is located in Richmond County, Virginia, part of the Northern Neck vicinity. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the information gathered from a limited surface survey conducted at the National Register property in 1997. It will assess the data recovered to produce date ranges and examine cultural patterns which can be compared with regional models. The primary focus area will be in the plowed fields adjacent to the main house complex. The overall analysis will determine the character of the sites, and their relation to the plantation layout. The same information will be used to evaluate the utility of predictive models developed forpre-historic and historic settlement patternsin Richmond County.

20 5 PRESENTATION ABSTRACTS Michael Stewart ey Indian Territories in the Delaware Vall : Problems and Prospects of Identification Cynthia W. Auman Excavations Along The State Route 1 Corridor In Delaware Site catchment analysis, lithic utilization patterns, and the distribution of pottery styles are used in an attempt to define the territories of Native Along with ushering in a new millennium, the year 2000 also marks American groups from 2500 BC until the 1600s AD. These data are compared completion of many years of archaeological studies along the proposed State with ethnohistoric perspectives on territoriality. There is a fluid aspect to how Route (SR) 1 corridor in Delaware. Parsons Engineering Science, Inc., working native peoples use the landscape at single points in time and through time. in tandem with the Delaware Department of Transportation, has completed Analysis of frequency distributions of diagnostic Iithic artifacts, the raw Phase II and Ill investigations of sites located within the right-of-way of a fi ve materials from which they are fashioned, the location of material sources, and mile portion of SR 1, north of Smyrna. Phase II evaluation was conducted for the location of tool production activities provide the best view of potential . over 20 sites, 9 of which continued on to Phase Ill data recovery. While all 9 territories. sites included both prehistoric and historical components, data recovery for 8 of the sites focused on Archaic and/or Woodland occupations, while the remaining site dated from the early 19th century and yielded evidence of one Matthew S. Tomaso, Stanley L. Walling, and Richard F. Veit of only two known brick clamps in Delaware. Synthesis of the fi ndings is now Industrial town, Utopia, Country Resort, or Outside Classroom? Preliminary underway, and is producing fascinating insights into site formation processes Interpretation of the I 999 Montclair State University Archaeology Field and material culture studies. School at Feltville I Glenside Park, New Jersey

The Feltville Archaeological Project (FAP) is a multi-year, multi-disciplinary Michael B. Barber project focused on the material and documentary record of the National The Bone Grave Goods Recovered fr om the Shannon Site (44MY8), Register of Historic Places District of Feltville / Glenside Park in Union Montgomery County, Virginia: Boniness Versus Symbolic Value County, New Jersey. FAP benefits each year from the involvement of Montclair State University Archaeological Field School students and faculty. During the excavations of the Shannon site, a Late Woodland village at the The mid 19th century planned industrial community of Feltville, which became headwaters of the North Fork of the Roanoke River in Montgomery County, the late 19th century country resort of Glenside Park, is historically and Virginia, 155 bone artifacts were recovered from a burial contexts. The geographically complex, providing multiple research environments forsub jects bonifiedartifacts were analyzed with regard to their differentialassociation per as diverse as 19th century utopianism, industrialism, and class segregation. This species with particular burials as well as for functional and/or ceremonial complexity also allows for education in an array of field methods and values. The age and sex of the individual interments were also considered. techniques, which is unusually diverse and creative for a field school. A review Based on the distribution of animal parts, it was hypothesized that at least three of the field school educational experience and preliminary research findings is clans were operating on-site: Fe/is concolor, Canis lupus, and Ursus presented. americanus. Meleagris gallopavo may also have acted as a totem but evidence was less well defined. Ecological, as well as social, implications were considered. Richard Veit Session Abstract: "I Know What You Did last Summer" Field Schools and the Teaching of Archaeology Marshall Becker Wampum Revisited Viaa Newly Re-discovered Example in the Vatican Museum Every summer dozens of students from schools, colleges, and universities across the Middle Atlantic participate in the quintessential archaeological rite In 1920 David Bushnell published a photograph and commentary on an of passage, the field school. The papers in this session deal with field schools important wampum belt then in the ethnographic collections of the museum of from New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and New York. They examine some of the

6 19 Rivers, this study assesses the relative value of comprehensive, Phase I surveys the Collegio di Propaganda Fide in Rome. My search forth is belt 25 years ago associated with cultural resource management endeavors and site location data failed to locate it, but during recent work in the Vatican Museums ethnographic developed over the long term through a mixed survey strategy. In particular, collections this belt was "re-discovered." A detailed study indicates that it may regional site information forRi chmond and King George Counties is examined be a precursor to the Chratres belts, and appears to be in the Abenaki or Huron and then compared with results frommore intensive survey efforts at Dahlgren tradition. Naval Surface Warfare Center (3,000 acres in King George County) and Stratford Hall Plantation (1,700 acres in Westmoreland County). John Bedell ey The Puncheon Run Site and the Settlement System of the St. Jones Vall Dwayne Scheid Archaeology of Fredericksburg 's Market Square The Puncheon Run site is a large prehistoric site on the St. Jones River near Dover, Delaware. The site consists of several distinct activity areas, which This paper is based on the analysis of three separate archaeological excavations appear to have been used at different times in the Late Archaic, Early at the Market Square in Fredericksburg, Virginia. The Fredericksburg Market Woodland, and Middle Woodland Periods. Study of this site, along with a Square includes a nineteenth century Market House, an open square that study of previously excavated sites along the St. Jones River, has provided new represents an area of marketing, and an alley that when excavated revealed information about the behavior of prehistoric people in this area in the 2000 foundations from the first Market House. The excavations occurred between BC to AD 1000 period. There is little evidence of a shift from diffuse 1985 and 1992. Each of the excavations were conducted using different occupations in Middle Archaic times to focal, riverine, base camp occupations methods of excavation and had varying goals. Through documentary research in the Late Archaic and Early Woodland. Instead, there is a complex a model of marketing activities was established. The hypothesis that was tested archaeological record that includes various kinds of sites and features spread deals with the Intra-site comparison of three areas that represent two time out across the landscape. Evidence from sites related to the Delmarva Adena periods. The analysis of the archaeological artifacts from the three areas should and Webb Phase mortuary complexes and the Late Archaic Barker's Landing reveal various land uses, patterns of spatial organization and structural features complex suggests that there may have also been non-economic influences on based on whether the artifacts are identified as architectural or domestic and site location and function. public versus private.

David Bibler, Patricia Miller, Frank J. Vento, and James T. Marine Megan Springate and Carole Sinclair Smith The Paleoindian and Archaic Periods at Three StratifiedSites on the Minors in the Tavern: Summer Camp Excavations at the Allen House, Susquehanna River Floodplain Shrewsbury, New Jersey Archaeological data recovery was performed at three stratified sites in This past summer, the Monmouth County Historical Association Conducted conjunction with the widening of Routes 1 1/ 15, a major arterial following the their second annual archaeology camp at the Allen House, an 18th- 19th century western shore of the Susquehanna River.. One of the three sites contained a tavern site in Shrewsbury, New Jersey. Open to participants aged 12-15, the Paleoindian component within the thin stratum of cobbles that was present at camp gave young people the opportunity to participate first-hand in their local the base of the alluvium. Two sites contained one or more Early Archaic history. The excavations have also served to increase our understanding of the occupations. The Late Archaic and Transitional Periods were also present in uses of the tavern yard and the lives of the tenant tavern keepers at the turn of stratified contexts. Stratigraphically distinct components from the earliest the 19th century. As well as our preliminary findings from the 1999 periods of prehistory are rare in the Susquehanna River Valley and will, excavations, this paper will present some of the challenges and rewards of therefore, contribute information to a number of important research issues working with adolescents. related to the prehistory of the region. This paper presents the results of field investigations and preliminary data analysis at the three sites, describing the geomorphological context, as well as summarizing artifacts and features characteristic of the major occupational components.

18 7 sites. Four other sites nearby and a rock adjacent to Little Indian Rock, all Varna G. Boyd previously unrecorded, were located and recorded by Nevin from1989 to 1993. Archaeological Investigations of Fort Frederick Nevin's fieldwork has determined that charts in Cadzow's documentation contain inaccuracies in shapes and locations of carvings and omit many carved Archaeological investigations were conducted during the fallof 1999 at historic designs. While Cadzow's work documented 167 design elements on Big and Fort Frederick near Hagerstown, Maryland. Fort Frederick was built in 1756- Little Indian Rocks, in actuality they contain over 270 design elements. The 1757 during the French and Indian War and is unique among provincial previously unrecorded sites nearby contain over 170 more carved design English forts for its size and free-standing stone walls. It also served as a elements, making this possibly the largest concentration of petroglyphs still in prison camp during the American Revolution and was briefly occupied by existence in the northeastern United States. Union troops during the Civil War. As part of the planned reconstruction of structures within the fort, the State of Maryland sponsored archaeological and historical investigations. The goals of the project were to gain new information Matthew M. Palus regarding the construction and appearance of the fort's interior curtain walls The Archaeology of Corporate Industry and Absenteeism at Virginius Island, and bastions, with a focus on how the walls were defended; the appearance, Harpers Ferry National Historical Park, Harpers Ferry, West Virginia. construction, and location of the powder magazine; and the appearance and function of the Officer's Quarters. This paper will focus on the results of the Virginius Island is a small parcel of land located on the Shenandoah River, investigations and present conclusions regarding the continued reconstruction within the town of Harpers Ferry and adjacent to the confluence of the of the historic fort. Shenandoah and Potomac rivers. Situated adjacent to the Federal Armory, Virginius comprised some of the only land available for private ownership in Harpers Ferry. The community at Virginius developed a separate identity with Tammy L. Bryant and William M. Gardner its own unique industrial community and landscape characterized by water Way Beyond the Big House: Field Slave Sites in the Northern Virginia powered industries. Between 1992 and 1994, archaeological investigations were Piedmont conducted at three households on Virginius, resulting in the recovery and re discovery of numerous structural features and intact deposits relating to the Investigations near Bull Run in both Fairfax and Loudoun Counties revealed occupation of these sites by tenants and employees of two significant island two clusters of late 18th/early 19th century field slave sites located on industries, in the latter part of the nineteenth and the early twentieth century. plantations once owned by Carter family descendants. The evidence for the Analysis of the archaeology at Virginius reveals a suite of changes that material culture of these clusters as well as their layouts show both differences accompanied the transition from local ownership of the island, tenements, and and similarities. The Fairfax County cluster appears to offer evidence for rows major industries, to corporate, absentee ownership and operation. of cabins along a ridgeline, with 35-50 fe et separating the individual cabins. In contrast, the Loudoun County cluster represents individual cabins on adjacent ridges. Both have cemeteries in close proximity. The sites have several things Douglas W. Sanford .in common. First, preserved material culture was minimal. A second Putting Survey Results to Work: Comparing Local and Regional Models for commonality is the presence of large quantities of colonoware. Finally, the sites Site Location are on land generally unsuitable for cultivation and adjacent to a surface water source. These common factors have often allowed for the prediction of this Archaeologists have long recognized the advantages of large data bases type of site in similar topographic areas. concerning site location. Such compilations permit more informed studies of settlement patterns and systems, whether conceptualized synchronica11y or diachronically, and furthert he development of predictive models regarding site density and relevant environmental variables. Another contribution to this issue comes from the cmparison of site location models stemming from different scales and methods of survey. Drawing on results from archaeological projects on the Northern Neck peninsula between the Potomac and Rappahannock

8 17 very dark tunnel. I am afraid to look down lest I see tracks; afraid to listen too Kurt W. Carr and Christopher A. Bergman closely lest I hear a train's sharp whistle. The Use of Bifacial Core Technology and Blade Core Technology in the Middle Atlantic Region

Rebecca J. Morehouse Blade technology has been described as an efficient manner in which to Maryland State Highway Administration and the Maryland Historical Trust: produce stone tools, both tool blanks and finished forms. It was almost A Cooperative Partnership in Collections Management universally practiced during the Upper Paleolithic of the Old World and it has also been described for Paleoindian assemblages with fluted points. However, The purpose of this paper is to describe the on-going process for inventorying, in the Middle Atlantic region, we believe that bifacial core technology assessing, and upgrading collections recovered from archaeological projects dominated Clovis assemblages. This paper examines the advantages of both investigated forand/or by the Maryland State Highway Administration (SHA) lithic reduction approaches and attempts to describe the benefitso f bi facialcore since the mid-I 960s. Federally funded highway projects generate considerable technology forthe early occupants of North America. A particular focus of the archaeology nationwide at the state level. In Maryland, approximately 25% of discussion will be an evaluation of the implications for the adaptive strategies the state's archaeological collection have been generated through such work. of cultural groups using blade core or bifacial core technologies. In 1997, a partnership was created between SHA and the Maryland Historical Trust (MHT). This partnership is a cooperative effortto improve the condition and accessibility of the SHA archaeological collection. This paper explores how Jay Custer this partnership works and how other states might benefit from lessons learned / 've Got Biases I Don 't Even Know About: Rethinking Middle Atlantic through this SHA/MHT partnership. Archaeology

Interactions with Charles Clark, a Nanticoke, have led me to rethink my Melba J. Myers interpretations of a pit feature at the Carey Farm site. Although the artifact "Conservation Documentation: What You Can Do With A Digital Camera assemblage associated with human remains in the pit does not resemble "typical And Off- The-ShelfSo ftware. " grave goods," use of a non-materialist perspective and consideration of the artifact's symbolic meaning open up a variety of new insights. The standard This paper illustrates in detail how the Virginia Department of Historic materialist perspective leads to nothing new. New views of features call into Resources Conservation Lab has adapted Word; Access; an image database question basic assumptions of atchaeology carried out in the world of cultural program that came free with the digital camera; and a low end color printer; resource management, such as identification of previously unrecognized grave to document conservation treatments. In addition to more comprehensive features, sampling and treatment of plowzone assemblages from sites with documentation of treatment processes with paper hard copy of al I records, the grave features, and consideration of ancient Native American sites as sacred system provides a searchable image database of all conserved objects providing places and not just sources of data. Our futureas archaeologists, and thoughtful artifactimages that can be shared: on web sites and in hard copy for exhibit human beings, will be determined by our ability to accomodate our planning or research. Hand-outs with hardware and softwares pecificationswil l Euroamerican biases with Native American concerns about the study and be available. preservation of THEIR past.

Paul A. Nevin Eric Deetz The Safe Harbor Petroglyphs Revisited "From arts, from trades, from valour, honour springs."

In the early l 930's Donald Cadzow and his team recorded petroglyph designs This line from Ben Jonson's play Eastward Ho refers to what one character on Big Indian and Little Indian Rocks. His work has remained to this day as believed was the strength of English society in 1605. It also describes nicely the best documentation of the two sites. Afterward, virtually no significant field what is being learnedfrom the archaeology of the early period at James Fort. work was done at the rocks until 1982 when Paul Nevin began visiting the A common image championed in the past by both scholars and legend alike is 9 16 that of a colony made up of ill prepared gentleman languishing away only to collections is considered, as are strategies fordisseminating original fielddata die as a result of their own laziness. In reality evidence is emerging that to make it more accessible to a wider audience. challenges this notion. Artisans were assaying for precious metals and producing trade goods to help support the colony through trade with the Native Americans. Tradesmen were hard at work searching for raw materials such as Paula Miller minerals and lumber to help make the venture profitable. Soldiers made their "Grandmother Keen was the Ruler of the House" Gender, Community and contribution, in a sometimes brutal but typically Elizabethan fashion, to the Identity in Early Twentieth Century Lancaster County venture's success. The passenger lists of the original settlers as well as subsequent supplies are populated with individuals who had the skills necessary Today, a traveler on Route 30 through Lancaster County, PA might miss the to make real contributions to Jamestown's success. The evidence of these small sign just west of Paradise, marking the location of the village of Leaman tradesmen, artisans, and soldiers is well represented in the archaeological record Place. However, I 00 years ago Leaman Place was a growing village With its at James Fort. own post office,general store, hotel, school, telegraph office, and train station. In 1898, 53 year old and newly-widowed Mary Keen and six of her twelve children moved to Leaman Place froma rural tenant farmstead, and purchased Christopher Fennell a modest one-and-one-half-story house (now the location of "The Good House Ethnicities and Material Culture: Inferring Past Identities from Spiritual site."). Documentary, architectural and archaeological investigations conducted Beliefs and Practices at the early twentieth-century Good House site (36Lal 154) have provided insights into the lifeof Mary Keen, as she worked to create and assert a new, This paper examines interpretations of folk religion artifacts in archaeological urban identity while maintaining connections to her formerrural, farming life. investigations of American colonial period and antebellum sites and related This paper examines the Good House site from multiple vantage points, lines of evidence in various European and Africantrad itions. In particular, this looking at issues of identity, community, and gender within a context of early study analyzes the extent to which these artifacts can serve as diagnostic twentieth-century modernity. markers from which one might infer that a site was occupied in the past by persons of particular ethnic groups. This analysis shows that a rigorous examination of multiple ethnic groups as potential sources for such artifacts Paul Mintz and Mechelle Kerns yields valuable evidence and interpretations, which can then be used as part of Thriving Trade, Thirsty Traders: A look at Rumneys Tavern in London Town a broader investigation of multiple lines of archaeological and documentary evidence. London Town, a thriving commercial port in the early to mid- 18th century on the South River, contained several taverns that catered to both local, landed planters and merchant seamen. The Lost Towns of Anne Arundel Project is Martin Gallivan and Michael Klein currently excavating one of these taverns, Rumneys, for interpretation and Late Prehistoric Social Transformation in the Southern Middle Atlantic.A eventual reconstruction. This paper examines Acts of Maryland's General Multi-scalar Analysis Assembly, court judgment records, and excavated material to hypothesize both structural and cultural components of the extinct tavern. Archaeologists have argued for the importance of analyzing social transformations at several spatial and temporal scales, and through the examination of multiple categories ofarchaeological data. This paper examines Roger W. Moeller changes in regional interaction and local production relations by drawing on A Post-Apocalpytic View Of Archaeology: A Lesson In Current Events evidence of ceramic attributes, prestige-goods exchange, community organization, and household structure of the late prehistoric southern Middle To appreciate the demise of archaeology from its former state of grace, one Atlantic. These data suggest that, in at least some areas, social organization at needs to view the juxtaposition of anthropological theory, military history, and the household, community and regional scales shifted dramatically during the the real world. During the past year, I have been on a long journey through the late prehistoric centuries with the creation of relatively large and permanent dark . recesses of my past. As I look forward, I see a faint point of light in a

10 15 to a specific group. The dominance of multidirectional and bipolar cores village communities. The subsequent em�rgence of regionally distinct social suggests that an expedient lithic reduction strate_:;y was practiced. Little effort identities and intervening prestige-good exchange networks reflects develop was invested in core preparation. The expedient nature of the lithic reduction ments at the core of early colonial political dynamics in the region. activities is directly related to the abundanceprimarily of raw materials obtainable in the area.• Puncheon Run core technology is based on cobble/pebb1! -- --:-:-::----:---:::--"7"':�::--::----::::--....:::.::,,,__-=:._�::::.:::::...-----� William M. Gardner Tammy L. Bryant indust[Y. The shiftfrom curated to expedient technology might suggest some and fonn of a sedentary lifestyle. Empirical data from various regions confirm Anonymous Slaves and Alexander Brown, Esq. : 44PW690 significant relationship between availability ofresources, production trajectory, and settlement pattern. Alexander Brown left a record in the archives, his African American slaves did not. Both, however, lefttheir imprint in the ground. Dating from1787 to I 810, Bernard Means Lisa Young the site contains the remains of Brown's house, two slave cabins and a summer K. and kitchen. The detached kitchen yielded mostly creamware, as opposed to Session abstract: Archaeological Collections and Conservation : pearlware dominant in all other structures; this appears functionallyrather than Implementing Innovative Strategies for a New Millennium temporally related. The ceramics and fauna] remains from all units were similar, demonstrating the propositi,on that, in opposition to field. slaves, the With the dawning of a new millennium, we consider it the right time to argue closer the slaves were to the owner, the more the material cultural (except that existing archaeological collections are as important a resource for the houses) and fauna! assemblages fromthe differentclasses resemble each other. future of the discipline as on-going archaeological fieldwork. In fact, by One slave dwelling contained most (20/23) of the shaped sherd gaming pieces implementing innovative strategies, existing collections could become the most and most of the site's medicine bottles and low fauna) andceramic remains, important resource foradvancing an archaeological understanding of the human suggesting a healer. past and forpresenting this understanding to the general public. These themes will be woven through the diverse set of papers included in this session. Some Brandon Grodnitzky Colin Beaven papers will present case studies demonstrating the research value of specific and collections. The use of digital technology in collections management and Perceptions of the Anthony Ho/mead Site conservation is shown to be an important approach to making existing collections more accessible to researchers and the public alike. Other papers· The Anthony Holmead site (51NWI 14) in Mitchell Park, Washington, D.C. will emphasize that the process of archaeological conservation is not only contains a late I 8th century house foundation and associated outbuilding important to ensuring that there is a futurefor the material remains of the past, foundations and artifact deposits. Using a critical approach, this paper will but can also be used to provide others with an understanding and appreciation discuss how the politics of the present have influencedthe archaeology andthe for preserving the past. public presentation of the archaeology and history of the Holmead site. Exploration of why the house was labeled a farmhouse, fa) se portrayal to the Bernard K. Means public of the house as a Civil War smallpox hospital, and the modem area resident's misconception of the land as a dog park are among the issues to be Mapping a New Future for the Past: Further Insights into Depression-era discussed. Using these issues, . this paper will discuss larger difficulties Archaeological Excavations in Southwestern Pennsylvania concerning our duties as archaeologists to present information to the public, regardless of whether or not that information coincides with present politics. This paper presents new insights into Depression-era archaeological excavations in southwestern Pennsylvania. These insights follow a complete inventory of Phillip J. Hill collections related to the Somerset County Relief Excavations in The State Museum of Pennsylvania and in the Pennsylvania State Archives. The Data Recovery of the Anthony Ho/mead Site in Northwest Washington, D. C. inventory was conducted through a Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission Scholar in Residence project. The futureresearch potential of the Mitchell Park in Northwestonezpf Washington, D.C. contains the Anthony Ho knead site (5 INWI 14), two District of Columbia archeological sites listed in

14 11 the National Register of Historic Places. Anthony Holmead was a wealthy Mike Klein and Josh Duncan Washingtonian during the mid-eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. His The Cabin Run Site (44WR3) and Prestige Goods Exchange in the Southern home was built on this site in 1795, and was situated just north of the then Middle Atlantic Region recently defined northern boundary of the new Federal City. The house was razed in 1929. The Anthony Holmead site was identified and evaluated back The Cabin Run site, a protohistoric to contact-era site in the northern in 1980. It was nominated and listed in the National Register in the 1990s. Shenandoah Valley of Virginia, was excavated by members of the Mitchell Park is scheduled to be re-landscaped. Because of the potential impact Archeological Society of Virginia in the 1960s. Although the artifacts to the site, a Phase III data recovery investigation was required. This paper will reco�ered from the Cabin Run site included range of lithic, ceramics, floral, present the process, results, and interpretations of the data recovery. and faunal remains, perhaps most notable were artifacts commonly classified as prestige goods. This paper presents information on the shell and copper artifactsrecovered from Cabin Run, and investigates the historical trajectory of Robert M. Jacoby regional exchange patterns in the southern Middle Atlantic Region. Come And Get It : A Recipe For Protein Residue Analysis

Protein residue analysis has been challenged on the grounds of accuracy, Darrin Lowery context, and validation of methodology. In association with the data recovery The Paleoindian Period of the Central Delmarva Peninsula: What Do the program at the Puncheon Run site in Dover, Delaware, a series of blind tests Data Suggest? recently demonstrated the appropriateness of a protein residue application to subsistence studies. By testing archaeological samples and replicant bifacesfor Archaeological research in the Choptank River watershed of Maryland and remnant proteins of fish indigenous to Delaware Bay, we were able to gauge Delaware indicates that this portion of the Delmarva Peninsula has extensive the accuracy of the results, place them within a known environmental context, archaeological data associated with the Paleoindian Period. A regional and validate the analytical procedures. collection study has provided data on over one hundred flutedPaleoindian type projectile points for the Choptank River watershed. Excavations at two archaeological sites within the Choptank River watershed have revealed intact Meta F. Janowitz and buried Paleoindian age components. The data associated with the coastal Stonewares fr om the African Burial Ground: Not All Spiral Motifs Come plain suggests Paleoindian groups were utilizing local secondary cobble From New Jersey outcrops and local silicified ancient marine sediments. In contrast, the regional Early Archaic data suggest that Early Archaic groups were utilizing non-local The excavations that were conducted by Robert Sim at the Morgan pottery in primary lithic materials and supplementing their tool kits with some local South Amboy uncovered salt-glazed stoneware sherds with a distinctive blue secondary cobble materials. The paper will provide some evidence for the watch spring/spiral motif. Since that time, all vessels with this motif have been observations noted above and briefly compare these observations with assumed to have been made by the Morgan potters. However, recent archaeological data associated with other portions of the Middle Atlantic excavations at the site of the African Burial Ground in New York City have region. foundsherds with the same motif. This concurrence leads us to try to see what we can tell about the organization of production, training of craftsmen, marketing of wares, etc. for eighteenth-century salt-glazed stonewares. Ludomir R. Lozny Core Technology and Sedentism

The paper aims to model lithic production trajectories recorded at Puncheon Run, Kent Co. Delaware, by examining core technologies. An initial overview of cores recovered fromthe site allows some preliminary conclusions regarding lithic-reduction strategies. Multidirectional cores are most common, followed by bipolar cores, and other cores. Some exhausted cores could not be assigned 12 13 to a specific group. The dominance of multidirectional and bipolar cores village communities. The subsequent em�rgence of regionally distinct social suggests that an expedient lithic reduction strate_:;y was practiced. Little effort identities and intervening prestige-good exchange networks reflects develop was invested in core preparation. The expedient nature of the lithic reduction ments at the core of early colonial political dynamics in the region. activities is directly related to the abundanceprimarily of raw materials obtainable in the area.• Puncheon Run core technology is based on cobble/pebb1! -- --:-:-::----:---:::--"7"':�::--::----::::--....:::.::,,,__-=:._�::::.:::::...-----� William M. Gardner Tammy L. Bryant indust[Y. The shiftfrom curated to expedient technology might suggest some and fonn of a sedentary lifestyle. Empirical data from various regions confirm Anonymous Slaves and Alexander Brown, Esq. : 44PW690 significant relationship between availability ofresources, production trajectory, and settlement pattern. Alexander Brown left a record in the archives, his African American slaves did not. Both, however, lefttheir imprint in the ground. Dating from1787 to I 810, Bernard Means Lisa Young the site contains the remains of Brown's house, two slave cabins and a summer K. and kitchen. The detached kitchen yielded mostly creamware, as opposed to Session abstract: Archaeological Collections and Conservation : pearlware dominant in all other structures; this appears functionallyrather than Implementing Innovative Strategies for a New Millennium temporally related. The ceramics and fauna] remains from all units were similar, demonstrating the propositi,on that, in opposition to field. slaves, the With the dawning of a new millennium, we consider it the right time to argue closer the slaves were to the owner, the more the material cultural (except that existing archaeological collections are as important a resource for the houses) and fauna! assemblages fromthe differentclasses resemble each other. future of the discipline as on-going archaeological fieldwork. In fact, by One slave dwelling contained most (20/23) of the shaped sherd gaming pieces implementing innovative strategies, existing collections could become the most and most of the site's medicine bottles and low fauna) andceramic remains, important resource foradvancing an archaeological understanding of the human suggesting a healer. past and forpresenting this understanding to the general public. These themes will be woven through the diverse set of papers included in this session. Some Brandon Grodnitzky Colin Beaven papers will present case studies demonstrating the research value of specific and collections. The use of digital technology in collections management and Perceptions of the Anthony Ho/mead Site conservation is shown to be an important approach to making existing collections more accessible to researchers and the public alike. Other papers· The Anthony Holmead site (51NWI 14) in Mitchell Park, Washington, D.C. will emphasize that the process of archaeological conservation is not only contains a late I 8th century house foundation and associated outbuilding important to ensuring that there is a futurefor the material remains of the past, foundations and artifact deposits. Using a critical approach, this paper will but can also be used to provide others with an understanding and appreciation discuss how the politics of the present have influencedthe archaeology andthe for preserving the past. public presentation of the archaeology and history of the Holmead site. Exploration of why the house was labeled a farmhouse, fa) se portrayal to the Bernard K. Means public of the house as a Civil War smallpox hospital, and the modem area resident's misconception of the land as a dog park are among the issues to be Mapping a New Future for the Past: Further Insights into Depression-era discussed. Using these issues, . this paper will discuss larger difficulties Archaeological Excavations in Southwestern Pennsylvania concerning our duties as archaeologists to present information to the public, regardless of whether or not that information coincides with present politics. This paper presents new insights into Depression-era archaeological excavations in southwestern Pennsylvania. These insights follow a complete inventory of Phillip J. Hill collections related to the Somerset County Relief Excavations in The State Museum of Pennsylvania and in the Pennsylvania State Archives. The Data Recovery of the Anthony Ho/mead Site in Northwest Washington, D. C. inventory was conducted through a Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission Scholar in Residence project. The futureresearch potential of the Mitchell Park in Northwestonezpf Washington, D.C. contains the Anthony Ho knead site (5 INWI 14), two District of Columbia archeological sites listed in

14 11 that of a colony made up of ill prepared gentleman languishing away only to collections is considered, as are strategies fordisseminating original fielddata die as a result of their own laziness. In reality evidence is emerging that to make it more accessible to a wider audience. challenges this notion. Artisans were assaying for precious metals and producing trade goods to help support the colony through trade with the Native Americans. Tradesmen were hard at work searching for raw materials such as Paula Miller minerals and lumber to help make the venture profitable. Soldiers made their "Grandmother Keen was the Ruler of the House" Gender, Community and contribution, in a sometimes brutal but typically Elizabethan fashion, to the Identity in Early Twentieth Century Lancaster County venture's success. The passenger lists of the original settlers as well as subsequent supplies are populated with individuals who had the skills necessary Today, a traveler on Route 30 through Lancaster County, PA might miss the to make real contributions to Jamestown's success. The evidence of these small sign just west of Paradise, marking the location of the village of Leaman tradesmen, artisans, and soldiers is well represented in the archaeological record Place. However, I 00 years ago Leaman Place was a growing village With its at James Fort. own post office,general store, hotel, school, telegraph office, and train station. In 1898, 53 year old and newly-widowed Mary Keen and six of her twelve children moved to Leaman Place froma rural tenant farmstead, and purchased Christopher Fennell a modest one-and-one-half-story house (now the location of "The Good House Ethnicities and Material Culture: Inferring Past Identities from Spiritual site."). Documentary, architectural and archaeological investigations conducted Beliefs and Practices at the early twentieth-century Good House site (36Lal 154) have provided insights into the lifeof Mary Keen, as she worked to create and assert a new, This paper examines interpretations of folk religion artifacts in archaeological urban identity while maintaining connections to her formerrural, farming life. investigations of American colonial period and antebellum sites and related This paper examines the Good House site from multiple vantage points, lines of evidence in various European and Africantrad itions. In particular, this looking at issues of identity, community, and gender within a context of early study analyzes the extent to which these artifacts can serve as diagnostic twentieth-century modernity. markers from which one might infer that a site was occupied in the past by persons of particular ethnic groups. This analysis shows that a rigorous examination of multiple ethnic groups as potential sources for such artifacts Paul Mintz and Mechelle Kerns yields valuable evidence and interpretations, which can then be used as part of Thriving Trade, Thirsty Traders: A look at Rumneys Tavern in London Town a broader investigation of multiple lines of archaeological and documentary evidence. London Town, a thriving commercial port in the early to mid- 18th century on the South River, contained several taverns that catered to both local, landed planters and merchant seamen. The Lost Towns of Anne Arundel Project is Martin Gallivan and Michael Klein currently excavating one of these taverns, Rumneys, for interpretation and Late Prehistoric Social Transformation in the Southern Middle Atlantic.A eventual reconstruction. This paper examines Acts of Maryland's General Multi-scalar Analysis Assembly, court judgment records, and excavated material to hypothesize both structural and cultural components of the extinct tavern. Archaeologists have argued for the importance of analyzing social transformations at several spatial and temporal scales, and through the examination of multiple categories ofarchaeological data. This paper examines Roger W. Moeller changes in regional interaction and local production relations by drawing on A Post-Apocalpytic View Of Archaeology: A Lesson In Current Events evidence of ceramic attributes, prestige-goods exchange, community organization, and household structure of the late prehistoric southern Middle To appreciate the demise of archaeology from its former state of grace, one Atlantic. These data suggest that, in at least some areas, social organization at needs to view the juxtaposition of anthropological theory, military history, and the household, community and regional scales shifted dramatically during the the real world. During the past year, I have been on a long journey through the late prehistoric centuries with the creation of relatively large and permanent dark . recesses of my past. As I look forward, I see a faint point of light in a

10 15 very dark tunnel. I am afraid to look down lest I see tracks; afraid to listen too Kurt W. Carr and Christopher A. Bergman closely lest I hear a train's sharp whistle. The Use of Bifacial Core Technology and Blade Core Technology in the Middle Atlantic Region

Paul A. Nevin Eric Deetz The Safe Harbor Petroglyphs Revisited "From arts, from trades, from valour, honour springs."

In the early l 930's Donald Cadzow and his team recorded petroglyph designs This line from Ben Jonson's play Eastward Ho refers to what one character on Big Indian and Little Indian Rocks. His work has remained to this day as believed was the strength of English society in 1605. It also describes nicely the best documentation of the two sites. Afterward, virtually no significant field what is being learnedfrom the archaeology of the early period at James Fort. work was done at the rocks until 1982 when Paul Nevin began visiting the A common image championed in the past by both scholars and legend alike is 9 16 sites. Four other sites nearby and a rock adjacent to Little Indian Rock, all Varna G. Boyd previously unrecorded, were located and recorded by Nevin from1989 to 1993. Archaeological Investigations of Fort Frederick Nevin's fieldwork has determined that charts in Cadzow's documentation contain inaccuracies in shapes and locations of carvings and omit many carved Archaeological investigations were conducted during the fallof 1999 at historic designs. While Cadzow's work documented 167 design elements on Big and Fort Frederick near Hagerstown, Maryland. Fort Frederick was built in 1756- Little Indian Rocks, in actuality they contain over 270 design elements. The 1757 during the French and Indian War and is unique among provincial previously unrecorded sites nearby contain over 170 more carved design English forts for its size and free-standing stone walls. It also served as a elements, making this possibly the largest concentration of petroglyphs still in prison camp during the American Revolution and was briefly occupied by existence in the northeastern United States. Union troops during the Civil War. As part of the planned reconstruction of structures within the fort, the State of Maryland sponsored archaeological and historical investigations. The goals of the project were to gain new information Matthew M. Palus regarding the construction and appearance of the fort's interior curtain walls The Archaeology of Corporate Industry and Absenteeism at Virginius Island, and bastions, with a focus on how the walls were defended; the appearance, Harpers Ferry National Historical Park, Harpers Ferry, West Virginia. construction, and location of the powder magazine; and the appearance and function of the Officer's Quarters. This paper will focus on the results of the Virginius Island is a small parcel of land located on the Shenandoah River, investigations and present conclusions regarding the continued reconstruction within the town of Harpers Ferry and adjacent to the confluence of the of the historic fort. Shenandoah and Potomac rivers. Situated adjacent to the Federal Armory, Virginius comprised some of the only land available for private ownership in Harpers Ferry. The community at Virginius developed a separate identity with Tammy L. Bryant and William M. Gardner its own unique industrial community and landscape characterized by water Way Beyond the Big House: Field Slave Sites in the Northern Virginia powered industries. Between 1992 and 1994, archaeological investigations were Piedmont conducted at three households on Virginius, resulting in the recovery and re discovery of numerous structural features and intact deposits relating to the Investigations near Bull Run in both Fairfax and Loudoun Counties revealed occupation of these sites by tenants and employees of two significant island two clusters of late 18th/early 19th century field slave sites located on industries, in the latter part of the nineteenth and the early twentieth century. plantations once owned by Carter family descendants. The evidence for the Analysis of the archaeology at Virginius reveals a suite of changes that material culture of these clusters as well as their layouts show both differences accompanied the transition from local ownership of the island, tenements, and and similarities. The Fairfax County cluster appears to offer evidence for rows major industries, to corporate, absentee ownership and operation. of cabins along a ridgeline, with 35-50 fe et separating the individual cabins. In contrast, the Loudoun County cluster represents individual cabins on adjacent ridges. Both have cemeteries in close proximity. The sites have several things Douglas W. Sanford .in common. First, preserved material culture was minimal. A second Putting Survey Results to Work: Comparing Local and Regional Models for commonality is the presence of large quantities of colonoware. Finally, the sites Site Location are on land generally unsuitable for cultivation and adjacent to a surface water source. These common factors have often allowed for the prediction of this Archaeologists have long recognized the advantages of large data bases type of site in similar topographic areas. concerning site location. Such compilations permit more informed studies of settlement patterns and systems, whether conceptualized synchronica11y or diachronically, and furthert he development of predictive models regarding site density and relevant environmental variables. Another contribution to this issue comes from the cmparison of site location models stemming from different scales and methods of survey. Drawing on results from archaeological projects on the Northern Neck peninsula between the Potomac and Rappahannock

8 17 Rivers, this study assesses the relative value of comprehensive, Phase I surveys the Collegio di Propaganda Fide in Rome. My search forth is belt 25 years ago associated with cultural resource management endeavors and site location data failed to locate it, but during recent work in the Vatican Museums ethnographic developed over the long term through a mixed survey strategy. In particular, collections this belt was "re-discovered." A detailed study indicates that it may regional site information forRi chmond and King George Counties is examined be a precursor to the Chratres belts, and appears to be in the Abenaki or Huron and then compared with results frommore intensive survey efforts at Dahlgren tradition. Naval Surface Warfare Center (3,000 acres in King George County) and Stratford Hall Plantation (1,700 acres in Westmoreland County). John Bedell ey The Puncheon Run Site and the Settlement System of the St. Jones Vall Dwayne Scheid Archaeology of Fredericksburg 's Market Square The Puncheon Run site is a large prehistoric site on the St. Jones River near Dover, Delaware. The site consists of several distinct activity areas, which This paper is based on the analysis of three separate archaeological excavations appear to have been used at different times in the Late Archaic, Early at the Market Square in Fredericksburg, Virginia. The Fredericksburg Market Woodland, and Middle Woodland Periods. Study of this site, along with a Square includes a nineteenth century Market House, an open square that study of previously excavated sites along the St. Jones River, has provided new represents an area of marketing, and an alley that when excavated revealed information about the behavior of prehistoric people in this area in the 2000 foundations from the first Market House. The excavations occurred between BC to AD 1000 period. There is little evidence of a shift from diffuse 1985 and 1992. Each of the excavations were conducted using different occupations in Middle Archaic times to focal, riverine, base camp occupations methods of excavation and had varying goals. Through documentary research in the Late Archaic and Early Woodland. Instead, there is a complex a model of marketing activities was established. The hypothesis that was tested archaeological record that includes various kinds of sites and features spread deals with the Intra-site comparison of three areas that represent two time out across the landscape. Evidence from sites related to the Delmarva Adena periods. The analysis of the archaeological artifacts from the three areas should and Webb Phase mortuary complexes and the Late Archaic Barker's Landing reveal various land uses, patterns of spatial organization and structural features complex suggests that there may have also been non-economic influences on based on whether the artifacts are identified as architectural or domestic and site location and function. public versus private.

18 7 PRESENTATION ABSTRACTS Michael Stewart ey Indian Territories in the Delaware Vall : Problems and Prospects of Identification Cynthia W. Auman Excavations Along The State Route 1 Corridor In Delaware Site catchment analysis, lithic utilization patterns, and the distribution of pottery styles are used in an attempt to define the territories of Native Along with ushering in a new millennium, the year 2000 also marks American groups from 2500 BC until the 1600s AD. These data are compared completion of many years of archaeological studies along the proposed State with ethnohistoric perspectives on territoriality. There is a fluid aspect to how Route (SR) 1 corridor in Delaware. Parsons Engineering Science, Inc., working native peoples use the landscape at single points in time and through time. in tandem with the Delaware Department of Transportation, has completed Analysis of frequency distributions of diagnostic Iithic artifacts, the raw Phase II and Ill investigations of sites located within the right-of-way of a fi ve materials from which they are fashioned, the location of material sources, and mile portion of SR 1, north of Smyrna. Phase II evaluation was conducted for the location of tool production activities provide the best view of potential . over 20 sites, 9 of which continued on to Phase Ill data recovery. While all 9 territories. sites included both prehistoric and historical components, data recovery for 8 of the sites focused on Archaic and/or Woodland occupations, while the remaining site dated from the early 19th century and yielded evidence of one Matthew S. Tomaso, Stanley L. Walling, and Richard F. Veit of only two known brick clamps in Delaware. Synthesis of the fi ndings is now Industrial town, Utopia, Country Resort, or Outside Classroom? Preliminary underway, and is producing fascinating insights into site formation processes Interpretation of the I 999 Montclair State University Archaeology Field and material culture studies. School at Feltville I Glenside Park, New Jersey

6 19 benefitsand liabilities of this particular pedagogical method. At the same time, General Session: LYNN-MARIE WIELAND, chair they report on current research at a number of interesting historic sites, dating I 0:20- 10:40 LYNN-MARIE WIELAND from the 18th and 19th centuries. Lake Kitchawan: A Residential Area for at Least 8000 Years I 0:40- 1 I :00 MARSHALL JOSEPH BECKER Richard Veit, Wampum Revisited Via a Re-Discovered Example in the "The Best Lights on the Coast of the United States": Searching for the Vatican Museum Original Navesink Twin Lights 11:00- 1 1 :20 DWAYNE SCHEID Archaeology of Fredericksburg's Market Square Monmouth University's summer 1999 field school in archaeology focused on 11:20-Noon PAUL A. NEVIN identifying the remains of the original Navesink Light Station. The light The Safe Harbor Petroglyphs Revisited station, a pair oflighthouses located in Highlands Borough, Monmouth County, New Jersey, marked the southern entrance to New York Harbor from 1828 to 1862. They were the first lights in the United States to employ Fresnel lenses, and during their years of operation were regarded as "The best lights on the coast of the United States." However, throughout their short history they were plagued with structural problems. This paper describes the remains of the lighthouses and auxiliary buildings foundduring the course of the fieldschool. Particular attention is paid to the structural remains and the insights they provide into the why the lighthouses failed. The paper also discusses some of the benefits and liabilities of carrying out research with students at National Register listed historic site.

Kristin Ward Archaeological SurveyAnalysis at Menokin

20 5 3:20-3:40 TAMMY BRYANT and WILLIAM M. GARDNER Stephen G. Warfel, Way Beyond the Big House: Field Slaves Sites in the Northern Investigating One of America's Oldest Communes --Archaeology Field Virginia Piedmont Schools at the Ephrata Cloister 3:40-4:00 JOHN ERIC DEETZ "From Arts, From Trades, From Valour, Honour Springs" The Ephrata Cloister Archaeology Project is a multi-year research program designed to discover and record the locations of principal structures that housed General Session: JAY CUSTER, chair :t;;::;J � V b,w,,t---- �, and served the 18th century Ephrata religious commune, determine building e ages and functions, and interpret lifestyles of community members. From its 4:00-4:20 JAY CUSTER � rt,._ fl � start in 1993 the project was structured as a student-training program which I've Got Biases I Don't Even Know About: Rethinking Middle invites public participation in both the field and laboratory. This presentation �7 Atlantic Archaeology (I� will highlight some of the project's accomplishments to date and evaluate the 4:20-4:40 MICHAEL STEWART effectiveness of utilizing archaeological field schools to realize research Indian Territories in the Delaware Valley: Problems and objectives. Prospects of Identification

7:00 Business Meeting Lynn-Marie Wieland 9:00 est. Hospitality Time lake Kitchawan: A Residential Area For at least 8000 Years Sunday Mornine March 26 The land surrounding Lake Kitchawan, New York is residential. Houses range Session: I Know What You Did Last Summer from estates, farms, to small summer cottages. Most families have lived here RICHARD VEIT, Organizer and Chair for twenty years or more. Some have occupied their land since 1743 . Even so these people are newcomers. This land has been occupied for at least 8,000 8:20-8:40 RICHARD VEIT years. For the fi rst time, collections of artifacts found by landowners, twelve "The Best Lights on the Coast of the United States": Searching year-olds, avocational archaeologists, and archaeologists are being included in for the Original Navesink Twin Lights a database and a story of the early inhabitants of this area is emerging. Lithic 8:40-9:00 STEPHEN G. WARFEL usewear studies indicate their activities and land use patterns. Diagnostic points Investigating One of America's Oldest Communes - suggest occupation from 6000 BC to contact. The lithic debitage suggests three Archaeological Field Schools at the Ephrata different tool technologies, with different uses for exotic and local materials. Cloister As the lithic studies end and ceramic studies begin, the story of the Lake 9:00-9:20 MEGAN SPRINGATE and CAROLE SINCLAIR-SMITH Kitchawan people is coming together. Minors in the Tavern: Summer Camp Excavations at the Allen House, Shrewsbury, NJ. 9:20-9:40 MICHAEL S. TOMASO, STANLEY L. WALLING and Emily Williams and Lucia Harnett RICHARD VEIT Re-evaluating Treatment Methods for Waterlogged leather Industrial Town, Utopia, Resort or Outdoor Classroom? Preliminary Interpretation of a Field School Conducted at Castor oil impregnation was used as a treatment for waterlogged leather for Feltville/Glenside Park, Central New Jersey many years. Its usage was abandoned in favor of other methods including the 9:40- 10:00 KRISTIN J. WARD use of glycerol and polyethylene glycol. Two paper presented at the 1995 Archaeological Survey at Menokin meeting of the ICOM working group on leathercraft and related objects advocated a return to the use of castor oil for the treatment of waterlogged I 0:00- 10:20 Break leather. This paper looks at the performance of castor oil treatments over a thirty-year period and the effects of this treatment on the structure of the leather. 21 4 l 0:40-11 :00 BRANDON GRODNITSKY and COLIN BEAVEN NewLisa InsightsYoung Into Philadelphia's Past: Archaeological Conservation as Perceptions of the Anthony Holmead Site aScholarly Resource l l :00-11 :20 VARNA BOYD Archaeological Investigations of Fort Frederick During an archaeological testing and monitoring phase on Independence Park 11:20-11:40 DAVID BIBLER, PATRICIA MILLER, FRANK VENTO, and in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, archaeologists from the National Park Service JAMES MARINE and John Milner Associates, uncovered thr�e well and privy features. After the The Paleoindian and Archaic Periods at Three Stratified Sites initial artifact processing stage, the materials were transferred to the National on the Susquehanna River Floodplain Park Service, Applied Archeology Center in Silver Spring, Maryland for 11 :40-Noon LUDOMIR R. LOZNY further examination and analysis. Paul Inashima, Project Director, recognized Core Technology and Sedentism the need to further conserve many of the materials, and after two years and Saturday Afternoon March 25 3000 objects, conservation efforts are still on-going. This conservation project · provided a unique opportunity for archaeologists, specialists, interns, students, Session: Archaeological Collections and Conservation: volunteers and archaeological conservators to work together to help piece Implementing Innovative Strategies for a New Millennium together the past. This paper will discuss the project, the outcomes of the BERNARD KLAUS MEANS and LISA YOUNG, Co-Organizers. conservation efforts and relate how the project was used to educate and train BERNARD KLAUS MEANS, Chair interested scholars in archaeological conservation. 1 :00-1 :20 BERNARD KLAUS MEANS Mapping a New Future for the Past: Further Insights into Depression-era Archaeological Excavations in Southwestern Pennsylvania 1:20- 1 :40 LISA YOUNG New Insights into Philadelphia's Past: Archaeological Conservation as a Scholarly Resource I :40-2:00 REBECCA J. MOREHOUSE The Maryland State Highway Administration and the Maryland Historical Trust: A Cooperative Partnership in Collections Management 2:00-2:20 EMILY WILLIAMS and LUCIA HARNETT Re-Evaluating Treatment Methods for Waterlogged Leather 2:20-2:40 MELBA J. MYERS Conservation Documentation: What You Can Do With a Digital Camera and Off-the-Shelf Software

2:40-3:00 Break

General Session: WILLIAM M. GARDNER, chair

3:00-3:20 WILLIAM M. GARDNER and TAMMY L. BRYANT Anonymous Slaves and Alexander Brown, Esq.: 44PW690

22 3 3:40-4:00 GREGORY M. KATZ Presenter's Affiliation and E-mail Address Heat Treatment and Characterization of Pennsylvania's Stony Ridge Chert Cynthia W. Auman Parsons Engineering Science, Inc 4:00-4:20 ROBERT M. JACOBY [email protected] Come and Get It: A Recipe for Protein Residue Analysis Michael B. Barber George Washington and Jefferson Friday Evening March 24 National Forests [email protected] 7:30 ROGER W. MOELLER Kenneth J. Basalik CHRS Inc A Post-Apocalyptic View of Archaeology: A Lesson in Current Events [email protected] Co Ii n Beaven Archaeological Testing and Saturday Morning March 25 Consulting General Session: CHRISTOPHER FENNELL, chair co Ii n_ [email protected] Marshall Joseph Becker West Chester University 8:00-8:20 DARRIN LOWERY [email protected] The Paleoindian Period of the Central Delmarva Peninsula: John C. Bedell The Louis Berger Group What do the Data Suggest? jbedel [email protected] 8:20-8:40 CHRISTOPHER FENNELL Christopher Bergman 3DE Group Of BGE Environmental Ethnicities and Material Culture: Inferring Past Identities from [email protected] Spiritual Beliefs and Practices. David Bibler KCI Technologies Inc 8:40-9:00 MICHAEL J. KLEIN and JOSH DUNCAN [email protected] The Cabin Run Site (44WR3) and Prestige Goods Exchange in Varna Boyd Greenhome & O'Mara, Inc the Southern Middle Atlantic Region 9:00-9:20 PAUL FREDERICK MINTZ and MECHELLE L. KERNS [email protected] Thriving Trade, Thirsty Traders: A Look at Rumney's Tavern Tammy L. Bryant Catholic University in London Town [email protected] 9:20-9:40 MATTHEW M. PALUS Kurt Carr Pennsylvania Historical and Museum The Archaeology of Corporate Industry and Absenteeism at Commission Virginius Island, Harpers Ferry National Historic Park, Harpers kurt_ [email protected] Ferry, WV John Eric Deetz Association for the Preservation of 9:40- 10:00 PAULA MILLER and KENNETH J. BASALIK Virginia Antiquities "Grandmother Keen was the Ruler of the House": Gender, [email protected] Community and Identity in Early Twentieth Century Lancaster Josh Duncan W i11 iam and Mary Center for County Archaeological Research [email protected] 10:00- 10:20 Break Christopher Fennell University Of Virginia, Dept General Session: VARNA BOYD, chair Anthropology l 0:20-l 0:40 PHILLIP J. HILL [email protected] Data Recovery of the Anthony Holmead Site in N.W. Martin Gallivan William and Mary Center for Washington, D.C. Archaeological Research [email protected]

2 23 William M. Gardner Catholic University [email protected] Middle Atlantic Archaeological Conference Brandon Grodnitsky Archaeological Testing And March 24 - 26, 2000 Consulting Ocean City, Maryland [email protected] Lucia Hamett National Museum Of Ireland PROGRAM [email protected] Phillip J. Hill Archaeological Testing And Consulting Friday Morning March 24 Robert M. Jacoby Louis Berger and Associates [email protected] 9:00- 12:00 JACK CRESSON Lithic Workshop Gregory M. Katz Temple University Friday Afternoon March 24 I I [email protected] Mechelle L. Kerns The Lost Towns Of Anne Arundel General Session: DOUGLAS SANFORD, chair Project [email protected] I :00-l :20 META JANOWITZ Stonewares from the African Burial Ground: Not All Spiral Micha�J J. Klein William and Mary Center For -fVL / Motifs Come From New Jersey r0� Archaeological Research , I :20-l :40 DOUGLAS SANFORD _ � [email protected] Putting Survey Results to Work: Comparing Local and , 0 Darrin Lowery Temple University Regional Models for Site Location [email protected] .net 1 :40-2:00 CYNTHIA W. AUMAN Ludomir R. Lozny Louis Berger Associates/hunter Excavations Along the State Route 1 Corridor in Delaware College 2:00-2:20 KURT CARR and CHRISTOPHER BERGMAN [email protected] The Use of Bifacial Core Technology and Blade Core James Marine KCI Technologies Inc Technology in the Middle Atlantic Region [email protected] 2:20-2:40 JOHN BEDELL Bernard Klaus Means Alexandria Archaeology Museum The Puncheon Run Site and the Settlement System of the St. Jones Valley I ganapati2@ao I .com Patricia Miller KCI Technologies Inc 2:40-3:00 Break [email protected] Paula Miller CHRS Inc General Session: MICHAEL KLEIN, chair [email protected] Paul Frederick Mintz The Lost Towns Of Anne Arundel 3:00-3:20 MARTIN GALLIVAN and MICHAEL J. KLEIN Project Late Prehistoric Social Transformation in the Southern Middle pmintz 1 @gl.umbc.edu Atlantic: A Multi-scalar Analysis Roger W. Moeller Archaeological Services 3:20-3:40 MICHAEL B. BARBER [email protected] The Bone Grave Goods from the Shannon Site (44MY8), [email protected] Montgomery County, Virginia: Boniness Versus Symbolic Value

24 Rebecca J. Morehouse Maryland Archaeological Conservation Laboratory [email protected] Melba J. Myers Virginia Department of Historic Resources [email protected] Paul A. Nevin SPA Chapter 28, ESRARA [email protected] Michael M. Palus Dept Anthropology, University Of Maryland [email protected] Douglas W. Sanford Mary Washington College [email protected] Dwayne Scheid Mary Washington College dscheid.381 [email protected] Carole Sinclair-Smith Monmouth County Historical Association [email protected] Megan Springate Monmouth County Historical Association [email protected] . Michael Stewart Temple University [email protected] Michael S. Tomaso Montclair State University [email protected] Richard F. Veit Monmouth University [email protected] Frank Vento Clarion University [email protected] Stanley L. Walling Montclair State University [email protected] Kristin J. Ward Mary Washington College kward5 [email protected] Stephen G. Warfel The State Museum Of Pennsylvania [email protected]. us Lynn-Marie Wieland Hunter College [email protected] Emily Williams Colonial Williamsburg ewi 11 [email protected] Lisa Young Alexandria Conservation Svcs [email protected]

25 NOTES

30th Annual Meeting of the MIDDLE ATLANTIC ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONFERENCE

March 24 - 26, 2000

Princess Royale Ocean City, Maryland

Officers and Organizers

President Christopher Bergman

President-Elect Edward Otter

Treasurer Alice Guerrant

Recording Secretary Douglas W. Sanford

Membership Secretary Faye Stocum

Board Member at Large David Mudge

Journal Editor Roger W. Moeller

Program Chair Roger W. Moeller

Arrangements Chair Kurt Carr

Web sites: www.Siftings.com/maac.html www. Quad5 0 .com/maac.htm 1 www.American.edu/maac/maac.html

26 MIDDLE ATLANTIC ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONFERENCE

MARCH 24 - 26, 2000

OCEAN CITY, MARYLAND