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Loyola University Chicago Loyola eCommons Master's Theses Theses and Dissertations 1938 Foreign Policy of Woodrow Wilson 1913-1917 Ann E. Pyne Loyola University Chicago Recommended Citation Pyne, Ann E., "Foreign Policy of Woodrow Wilson 1913-1917" (1938). Master's Theses. Paper 467. http://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_theses/467 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. Copyright © 1938 Ann E. Pyne FOREIGN POLICY OF WOODROW WILSON 1913-1917 BY .ANN E. PINE A thesis submitted in partial fUlfillment ot the requirem.alJ.tsfor the degree of Mas ter of Arts in Loyola Universit.1 February 1938 ._z'-v'--------------------------------~ VITA Birthplace - Muskegon. Michigan. Elementary and High Scllool education obtained in the public schools of Michigan. Studies oontinued in the same state at Ferris Institute in Big Rapids. Bachelor of Arts. Loyola University. 1932. Applicant for the Master of Arta degree in Hi story at Loyola University, and in furtherance of that application. I have submitted the appended thesis. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I - A NEW DIPLOMACY. The first address - Wilson'. policy - His fa! th - Wilson's ideas on wealth - The dollar in his diplomacy - Constitutional Goverument - Panama Tolls - Aanapolis - Neutrality - Deolaration of London - Int~rnational Law - Preparedness - A ilOdus vivendi: - More preparedness _. Letter to Stone - Gore-McLanore Resolution - Peace Moves - War. CHAPTER II - THE DIPLOMATS AND HUERTA. Mexican policy - Diffioulties - British mis~es - British opinion - Henry Lane Wilson - An apology - Pagels find - Governor Lind - Sir Lionel Carden - Page grumbles - Enter Colonel HOuse - Sir Edward Grey - Page introduces Sir lm. Tyrrell - MObile speech - Carden retreats - Sir wm. Tyrrell's visit - Carden leaves-Tolls repealed - British subjects - Care of cil property - Oil - William Benton - Diplomatic notes - Finis. CHAPTER III - THE NEUTRALITY OF 1914-1917. The crash - The Deolaraticn of London - English modification - August 20 Order in Counoil - The Lansing letter - House writes to Page - The oause of the contliot - Page's opinion - A diplomatio mistake - More Orders in Council - Lansing's reply - Page's letter - Deoision of the Privy Council - The Neutrals - Mines - Blockades - Lane's letter - Trading with the Enemy Act - The Blacklist - Page writes again - The English plan - Page's neutrality - Peace proposals - Wilson's peace ideas - House goes to Europe in 1915 - Wilson as a peaoemaker - Amerioan oommon maa neutrali ty - Enter the League of Nations - Grey's letter - Wilson's memorandum to House - Grey's indifferenoe - Wiseman as offioial messenger - The real peaoemakers - Gore-McLemore Resolution - House visits England 1916 - Asks tor Assuranoes - Wilson assures House - A modus viTe~ - Grey-House ciooUDlent - The word 'probably' - House and Wiseman again - Peaoe wi thout viotory - We "Go in." 1#~}-'-'----------------------------------------------------------------1 CHAPrER IV - SEA LANES. England' a ommand - Mines - Amsterdam speaks - Invitation of neutrals - August 20.1914 - CottOl'l­ Messages - Cotton not oontraband - Insu~oe - Page writes again - BryaB's Treaties - Walsh talks - Cotton shipping - Cotton diversions - Cotton goes contraband - Copper - Protests - A definition - Mr. Gardner - England sells our copper - Grey's opinion of copper men - A definition an~ered - America signs up - British parliament and Guggenheims - Exports - N.O. T.C. - Wrangel writes House - Stavenger Paoker's Import Union - A question in parliament - British trade - Our ships - German ships - The Dacia - The Wilhelmina - Order in Counoil, March 31,1915 - Hitchcook measure - MUnitions - House oomes home - Our trade. CHAPTER V - THE THIRTY PIECES. English diplomats - Eoonomio needs - 1914 and world markets - Stook Exchanges - Loana - Morgan's telegram - Rates of exohange - Our position - the gold pool - Aldrich-Vreeland currency - United States position Oll lODS - Trade depression - Stone's letter - State Department on loans. March 31. 1915 - Morgan's debt - DepreSSion of sterling - LoaDS - Trade - Results - Where gold 8ame from - MUnitions - People~s refusal of loans - Letters - Ohange ill aoceptanoes - A purchasing agent - Wilson's fear in 1916 - The patriots - The rulers of Amerioa - The flow of trade - Wilson's opinion in 1916 - Frustration. OHAPTER VI - THE PROPAGANDIST. Wilson's utteranoes - Memories - DetiniDg propaganda - British preparation - The Lusitania medal - The 1914-1917 gap - Unoffioial groups - Official groups - Oentral Oommittee for National Patriotic Organizations - Sir Gilbert Parker - F.G. Masterman - The gramaphones - Wellington House - British feeling - Mr. Wiseman - The 100,000.000 - Grey's letter to Roosevelt - Roosevelt's reply - The Poets visit - Mr. Morgan's press - Page's stand - Sir Andrew Noble - Who paici the bill - Mr. James Montgemery Beck - Sir Gilbert oomes to America - The unoffioial officials - Wiseman as errand boy - Enter the Irish question - The Irish and Mexicans - Power of the press - How we developed - A eat's paw - Poetry - Northoliffe estimates us - Only regrets. CHAPTER I A NEW DIPLOMACY Diplomatio questions intrigued the soholars of oivilizations long sinoe passed awaY'; and though the quality of soholarship maY' hav~ suffered with the passing years the intrigue of diplomaoy remains untarnished. The diplomaoy of Woodrow Wilson as it touohed the foreign polioy of Great Britain was doomed to reach the lives of every man and WODaD in the Uni ted states and ohange them. for weal or woe. A study of a subjeot so far reaoh­ ing, so pregnant in its possibilities, so olearly related to the happiness of a great nation must neoessarilY' be approaohed with doubt and apprehamsion. The dawn of the "New Freedom" as announoed by demooraoy ill 1912 faoed a problem in diplomaoy. The imperialism of the olosing Nineteenth Century was to be superseded by a new polioy. The fashioning and stating of that polioy was left to Woodraw Wilson. :i>l1ring the politioal campaign of 1912, Wilson had made no direct statement on a foreign polioy. His interest was given entirely to domestio questions with a few remarks on the purpose of America in conneotion with the Philippines and exemption of tolls on United 1 States coastwise shipping. A study of the publio utteranoes and written statements of Woodrow Wilson soon sho~a definite toreign polioy emerging. This foreign polioy appeared as a result of his oonoept ot demooratio prinoiples applied to politioal and tinanoial operations of governments or oitizens, as outlined 1 Edgar E. Robinson and Viotor J. West, The Foreir Policy ot Woodrow Wilson, 1913-1917. The Macmillan Co., New York, 1917,. ' 2 and defined in the oonstitution. The formulation of this polioy 11'8.8.' one task; the interpretation of the polioy to the Amerioan people was another. Mr. Wilson aooepted the task and it is probably not unjust to state that in expounding the prinoiples of an American foreign polioy to the Ameriou. people he made his greatest historioal oontribution. 2 Two diplomatio problems, eaoh calling for the formulation of new diplomatic rules along Wilsonian lines, awa! ted Wilson on Maroh 4, 1913. One 1I'8.S the Mexioan question and the other the sanotity of treaties. On Maroh 11, 1913, Wilson deolared that the ohief objeot of his administration would be to CUltivate a friendship with the republios of Latin Amerioa. He hoped to deserve their oontidenoe and was anxious to oooperate with them. However it seemed that oooperation was possible only when supported at every turn by the orderly prooesses of just government whioh was based upon 3 law, not upon arbitrary or irregular foroe. In another statement in the same speeoh he told his hearers that he was ooncerned with the trade relations of the Latin countries but only as they redounded to the benefit of all, not to oertain special groups or interests. The first pronouncement outlined his Mexican polioy, while the second stated his demooratio ideas in oonneotion with speoial privileges. At a Joint Session of Congress on August 26, 1913, he again brought out the Mexioan question in all its meanings to the world at large and espeoially to the United states. Wilson stated that the establishment of a real demooratic government in Mexico would mean the realization of the hopes 2 Ibidl., 16-17 3 1'6fa., 8 3 and rights of a nation whose best aspirations had been long suppressed.' and disappointed; also that we oould serve 1i:hem without first thinking how we 4 were to be served. In the light of the future clevelopment of Wilson's poli~, we must inolude one other sentenoe in this same address; he said, " •••We ean afford to exereise the selt restraint ot a really great nation 5 whioh realizes its own strength and sooms 'be misuse it. It These pronounoe- ments cover Wilson's toreign polioy in Mexioo up to October, 1913. At that time, Wilson notitied Presiclent Huerta that the Govermnent at Washington would not reoognize him. as presi'ant even though the eleotions then in progress should result in his eleotion. The reason given was, that the eleotions as oonduoted were not the orderly prooesses ot oonstitutional 6 government. A new thought appeared in Wilson'S speeoh made at Swarthmore College later in October, 1913. This thought appeared again and again in his war time pronounoements. Wilson atateds "' ••• the mere extent ot the Amerioan eonquest is not what gives Amerioa distinotion in the annals ot the wor14, but the protessed purpose ot the oonquest whioh was to see to it that every foot ot this land should be the home ot tree, self governed, who should have 1 no government whatever whioh did not rest upon the oonsent of the governed.' It 4 James Brown Soott, President Wilson's Foreign Polioy, Messages, Addresses, Papers. OXford UniversitY Press, Amerioan Branoh, New York, 1818, 2.
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