Profile of the United States Army (2014)

Home , Active Guard Reserve, Blue Grass Army Depot, Chemical Corps, Detachment (military), Finance Corps, Fort Devens

Compiled by AUSA’s Institute of Land Warfare

Research and writing Ellen Turner

Editing Sandra J. Daugherty

Graphics and design Kevin Irwin

Technical support Master Print, Inc.

Photographs courtesy of the United States Army and the Department of Defense.

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Profile of the U.S. Army 2014/2015 is also available online at http://www.ausa.org/publications/ilw/DigitalPublications/Documents/Profile2014/index.html.

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ii Profile of the U.S. Army 2014/2015 Table of Contents Graphics in italics

Foreword ...... v Regiment/Group ...... 23 Unit Symbols ...... 24 Chapter 1: National Defense ...... 1 Brigade ...... 24 Civilian Control ...... 1 Corps and Division ...... 24 Constitutional Authority ...... 1 Army ...... 24 Department of Defense ...... 1 Brigade Combat Teams ...... 25 Department of Defense ...... 2–3 Stationing the Army ...... 25 Military Services ...... 2 Army Force Generation ...... 26 Military Departments ...... 2 Army Modernization ...... 26 Joint Chiefs of Staff ...... 3 Budget ...... 28 Joint Chiefs of Staff ...... 3 Department of Defense Budget Process ...... 29 Unified Commands ...... 4 Unified Commands and Their Army Components . . . 4 Chapter 4: The Soldier ...... 31 National Security Strategy ...... 4 Army Strong ...... 31 Defense Guidance of 2012 ...... 5 Army Oath ...... 31 National Military Strategy ...... 6 Enlisted Oath ...... 31 National Military Missions ...... 7 Officer Oath ...... 31 Army Values ...... 31 Chapter 2: Land Component ...... 9 The Soldier’s Creed ...... 32 An American Heritage ...... 9 The Soldier’s Creed ...... 32 Mission of the Army ...... 10 Rank and Promotions ...... 32 Department of the Army ...... 10 Commissioned Officers ...... 32 Chief of Staff, Army ...... 10 Rank Insignia ...... 33 Department of the Army ...... 10 Warrant Officers ...... 34 Sergeant Major of the Army ...... 11 Warrant Officer’s Creed ...... 34 Army Components ...... 11 Enlisted Personnel ...... 34 Reserve Component ...... 12 The NCO Creed ...... 35 The Army National Guard ...... 12 Training ...... 35 Where We Are Today ...... 13 Institutional Training ...... 35 The National Guard Bureau ...... 13 Unit Tactical Training ...... 36 Army National Guard Chain of Command . . . . . 14 Branch Training ...... 36 State Mission ...... 14 Soldier as a System ...... 36 Federal Mission ...... 15 Army Endstrength by Component ...... 37 The Army Reserve ...... 16 Endstrength ...... 37 Where We Are Today ...... 17 Recruiting and Retention ...... 37 Part of the Total Force ...... 17 The Army Reserve in the War on Terrorism . . . . . 18 Chapter 5: The Uniform ...... 39 Army Civilian Corps ...... 18 The Army Uniform ...... 39 Army Civilian Corps Creed ...... 18 The Army Combat Uniform and Flame-Resistant Army Combat Uniform ...... 39 Chapter 3: Army Organization . . . . 21 The Army Uniform–Permethrin ...... 39 The Force for Decisive Action ...... 21 The Army Combat Uniform–Alternate ...... 39 Overarching Organization ...... 21 The Operation Enduring Freedom The Army Command Structure ...... 22 Camouflage Pattern ...... 39 The Army Modular Force ...... 22 The Operational Camouflage Pattern ...... 39 Fire Team and Crew ...... 22 The Army Service Uniform ...... 39 Squad/Section ...... 23 Army Combat Uniform (ACU) ...... 40 Platoon ...... 23 Army Service Uniform (ASU) ...... 41 Company/Battery/Troop ...... 23 Branch Insignia ...... 42 Battalion/Squadron ...... 23 Badges and Tabs ...... 43 The Modular Force ...... 23 Ribbons ...... 44

Table of Contents iii Chapter 6: The Army on Point . . . 47. Chapter 8: Army Command Structure 61 On the Front Lines ...... 47 Army Commands ...... 61 Permanent Overseas Basing ...... 47 U.S. Army Forces Command (FORSCOM) . . . . . 61 Europe ...... 47 U.S. Army Materiel Command (AMC) ...... 62 Japan ...... 47 U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC) 62 United States Army Global Commitments . . . .48–49 Army Command Structure ...... 63 South Korea ...... 48 Army Service Component Commands ...... 63 Qatar ...... 50 U.S. Army Africa (USARAF)/Southern European Worldwide Operations ...... 50 Task Force (SETAF) ...... 63 Afghanistan and Elsewhere: Operation U.S. Army Europe (USAREUR) ...... 65 Enduring Freedom ...... 50 U.S. Army Pacific (USARPAC) ...... 66 Cuba: Joint Task Force Guantánamo ...... 50 U.S. Army North (USARNORTH)/Fifth Army ...... 66 Djibouti: Combined Joint Task Force–Horn of Africa . 50 U.S. Army South (USARSOUTH)/Sixth Army . . . . 67 Honduras: Joint Task Force–Bravo ...... 50 Third Army/U.S. Army Central (USARCENT) . . . . 69 Kosovo: Multinational Task Force East/ U.S. Army Space and Missile Defense Command/Army Operation Joint Guardian ...... 51 Forces Strategic Command (USASMDC/ARSTRAT) . 69 Sinai Peninsula: Multinational Force and Observers . 51 U.S. Army Special Operations Command (USASOC) . 70 United States: Operation Noble Eagle ...... 51 U.S. Army Surface Deployment and Distribution Command (SDDC) ...... 72 Chapter 7: Army Families ...... 53 Direct Reporting Units ...... 73 Heroes at Home ...... 53 U.S. Army Military District of Washington (USAMDW) . 73 The Army Family Covenant ...... 53 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) ...... 74 Family Readiness ...... 53 U.S. Army Criminal Investigation Command (CID) . . .74 Army Family and Morale, Welfare and U.S. Army Intelligence and Security Recreation (FMWR) ...... 54 Command (INSCOM) ...... 75 Army Integrated Family Support Services . . . . . 54 U.S. Army Medical Command (MEDCOM) . . . . . 75 Army Community Service ...... 54 U.S. Army Test and Evaluation Command (ATEC) . . 76 Army Family Action Plan ...... 54 U.S. Military Academy (USMA) ...... 77 Army Family Team Building ...... 54 U.S. Army Reserve Command (USARC) ...... 78 Deployment Readiness ...... 55 U.S. Army Acquisition Support Center (USAASC) . . 78 Exceptional Family Member Program ...... 55 U.S. Army Installation Management Employment Readiness ...... 55 Command (IMCOM) ...... 79 Army Spouse Employment Program ...... 55 U.S. Army Network Enterprise Technology Command/ Family Advocacy ...... 55 9th Signal Command (Army) (NETCOM/9thSC[A]) . 80 Financial Readiness ...... 55 Chapter 9: Army Installations . . . . . 83 Relocation Readiness ...... 55 United States ...... 83 Army Volunteer Corps ...... 56 Overseas ...... 89 U.S. Army Wounded Warrior Program ...... 56 Warrior Transition Units ...... 57 Glossary ...... 91 Soldier and Family Assistance Centers ...... 57 Wounded Soldier and Family Hotline ...... 57 Maps ...... 99 Survivor Outreach Services ...... 57 U.S. Army Combat Corps and Divisions ...... 99 Traumatic Servicemembers’ Group Life Insurance . . 57 U.S. Army National Guard Divisions and Army Emergency Relief ...... 57 Brigade Combat Teams ...... 100 Army OneSource ...... 57 U.S. Army Reserve Operational and Better Opportunities for Single Soldiers ...... 58 Functional Commands ...... 101

iv Profile of the U.S. Army 2014/2015 Foreword

Throughout its 239 years, the United States has maintained its Army as the world’s most formidable fighting force. Under General George Washington, U.S. Soldiers fought for the independence and rights of a fledgling nation. The Continental Army—primarily made up of ordinary citizens with little or no warfighting experience—comprised Soldiers who held a zealous desire for independence. Their motivation for freedom ultimately led them to defeat the well-established and well-trained British army. This motivation and love for country are instilled in today’s U.S. Soldiers as they continue to fight for and defend freedom from oppression for all. The U.S. Army has evolved into an agile, dynamic force that is ready to respond quickly and decisively to eliminate threats, prevail on the battlefield and continue to protect the freedom it won more than two centuries ago. The Association of the United States Army’s (AUSA’s) Institute of Land Warfare (ILW) publishes Profile of the U.S. Army—a reference handbook as a guide to the Army. ILW has created Profile as a user-friendly reference book for people familiar with the Army and an easy-to-read introduction for family members, civilian employees, contractors and future Soldiers. Profile describes the structure and priorities of today’s Army. This latest edition of Profile discusses the Army’s role in preserving the country’s security and national interests; it also describes the history behind the Army’s current organization. Profile contains pertinent information and helpful graphics on the Soldier, the uniform, the Army’s current operations, Army families and the Army’s command structure and installations. For readers seeking more details, each chapter includes a list of relevant websites. Finally, Profile contains a glossary of military acronyms and maps illustrating locations of current Army combat corps and divisions, current Army National Guard divisions and brigade combat teams and Army Reserve operational and functional commands. Profile is available on the AUSA website (http://www.ausa.org/ilw). A comprehensive weapons directory containing detailed information about Army weapon systems, published by AUSA’s ARMY magazine, is also available (http://www.ausa.org/publications/armymagazine/archive/2013/10). The directory describes all of the Army’s weapon systems, including aircraft, artillery, tanks, individual equipment and state-of-the-art technologies used by Soldiers in the warfight. The Association of the United States Army fully supports the Army—active Army, Army National Guard, Army Reserve, Army civilians, Army retirees and the families and communities who stand behind them—as it faces its many challenges. Profile of the U.S. Army, an integral part of this support, serves as a guide to the history and organization of the U.S. Army. AUSA welcomes comments and suggestions on how to make future editions as useful and informative as possible. In publishing this book, AUSA and the Institute of Land Warfare seek to provide a greater understanding and appreciation of the men, women, families, institutions and organizations who strive to maintain the world’s greatest army.

GORDON R. SULLIVAN General, USA Retired President, AUSA

17 July 2014

Foreword v America’s military has always been a product of the American community.

vi Profile of the U.S. Army 2014/2015 1 National Defense

Civilian Control of the United States” and, in regard to military mat- America’s military has always been a product of the ters, the following authority: American community. Militias, made up of farmers • to declare war; and tradesmen, were called to arms only when need- • to raise and maintain armed forces; ed to meet their towns’ and villages’ security needs. The framers of the Constitution kept this ideal in • to make rules for the government and regulation of mind when they set up the U.S. government. Although the armed forces; states were allowed to maintain militias, the Consti- • to organize, arm and discipline the militia; and tution put “the common defense” of the nation in the • to “call forth the militia to execute the laws of the hands of the federal government and placed that mili- union, suppress insurrections and repel invasions.” tary authority wholly under the civilian control of the President and Congress. The Constitution gives the President the role of Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces, including Civilian oversight of the U.S. military is further es- the militia “when called into the actual service of the tablished in the chain of command. It starts with the United States.” President as the Commander in Chief of all U.S. military forces and descends through the Secretary of De- The Constitution’s Third Amendment also covers fense to the secretaries of the individual services and the military by forbidding the quartering of Soldiers their under secretaries and assistant secretaries. These in any house in times of peace without consent of the owner “nor in time of war, but in a manner to be pre- individuals, appointed by the President and approved scribed by law,” which Congress would have to pass by Congress, direct the armed forces’ nonoperational and the President sign. activities and establish policies for their departments. The highest ranking military members in the U.S. Department of Defense government—the Joint Chiefs of Staff—serve only in The military operational chain of command runs advisory capacities on matters of military policy. from the President through the Secretary of Defense In a departure from the way most nations used their to the commanders of the combatant commands down armies as internal enforcers of the leaders’ will, Amer- to unit commanders. Only the President and the Sec- ica’s founding fathers created an armed force that retary of Defense have constitutional authority to or- serves the will of the people and ensures their freedoms der military action and intertheater troop movements. without sacrificing their security. This significant dif- The Secretary of Defense runs the Department of ference between the U.S. military and the traditional Defense (DoD), headquartered in the Pentagon (often role of armies is embodied in the oath American ser- “Pentagon” and “DoD” are used interchangeably). vicemembers recite upon enlisting or receiving their DoD has the following components: commissions (see chapter 4, “The Soldier”): rather • Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD); than swear to protect and serve a person or a country, the American servicemember swears to support and • the Army, the Navy (including the Marine Corps), defend a document—the U.S. Constitution. the Air Force and the National Guard Bureau; Constitutional Authority • the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS); The Constitution gives Congress responsibility to • unified combatant commands; and provide for “the common defense and general welfare • various defense agencies and DoD activities.

National Defense 1 Department of Defense

Secretary of Defense

Office of the Inspector General of the Department of Defense

Joint Chiefs of Staff Department of the Army Department of the Navy Department of the Air Force

Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff Secretary of the Army Secretary of the Navy Secretary of the Air Force

The Joint Chiefs Office of the Office of the Office of the Office of the The Army Headquarters, The Air Secretary of Chief of Naval Secretary of Secretary of Staff Marine Corps Staff the Army Operations the Navy the Air Force The Joint Staff

Unified Combatant Commands The Marine U.S. Africa Command The Army The Navy The Air Force Corps U.S. Central Command U.S. European Command U.S. Northern Command U.S. Pacific Command U.S. Southern Command U.S. Special Operations Command U.S. Strategic Command U.S. Transportation Command Denotes relationship of information, not authority or responsibility.

Military Services who direct the nonoperational activities of their mil- The U.S. armed forces comprise the four military itary departments. The chain of command runs from services—the Army, the Navy (and, within the Navy, the President through the Secretary of Defense to the the Marine Corps), the Air Force and the U.S. Coast service secretary and then to the military chief of that Guard. service and down to that service’s major commands and agencies. The military departments carry out The Army is the primary land force. Its purpose is to employ dominant landpower to defeat an adversary these key functions: and to seize, occupy and defend terrain. • preparing forces and establishing reserves of per- The Navy’s mission is to gain and maintain control sonnel, equipment and supplies; of vital sea areas and protect sea lanes from surface, • preparing and submitting budgets; subsurface and air threats. Naval forces support the Army by providing sealift and surface and air fire • developing tactics, techniques and organization; support. The Marine Corps is the Navy’s ground el- • developing and procuring weapons, equipment ement with a mission to seize or defend advanced and supplies; bases. • recruiting, organizing, training and equipping forc- The Air Force’s role is to maintain control of air- es for assignment to combatant commands; space and project aerial combat power wherever needed to deter or destroy an adversary’s forces. • assisting other departments in carrying out their Aerospace forces support the Army through interdic- missions; and tion, airlift and close air support. • assisting in training and equipping the military The Coast Guard is part of the Department of forces of foreign nations. Homeland Security, but the Navy takes operational control in time of war or when directed by the Presi- Within the DoD organization, the service secretaries dent. On an ongoing basis, the Coast Guard engages have a unique relationship with their military service in maritime intercept operations and port and sea lane chiefs. In matters concerning the individual military security. departments, the chiefs fall under the secretaries in the chain of command. In matters of military strategy and Military Departments doctrine, the chiefs, as members of the Joint Chiefs of The Army, Navy and Air Force have their own ci- Staff, report directly to the Secretary of Defense and vilian service secretaries (e.g., Secretary of the Army) the President.

2 Profile of the U.S. Army 2014/2015 Office of the Secretary of Defense

Deputy Secretary of Defense, Under Secretaries of Defense, Assistant Secretaries of Defense and other specified officials

Defense Agencies DoD Field Activities

Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Defense Security Service Defense Media Activity Defense Commissary Agency Defense Threat Reduction Agency* Defense Prisoner of War/Missing Personnel Office Defense Contract Audit Agency Missile Defense Agency Defense Technical Information Center Defense Contract Management Agency* National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency* Defense Technology Security Administration Defense Finance and Accounting Service National Reconnaissance Office* DoD Education Activity Defense Information Systems Agency* National Security Agency/Central Security Service* DoD Human Resources Activity Defense Intelligence Agency* Pentagon Force Protection Agency DoD Test Resource Management Center Defense Legal Services Agency Office of Economic Adjustment Defense Logistics Agency* TRICARE Management Activity Defense Security Cooperation Agency * Identified as a Combat Support Agency Washington Headquarters Services

Joint Chiefs of Staff Joint Chiefs of Staff The Joint Chiefs of Staff comprise the military service chiefs—the Chief of Staff, Army; the Chief of Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff Naval Operations; the Commandant, Marine Corps; Vice Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff the Chief of Staff, Air Force; and the Chief of the Na- Chief of Staff, Army; Chief of Naval tional Guard Bureau—plus the Chairman and Vice Operations; Commandant, Marine Director, Corps; Chief of Staff, Air Force; Chief, Joint Staff Chairman. The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff National Guard Bureau (CJCS) is senior to all other officers in the armed forces while holding the office and is the principal military J-1 J-2 J-3 J-4 adviser to the President and the Secretary of Defense. Manpower and Intelligence Operations Logistics Personnel (Defense Intelligence The CJCS also is a statutory member of the National Agency) Security Council. J-5 J-6 J-7 J-8 The Joint Chiefs of Staff have the following key Strategic Plans Command, Control, Operational Plans Force Structure, responsibilities: and Policy Communications and and Joint Force Resources and Computer Systems Development Assessment • providing for the strategic direction of the armed forces and preparing strategic plans; • assessing the capabilities of the armed forces; help combatant commands carry out their missions. These functions are divided into eight areas designat- • advising on priorities of requirements, program ed as J-1 through J-8. recommendations and budget proposals; • developing doctrine for joint employment of U.S. The Chief, National Guard Bureau joined the Joint military forces and policies for coordinating mili- Chiefs of Staff as part of a provision in the 2012 Na- tary education and training; tional Defense Authorization Act. When President Barack Obama signed this act into law on 31 Decem- • advising and assisting the President and the Secre- ber 2011, Air Force General Craig McKinley became tary of Defense on the establishment of combatant the first Chief, National Guard Bureau to serve as a commands; and member of the Joint Chiefs. • directing the Joint Staff. Neither the Joint Chiefs nor the service secretaries The Joint Staff, with personnel from every military direct military operations; combatant commanders service, assists the CJCS and performs functions that have that responsibility.

National Defense 3 Unified Commands and Their Army Components

U.S. Africa Command U.S. Central Command U.S. Pacific Command Stuttgart, Germany MacDill Air Force Base, Florida Camp H.M. Smith, Hawaii

U.S. Army Africa U.S. Army Central/Third Army U.S. Army Pacific Vicenza, Italy Sumter, South Carolina Fort Shafter, Hawaii

U.S. European Command U.S. Northern Command U.S. Southern Command Stuttgart–Vaihingen, Germany Peterson Air Force Base, Colorado Miami, Florida

U.S. Army North/Fifth Army U.S. Army South/Sixth Army U.S. Army Europe Fort Sam Houston, Texas Fort Sam Houston, Texas Heidelberg, Germany (Joint Base San Antonio) (Joint Base San Antonio)

U.S. Special Operations Command U.S. Strategic Command U.S. Transportation Command MacDill Air Force Base, Florida Offut Air Force Base, Nebraska Scott Air Force Base, Illinois

U.S. Army Special Operations U.S. Army Space and Missile U.S. Military Surface Deployment Command Defense Command and Distribution Command Fort Bragg, North Carolina Redstone Arsenal, Alabama Scott Air Force Base, Illinois

Unified Commands a single commander—a four-star Army, Air Force The U.S. armed forces are distributed among uni- or Marine general or a Navy admiral. The chain of fied combatant commands comprising forces from command for these commanders goes directly to the two or more services. These unified commands are Secretary of Defense and up to the President, both of determined either by geography, otherwise called whom have statutory authority to shift forces among “theater” (i.e., U.S. Central Command, U.S. Europe- combatant commands based on the requirements of an Command, U.S. Northern Command, U.S. Pacif- particular situations or contingencies. ic Command, U.S. Southern Command, U.S. Africa In addition, the President and the Secretary of De- Command), or by overriding mission or function (i.e., fense can establish “specified combatant commands” U.S. Space and Missile Defense Command, U.S. Spe- with a specific, continuing mission. Specified- com cial Operations Command, U.S. Strategic Command, mands normally comprise forces from only one service U.S. Transportation Command). with a commander from that service but may also have The President, through the Secretary of Defense, units and personnel assigned from other services. Cur- has the authority to establish combatant commands rently, DoD has no specified combatant commands. with the advice and assistance of the Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff. Each unified combatant command has National Security Strategy “National security” refers to the protection of the United States from internal and external threats to the country’s territory, population, government or economy. The President is responsible for developing the National Security Strategy. In the most recent Na- tional Security Strategy, released in May 2010, Pres- ident Obama outlined his administration’s strategic approach to America’s enduring and most pressing interests: Today, we need to be clear-eyed about the strengths and shortcomings of international institutions that were developed to deal with the challenges of an earlier time and the shortage of political will that has at times stymied the enforcement of international norms. Yet it would be

4 Profile of the U.S. Army 2014/2015 Our national security depends upon America’s ability to leverage our unique national attributes, just as global security depends upon strong and responsible American leadership. —2010 National Security Strategy

destructive to both American national security • an international order advanced by U.S. leader- and global security if the United States used the ship that promotes peace, security and opportu- emergence of new challenges and the shortcom- nity through stronger cooperation to meet global ings of the international system as a reason to challenges.3 walk away from it. Instead, we must focus Amer- These priorities highlight the National Security ican engagement on strengthening international Strategy’s assertion that institutions and galvanizing the collective action that can serve common interests such as combat- America’s greatest asset remains our people. In ing violent extremism; stopping the spread of nu- an era that will be shaped by the ability to seize clear weapons and securing nuclear materials; the opportunities of a world that has grown more achieving balanced and sustainable economic interconnected, it is the American people who growth; and forging cooperative solutions to the will make the difference—the troops and civilians threat of climate change, armed conflict and pan- serving within our government; businesses, foun- demic disease. . . .1 dations and educational institutions that operate around the globe; and citizens who possess the The United States must renew its leadership in the dynamism, drive and diversity to thrive in a world world by building and cultivating the sources of that has grown smaller.4 our strength and influence. Our national security depends upon America’s ability to leverage our Defense Guidance of 2012 unique national attributes, just as global security On 5 January 2012 President Obama and then Sec- depends upon strong and responsible American retary of Defense Leon Panetta introduced a strategic leadership. That includes our military might, eco- document titled Sustaining U.S. Global Leadership: nomic competitiveness, moral leadership, global Priorities for 21st Century Defense. This strategic engagement and efforts to shape an international guidance is designed to describe the projected se- system that serves the mutual interests of nations curity environment and military missions, shape the and peoples. For the world has changed at an joint force of 2020 and guide decisions about force extraordinary pace, and the United States must structure and resources. The guidance is a nonstan- adapt to advance our interests and sustain our dard supplement to the National Security Strategy and 2 leadership. is not a statutory requirement, as are the Quadrennial Specifically, America’s top interests in this strategic Defense Review and National Military Strategy. approach are: The guidance presents, in broad terms, the priorities • the security of the United States, its citizens and for the United States’ global security efforts: U.S. allies and partners; • deter and defeat aggression and take an active ap- • a strong, innovative and growing U.S. economy proach to combating extremist groups and nonstate in an open international economic system that threats around the world; promotes opportunity and prosperity; • rebalance security posture toward the Asia–Pacific • respect for universal values at home and around region and build on relationships and networks of the world; and cooperation with existing and emerging partners;

National Defense 5 • secure the free flow of commerce through the global commons with a correct balance of military power in the Asia–Pacific regions and promote a rules-based, cooperative international order; • support long-term objectives, military presence and partner nations in the Middle East while evolving the relationship with Europe to reflect changes in the security environment; • project power and provide a stabilizing presence that facilitates building partner capacity around the world; • counter the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction while maintaining a safe and credible nuclear deterrent; and Air Force • invest in science, technology and joint capabilities http://www.af.mil to enhance the force’s effectiveness.5 Army The vision for the joint force of 2020 is a smaller http://www.army.mil force that is more agile, flexible and technological- Army National Guard ly enabled than the current force. Although the joint http://www.arng.army.mil force will be capable of conducting limited stabil- Army Reserve ity operations, it will no longer be sized to conduct http://www.usar.army.mil large-scale, prolonged stability missions. The United States will choose readiness over force structure but Coast Guard http://www.uscg.mil will build in priorities and reversibility mechanisms that reduce risk to the smaller force. The guidance Department of Defense also reiterates the United States’ commitment to the http://www.defense.gov all-volunteer force and highlights the intent to rely on Joint Chiefs of Staff National Guard and Reserve forces to meet require- http://www.jcs.mil ments. The United States faces a delicate balance; the Marine Corps strategic guidance is meant to ensure the armed forces http://www.marines.mil can meet the nation’s security needs within resource limitations and at acceptable risk.6 Navy http://www.navy.mil National Military Strategy U.S. Africa Command Based on the President’s National Security Strat- http://www.africom.mil egy, the Department of Defense establishes the Na- U.S. Central Command tional Defense Strategy. The five defense objectives http://www.centcom.mil guiding DoD security activities are: U.S. European Command • to defend the homeland; http://www.eucom.mil • to win the long war; U.S. Northern Command http://www.northcom.mil • to promote security; U.S. Pacific Command • to deter conflict; and http://www.pacom.mil • to win the nation’s wars.7 U.S. Southern Command Based on these objectives, the Chairman, Joint http://www.southcom.mil Chiefs of Staff, in consultation with the Joint Chiefs U.S. Special Operations Command of Staff and the combatant commanders, prepares the http://www.socom.mil National Military Strategy. This document guides all U.S. Strategic Command operations and establishes four objectives: counter, http://www.stratcom.mil deter and defeat, strengthen and shape. U.S. Transportation Command Counter violent extremism. Specific objectives of http://www.transcom.mil the war on terrorism may have evolved, but the goal

6 Profile of the U.S. Army 2014/2015 endures. The United States “will be prepared to find, are providing support forces for the war on terrorism capture or kill violent extremists wherever they reside in Southwest Asia, in other theaters such as Europe when they threaten interests and citizens of America and the Pacific Rim and at home stations. and our allies.” The United States, as an active member of the United Deter and defeat aggression. This requires the ability Nations (UN) and the North Atlantic Treaty Organiza- to rapidly and globally project power in all domains, tion (NATO), is committed to providing peacekeeping counter adversaries’ anti-access and area-denial strat- and stabilization forces to troubled regions and coun- egies and ensure access to the global commons, space tries. These missions, called “operations other than and cyberspace. war,” currently include the NATO Kosovo Force and Strengthen international and regional security. the UN Multinational Force and Observers in the Sinai U.S. interests are deeply intertwined with the security Peninsula. and stability of the broader international system of al- The military is also involved in homeland security liances, partnerships and multinational institutions. A missions, including intelligence efforts, border and strong global posture continues to be America’s most transportation security and emergency preparedness powerful form of commitment and provides strategic and response. depth. Since 1989 the U.S. military has assisted the U.S. Shape the future force. The all-volunteer force con- Coast Guard, law enforcement agencies and Latin tinues to be America’s greatest strategic asset and the American countries in drug interdiction activities, in- best example of the values it represents. The future cluding aerial reconnaissance and border control. requires leaders who can outthink adversaries while gaining trust, understanding and cooperation from The U.S. armed forces carry out humanitarian mis- strategic partners.8 sions at home and abroad. Often these efforts are part of the missions listed above and include medical clin- National Military Missions ics, food deliveries, construction projects and other To carry out the National Military Strategy, U.S. nation-building activities. Reserve component units armed forces are employed for a variety of missions. engage in construction and infrastructure-building Some of these are combat operations, peacekeeping projects as part of their military exercises, and both operations, homeland security, drug interdiction and active and reserve component units aid nations recov- humanitarian services. ering from natural disasters. A large segment of U.S. military forces is still com- In addition, the National Guard may be mobilized mitted to ongoing combat operations in Afghanistan by individual states or the federal government to help (Operation Enduring Freedom, or OEF). In addition with disaster relief or restoring order in the event of to OEF, all three components of the Total Army force natural disasters or civil unrest.

1 The White House, National Security Strategy, May 2010, http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/rss_viewer/national_security_strategy.pdf, p. 3. 2 Ibid., p. 7. 3 Ibid. 4 Ibid., p. 5. 5 Department of Defense, Sustaining U.S. Global Leadership: Priorities for 21st Century Defense, January 2012, http://www.defense.gov/news/Defense_Strategic_ Guidance.pdf. 6 Catherine Dale and Pat Towell, “In Brief: Assessing DoD’s New Strategic Guidance” (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, 12 January 2012), http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/R42146.pdf. 7 Department of Defense, National Defense Strategy, June 2008, http://www.defense.gov/news/2008%20National%20Defense%20Strategy.pdf. 8 Joint Chiefs of Staff, National Military Strategy of the United States of America, February 2011, http://www.army.mil/info/references/docs/NMS%20FEB%202011. pdf, p. 6.

National Defense 7 The birth of the U.S. Army preceded the birth of the nation.

8 Profile of the U.S. Army 2014/2015 2 Land Component

An American Heritage attacks, helped preserve the Union in the Civil War The birth of the U.S. Army preceded the birth of and fought expeditionary wars to protect America’s the nation. One of the first actions taken by the Con- interests in China, the Philippines and Latin Ameri- tinental Congress on 14 June 1775—even before that ca. Through its Corps of Engineers, the Army helped gathering began considering a Declaration of Inde- improve river navigation and performed other public pendence—was to direct General George Washington works. The Army formed the nation’s first modern to muster troops for a Continental Army. That army, weather service, provided the nation’s first airmail along with the colonial militias, defeated the British service and supervised the building of the Panama in the eight-year War of Independence. Canal. The American Army’s mission and formation have The practice of keeping a small standing Army to be changed little in the 239 years since. Today, the U.S. bolstered with Guard and Reserve Soldiers in times of Army comprises a standing force of troops and equip- national need continued through both world wars in ment ready at all times to defend the United States the 20th century. The onset of the Cold War altered from attack and protect national security. The pro- this balance as the United States maintained a large vincial militias of colonial times are now the Army standing active Army that took up defensive positions National Guard, which belongs to and serves the indi- in Europe and Asia and handled the bulk of combat vidual states but is called upon by the federal govern- in the Korean and Vietnam wars. With the end of ment to supplement the active Army to meet threats the Cold War in 1989, the nation began reducing the against the nation’s security. Another force of trained size of its armed forces, again relying on the reserve Citizen–Soldiers, the Army Reserve, provides further component to fill out the ranks for war (the Persian support in times of need. The Army National Guard Gulf War, Afghanistan and Iraq) and operations other and Army Reserve are called the reserve component than war (peacekeeping missions in Somalia and the (RC) of the U.S. Army. In support of the war on ter- Balkans). rorism, the reserve component has played an even Today, the active Army and its reserve component more prominent and important role in the security of make up one seamless force committed to fighting the the nation: the Army National Guard has mobilized war on terrorism. It is a tradition going back more than 529,000 Soldiers and the Army Reserve more than 239 years: career Soldiers and Citizen–Soldiers serv- 276,000 Soldiers since 11 September 2001. Currently, ing as brothers and sisters in arms. During more than 11,980 mobilized Army Guard Soldiers are serving in a decade of war, the reserve component has evolved 16 nations around the world; from the Army Reserve, into an operative reserve force. In their current role more than 12,000 Citizen–Soldiers are serving in Af- as an operational force, the Army National Guard and ghanistan and 22 other countries. the Army Reserve have adopted the same standards of The U.S. Army has accomplished many combat and readiness as the active component. This organization public service missions through the years. In the 19th ensures a force generation plan in both peacetime and century, Soldiers explored America’s frontier and wartime that gives combatant commands, Soldiers, provided protection to both U.S. settlers and Native their families and civilian employees more predict- Americans. With its ranks again bolstered by Citizen– able schedules for their calls to duty and deployments. Soldiers in the militias, the Army successfully defend- But the mission has not changed: to defend the United ed the United States’ borders and ports from foreign States from attack and to protect her security.

Land Component 9 Department of the Army

Secretary of the Army

Under Secretary of the Army

Chief of Staff, Army

Vice Chief of Staff, Army

Administrative Director, Army Staff Sergeant Major Assistant to the of the Army Secretary of the Army G-2 General Counsel Judge Advocate General (Intelligence) Army Auditor General ASA Financial G-8 Chief, Army Reserve Deputy Under Secretary Management and (Programs) of the Army Comptroller Director, Army National Guard Inspector General ASA Acquisitions, G-4 Logistics and Technology (Logistics) Provost Marshal Chief of Legislative General Liaison ASA Civil Works Chief of Engineers The Surgeon General Assistant Chief of Office of Small ASA Installations and Staff for Installation Business Programs Environment Chief of Chaplains Management Chief Information Officer/G-6 G-3/5/7 (Operations) ASA Manpower Chief of Public Affairs and Reserve Affairs G-1 (Personnel)

ASA – Assistant Secretary of the Army Defined responsibilities to ASAs Oversight

Mission of the Army Department of the Army The U.S. Constitution gives Congress the authority, The Department of the Army is an through Title 10 of the United States Code (USC), to organization within the Department create an army for the nation and establish its organi- of Defense and operates under the di- zation and regulations. In Title 10, Congress mandates rection and control of the Secretary of that the Army, in conjunction with the other armed Defense. The Secretary of the Army, forces, be capable of: a civilian appointed by the President and confirmed by • preserving the peace and security and providing Congress, is the head of the Department of the Army. for the defense of the United States, the territories, The Secretary of the Army is responsible for all commonwealths and possessions and any areas noncombat affairs, including recruiting, organizing, occupied by the United States; supplying, equipping, training and mobilizing the • supporting the national policies; forces. The Secretary’s staff, known as the Army Sec- retariat, oversees all of these functions. • implementing the national objectives; and • overcoming any entities responsible for aggres- Chief of Staff, Army sive acts that imperil the peace and security of the The Chief of Staff, Army (CSA), the highest ranking United States. officer in the U.S. Army, is appointed by the President for a period of four years. The CSA may be reappoint- Title 10 gives the Army the specific mission of land ed for another four years or the term extended in time combat and “such aviation and water transport as may of national emergency. be organic therein.”1 The law mandates that the Army be organized, trained and equipped for prompt and The CSA serves as the senior military adviser to the sustained combat operations and take responsibility Secretary of the Army, ensures the secretary’s policies for the preparation of land forces “in accordance with are carried out and assists the secretary in presenting integrated joint mobilization plans.”2 The Army also and justifying Army policies, plans, programs and is responsible for expanding its reserve component to budgets to the President, the Secretary of Defense and meet the needs of war. Congress. The CSA presides over the Army Staff and

10 Profile of the U.S. Army 2014/2015 oversees all Army organizations and commands. In administrative or training roles for their units) and addition, the CSA is a member of the Joint Chiefs of Individual Mobilization Augmentees (IMAs), who Staff and presents Army capabilities in planning joint are assigned to high-level headquarters where they forces endeavors. would serve if mobilized. Most IMAs train for two Sergeant Major of the Army weeks every year. The Sergeant Major of the Army (SMA), whose po- • Individual Ready Reserve (IRR): IRR comprises sition was established in 1966, is the senior enlisted former members of active or reserve forces who Soldier who serves as the senior enlisted advisor and are nearing completion of their statutory eight- consultant to the CSA. The SMA provides informa- year military service obligation. The IRR Soldier tion and advice on a variety of subjects, including the does not belong to a unit but still has a military problems affecting enlisted personnel; on standards, service obligation to fulfill. Many Soldiers serve professional development, growth and advancement several years on active duty and then transfer to the of noncommissioned officers; and on morale, training, Individual Ready Reserve to fulfill the remainder pay, promotions and quality of life for Soldiers and of their contract. Each Soldier is required to meet family members. minimum annual requirements. The Soldier attends Army Components muster duty when required, completes a readiness screening questionnaire and responds to all official The U.S. Army is divided into two primary com- military correspondence. Any Soldier in the IRR ponents: the active component (AC) and the reserve may also be involuntarily mobilized in time of component (RC). The RC comprises the Army Na- national crisis, as seen in support of the war on tional Guard and the Army Reserve. Today’s Army is terrorism. a cohesive organization with all elements serving together in training, support and combat missions. First- On 1 July 2011, the Army Reserve, in direct term Soldiers are obligated to serve eight years in the partnership with the Army Human Resources military; this obligation may be fulfilled through a Command (HRC) and the Army National Guard, combination of active and reserve service. began implementing the IRR Affiliation Program In 1973 the United States eliminated the draft and (IAP) to provide IRR Soldiers a local network the U.S. military became an all-volunteer force. The of support, improve Army and Soldier readiness, all-volunteer force has been used to support forward promote continuum of service and help Soldiers presence and provide initial forces for rapid deploy- retain valuable skills, knowledge, abilities and ments worldwide. experiences. Under this program, IRR members are affiliated with Army National Guard or Army The combined operational force of the Army Na- Reserve units in their local area to provide a single tional Guard and the Army Reserve provides a ver- point of contact to serve their military needs and satile dimension of operational reserve. As key answer questions concerning professional devel- participants in overseas contingency operations, the opment, schools and all aspects of career advance- Army National Guard and the Army Reserve perform an increasingly prominent role in the security of the ment. Additionally, family members now have a nation. place and point of contact to voice their concerns and questions. The reserve component has three categories: the Ready Reserve, the Standby Reserve and the Retired Reserve. The Ready Reserve, the largest category, includes the following elements: • Selected Reserve: This comprises Army Reserve Soldiers who train year-round and are assigned to fully equipped units capable of rapidly deploying for action. In a national emergency, all Selected Reserve members can be mobilized. The Selected Reserve includes members of the Army National Guard, the Army Reserve, Ac- tive Guard and Reserve (reservists serving on active duty in full-time administrative roles for their units), Military Technicians (reservists who are full-time federal employees assigned

Land Component 11 Reserve Component

Total Reserve Manpower

Ready Reserve Standby Reserve Retired Reserve

Individual Inactive Reserve 20+ Reserve 20+ Selected Reserve Reserve Physical Ready Reserve National Guard Qualifying Years Qualifying Years Disability Retirees Ready Reserve Training (Drawing Pay) (Not Drawing Pay)

Active Inactive Reserve Active Status List Status List Other Reserve Duty Retirees Retirees Key Employees 10 USC Chapter 1209 20+ Years Other Active Other Inactive

Individual AGR not in Civilian Other Full-Time Units Mobilization Training Pipeline Selected Reserve Employees not in Support Augmentees Units Selected Reserve Drilling Reservists USPFO Counterdrug Units Full-time Support AGR Military Technicians Active Component Civilian AGR – Active Guard and Reserve | USC – U.S. Code | USPFO – U.S. Property and Fiscal Office Source: 2012 Army Reserve Almanac

• Inactive National Guard (ING): ING personnel in active service and are not authorized to participate are not in the Selected Reserve but fulfill their in training or be promoted. They do, however, retain military service obligation by being attached to a their reserve affiliation in a nonparticipating status. National Guard unit even though they do not train The Retired Reserve comprises servicemembers with that unit. They may be called to active duty in who have retired from either active duty or reserve times of war or national emergency and mobilized careers (including active Army, Army National Guard with their units. and Army Reserve). Retired reserve component mem- The Standby Reserve comprises Soldiers who are bers remain in the reserve family after retirement but not in the Ready Reserve but still maintain their mili- may be called to active duty in times of war or na- tary affiliation. They either have been designated “key tional emergency. They are categorized according to civilian employees” or have a temporary hardship or physical condition and skill sets. disability. These Soldiers are not required to perform In today’s Army, the Ready Reserve plays signifi- training. Because they have specialized skill sets, they cant roles in both support and combat missions and may be mobilized to fill specific manpower needs. is required to deploy as rapidly as the active forces. There are two categories that Soldiers can fall under A presidential decision is required to federalize Army in the Standby Reserve. The active status list includes National Guard units and personnel and to call Army Soldiers who are eligible to participate voluntarily in Reserve units and personnel to active duty. Currently, training that counts toward retirement credit and pro- the law limits reservists to two years of active duty motion; have been temporarily assigned for hardship status per presidential order. or other cogent reason; have not fulfilled their military service obligation; have retained active status when The Army National Guard provided for by law; have been identified by their The Army National Guard is a employers as “key personnel”; or have been removed unique, dual-status force—simulta- from the Ready Reserve because they are critical to neously a reserve component of the the national security in their civilian employment. Army and a state-based force—and Those on the inactive status list do not have to remain has both state and federal missions. It

12 Profile of the U.S. Army 2014/2015 Army National Guard members have participated in every U.S. conflict from the War of Independence to the current war on terrorism. is also the oldest service component of the U.S. mili- the authority to locate units and their headquarters. tary, dating back to the Massachusetts militia’s initial Federal officials may not change any branch, orga- formation into regiments on 13 December 1636. The nization or allotment located entirely within a state Citizen–Soldiers of these regiments, as well as those without approval of the governor. However, such in other militias, secured the colonies from attack organizational concerns are seamless on the ground. by the French, Spanish and Native Americans. They Whether it is a DoD-ordered deployment to engage in fought alongside the British in the French and Indian counterterrorism operations in Afghanistan or a gov- War and alongside the Continental Army against the ernor’s request to counter rising floodwaters in a local British in the War of Independence. community, the Army National Guard responds with The writers of the Constitution had experienced a trained and ready force. firsthand the value of states having their own militias. Where We Are Today They understood the need for the nation to have unfet- • The Army Guard has mobilized more than 529,000 tered access to those militias when warranted for the Soldiers since 11 September 2001. security of the nation. Thus, the Constitution established the role of the militias, Congress’ responsibility • The Army Guard has a current strength of 354,200 in organizing, maintaining and regulating the militias Soldiers supported by 1,600 (non-dual status) and the President’s right to call them to active duty. Army civilian technicians who are not included as part of this endstrength number. The Constitution does not mention the National Guard by name. The term “National Guard” was first • The Army Guard has 27,210 dual-status techni- used in the United States by a New York militia unit cians who wear the uniform and are included in in 1824. After the Civil War the term became a pop- the 354,200 count; the Guard also has 32,060 ular way of describing the militia units organized by Active Guard Reserve Soldiers, who are included states and territories. The Militia Act of 1903 and the in the 354,200. National Defense Act of 1916 established “National • The Army Guard is a balanced force of combat, Guard” as the official designation for organized mili- combat support and combat service support orga- tia forces that receive federal funding. Army National nizations, including eight division headquarters, Guard members have participated in every U.S. con- 28 brigade combat teams, eight combat aviation flict from the War of Independence to the current war brigades and two Special Forces groups. The Army on terrorism. Guard represents 39 percent of the Army’s opera- The Army National Guard’s dual status creates a tional forces. bureaucratic balancing act. Because the federal gov- • The Army Guard is the only component of the ernment must ensure Army National Guard elements Army that has both state and federal missions. can effectively integrate with the active Army and When not mobilized, it is commanded by the gov- Army Reserve, the Department of Defense establish- ernors of the states and territories. es training and operations requirements for Guard units and determines the number of authorized Army The National Guard Bureau National Guard personnel and the unit mix available The National Guard Bureau (NGB) is a joint activ- across the country. The states, meanwhile, reserve ity of the Department of Defense and administers the

Land Component 13 Army National Guard Chain of Command

President Governors

Secretary of Defense

Chairman, Joint Adjutants General Chiefs of Staff

Air National Army National Secretary of the Air Force Secretary of the Army Guard Units Guard Units Chief, National Guard Bureau Chief of Staff, Air Force Chief of Staff, Army

Director, Air Director, Army National Guard National Guard Command Relationship Communication Channels federal functions of the Army National Guard and its Army-specific matters are routinely handled by the Air Force counterpart, the Air National Guard. The Army National Guard Directorate of NGB, which is Army element of NGB participates with the Army led by an Army National Guard lieutenant general. staff in developing and coordinating programs directly affecting the Army National Guard. As an State Mission operating agency, NGB formulates and administers When Army National Guard units are not mobilized programs for training, development and maintenance or under federal control, they report to the governor of of the Army National Guard and acts as the channel of their respective state or territory. District of Columbia communication between the Army and the Army Na- units report to the Commanding General, District of tional Guard of the 50 states, three territories (Puerto Columbia National Guard. Each of the 54 National Rico, Guam and the Virgin Islands) and the District Guard organizations is supervised by the Adjutant of Columbia. General of that particular state or territory. The Chief, National Guard Bureau (CNGB) can be Under state law the Army National Guard protects either an Army National Guard or Air National Guard life and property and preserves peace, order and pub- general and is appointed by the President for a four- lic safety through emergency relief support during year term. With a provision of the 2012 National De- natural disasters, search and rescue operations, sup- fense Authorization Act, the Chief, National Guard port to civil defense authorities, maintenance of vi- Bureau, joined the Joint Chiefs of Staff. tal public services and counterdrug operations. Army National Guard Soldiers are protecting the homeland, performing key missions in support of U.S. Northern Command. Citizen–Soldiers support the Department of Homeland Security on missions such as protecting critical infrastructure and patrolling the southern border. They are also continuing their service in vital state-directed missions under the command of the governors. The National Guard has developed quick-reaction forces that serve as the nation’s first line of counterterrorism operations. At the request of a governor or the President, the National Guard will deliver a ready- armed, company-size unit within four hours and the remainder of a battalion within 24 hours. These reaction forces can help local law enforcement agencies

14 Profile of the U.S. Army 2014/2015 by protecting key sites, such as power plants and transportation hubs, as well as by establishing road- blocks. The National Guard uses existing capabilities and units within each state to handle these “on call” missions. Though not a new concept for the Guard, these missions have become increasingly important as elements of defense and the deterrence of terrorism throughout the United States. In addition to quick-reaction forces, the Army Na- tional Guard mans and equips 10 Homeland Response Forces (HRFs). Each HRF, comprising approximately 577 personnel (519 Army National Guard, 58 Air National Guard), encapsulates lifesaving capabilities including search and extraction, decontamination, emergency medical, security and command and control (C2). The 10 HRFs, along with 17 Chemical, the larger the need, the greater the response. In Octo- Biological, Radiological, Nuclear and Explosive ber 2012, when Hurricane Sandy threatened the entire (CBRNE) Enhanced Response Force Packages (CER- east coast, Guard members were already in place to FPs) and 57 Civil Support Teams (CSTs), provide the protect life and property. Before the wind and tides re- initial military response to a CBRNE incident. Re- ceded, Guard Soldiers were rescuing stranded neigh- gionally oriented, there is an HRF in each of the 10 bors, clearing debris, pumping out flooded streets Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and delivering food and water. At the height of the regions. HRFs provide a scalable capability to bridge response, more than 11,900 National Guard members a gap between the initial National Guard response and were activated. Title 10 capabilities. HRFs will improve C2 and common operating pictures of deployed National Guard This type of multifaceted response to domestic CBRNE forces. HRFs provide a mobile, flexible and emergencies is nothing new. However, the complex decentralized capability to respond to CBRNE and movement of personnel and materiel was historic. It additional hazards. marked the first time that National Guard officers in New Jersey and New York were designated as du- Federal Mission al-status commanders for an unplanned event, ex- The Army National Guard’s federal mission, as ercising control over Army and Air Guard members enumerated in Title 10 of the U.S. Code, is to maintain from 21 states; active duty Soldiers, Sailors, Airmen well-trained, well-equipped units available for prompt and Marines; and Army Reserve Soldiers. Both du- mobilization during war and to provide assistance al-status commanders were National Guard brigadier during national emergencies such as natural disasters generals who successfully integrated DoD capabili- or civil disturbances. Army National Guard units also ties under state and federal control to serve local com- may be mobilized to perform humanitarian missions, munities in a time of substantial need. counterdrug operations, peacekeeping missions and An example of the National Guard’s enduring val- other missions as directed by the President and Secre- ue as a dual-mission force was the deployment peak tary of Defense. in 2005, when the National Guard provided seven of From 11 September 2001 through June 2014, the the 15 Army combat brigades engaged in Operation Army National Guard mobilized some 529,000 Sol- Iraqi Freedom. At that high point of participation, 41 diers for overseas contingency operations; more than percent of all Army personnel in Iraq were from the 11,000 Soldiers are on active duty today. In addition Guard. Even with that level of operational tempo, the to their commitments in Afghanistan and other regions Guard was able to respond with more than 50,000 around the world, Army National Guard Soldiers are Army and Air Guard members when Hurricane Ka- also protecting the homeland. trina struck the Gulf Coast in August 2005. The Army National Guard is prepositioned for lo- With support from the active Army, the Army Na- cal and regional emergencies. Citizen–Soldiers are tional Guard completed transforming into modular there when hurricanes, winter storms, floods and tor- units in 2011 while also modernizing forces and equip- nadoes threaten. The men and women of the Nation- ment (described in chapter 3, “The Modular Force”). al Guard also carry out search and rescue missions. The result is an Army National Guard that is a more The Army National Guard is versatile and scalable; flexible, more capable and more rapidly deployable

Land Component 15 Forged through more than a decade of persistent conflict around the world, the Army Reserve provides operational and strategic depth to the U.S. military. force, with enhanced capabilities for state missions, prevent future conflicts. The Army Reserve’s combat vast experience on federal missions and improved support and combat service support capabilities are command and control within states and territories. custom-made for the Army’s future efforts to shape the international environment through theater securi- The Army Reserve ty cooperation missions and military-to-military en- Since 1908, the Army Reserve has gagements. Its forces will ensure that the Army has evolved from a small Medical Re- the depth to win the nation’s wars decisively. serve Corps into an indispensable part of the total force and is recog- As the Army is in the midst of a major drawdown, nized as America’s premier reservoir it will increasingly rely on the Army Reserve to pro- of military–civilian acquired skills supporting the vide operational depth to conduct sustained opera- National Security Strategy and the National Military tions and mitigate risk. America’s operational Army Strategy. Never before has the Army Reserve been a Reserve stands ready to respond to any crisis at home more essential part of the Army’s operational force. and abroad by bringing matchless capabilities to the effort. Forged through more than a decade of persistent conflict around the world, the Army Reserve provides Through recent legislation, the Army Reserve has operational and strategic depth to the U.S. military. become more instrumental in its support of disas- Under Title 10 U.S. Code, the Army Reserve’s mis- ter response missions and domestic emergencies. sion is to provide trained and ready Soldiers and cohe- The National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) sive units to meet global requirements across the full of 2012, signed by the President in December 2011, range of military operations. added specific language making the Army Reserve more accessible to governors and senior military com- In the past decade, steady demand for Army Re- manders at the state level for disaster response and serve Soldiers in Afghanistan and Iraq changed the homeland defense missions. Using this legislation, in National Military Strategy paradigm by ushering in 2012 the Army Reserve provided four quartermaster a new era of increased reliance on the Army Reserve. detachments to support Hurricane Sandy relief efforts. Seasoned Reserve Soldiers have provided and contin- In the past, the Army Reserve’s ability to respond to ue to provide vital operational and functional capabil- disasters was restricted by an outdated law limiting its ities to the Army, including all of the Army’s theater role during a homeland crisis. engineer and civil affairs commands, training divisions, biological detection companies, railway units Among the Army Reserve’s contributions are: and replacement companies. The Army Reserve also • enabling the Army to do more with fewer resourc- provides a large portion of the Army’s medical, trans- es by providing a flexible, well-trained, comple- portation and signal capabilities. mentary force that enables the Army to expand and The Army Reserve remains committed to maintain- contract to meet the security needs of the nation; ing its current role as an essential part of the oper- • providing Soldiers at the highest possible level of ational force. Its forces will continue to play a key training and readiness, in nearly 150 specific skills, role in maintaining the Army as the most decisive land to support Army operations worldwide within the force in the world, bringing strength to the force to Army’s cyclic readiness model;

16 Profile of the U.S. Army 2014/2015 • building a stronger Army by drawing on the • The Army Reserve represents 43 percent of the strength, support and success of America’s diverse Army’s transportation capability, 59 percent of its backgrounds and communities represented by medical capability, 77 percent of its civil affairs Soldiers in the Army Reserve; capability, 66 percent of its quartermaster capability and 30 percent of the Army’s engineering • providing a cost-effective, positive investment for capacity. the Army’s and the nation’s defense dollars with a force that costs about a third as much as its active Part of the Total Force component counterpart; To defend the nation’s interests, the country needs • giving back to the community by providing civil an all-volunteer force that is both flexible and respon- support—such as food, shelter, safe drinking water sive across all of its elements. The Army Reserve and medical attention—during emergencies and provides indispensable combat support and com- natural disasters; bat service support functions that enable the Army to ramp up its capabilities, protect combat forces, • maintaining its highly trained force by continuing produce trained combat-ready Soldiers and sustain support to the full range of military operations ARFORGEN. when units move into their “available” year for deployment within the Army Force Generation As an operational force, the Army Reserve is one (ARFORGEN) cycle (for more information on of the best returns on investment for American tax- ARFORGEN, see p. 26); payers. The training of Army Reserve Soldiers costs about a third as much as that of their active duty coun- • continuing to use units that are uniquely geared for terparts. Over a 15-year period, the average cost of theater security cooperation missions and interna- training and deploying a Reserve Soldier is about half tional military-to-military engagements (changes that of an active duty Soldier. to the NDAA now permit the Army Reserve to Looking to the future, the Army will depend on the serve unified combatant commands in “unnamed Army Reserve even more and call on Reserve Sol- or contingency operations” around the world, thus diers to conduct longer training missions in Europe, facilitating this effort); Africa, the Pacific Rim and other regions overseas. • serving as the force of choice to support U.S. The Army Reserve provides a highly skilled, adapt- Africa Command, U.S. Pacific Command, U.S. able force that can support the Army across a range Southern Command, U.S. Central Command and of military operations, including peacekeeping, nation all unified combatant command missions that en- building and defending support of civil authorities. Its hance partnership, foster regional cooperation, help men and women support Army needs in many career build foreign partner capacity and assist fledgling fields and are impressive examples of commitment to nations to resist aggression; and the Profession of Arms. • providing transportation, security, engineering, A key focus for the Army Reserve is to help the Army civil affairs and medical support to U.S. Army embrace a continuum of service (CoS) model aimed missions in more than 22 countries worldwide; at preserving the all-volunteer force and the experi- missions like these continue to build and sustain enced, talented Soldiers it contains. The philosophy Reserve Soldiers’ skills while building military-to-military relationships with other nations. Where We Are Today • More than 12,000 Citizen–Soldiers are serving in Afghanistan and 22 other countries. • The Army Reserve has mobilized more than 276,000 Soldiers since 11 September 2001. • The Army Reserve has a current strength of almost 205,000 Soldiers, who are supported by more than 10,000 Army civilians. • The Army Reserve has particularly large capabilities in medical, transportation, engineering, information technology, civil affairs, law enforcement and Soldier training.

Land Component 17 behind CoS is the creation of a system that provides for the seamless transition of Soldiers among active, I am an Army Civilian— reserve and ultimately civilian service. This system a member of the Army Team. will provide Soldiers flexible career options—combining periods of active, Reserve and inactive duty I am dedicated to our Army, time. Such flexibility accommodates life challenges, our Soldiers and Civilians. supports personal ambitions and helps maintain a I will always support the mission. commitment to a lifetime of service. Providing vari- able options and a centralized pay and management I provide stability and continuity system will benefit all who serve. during war and peace. As part of this CoS effort and to support retaining I support and defend the Constitution of key talent during the active component drawdown, the United States and consider it an honor the Army Reserve will allow endstrength to decrease to serve our Nation and our Army. slightly in the near term to provide transition opportunities for active component Soldiers with critical I live the Army values of Loyalty, skills and experience needed by the Army Reserve. Duty, Respect, Selfless Service, Honor, Currently, the Army Reserve is short of mid-grade of- Integrity and Personal Courage. ficers and noncommissioned officers. This transition I am an Army Civilian. program will allow the Total Army to preserve readiness, maintain crucial talent and skills and provide —The Army Civilian Corps Creed 4 for flexibility in the future, should the Army need to reverse the drawdown and expand to meet any unforeseen contingencies. and operation of the Army’s evolving requirements, generating and managing resources and delivering The Army Reserve has transformed over the past human capital and materiel to Army operational forc- decade, converting from a strategic reserve to an op- es. The Army Civilian Corps comprises more than erational force—from a geographically based com- 330,000 employees in 31 career programs covering mand-and-control structure to a functionally and 525 occupations. The largest number of Army Ci- operationally based structure, which streamlines per- vilians can be found in the medical field (more than sonnel and mission training within occupational spe- 30,000) with the second largest in logistics (more than cialties. The Reserve will work closely with the Army 28,000). The Civilian Corps currently comprises 60 to continue the evolution of the force to achieve Vi- percent of the Army’s Generating Force, filling crit- sion 2020. ical leader positions. Through more than a decade of Moving forward, the Reserve’s commitment is conflict, the Army has relied heavily on this cohort of steadfast, and the focus is clear: the Army Reserve will professionals to carry out the Army’s Title 10 statu- remain an essential part of the total force with its com- tory responsibilities to resource a globally deployed bat-tested, highly skilled force of Citizen–Soldiers. It military. Army Civilians are employed and, in some remains ready to support a full range of military op- cases, deployed in positions that provide combat sup- erations, providing a solid, experienced foundation. port and combat service support, allowing Soldiers to The values and talents that are part of this skill-rich concentrate on the warfighting mission. organization benefit the nation beyond the traditional Army Civilians also serve the nation in a myriad role of defense. This is the legacy of Citizen–Soldiers. of noncombat Army missions such as waterways and The Army Reserve in the War on Terrorism flood control, domestic emergency response and the Since 11 September 2001, more than 276,000 Army Army’s quality-of-life, morale and welfare programs. Reserve Soldiers have been mobilized in support of Additionally, they contribute to mission planning ongoing operations, including Operation Noble Ea- and logistical support to war efforts, including sus- gle, responsible for keeping secure U.S. airspace and taining the health and safety of the force; designing infrastructure, Operation Enduring Freedom in Af- and managing the Army’s research and development ghanistan, Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation programs; submitting and managing the Army’s bud- New Dawn.3 get; and repairing/rebuilding the Army’s warfighting equipment. In support of combat operations, the Army Civilian Corps Army has deployed more than 30,000 civilians to Army Civilians are an integral component of the serve with Army explosive ordnance disposal teams Army, leading and managing the design, development detecting and defusing improvised explosive devices

18 Profile of the U.S. Army 2014/2015 (IEDs). Army Civilians in the Corps of Engineers have deployed for one-year tours to lead provincial reconstruction teams rebuilding infrastructure in Af- ghanistan and Iraq. The Army Civilian Corps is composed of a wide range of employees: federal civilian employees (who are generally U.S. citizens employed with funds appropriated by Congress), Nonappropriated Fund employees (who work in Army clubs and child care centers and are paid from sales, fees and charges to the patrons of those activities) and Local Nation- al employees (who are citizens of host nations employed in overseas areas under agreements with the host nations). The average age of today’s Army Ci- vilian is 46.5 years with an average of more than 13 years of service; 18 percent of the civilian workforce Army is retired military; many more have previously served http://www.army.mil in the military. There are 288 Senior Executive Ser- Army Center of Military History vice (SES) members. Equivalent to general officers, http://www.history.army.mil SES members serve in very senior executive posi- Army Historical Foundation tions throughout the Army—as program managers, http://www.armyhistory.org senior-level Headquarters, Department of the Army Army Organization (HQDA) staff or senior leaders within Army com- http://www.army.mil/info/organization mands. The Department of the Army’s federal em- Army Reserve ployees are employed under the executive branch of http://www.usar.army.mil the U.S. government and are hired under the same au- Army Staff thority as federal service civilians in most other agen- http://www.army.mil/info/organization/headquarters/hqda cies within the U.S. government. Army Values Contractors are not federal employees but instead http://www.army.mil/values work for organizations that have contract agreements Chief of Staff, Army in place and provide special skills to the Department http://www.army.mil/leaders/csa of Defense and/or Department of the Army. Military Headquarters, Department of the Army and civilian employees in the Department of the Army http://www.hqda.army.mil/hqda operate individually and often jointly on the missions National Guard Bureau of the organization. Civilian members of the orga- http://www.nationalguard.mil nization contribute significantly by providing direct Army Posture Statement support to the military mission. Never before in the http://www.army.mil/aps history of the U.S. Army have its leaders called upon Secretary of the Army Army civilians to assume greater roles, responsibility http://www.army.mil/leaders/sa and accountability than during the past decade. While Sergeant Major of the Army military members of the Department of the Army ei- http://www.army.mil/leaders/sma ther enlist or are commissioned into service and have Under Secretary of the Army a required service agreement/contract, Army Civilians http://www.army.mil/leaders/usa work voluntarily and are able to move, change posi- Vice Chief of Staff tions and resign at any time. http://www.army.mil/leaders/vcsa

1 U.S. Code Title 10, Chapter 307, Section 3062, 3 January 2012, http://uscode.house.gov/download/pls/10C307.txt. 2 Ibid. 3 Ibid. 4 http://www.army.mil/values/corps.html.

Land Component 19 There is no more unambiguous display of American resolve than the deployment of the American Soldier. —2014 Army Posture Statement

20 Profile of the U.S. Army 2014/2015 3 Army Organization

The Force for Decisive Action at the end of every war. However, the Army is now As the nation continues to undergo a historical shift being directed to lower its force structure before the in security concerns, the Army’s organization and war is over. The current demand for U.S. forces in operational strategy have adjusted to meet changing Afghanistan and other worldwide operational com- threats. Unlike previous conflicts in which the United mitments is ongoing, while simultaneously the Army States engaged in combat with a known state enemy, must draw down, reorganize and prepare for a broader the nation now faces threats from small states and non- set of security missions and threats.2 state organizations engaging in unconventional means Regardless of these challenges, the U.S. military of warfare, requiring an agile, adaptable force that can and national security approach to the country’s im- deploy rapidly and defeat a full spectrum of threats. peratives of protecting the country from ongoing and In addition to the challenges posed by new and future external threats has not changed the essential evolving threats, the United States is also facing seri- role of America’s Army, as the 2014 Army Posture ous deficit problems. Federal and state budgets have Statement emphasizes: seen large budget cuts; the Pentagon has not been There is no more unambiguous display of Ameri- exempt from these cuts. Over the past two years, the can resolve than the deployment of the American Budget Control Act (BCA) has resulted in declining Soldier. As part of the Joint Force, the Army de- readiness throughout the Total Army force (active ters potential adversaries by presenting a credible Army, Army National Guard and Army Reserve.) The element of national power: landpower that is de- U.S. Army, along with the other military services, cisively expeditionary and strategically adaptive. must find efficient and successful methods to absorb The Army possesses a lethal combination of capa- these cuts while continuing to build upon the enduring bility and agility that strengthens U.S. diplomacy strength of the Army. The 2014 Army Posture State- and represents one of America’s most credible ment describes this difficult but necessary endeavor deterrents against hostility. If necessary, a ready currently facing the Army: Army can defeat or destroy enemy forces, control During this period of uncertainty in the fiscal and land areas, protect critical assets and populations strategic environment, our goal has been to main- and prevent the enemy from gaining a position of tain the proper balance between endstrength, operational or strategic advantage. Ultimately, readiness and modernization across the Total potential adversaries must clearly perceive Army Army. We are reducing endstrength as rapidly forces as being capable of appropriate and rapid as possible, while still meeting our operational response anywhere in the world and across the commitments, in order to concentrate remaining entire range of military operations, from stability funds on rebuilding readiness. However, to do this operations to general war.3 we must accept greater risk in our modernization programs. To rebuild and sustain a force capa- Overarching Organization ble of conducting the full range of operations on Army organizations in the Operating Force perform land, to include prompt and sustained land com- three fundamental warfighting missions: bat, it is essential that we take steps to prevent • Combat units, such as infantry, armor and fires, hollowness within the force.1 are directly involved in the conduct of fighting. After more than a dozen years of persistent conflict, • Combat support units, such as chemical, military the Army’s resources have been stretched thin. Histor- intelligence, military police and signal, provide ically, the United States has drawn down the military operational assistance to combat units.

Army Organization 21 • Combat service support units, such as transpor- a single, unique discipline not available elsewhere in tation, medical, quartermaster (supply), ordnance, the Army (U.S. Army Military District of Washington; finance and adjutant general (administration), U.S. Army Corps of Engineers; U.S. Army Criminal provide logistical and administrative assistance to Investigation Command; U.S. Army Intelligence and the above units. Security Command; U.S. Army Medical Command; Supplementing these warfighting formations are U.S. Army Test and Evaluation Command; U.S. Mil- elements of the Army’s Generating Force performing itary Academy; U.S. Army Acquisition Support Cen- institutional missions such as: ter; U.S. Army Installation Management Command; and U.S. Army Network Enterprise Technology Com- • training and military education; mand/9th Signal Command). • recruiting; For a complete list and descriptions of the Army • research and development; commands, ASCCs and direct reporting units, see chapter 8, “Army Command Structure.” • engineering and base support; and • installation management. The Army Modular Force Below the three types of major commands, the The Army Command Structure Army organizes its forces according to combinations The Army has three types of commands: Army com- of types and numbers of Soldiers and equipment mand, Army service component command (ASCC) available. These organizations range from four-Sol- and direct reporting unit. dier fire teams to 80,000-Soldier corps. The Army Army commands perform many Title 10 functions Modular Force relies on self-contained, full-spectrum across multiple disciplines (U.S. Army Training and units that can be plugged into larger forces, including Doctrine Command; U.S. Army Materiel Command; joint forces, thereby giving the nation the capability of U.S. Army Reserve Command; and U.S. Army Forces responding quickly and effectively to meet the specif- Command). ic circumstances of a crisis. Flexibility is the hallmark of the Modular Force and its role in current and future ASCCs are primarily operational organizations that operations. serve as Army components for combatant commands. An ASCC can be designated by the combatant com- The Army is a brigade-centric force; divisions serve mander as a joint forces land component command as command-and-control headquarters specializing in or joint task force (U.S. Army Europe; U.S. Army mission command for subordinate units. The smaller Pacific; U.S. Army North; U.S. Army South; U.S. types of units are standardized. For example, every Army Central; U.S. Army Africa; U.S. Army Space armored brigade combat team (ABCT) (see “Brigade and Missile Defense Command; U.S. Army Special Combat Teams,” p. 25)—no matter its home base—is Operations Command; and U.S. Army Surface De- organized in the same way; that is, each has the same ployment and Distribution Command). number of Soldiers and type of equipment, allowing planners of a theater campaign to build an effective Direct reporting units consist of one or more units force more easily. Once the appropriate number of that have institutional or operational functions. These brigade combat teams (BCTs) is determined based on units provide broad, general support to the Army in theater requirements, planners can select these modular units depending on their availability in the force generation cycle (see “Army Force Generation,” p. 26). Because all units have the same skill sets, they can be deployed on a time basis, which makes deployments more predictable and more fairly distributed throughout the Army, including the reserve component. What follows is an explanation of the Modular Force structure. Fire Team and Crew In the infantry, fire teams comprise four or five Sol- diers. Combat units built around armored vehicles or fire units are called crews. These are the Soldiers who operate the vehicles or weapon systems. Teams and crews are the smallest organizational units in the Army.

22 Profile of the U.S. Army 2014/2015 Squad/Section The Modular Force A squad in the infantry usually consists of two fire teams, whereas in the armor and artillery elements XX a squad will refer to the piece of equipment and its Division Headquarters crews; four to 11 Soldiers comprise a squad. A section is usually larger than a squad, but the size of either depends on its function. A noncommissioned officer X (NCO), usually a sergeant or staff sergeant, leads a Brigade Combat Team squad or section. Combined Arms Fires Combined Arms Platoon In the infantry a platoon usually comprises four Brigade Troops Support Battalion Reconnaissance squads for a total of 16 to 45 Soldiers, though the Battalion size may vary depending on the type and mission of Intelligence and the platoon. Platoons are led by lieutenants, with a Signal Battle Command staff sergeant or sergeant first class as the second in Surveillance command. Headquarters/ Target Protection Headquarters Acquisition Company/Battery/Troop Company Typically, three to five platoons and a headquarters section form a company, battery or troop—totaling 100 to 200 Soldiers. The size depends on the type Support Brigades and mission of the unit. The artillery equivalent of a company is called a battery; the traditional cavalry Battlefield equivalent is called a troop. Company commanders Surveillance are usually captains, with first sergeants as their principal NCOs. Independent or separate companies are assigned numerical designations (e.g., 561st Medical Combat Aviation Sustainment Combat Support* Company), while organic companies—those belong- ing to a battalion—are assigned alphabetic designations (e.g., Company B, 1st Battalion, 327th Infantry). Fires Within the combat arms it is also possible to have a separate regimental company-sized organization (e.g., * Maneuver Enhancement Battery B, 26th Field Artillery). A company is the basic tactical element of the Army, a cohesive component that can enter combat and perform a mission on scope. As part of their esprit de corps and unit iden- its own. tity, battalions are usually the lowest command level to have organizational colors and distinctive unit Battalion/Squadron insignia. A battalion is composed of four to six organic or A battalion considered to be a “constituent” to a separate companies plus a headquarters element, all brigade combat team will continue the lineages and under the command of a lieutenant colonel, with a honors of the Army’s regimental system. Battalions command sergeant major as the principal senior NCO within the support brigades will also continue the and advisor. Such an organization is called a squad- lineages and honors of the regimental system. Each ron for cavalry units performing armored cavalry BCT’s special troops battalion perpetuates the lineag- and reconnaissance functions. The Army has combat, es and honors of its headquarters company. combat support and combat service support battalions (e.g., 1st Battalion, 37th Armor; 249th Engineer Bat- Regiment/Group talion; and Headquarters and Headquarters Company, “Regiment” is a traditional designation predat- 11th Transportation Battalion). In performance of par- ing the U.S. Army, but it has largely been replaced ticular missions, battalions are capable of attaching by the term “brigade.” Only a few tactical regiments different types of companies to form battalion-size remain in the U.S. Army, with the armored cavalry task forces. With 500 to 900 Soldiers, a battalion is regiment being the most familiar. Combat-arms units tactically and administratively self-sufficient, capa- still keep their regiment name for the sake of tradi- ble of independent operations of limited duration and tion. For example, the 4th Squadron, 7th Cavalry and

Army Organization 23 Unit Symbols Brigade The brigade combat team—the basic combined-arms building block of the Army—is a permanent, stand- The Army uses DoD joint symbology to depict its alone, self-sufficient and standardized tactical force of units graphically. The main icon inside the frame 3,900–4,100 Soldiers who are organized the way they identifies the unit’s basic function and can be mod- fight. BCTs have increased intelligence, surveillance ified or amplified using alphanumerics or graphics. and reconnaissance as well as network-enabled battle The following are examples of unit symbols. command capabilities. BCTs perpetuate the lineages and honors of a divisional brigade or separate brigade (described below). Support brigades are organized into five types: combat aviation brigades, fires brigades, battlefield surveillance brigades, combat-support bri- Air Defense Armored Aviation gades (commonly referred to as maneuver enhancement) and sustainment brigades. BCTs fall under one of three current designations: Infantry, Armored (formerly Heavy) or Stryker (described below).

Infantry Airborne Infantry Engineer Corps and Division Corps and divisions feature lieutenant general-commanded and major general-commanded versions, consisting of headquarters of about 700 and 800 Soldiers respectively. They are capable of function- ing as a joint task force (JTF) and joint force land Field Artillery Reconnaissance Nuclear, Biological and component command (JFLCC). The three-star corps Chemical perpetuates the lineages and honors of a historical corps. The two-star division perpetuates the lineages MI MP and honors of a historical division. The division is a command-and-control headquarters and has no or- Military Intelligence Military Police Signal ganic brigades, meaning no brigades are permanently assigned to a division’s command. Any modular brigade combat team or combat-support brigade may be the 3d Squadron, 7th Cavalry are assigned to different assigned to any corps or division without extensive higher headquarters, but they share an affiliation with task organization or augmentation. This improves the one of the Army’s most famous regiments. Two or strategic flexibility to provide exactly the right capa- three battalions with the same regimental designation bilities to support the joint force commander. serving in the same divisional brigade, however, do not constitute a regiment because no regimental head- Army quarters is authorized. Special operations groups and Historically, a theater army has been the Army regiments administer, support and train subordinant component in a unified command, with both opera- elements but rarely operate as tactical entities. tional and support responsibilities. A field army may be formed by theater army commanders in coordination with unified commands. It normally will be con- stituted from existing Army forces and structured to meet specific operational requirements. In joint and combined operations, field armies may include units of other services or of allied forces. When the field army is the largest land formation in a theater of war, its commander may serve as the land component commander and may design and direct the land campaign for the entire theater. Geographically, the army is a headquarters capable of assuming the duties of a JTF or JFLCC—with augmentation from other services—and controls operations. Each theater army is able to be part of both an ASCC and a JFLCC to support regional combatant

24 Profile of the U.S. Army 2014/2015 commanders. Soldiers assigned to one of these commands will wear the patch of a traditional numbered army and perpetuate its lineage and honors. Brigade Combat Teams The Army is reorganizing and reducing from 38 to 32 active component brigade combat teams, 13 combat aviation brigades, 23 theater support commands (TSCs), 50 functional brigades, 25 support brigades and 10 special operations brigade equivalents by the end of Fiscal Year (FY) 2015. Between FYs 2016 and 2017, the Army may be reduced by another eight BCTs.4 The three current designations of BCTs are as follows: • Infantry BCTs (IBCTs) include three infantry battalions, a reconnaissance and surveillance cav- Stationing the Army alry squadron, a field artillery battalion, a brigade The Army considers a broad array of criteria when engineer battalion and a logistics support battalion assessing where units will be stationed. Criteria are IBCTs are also organized to be airborne capable. based on strategic considerations, operational effec- • Armored BCTs (ABCTs) include three armor- tiveness, geographic distribution, cost and the abili- mechanized infantry battalions (one using a his- ty to meet statutory requirements. By the end of FY toric infantry battalion designation and the other 2015, the active Army will be arrayed as follows: a historic armor battalion designation), an armed • 1st Army, headquartered at Rock Island Army reconnaissance cavalry squadron, a field artillery Arsenal, Illinois. battalion, a logistics support battalion and a brigade engineer battalion. • U.S. Army Reserve Command, headquartered at Fort Bragg, North Carolina. • Stryker Brigade Combat Teams (SBCTs) are centered on the Stryker, an eight-wheel-drive • I Corps, headquartered at Joint Base Lewis–Mc- armored vehicle. The Stryker comes in several Chord, Washington, with two Stryker brigade configurations, including infantry carrier, mobile combat teams and one combat aviation brigade. gun system, antitank guided missile, mortar carrier, • III Corps, headquartered at Fort Hood, Texas. fire support, medical evacuation, engineer squad, • XVIII Airborne Corps, headquartered at Fort command, reconnaissance and nuclear, biolog- Bragg, North Carolina. ical and chemical reconnaissance. Using these all-terrain, all-conditions and easily transportable • 1st Infantry Division, headquartered at Fort Riley, vehicles as the basic building block, the Army has Kansas, with two armored BCTs, one combat avia- created a highly agile, highly lethal force. tion brigade and a division artillery. Containing about 3,900 Soldiers, an SBCT con- • 1st Armored Division, headquartered at Fort Bliss, sists of three infantry battalions (with mobile gun, Texas, with two armored BCTs, one Stryker BCT, mortar, forward observer and sniper capabilities), one infantry BCT (Army Evaluation Task Force), a cavalry squadron for reconnaissance and target one division artillery and one combat aviation acquisition, a field artillery battalion, a brigade brigade. support battalion, a brigade engineer battalion, a • 1st Cavalry Division, headquartered at Fort Hood, military intelligence company, an engineer com- Texas, with three armored BCTs, one division pany, a signal company, an antitank company and artillery and one combat aviation brigade. a headquarters company. The SBCT also has advanced command, control, communications, com- • 3d Infantry Division, headquartered at Fort Stew- puter, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance art, Georgia, with one armored BCT, one infantry (C4ISR) systems that not only give it the best BCT, one infantry BCT at Fort Benning, Georgia, possible assessment of a battlefield but also allow one combat aviation brigade at Hunter Army Air- it to draw on all Army and joint force resources field, Georgia, and a division artillery. when needed. Thus, the SBCT’s technology and • 4th Infantry Division, headquartered at Fort Car- swift mobility allow it to provide division-level son, Colorado, with one armored BCT, one Stryker capabilities in a theater of war. BCT, one infantry BCT and a division artillery.

Army Organization 25 • 10th Mountain Division, headquartered at Fort The Army’s ARFORGEN policy readies each ac- Drum, New York, with three infantry BCTs, one tive component unit for employment every other infantry BCT at Fort Polk, Louisiana, one combat year, with the goal of deploying units no more than aviation brigade and a division artillery. every fourth year. Units that are ready, but not de- • 82d Airborne Division, headquartered at Fort ployed, are available for contingencies or other emer- gent requirements. The ARFORGEN policy readies Bragg, North Carolina, with three airborne infantry each reserve component unit every five years. Units BCTs and one combat aviation brigade. in both the active component and the reserve com- • 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault), headquar- ponent (Army National Guard and Army Reserve) tered at Fort Campbell, Kentucky, with four air as- move through three stages of the operational readi- sault infantry BCTs, two combat aviation brigades ness cycle, as defined by the ARFORGEN strategy and a division artillery. and model: • Joint Readiness Training Center, Fort Polk, Reset: Units are given time to recover from previous Louisiana. deployments. They complete individual education • National Training Center, 11th Armored Cavalry and development, receive new equipment, are as- Regiment, Fort Irwin, California. signed new personnel and train to achieve the required unit capability level necessary to enter the ready force • 3d Stryker Cavalry Regiment at Fort Hood, Texas. pool. AC Soldiers spend between three and six months • 3d Expeditionary Sustainment Command, head- in the reset phase; RC Soldiers spend one year in this quartered at Fort Knox, Kentucky. phase. • 13th Expeditionary Sustainment Command, head- Train/Ready: Units are combat-task proficient quartered at Fort Hood, Texas. through higher-level collective training and are con- • 20th Support Command, headquartered at Aber- sidered ready to conduct mission requirements, in- deen Proving Ground, Maryland. cluding contingency deployment. These units are also eligible to fill operational surge requirements, if nec- • Air Traffic Services Command, headquartered at essary. AC Soldiers spend nine months in the train/ Fort Rucker, Alabama. ready phase; RC Soldiers spend three years. Army Force Generation Available: Units are available within their assigned The Army has implemented a readiness model to window for missions such as overseas deployments, manage the force and ensure the ability to support prepare-to-deploy missions and contingency re- demands for its forces. The Army Force Generation sponse. Both active and reserve component Soldiers (ARFORGEN) process creates operational readiness are available for one year in this phase, though most cycles wherein individual units increase their prepared- overseas missions last nine months. The remaining ness over time, culminating in full-mission readiness time is used for reset and demobilization for reserve and availability for missions. Manning, equipping, component units. resourcing and training processes are synchronized to First Army is a critical component to the success the ARFORGEN process, creating a cycle of building of the evolving ARFORGEN strategy. In building the and maintaining ready ground forces. readiness of the reserve component, First Army advis- es, trains and supports RC Soldiers during premobili- zation periods.5 The dynamic nature of the operational environment compelled the Army to mature and refine ARFORGEN into a process of continuous synchronization to better perform sourcing activities. Similarly, the Army is re- addressing its force generation policies to allow the Army to balance contingency requirements, steady- state missions, available resources and force structure as the strategic environment continues to change. Army Modernization The objective of Army equipment modernization is to enable Soldiers to fight and win across the entire range of military operations by developing and

26 Profile of the U.S. Army 2014/2015 The Army is divesting older systems and niche capabilities to decrease sustainment costs and generate additional resources for modernization and readiness. fielding versatile and tailorable equipment that is af- The Army has identified 10 critical programs that fordable, sustainable and cost-effective. The Army synchronize equipment modernization: has developed several initiatives to guide equipment • Warfighter Information Network–Tactical modernization during this period of fiscal constraint. (WIN-T). WIN-T, the Army’s top modernization The Total Army focuses equipment modernization on priority, is the Soldier’s Internet and communi- the Soldier and squad, providing them with a network cations backbone to which all other networked and key enablers. Using incremental improvements systems must connect. to update existing systems is the first option, while building new systems will happen only by exception. • Joint Tactical Radio System (JTRS). JTRS is The Army is divesting older systems and niche ca- the Army’s future deployable mobile communica- pabilities to decrease sustainment costs and generate tions family of radio systems that permits digital additional resources for modernization and readiness. exchange of voice, data and video with multiple It is also developing smaller procurement objectives channels. because it cannot afford to equip and sustain the en- • Joint Battle Command–Platform (JBC-P). tire force with the most advanced equipment. Finally, JBC-P is the foundation for achieving affordable each equipment decision is being reviewed to ensure information interoperability and superiority on that it is both affordable within the overall budget and current and future battlefields. It is the principal cost-effective in addressing the capability gap. command and control/situation awareness (C2/ Prioritization of efforts will go toward modernizing SA) system for the Army and Marine Corps at the the network to facilitate the decisionmaking of Sol- brigade level and below. diers with information and connectivity across all tac- • Distributed Common Ground System–Army tical echelons for unified land operations in support (DCGS-A). DCGS-A is the Army’s premier of the joint force. Similarly, aviation reflects priorities intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance tool for Apache, Black Hawk and Chinook helicopters as that gives intelligence analysts rapid exploitation the most capable and survivable combat-proven air- capabilities. craft. Additionally, emphasis is being placed on pro- • Nett Warrior. Nett Warrior includes a smart- tecting critical science and technology investments phone-like electronic device, graphically display- as the seed corn for the future. However, achieving ing Soldiers’ locations on a digital map that can be the Army’s priority efforts will require a significantly shared on the Army network. larger time investment than originally thought, due to the decline in resources for the Research, Develop- • Armored Multi-Purpose Vehicle (AMPV). ment and Acquisition accounts. The Army will begin AMPV replaces the M113 family of vehicles and to recover the balance among modernization, readi- provides required protection, mobility and net- ness and manpower in FY 2020 as manpower end- working for the Army’s critical enablers, including strength stabilizes. At this point, the aim is to renew mortars, medical evacuation and command and investment in new programs impacted by recent bud- control vehicles. get constraints after assessing existing or new capabil- • Paladin Integrated Management (PIM). PIM ity gaps and updating requirements. provides low-risk upgrades to the self-propelled

Army Organization 27 are essential to meet Defense Strategic Guidance and defense budget priorities. The Bipartisan Budget Act of 2013 provides greater budget certainty for FYs 2014 and 2015; however, investment reductions in equipment modernization continue to challenge the Army in delivering capabilities to our Soldiers now and in the future. Obstacles notwithstanding, the Army will continue to empower, protect and unburden the Soldier and equip the squad to be the foundation of the decisive force. Moreover, modernizing combat vehicles, including aviation, will deter and defeat hybrid threats, sending a signal to current and future adversaries that, despite ever-changing battlefield environments, the United States is prepared to fight.6 howitzer fleet. It replaces the current M109A6 Budget Paladin and M992A2 Field Artillery Ammunition The Army operates on money appropriated by Con- Supply Vehicle with a platform that incorporates gress as part of the federal budget, using a fiscal year Bradley common drive train and suspension com- calendar that corresponds with congressional release ponents in a newly designed hull. of the appropriations two months before the end of the • Joint Light Tactical Vehicle (JLTV). The center calendar year. As a result, FY 2014 began on 1 Octo- of the Army’s tactical wheeled vehicle moderniza- ber 2013 and ends on 30 September 2014. tion strategy, the JLTV will replace the High Mo- The Army budget process begins with commanders bility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle (HMMWV) identifying requirements from the staff and field orga- and the Mine Resistant Ambush Protected (MRAP) nizations and prioritizing their needs. Using guidance family of vehicles. from the President’s Office of Management Budget • AH-64 Apache. AH-64 is the Army’s world-class (OMB) and the Department of Defense, the Army heavy attack helicopter for the current and future puts together a budget proposal that is submitted for force. Its enhancements consist of several technical DoD and OMB review. Once approved, the Army insertions. Apache investment is a key facet of the budget becomes part of the President’s Budget sub- Army Aviation Restructure Initiative. mitted to Congress in February. Congress reviews the budget with the intent of providing appropriation acts • UH-60 Black Hawk. UH-60 is a utility aircraft to the President before the beginning of the next fiscal and the Army’s largest helicopter fleet. The new year on 1 October. However, if no budget agreement Army Aviation Restructure Initiative will provide is reached by 1 October, Congress passes Continuing flexibility to address aging training fleet concerns Resolution Acts allowing departments to continue op- and will provide the Army National Guard with an erating within stipulated restrictions. additional 111 modernized Black Hawk aircraft. When the President signs the appropriation acts America’s Total Army is the best in the world to- into law, first the U.S. Treasury, then DoD and next day. It has unique capabilities to provide regionally the Army receives the funds. Because the money is aligned, expeditionary and decisive landpower; how- provided by appropriation it carries restrictions. For ever, its capacity and capability overmatch are being example, money generally cannot be moved across eroded. Adding impetus for modernization, there is appropriations without prior congressional repro- uncertainty in the international security environment gramming approval, and some appropriations expire which provides an opportunity for potential adversar- at the end of one, three or five fiscal years. Because ies to develop destructive technologies and weapons Congress is restricted by law from appropriating of their own. Furthermore, the demand for Army units money that is not specifically earmarked for spend- is on the rise to meet combatant commander require- ing, the armed forces do not receive excess funds for ments for regional engagements across the range of contingencies. However, due to the ongoing oper- military operations to prevent, shape and win in sup- ations in Iraq and Afghanistan, DoD requests funds port of national interests. Ultimately, the ability to that are specifically allocated for overseas contingen- modernize Army equipment relies on stable, consis- cy operations (OCO) in addition to the base budget tent and flexible budget authority. Adequate resources proposal. These funds fill the gaps between already

28 Profile of the U.S. Army 2014/2015 Department of Defense Budget Process

Congress

Department of Defense

Budget Budget Committees Resolutions

OMB Armed Services Authorization President’s Committees Bills Budget

Appropriations Appropriation Committees Bills

OMB Apportionment Treasury Warrants

Department of Defense OMB – Office of Management and Budget appropriated money and the actual costs of opera- Army tions. In some years, Congress may also pass a second http://www.army.mil bill called a bridge supplemental, allowing the Army Army Organization to continue operations in the time between the end of http://www.army.mil/info/organization the last fiscal year (the expiration date of the original Budget of the U.S. Government supplemental bill) and the passing of the next year’s http://www.gpoaccess.gov/usbudget budget (which can be up to several months later). Crests and Unit Patches (Institute of Heraldry) With the end of the Cold War, the 1990s saw a http://www.tioh.hqda.pentagon.mil downward trend in defense funding as the United Operational Terms and Graphics States reduced the size of its armed forces. The attacks http://www.armypubs.army.mil/doctrine/dr_pubs/dr_a/pdf/ on the United States on 11 September 2001 reversed fm1_02c1.pdf that trend, prompting an increase in defense costs; the Operational Units and Installations wars in Afghanistan and Iraq and other national secu- http://www.army.mil/info/organization/unitsandcommands/oud rity concerns necessitated sharp budget increases in Posture Statement the first decade of the 21st century. The FY 2012 bud- http://www.army.mil/info/institution/posturestatement get, however, marked a change in this upward trend: the total Army budget decreased by $30.2 billion, previous year.7 The Army’s FY 2013 budget is $184.6 including overseas contingency operations, from the billion, which includes $50 billion for OCO.8

1 2014 Army Posture Statement, submitted by The Honorable John M. McHugh and General Raymond T. Odierno to the Committees and Subcommittees of the United States Senate and the House of Representatives, 2nd Session, 113th Congress, March 2014, http://usarmy.vo.llnwd.net/e2/c/downloads/336945.pdf. 2 Ibid. 3 Ibid. 4 Dennis Steele, “The FY 2013 Budget: Ups and Downs in Cutting,” ARMY, April 2012, http://www.ausa.org/publications/armymagazine/archive/2012/04/ Documents/Steele1_0412.pdf. 5 “First Army: Training for Today’s Requirements and Tomorrow’s Contingencies,” Torchbearer Issue Paper (Arlington, VA: Association of the United States Army, April 2012), http://www.ausa.org/publications/torchbearercampaign/torchbearerissuepapers/Documents/TBIP_First_Army_web.pdf. 6 Department of the Army, Army Equipment Program in support of President’s Budget 2015, May 2014, http://usarmy.vo.llnwd.net/e2/c/downloads/348286.pdf. 7 The Army Budget Fiscal Year 2012: An Analysis, Association of the United States Army, October 2011, http://www.ausa.org/publications/ilw/Documents/Budget_ Book_FY12_web.pdf. 8 2012 Army Posture Statement.

Army Organization 29 The individual Soldier is the basic building block of all Army organization and operations.

30 Profile of the U.S. Army 2014/2015 4 The Soldier

Army Strong will support and defend the Constitution of the United The United States Army is among the best trained, States against all enemies, foreign or domestic, that most disciplined and most proficient in the world. I will bear true faith and allegiance to the same; that That tradition dates to 1778 when Baron Friedrich von I take this obligation freely, without any mental res- Steuben wrote the book on training and discipline for ervations or purpose of evasion; and that I will well George Washington’s fledgling Continental Army at and faithfully discharge the duties of the office upon Valley Forge. That was the turning point in the War of which I am about to enter. So help me God.” Independence; von Steuben’s training gave the Amer- Army Values ican Army the tools to topple the better-equipped, bet- U.S. Army Soldiers adhere to the following seven ter-supplied and larger British army and has been the core Army values: foundation of America’s armed superiority ever since. • Loyalty—Bear true faith and allegiance to the U.S. The individual Soldier is the basic building block of Constitution, the Army, the unit and fellow Sol- all Army organization and operations; the strength of diers. Bearing true faith and allegiance is a matter the Army lies not only in numbers but also in the Sol- of believing in and devoting yourself to something diers. Soldiers develop mental, emotional and physi- or someone. A loyal Soldier is one who supports cal strength forged through shared values, teamwork, the leadership and stands up for fellow Soldiers. experience and training, embodying the spirit of the By wearing the uniform of the U.S. Army, Soldiers current Army recruiting campaign, “Army Strong.” express their loyalty. By doing their share, they Army Oath show loyalty to the unit. Title 10 of the U.S. Code establishes the mission • Duty—Fulfill your obligations. A Soldier doing his and organization of the U.S. Army and governs the or her duty means more than carrying out assigned enlistment and commissioning of the Army’s Soldiers. tasks. Duty means being able to accomplish tasks Upon entering the Army, Soldiers must recite the oath as part of a team. The work of the U.S. Army is established by the Continental Congress when it cre- a complex combination of missions, tasks and ated the Army in 1775. The current oaths, with word- responsibilities, building one assignment onto ing dating to around 1960, are as follows. another. Soldiers fulfill their obligations as a part of the unit every time they resist the temptation to Enlisted Oath take shortcuts that might undermine the integrity of “I, _____, do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will the final product. support and defend the Constitution of the United • Respect—Treat people as they should be treated. States against all enemies, foreign and domestic; that Respect is what allows us to appreciate the best I will bear true faith and allegiance to the same; and in other people. Respect is trusting that all peo- that I will obey the orders of the President of the Unit- ple have done their jobs and fulfilled their duty. ed States and the orders of the officers appointed over Self-respect is a vital ingredient, too, which results me, according to regulations and the Uniform Code of from knowing one has put forth the best possible Military Justice. So help me God.” effort. The Army is one team, and each Soldier has Officer Oath something to contribute. “I, _____, having been appointed an officer in the • Selfless Service—Put the welfare of the nation, the Army of the United States, as indicated above in the Army and one’s subordinates before one’s own. grade of _____, do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I In serving their country, Soldiers are doing duty

The Soldier 31 loyally without thought of recognition or gain. The basic building block of selfless service is the com- I am an American Soldier. mitment of all team members to go a little further, I am a Warrior and a member of a team. endure a little longer and look a little closer to see I serve the people of the United States how they can add to the effort. and live the Army Values. • Honor—Live up to Army values. Honor is a I will always place the mission first. matter of carrying out, acting and living the values I will never accept defeat. of respect, duty, loyalty, selfless service, integrity I will never quit. and personal courage in everything. Soldiers make I will never leave a fallen comrade.* honor a matter of daily living, solidifying a habit of being honorable with every value choice they I am disciplined, physically and mentally make. tough, trained and proficient in my warrior tasks and drills. I always maintain my arms, • Integrity—Do what is right, legally and morally. my equipment and myself. Integrity is a quality developed by adhering to moral principles. It requires never doing and say- I am an expert and I am a professional. ing anything that deceives others. As a Soldier’s I stand ready to deploy, engage and integrity grows, so does the trust others place in destroy the enemies of the United States that Soldier. of America in close combat. • Personal Courage—Face fear, danger and adver- I am a guardian of freedom sity (physical or moral). Personal courage has long and the American way of life. been associated with the Army. Physical courage I am an American Soldier. is a matter of enduring physical duress and risking personal safety. Facing moral fear or adversity may * Warrior Ethos —The Soldier’s Creed be a long, slow process of continuing forward on the right path, especially if taking those actions is captain, O-3, is the equivalent of a Navy lieutenant. not popular with others. Soldiers build personal A private first class is an E-3 in the Army but an E-2 courage by standing up daily for and acting upon in the Marine Corps. Sometimes two ranks may be the things they know are honorable. assigned the same pay grade (e.g., specialists and cor- The Soldier’s Creed porals in the Army, both of whom are E-4s). In addition to the seven core Army values, all Sol- The bulk of personnel are enlisted, making up 83 diers are expected to uphold a set of principles called percent of the active Army, 88 percent of the Army the Soldier’s Creed. This creed guides every aspect of National Guard and 83 percent of the Army Reserve. their Army lives, from behavior and attitude to train- Commissioned officers comprise almost 14 percent ing and the carrying out of duties and missions. of the active Army, 9.2 percent of the Army National Rank and Promotions Guard and 16 percent of the Army Reserve. Warrant officers make up the rest.1 The Army is an equal-op- The structure for the Army’s uniformed members portunity employer, recruiting, enlisting, commission- is based on rank, a designation of experience and au- ing, promoting and retaining Soldiers wholly on the thority. Except in some specialized career fields, all basis of skills. This intentionally provides the Army members enter the Army at the lowest commissioned with a diverse composition of people. or enlisted rank and earn promotions to higher ranks based on their performance record, skill levels, time Commissioned Officers in grade and leadership qualities. Each succeeding Commissioned officers receive a commission ap- rank carries more authority, greater responsibility and proved by Congress to serve in the Army. Commis- higher pay. sioned officers legally represent the Commander in The Army divides rank into three types: commis- Chief (the President of the United States), and the sioned officers, warrant officers and enlisted Soldiers, commission serves as the basis for an officer’s legal including noncommissioned officers (NCOs). Each authority. Commissioned officers are the equivalent rank is given a numbered designation (i.e., O-number, of mid- and high-level executives in civilian corpora- W-number or E-number) to indicate its pay grade and tions, managing large numbers of people and resourc- corresponding rank with those of other military ser- es. They are expected to prudently and courageously vices. For example, a colonel in the Army is an O-6, exercise finely honed judgment to command Soldiers, the equivalent of a Navy captain, whereas an Army establish Army policy and manage Army resources.

32 Profile of the U.S. Army 2014/2015 Rank Insignia with estimated promotion timelines

No Insignia E-1 Private O-1 Second Lieutenant (2LT) Private (PV2) E-2 6 months

First Lieutenant (1LT) Private First Class (PFC) O-2 E-3 18 months 16 months

Specialist (SPC) E-4 30 months Captain (CPT) O-3 4 years Corporal (CPL) E-4 30 months

Major (MAJ) Sergeant (SGT) O-4 E-5 10-11 years 4.5 years

Staff Sergeant (SSG) E-6 Lieutenant Colonel (LTC) 8 years O-5 16.5 years

Sergeant First Class (SFC) E-7 12.5–14 years Colonel (COL) O-6 22 years

Master Sergeant (MSG) E-8 17.7–20 years O-7 Brigadier General (BG)

First Sergeant (1SG) E-8 17.7–20 years O-8 Major General (MG)

Sergeant Major (SGM) O-9 Lieutenant General (LTG) E-9 22.6–24 years

O-10 General (GEN) Command Sergeant Major (CSM) E-9 22.6–24 years

General of the Army (GA) Sergeant Major of the E-9 Army (SMA)

Chief Warrant Chief Warrant Chief Warrant Chief Warrant Officer 2 (CW2) Officer 3 (CW3) Officer 4 (CW4) Officer (CW5) Warrant Officer 1 (WO1) 2 years + 7–8 years + 12–14 years + 17–20 years + Warrant Officer Warrant Officer Warrant Officer Warrant Officer Basic Course Advanced Course Staff College Senior Staff Course

The Soldier 33 Willingly render loyal services to superiors, subordinates and peers in every organization of which they are members. Always set an example in conduct, appearance and performance that will make others proud to know and work with them. Reliably discharge all duties with which they are confronted whether such duties are expressed or implied. Readily subordinate their personal interests and welfare to those of their Commissioned officers earn their commissions ei- organization and their subordinates. ther by graduating from the U.S. Military Academy Accept responsibility at every (USMA) at West Point, New York, by completing opportunity and acknowledge full the Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC) program accountability for their actions. while attending college or by completing Officer Can- didate School (OCS). The officer corps is divided into Never knowingly tolerate three designations: wrongdoing by themselves or others, whether by commission • Lieutenants and captains are company-grade or omission, design or neglect. officers. Teach other people in a way that • Majors, lieutenant colonels and colonels are field- effectively expands and perpetuates the grade officers. scope of their technical competence. • The top five ranks, represented by stars, are gener- Obtains the breadth of perspective and al officers. depth of understanding beyond the limits The Army’s highest rank, General of the Army (five of their specific responsibility. stars), was created in 1944 and conferred on George Faithfully adhere to their oath of Marshall, Douglas MacArthur, Dwight Eisenhower office in all respects, upholding and and Henry Arnold. Omar Bradley, the last to hold the defending the nation’s constitution rank, was appointed in 1950. by both word and deed. Warrant Officers Forcefully takes the initiative to Warrant officers are highly specialized experts and stimulate constructive action in all areas trainers in specific technologies, activities or skills. requiring or inviting their attention. They are single-track officers in that they stay within Improves themselves both physically and their specialties throughout their careers rather than mentally, professionally and personally, to rising through levels of command or staff duties. War- increase their own abilities and the rant officers earn their warrants from the Secretary of value of their services. the Army upon completing Warrant Officer Candidate School. When promoted to Chief Warrant Officer Two Contributes their past experiences, (CW2), warrant officers receive a commission from service and knowledge to a dedicated the President and have the same legal status as com- effort for a betterment of the future. missioned officers, though they maintain their sin- Earns an ironclad reputation for the gle-track careers. absolute integrity of their word. Enlisted Personnel Reflects credit and inspires confidence Soldiers who enlist in the Army make up the en- in themselves, the Warrant Officer Corps, listed ranks. They must successfully complete basic the military service of the nation and training—where they learn the Army culture and core the United States of America. skills of a Soldier—and attend Advanced Individual —The Warrant Officer’s Creed Training (AIT) to learn a specialty. The three lowest

34 Profile of the U.S. Army 2014/2015 direct Soldiers, manage operations and take on other No one is more professional than I. I am a leadership duties to accomplish a mission. NCOs are noncommissioned officer, a leader of Soldiers. traditionally called “the backbone of the U.S. Army” As a noncommissioned officer, I realize that I because of their experience in and knowledge of their am a member of a time-honored corps which specialties, their devotion to duty and their dedication is known as “The Backbone of the Army.” I to the Army’s mission. As such they not only transform am proud of the corps of noncommissioned recruits into teams of Soldiers but often are tasked officers and will at all times conduct myself with teaching lieutenants the basics of their new jobs. so as to bring credit upon the corps, the The Army’s highest ranking NCO is the Sergeant military service and my country regardless Major of the Army (SMA), who serves as an adviser of the situation in which I find myself. I to the Army Chief of Staff and as a spokesperson for will not use my grade or position to attain the whole enlisted force among the command levels pleasure, profit or personal safety. of the Army. Competence is my watchword. My two basic Training responsibilities will always be uppermost No matter their rank, all personnel—including in my mind—accomplishment of my mission USMA and ROTC graduates—receive training upon and the welfare of my Soldiers. I will strive to entering the Army. Soldiers also are encouraged to remain tactically and technically proficient. I continue both their military education and college de- am aware of my role as a noncommissioned gree pursuits as they rise in rank. U.S. Army Train- officer. I will fulfill my responsibilities ing and Doctrine Command (TRADOC) operates an inherent in that role. All Soldiers are entitled extensive Army school system that provides military to outstanding leadership; I will provide that specialty training and professional military education. leadership. I know my Soldiers and I will All Soldiers, including those in the Army National always place their needs above my own. I will Guard and Army Reserve, have access to this educa- communicate consistently with my Soldiers tion network. Generally, Army training can be catego- and never leave them uninformed. I will be rized as institutional training and unit tactical training. fair and impartial when recommending both rewards and punishment. Institutional Training Officers of my unit will have maximum time Initial Entry Training. This includes basic training to accomplish their duties; they will not for enlisted personnel, traditionally known as “boot have to accomplish mine. I will earn their camp,”—a strenuous program in which new recruits respect and confidence as well as that of my learn the organization of the Army, discover the intel- Soldiers. I will be loyal to those with whom lectual and physical requirements of being a Soldier I serve: seniors, peers and subordinates and are instilled with the Warrior Ethos: to place the alike. I will exercise initiative by taking mission first, never accept defeat, never quit and nev- appropriate action in the absence of orders. er leave a fallen comrade. Officers similarly under- I will not compromise my integrity, nor my go such training during OCS, and the lessons—both moral courage. I will not forget, nor will I mental and physical—are part of the curriculum at allow my comrades to forget, that we are USMA and in ROTC programs. Warrant officers re- professionals, noncommissioned officers, ceive their initial training at the U.S. Army Warrant leaders! Officer Career Center. —The NCO Creed Advanced Individual Training. Soldiers proceed from Initial Entry Training to courses at an Army branch school or unit to learn skills specific to their pay grades—private, private E-2 and private first assigned career—their Military Occupational Spe- class—are usually in training or on their first assign- cialty (MOS). Officers also attend Basic Courses at ments. At E-4, specialists gain greater responsibilities an Army branch school. Each career field has special- within their career fields. ized training; when Soldiers or officers change career Though sharing the E-4 pay grade with specialists, fields, they “cross-train” by going through another corporals share the status of noncommissioned of- branch school. ficer with E-5s and above—the ascending levels of Professional Military Education. An ongoing series sergeants. NCOs are sworn to obey the legal orders of courses and schools help develop leadership skills of their officers, but they also are given authority to and warfighter knowledge among America’s Soldiers.

The Soldier 35 Exercises that simulate both war and other-than- war operations are another form of unit tactical training. Exercises test and grade a unit’s current ability to carry out its missions, giving its Soldiers valuable training and also revealing areas where the unit could improve. These range from “tabletop” exercises that test organizational procedures and preparation to full- scale war games involving other Army units, other U.S. military services and/or other nations’ forces. Branch Training All Soldiers are assigned to and trained in one of the branches of the Army. These are job and skill specialties the Soldier will perform in combat or in support of combat units. The branches of the Army are grouped according to their primary mission: Schools for NCOs include the Primary Leadership • to engage in combat; Development Course, the Basic Course, the Advanced • to directly support combat elements; or NCO Course and the Sergeants Major Academy. Offi- cer courses include Command and General Staff Col- • to provide combat service support or administra- lege, the Armed Forces Staff College, the Army War tion to the Army as a whole. College and the National Defense University (includ- Soldiers who serve in these branches wear distinc- ing the National War College, the Industrial College tive insignia on their uniforms. In addition, Soldiers of the Armed Forces and the Joint Forces Staff Col- may receive special insignia indicating their qualifi- lege). Army officers may also attend U.S. Air Force cations in certain skills. During their careers, Soldiers and Navy schools or be assigned as exchange students receive unit badges and earn medals and other honors at foreign military schools. displayed as ribbons on their dress uniforms. These Specialty Training. Officers and NCOs take career decorations represent commitment to excellence and specialty courses throughout their careers to devel- unit cohesion, and Soldiers wear them proudly. (See op technical skills and knowledge necessary for their chapter 5, “The Uniform.”) duties. Soldier as a System Military Doctrine. In addition to skills- and knowl- After decades of technological advancements in edge-based coursework, TRADOC helps the Army weaponry, transportation, armor and airborne capa- formulate warfighting and organizational strategies, bilities, the Army addressed the modernization of called “doctrine.” Doctrine is formulated through its centerpiece weapon—the Soldier. The initiative, scholarship of military techniques and strategies past called Soldier as a System, provides all Soldiers, in- and present, lessons learned from recent and ongoing cluding those in rear echelons, with equipment and campaigns and experiments with equipment, behav- training to achieve the following qualities in the full iors and strategic theories. spectrum of military operations in all environments: Unit Tactical Training • Lethality—capability to detect, identify, counter Unit tactical training prepares units, individually or kill selected targets; or in tandem with other units, for a variety of opera- • Survivability—effective protective materiel and tional missions. Although most of this training is con- countermeasures, including self-defense; ducted at home installations, the Army operates three • Mobility—efficient and effective movement for combat training centers that provide realistic training both mounted and dismounted Soldiers, including in a wide spectrum of environments: the National reducing an individual Soldier’s load; Training Center (NTC) at Fort Irwin, California; the Joint Readiness Training Center (JRTC) at Fort Polk, • Sustainability—reliable and durable equipment Louisiana; and the Combat Maneuver Training Cen- and physically and mentally healthy Soldiers; and ter (CMTC) at Hohenfels, Germany. These training • Battle Command Capabilities—capability to centers offer opportunities to apply unit mission skills receive and use information that provides a more against well-trained “opposing forces” posing as the complete picture of the battlefield and rapid chang- enemy. es in that battlefield.

36 Profile of the U.S. Army 2014/2015 Army Endstrength by Component Army National Guard Recruiting (in thousands) http://www.nationalguard.com 800 Army Recruiting http://www.goarmy.com 600 Army Reserve Recruiting http://www.goarmy.com/reserve.html Army Schools (Army Training and Doctrine Command) 400 http://www.tradoc.army.mil/schools.asp Careers in the Military 200 http://www.careersinthemilitary.com Active Army Civilians Civilian Personnel Army National Guard Army Reserve http://cpol.army.mil FY90 FY95 FY00 FY05 FY10 FY15 Enlisted Personnel Management Endstrength https://www.hrc.army.mil/site/active/enlist/enlist.htm “Endstrength” is the term used for the total number Officer Career Management http://www.army.mil/info/armylife/careermanagement/officers of people serving in the various components of the Army as authorized in the budget passed by Congress. Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC) The FY 2015 Army endstrength projection is 490,000 http://www.goarmy.com/rotc.html for the active Army, 350,200 for the Army National U.S. Military Academy Guard and 202,000 for the Army Reserve.2 The Army http://www.usma.edu also employs more than 330,000 civilians.3 These Warrant Officer Career Management numbers represent a significant decrease in the end- http://www.army.mil/info/armylife/careermanagement/ strength available to the Army at the end of the Cold warrantofficers War in 1989 (770,000 for the active Army, 457,000 Warrant Officer Recruiting for the Army National Guard, 319,000 for the Army http://www.usarec.army.mil/hq/warrant Reserve and 405,000 civilians). As the American government pursued a “peace dividend,” the forces The major source of officers is the senior ROTC pro- steadily decreased throughout the 1990s, reaching the gram, operated by the U.S. Army Cadet Command current levels at the end of the millennium. The wars at 273 host colleges and universities and more than in Afghanistan and Iraq in the first decade of the 21st 1,100 other affiliated campuses in the United States. century led to an increase in the Army’s endstrength. Between Army ROTC and OCS, Cadet Command The end of the Iraq War in 2011 and the drawdown of is responsible for producing over 76 percent of the troops in Afghanistan are again causing a reduction in Army’s new second lieutenants. The command also endstrength. oversees more than 1,730 Junior ROTC units in the nation’s high schools. Recruiting and Retention Retention is another ongoing effort, impacted by As an all-volunteer force, the Army must recruit to mission needs within the Army as well as by external meet its endstrength, but it seeks only individuals who economic and social factors. Once it has created the want to serve the nation and who have the commit- best and brightest Soldiers, the Army, backed by Con- ment and endurance to stay the course. gress, wants to keep them. Retention depends on the The Army recruits most of its enlisted personnel Soldiers’ continued satisfaction with their career paths through high schools and recruitment offices locat- and quality of life as well as the family’s satisfaction ed in almost every community in the nation. Officers with the quality of military life. Continued satisfac- enter the Army through the U.S. Military Academy tion also relies on quality compensation, single-Sol- (USMA) at West Point, the Reserve Officer Training dier and family housing, health care and retirement Corps (ROTC) or Officer Candidate School (OCS). benefits.

1 2011 Army Demographic Profile, 30 September 2011, http://www.armyg1.army.mil/hr/docs/demographics/fy11_army_profile.pdf. 2 David Vergun, “FY15 Army budget: request includes small pay raise, 490K endstrength,” Army News Service, 4 March 2014, http://www.army.mil/article/121217. 3 “Army Civilian Service,” accessed 22 July 2014, http://www.armycivilianservice.com.

The Soldier 37 Army uniforms present a distinctive appearance that readily identifies a Soldier to the American public.

38 Profile of the U.S. Army 2014/2015 5 The Uniform

The Army Uniform has a more defined, classic shape for comfort and may The Army uniform is standardized dress that makes be a better fit for some Soldiers. it easy to identify a Soldier. Soldiers wear different uniforms depending on their location and the duties The Operation Enduring Freedom they are performing. Camouflage Pattern In February 2010, the Army announced its inten- The Army Combat Uniform and Flame- tion to add an additional uniform for the Afghani- Resistant Army Combat Uniform stan region. The camouflage pattern for this FRACU The Army Combat Uniform (ACU) and Flame-Re- changed from the pixilated Universal Camouflage sistant Army Combat Uniform (FRACU) consist of a Pattern (UCP) to the MultiCam® pattern that was al- jacket, trousers, patrol cap, moisture-wicking t-shirt ready being worn by Army special operations forces. and Army combat boots (temperate, hot weather) or Soldiers who deployed in late August 2010 to Afghan- mountain combat boots for rugged terrain. The ACU istan were the first to receive the new Operation En- is worn with ancillary items, including embroidered during Freedom Camouflage Pattern (OCP) uniform. U.S. Army tapes, name tapes and rank and shoulder Soldiers already in theater received them in the fall sleeve insignia. of 2010. While the OCP uniform is now used in des- In June 2011, the patrol cap that matches the ACU ignated combat areas of operation, the UCP uniform became the primary headgear for this duty uniform. remains the standard for daily work, utility and field At the commander’s discretion, the black wool beret operations. can be worn with the ACU. The new OCP is designed, based on scientific anal- The ACU, including component material, is man- ysis, to deceive the human eye and brain to interpret ufactured in the United States to ensure the highest the concealed object as part of the background. The quality control and support to the American workforce. complex, curved elements are designed to maintain concealment by effectively managing scale and con- The Army Combat Uniform–Permethrin trast at long and close range. In August 2012, the OCP In February 2013, all Army combat uniforms were uniforms began to include an improved fabric and given a standardized insect repellent treatment called several design changes to increase durability in the permethrin. This treatment provides additional pro- rugged terrain. tection against flying and crawling insects. In July 2010 the Army began issuing permethrin-treated, The Operational Camouflage Pattern flame-resistant combat uniforms to all deploying Sol- Beginning in the fall of 2015, the Army will issue diers. Permethrin is a safe, synthetic insect repellent to new Soldiers an Army combat uniform which uti- that mimics natural compounds found in chrysanthe- lizes the new Operational Camouflage Pattern. Visu- mum flowers. It is widely used in the civilian market ally similar to the current Multicam®-based OCP, this to treat scabies and lice and is commonly used to treat new pattern will replace both it and the UCP, with all commercially sold hiking and hunting gear. The fac- Soldiers required to begin using the new uniform by tory treatment has been tested to ensure the insect pro- the summer of 2018. tection remains effective for the life of the uniform. The Army Service Uniform The Army Combat Uniform–Alternate The Army Service Uniform (ASU) is a tradition- The Army Combat Uniform–Alternate (ACU-A) al-style uniform based on the Army Blue Uniform. uses the same configuration as the ACU. The ACU-A The ASU presents a distinctive appearance that

The Uniform 39 4

5 4 3 5 3

2 6 6 2 7 1 7 1 8 8

Army Combat Uniform Army Combat Uniform (Universal Camouflage Pattern) (Operational Camouflage Pattern)

Army Combat Uniform (ACU) 1. Shoulder sleeve insignia—former wartime service 7. Temporary tabs (Airborne, Honor Guard, Mountain, Pershing) 2. American flag patch—the flag is reversed to give the 8. Current unit shoulder sleeve insignia impression of flying in the breeze as the Soldier moves forward. 9. The Operation Enduring Freedom Camouflage Pattern (also 3. Name tape known as MultiCam®) is currently worn by deployed Soldiers in 4. Rank Afghanistan and other specifically designated areas of operation. 5. Special skill badges This pattern, along with the Universal Camouflage Pattern, 6. Permanent tabs (President’s Hundred, Ranger, Sapper, will be replaced by the Operational Camouflage Pattern (right) Special Forces) beginning in the fall of 2015.

40 Profile of the U.S. Army 2014/2015 8 15

9 11 10 11 11 10 10 15 15 9 8 8 7 12

12 6 7 13 13 14 6 16 5 5

8 8

4 3 3

1 1 2 17

1 1

Army Service Uniform Army Service Uniform (Officer) (Enlisted)

Army Service Uniform (ASU) 1. A stripe on the sleeve and trouser leg indicates an officer 10. Branch insignia (left image) or noncommissioned officer (right image). 11. U.S. insignia 2. Overseas service bar 12. Combat and special skill badges 3. Combat service identification badge 13. Campaign and service medal ribbons 4. Identification badge 14. Blue infantry cord—worn by Soldiers in infantry or airborne 5. Name plate infantry units. 6. Unit awards 15. Distinctive unit insignia 7. Foreign badge 16. Special skill and marksmanship badges 8. Rank—officer rank is worn on the shoulders and beret, 17. Service stripes—indicate how long an enlisted Soldier has enlisted rank is worn on the sleeve. been in the Army; each diagonal stripe worn on the left sleeve 9. Regimental distinctive insignia represents three years.

The Uniform 41 Branch Insignia

Acquisition Corps Adjutant General Aide, Chief of Aide, General of Aide, General Aide to the Chairman, Aide, President Staff, Army the Army Officers Joint Chiefs of Staff of the United States

Aide, Secretary Aide, Secretary Air Defense Armor Army Bands Aviation Cavalry of the Army of Defense Artillery

Chaplain Assistant Chaplain Candidate Chaplain Corps Chaplain, Buddhist Chaplain, Christian Chaplain, Hindu Chaplain, Jewish

Chaplain, Muslim Chemical Corps Civil Affairs Corps of Engineers Electronic Warfare Field Artillery Finance Corps

General Staff Immaterial & Command Infantry Inspector General Judge Advocate Logistics Medical Department – Sergeant Major General Medical Corps

Medical Department – Medical Department – Medical Department – Medical Department – Medical Department – Military Intelligence Military Police Corps Dental Corps Veterinary Corps Nurse Corps Medical Specialist Corps Medical Service Corps

National Guard Bureau Ordnance Corps Psychological Public Affairs Quartermaster Signal Corps Special Forces Operations Corps

Staff Specialist, Army Transportation Corps National Guard/Army Reserve Officers

42 Profile of the U.S. Army 2014/2015 Badges and Tabs (representative sample)

Qualification Badges

Air Assault Astronaut Aviation Aviator Combat Action

Combat Infantry Combat Medical Distinguished Pistol Shot Distinguished Rifleman Diver (Second Class)

Diver (Salvage) Diver (Special Operations) Driver & Mechanic Expert Field Medical Expert Infantryman

Explosive Ordnance Disposal Flight Surgeon Military Freefall Parachutist Nuclear Reactor Operator Parachutist

Parachute Rigger Pathfinder Physical Fitness Weapons Qualification (Marksman) Weapons Qualification (Sharpshooter)

Weapons Qualification (Expert)

Identification Badges

Army Recruiter Army Staff Career Counselor Drill Sergeant Guard, Tomb of the Unknown Soldier

Joint Chiefs of Staff Office of the Secretary of Defense Tabs

Airborne Honor Guard Ranger Sapper Special Forces

The Uniform 43 Ribbons

Unit Citations Presidential Unit Citation Joint Meritorious Valorous Unit Award Meritorious Unit Army Superior Unit Award The gold-bordered unit Unit Award Commendation citations are worn on the right side of the Army Service Uniform.

Philippine Republic Republic of Korea Vietnam Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Republic of Vietnam Civil Presidential Unit Citation Presidential Unit Citation Presidential Unit Citation Cross Unit Citation Actions Unit Citation

Individual Awards and Decorations The Army uses military awards and decorations (i.e., medals and ribbons) to recognize Medal of Honor Distinguished Service Defense Distinguished servicemembers’ excellence and to motivate them to higher levels of performance. Cross Service Medal A ribbon can represent a campaign in which the Soldier took part, such as the Global War on Terrorism or Kosovo, or it can represent a medal the Soldier was awarded, such as the Medal of Honor or Silver Star. These ribbons are worn, arranged in order of precedence, on the left side of the Army Service Uniform. Army Distinguished Silver Star Defense Superior Service Medal Service Medal

Legion of Merit Distinguished Soldier’s Medal Bronze Star Medal Purple Heart Defense Meritorious Flying Cross Service Medal

Meritorious Service Medal Air Medal Joint Service Army Commendation Joint Service Army Achievement Medal Commendation Medal Medal Achievement Medal

Prisoner of War Medal Good Conduct Medal Army Reserve Components Army of Occupation Medal National Defense Korean Service Medal Achievement Medal Service Medal

Antarctica Service Medal Armed Forces Vietnam Service Medal Southwest Asia Kosovo Campaign Medal Afghanistan Expeditionary Medal Service Medal Campaign Medal

Iraq Campaign Medal Global War on Terrorism Global War on Terrorism Korean Defense Armed Forces Humanitarian Expeditionary Medal Service Medal Service Medal Service Medal Service Medal

Military Outstanding Army Sea Duty Medal Armed Forces NCO Professional Army Service Ribbon Overseas Service Ribbon Volunteer Service Medal Reserve Medal Development Ribbon

Army Reserve Component United Nations Inter-American United Nations Medal NATO Medal Multinational Force Overseas Training Ribbon Service Medal Defense Board Medal and Observers Medal

Republic of Vietnam Kuwait Liberation Medal Kuwait Liberation Medal Republic of Korea Campaign Medal (Kingdom of Saudi Arabia) (Government of Kuwait) War Service Medal

United Nations Observer United Nations Protection United Nations Security Group in India and Pakistan Force in Yugoslavia Forces, Hollandia

United Nations Ribbons Effective 13 October 1995, those awarded these medals may wear—in the same position as the United Nations medal—the first medal and ribbon for which they United Nations Mission United Nations Transitional United Nations Iraq/Kuwait qualify. Subsequent awards in a different mission will be denoted by a bronze service for the Referendum in Authority in Cambodia Observation Group star. Not more than one United Nations ribbon may be worn. Western Sahara

United Nations Advanced United Nations United Nations Operations Mission in Cambodia Mission in Haiti in Somalia

44 Profile of the U.S. Army 2014/2015 readily identifies a Soldier to the American public. Army Awards, Decorations, Campaign Army Blue, Green and White Service Uniforms have and Service Medals been streamlined to one blue uniform as part of an http://www.tioh.hqda.pentagon.mil/Awards/order_of_ evolutionary process to reduce the number of Army precedence.aspx dress uniforms. The ASU may be worn throughout the Army Regulation 670-1, Wear and Appearance year for a wide variety of occasions such as gradua- of Army Uniforms and Insignia tions, promotion boards, promotion ceremonies and http://www.apd.army.mil/pdffiles/r670_1.pdf other special events. Army Blue, as a uniform color, Army Service Uniform Information traces its origins back to the National Blue of the U.S. http://www.army.mil/asu flag and was first mandated for wear by Soldiers in the Uniform Symbols and Insignia Continental Army of 1779. http://www.army.mil/symbols The men’s ASU is composed of an Army Blue (dark blue) coat, blue trousers, white long- or short-sleeve for six months of overseas service in designated ar- shirt, black necktie and beret. The black all-weather eas during specified periods and is worn on the right coat may be worn over the uniform. The coat, trou- sleeve. sers and shirts are offered in classic and athletic sizes. The shirt is an improved, lighter-weight, wrinkle-re- The primary headgear for the ASU is the beret. The sistant fabric with permanent military creases and service cap and service hat are optional items worn shoulder loops. The women’s ASU is composed of an with the ASU. The windbreaker, overcoat and sweat- Army Blue coat, blue skirt, blue slacks, white long- ers are also authorized for wear with the ASU. or short-sleeve shirt, black neck tab and beret. The In addition to the clothing changes, the ASU will black all-weather coat may be worn over the uniform. allow Soldiers to wear the new Combat Service Iden- The coat, skirt, slacks and shirts are offered in junior, tification Badge (CSIB) to honor the heritage and misses and women’s sizes. traditions of combat service. The CSIB replicates the The ASU coat, trouser, skirt and slacks consist of a Shoulder Sleeve Insignia–Former Wartime Service on 55 percent wool and 45 percent polyester blend for a the ACU. The green leader tab is not authorized for heavier and more wrinkle-resistant fabric. wear on the ASU. Officers and noncommissioned officers (corporal The blue ASU was introduced to military clothing and above) wear gold braid on the trousers and slacks. sales stores in the fourth quarter of Fiscal Year (FY) Enlisted Soldiers (specialist and below) have plain 2007. The Army introduced the ASU into Soldiers’ legs on the trousers and slacks. Service stripes are clothing bags at Initial Entry Training in the fourth worn by enlisted Soldiers on the left coat sleeve; one quarter of FY 2010. The mandatory possession date service stripe represents every three years of honor- of the ASU for all Soldiers is the fourth quarter of FY able service. One overseas service bar is authorized 2014.

The Uniform 45 The Soldier is the first and last defense of the United States and as such is at the forward point of national security.

46 Profile of the U.S. Army 2014/2015 6 The Army on Point

On the Front Lines that also led to trusting cooperation among the different The American Soldier protects the vital interests of governments, giving Western Europe an unprecedent- the nation at home and abroad, responding to the na- ed period of sustained peace for more than 60 years. tion’s call in emergencies. The U.S. Army (in its Title With the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and the lifting 10 U.S. Code authority) has responsibilities for, and of the Iron Curtain at the end of the Cold War, several provides capabilities to, a wide variety of Department Eastern European countries joined NATO, which now of Defense (DoD) and non-DoD organizations in ad- boasts 28 members. Though NATO was established to dition to its inherent role. It is strategically agile and deter Soviet aggression, it also has engaged in other adaptive, quick to respond and capable of conducting military operations, including countering various ter- prompt and sustained combat. rorist groups in Europe and interceding in potentially destabilizing conflicts in the Balkans, Africa and the The Soldier is the first and last defense of the United Middle East. The U.S. Army assigns forces specifi- States and as such is at the forward point of national cally for NATO in Belgium, France, Germany, Great security. Those points span the globe, with more than Britain, Iceland, Italy, The Netherlands, Norway, Po- 150,400 Soldiers deployed/forward stationed in near- land, Portugal, Spain and Turkey. In response to recent ly 150 locations. instability in Eastern Europe, U.S. Army forces have Permanent Overseas Basing expanded training activities with partners in Poland, The United States Army calls a variety of plac- Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia. es home as it stations its Soldiers around the world. In accordance with NATO’s transformation, NATO Although DoD is moving some forward-based units Allied Land Command was officially activated in from overseas installations to U.S. bases, the Army Izmir, Turkey in 2012. As the alliance’s new headquar- has maintained a steady presence in Europe1 and the ters responsible for land force planning, the command Pacific Rim2 since World War II. ensures readiness of NATO forces, conducting land operations and synchronizing command and control. Europe Germany surrendered on 8 May 1945, ending the U.S. Army Europe (USAREUR) is the Army ser- European campaign of World War II. From that day vice component command of U.S. European Com- forward, the United States assumed the duty of ad- mand. Headquartered in Germany, USAREUR and its ministration and control in a portion of the divided subordinate commands provide expeditionary force German nation. The intent of the United States was capabilities in support of NATO and coalition partner- to accomplish a cleanup mission and come home, but ship missions, the war on terrorism, security cooper- events unfolding in the Cold War prompted U.S. forc- ation activities and theater logistics support. On any es to stay in Europe. given day, 20 percent of USAREUR’s Soldiers may be deployed to more than 20 countries both within and The primary mechanism through which U.S. troops outside its area of responsibility (AOR). are stationed in Europe is the North Atlantic Treaty Or- ganization (NATO). Formed in 1949 to create a united Japan front against threatened Soviet aggression, NATO pro- After the Japanese surrender in August 1945 brought vided security and safeguarded its members’ freedom World War II to an end, the U.S. Army remained in while the continent recovered from the devastation Japan as an occupation force. Article 9 of the 1947 of World War II. The level of cooperation among the Japanese constitution prohibited the maintenance of member nations’ armed forces created an environment military forces, making the Japanese dependent on

The Army on Point 47 U.S. Army Europe 28,860 Soldiers

Bosnia 30 Soldiers

Alaska Kosovo Peacekeeping Force 12,420 Soldiers 720 Soldiers

South Korea Iraq 20,720 Soldiers 390 Soldiers CONUS Support Base 7,290 Soldiers

OEF−Afghanistan Japan JTF−Guantánamo Bay 2,310 Soldiers 1,350 Soldiers 29,750 Soldiers

Qatar Hawaii 1,480 Soldiers 21,840 Soldiers Honduras JTF−Bravo OEF−Philippines Kuwait 210 Soldiers 340 Soldiers 9,050 Soldiers

CJTF−Horn of Africa 870 Soldiers

Jordan 1,070 Soldiers

MFO 680 Soldiers

United States Army Army Personnel Strength Reserve component authorized for Global Commitments as of 17 July 2014 Component mobilization/on current orders Soldiers Deployed Soldiers Forward Stationed Other Worldwide Operations Active Component516,750 N/A 64,250 Soldiers 86,150 Soldiers 11,020 Soldiers Reserve Component Army National Guard354,820 11,980 150,400 Soldiers deployed/forward stationed in nearly 150 locations worldwide Army Reserve195,580 12,500

CJTF − Combined Joint Task Force | CONUS − Continental United States | JTF − Joint Task Force | MFO − Multinational Force and Observers | OEF − Operation Enduring Freedom Total1,067,150 24,480

U.S. forces for their defense. The United States has nuclear weapons and missile technology—in addition used bases in Japan to maintain a forward presence in to its large conventional army and special operations Asia and to remain engaged in the region. forces—still pose a threat to Northeast Asian peace and stability. Located at Camp Zama on Honshu, Japan’s largest island, U.S. Army Japan and I Corps (Forward) is a Elements of the U.S. Army have remained in South major subordinate command of U.S. Army Pacific. The Korea since the Armistice was signed in 1953. At any command is responsible for conducting bilateral rela- given time, approximately 21,000 American Soldiers tions between the United States and Japan, furthering are stationed in South Korea. Currently, the mission the mutual defense of Japan and providing mission of U.S. Forces Korea (USFK) is to support the United command in support of contingency operations in Asia. Nations Command and Combined Forces Command by coordinating and planning among U.S. component South Korea commands; to assist the United Nations Command Though a cease-fire was declared along the 38th and the Republic of Korea (ROK) in patrolling the Parallel more than 60 years ago, the Korean War has Demilitarized Zone along the 38th Parallel; and to ex- never been officially declared ended; a standoff still ercise operational control of U.S. forces as directed by exists. While the Cold War is over, North Korean U.S. Pacific Command.

48 Profile of the U.S. Army 2014/2015 U.S. Army Europe 28,860 Soldiers

Bosnia 30 Soldiers

Alaska Kosovo Peacekeeping Force 12,420 Soldiers 720 Soldiers

South Korea Iraq 20,720 Soldiers 390 Soldiers CONUS Support Base 7,290 Soldiers

OEF−Afghanistan Japan JTF−Guantánamo Bay 2,310 Soldiers 1,350 Soldiers 29,750 Soldiers

Qatar Hawaii 1,480 Soldiers 21,840 Soldiers Honduras JTF−Bravo OEF−Philippines Kuwait 210 Soldiers 340 Soldiers 9,050 Soldiers

CJTF−Horn of Africa 870 Soldiers

Jordan 1,070 Soldiers

MFO 680 Soldiers

In 2009, USFK and Eighth Field Army command- air and missile defense, theater communications, in- ers recognized the need to establish a field army ca- frastructure, sustainment and ground combat forces. pable of providing mission command over multiple U.S. Army forces in Korea also provide critical count- U.S. and multinational corps. In response, the Army er-weapons of mass destruction capabilities to prevent assigned U.S. Army Pacific (USARPAC) as the sole the proliferation of North Korea’s known nuclear, Army service component command in theater and chemical and biological weapons and technology. Sub- converted Eighth Field Army into a warfighting field ordinate organizations, logistics hubs and sustainment army headquarters. As a result, Eighth Field Army is networks—including modernized Army prepositioned able to focus its efforts fully on operational require- stocks—are strategically aligned to deter aggression ments instead of diverting effort to execute Title 10 and enable resolute coalition response to crises. functions. These organizational changes strengthened Eighth Field Army is also implementing two bilat- the projection of U.S. military power in the region and eral agreements between the United States and South improved its deterrent against volatile threats. Korea—signaling the beginning of a new era in their Today, Eighth Field Army (in support of USFK and alliance. The Yongsan Relocation Plan and the Land Combined Forces Command) provides vital and unique Partnership Plan are ongoing efforts that will consol- contributions to the joint force including intelligence, idate the American “footprint” on the peninsula and

The Army on Point 49 relocate the majority of USFK and United Nations OEF provides humanitarian supplies to the Afghan Command headquarters from Seoul in accordance with people who are affected by the Taliban regime. In the Strategic Alliance 2015 agreement. These moves addition to the reintegration of Afghanistan into the will improve readiness, enhance partnerships with international community, the long-term goals of OEF local communities, resolve many enduring facilities include the end of terrorism worldwide and the de- shortfalls and help meet storage-space requirements terrence of state sponsorship of terrorism. U.S. forces driven by the transformation of Army prepositioned have deployed to locations from eastern Africa to the stocks in the region. Philippines under OEF. Qatar Cuba: Joint Task Force Guantánamo The Middle East has been a volatile region since Joint Task Force–Guantánamo (JTF-GTMO) con- the breakup of the Ottoman Empire in World War I. ducts detention and interrogation operations to collect The United States, along with other nations, has tried and exploit intelligence in support of the war on ter- to create stability and security for the region over the rorism. Soldiers at the U.S. base in Cuba coordinate past several decades, often involving U.S. military and implement detainee screening operations and sup- forces. Today, the primary focus of the war on terror- port law enforcement and crime investigations. ism is against groups such as al Qaeda, based in the Middle East. Djibouti: Combined Joint Task Force– Horn of Africa Given the high volume of U.S. Army troop move- Combined Joint Task Force–Horn of Africa (CJTF- ment through the region, the Army established Camp HOA) comprises almost 900 Soldiers, along with As-Sayliyah in Doha, Qatar, a small country bordering servicemembers from the other U.S. armed forces, Saudi Arabia in the Persian Gulf. Camp As-Sayliyah’s civilian employees and representatives of coalition mission is to conduct reception, staging of onward and partner countries. The Combined Joint Operat- movement and integration of forces in the region. It ing Area (CJOA) consists of Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea, also holds prepositioned combat stock, such as M1A1 Djibouti, Somalia, Kenya and Seychelles. Outside Abrams tanks, M2 Bradley fighting vehicles and other the CJOA, CJTF-HOA operates in Liberia, Rwanda, armored vehicles, artillery and engineering equipment. Uganda, Tanzania, Mauritius and Comoros. Worldwide Operations Using a whole-of-government approach to face In addition to permanent basing of Soldiers over- challenges in the region, CJTF-HOA applies the seas, the U.S. Army takes part in a variety of long- “three Ds”: defense, diplomacy and development. term operations around the world. These missions This mission focuses on military-to-military activities include combating or deterring threats to the home- as well as humanitarian initiatives, including digging land, going to the source of those threats if necessary; wells and building schools. Ultimately CJTF-HOA providing peacekeeping and stabilization forces in works to promote security in the region—a goal that regions racked by war; and providing humanitarian inevitably reaches far beyond the Horn of Africa and and nation-building assistance. As of 17 July 2014, the African continent. 150,400 Soldiers were deployed/forward stationed in CJTF-HOA was established at Camp Lejeune, nearly 150 locations worldwide. The following opera- North Carolina, on 19 October 2002 and is now lo- tions and task forces are ongoing. cated in Camp Lemonnier in Djibouti City, Djibouti. Afghanistan and Elsewhere: CJTF-HOA has supported development in the CJOA Operation Enduring Freedom by building numerous schools, clinics and hospitals In response to the 11 September 2001 terrorist at- and conducting medical civil action and veterinary civil action projects. tacks on the U.S. homeland, Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) was launched on 7 October 2001 with Honduras: Joint Task Force–Bravo the mission to destroy terrorist training camps and the Established in 1984, Joint Task Force–Bravo is the al Qaeda infrastructure within Afghanistan. OEF was headquarters for U.S. forces and exercise activities at initially responsible for the capture of al Qaeda leaders Soto Cano Air Base, Honduras. Under U.S. Southern and for making clear to Taliban leaders that harboring Command, JTF-Bravo’s mission is to: terrorists is unacceptable in the global neighborhood. On 2 May 2011, in Pakistan, U.S. forces killed Osa- • conduct and support U.S. joint, combined and inter- ma bin Laden, leader of al Qaeda and architect of the agency operations that increase regional security; 11 September 2001 attacks. Even after his death, al • support U.S. interagency operations in coordination Qaeda lives on and OEF’s mission continues. with U.S. military and U.S. embassy country teams;

50 Profile of the U.S. Army 2014/2015 • support regional humanitarian and civic assistance, Afghanistan disaster relief and contingency missions; and http://www.centcom.mil/afghanistan • plan, coordinate and conduct regional search and Africa rescue operations. http://www.usaraf.army.mil Alaska Kosovo: Multinational Task Force East/ http://www.usarak.army.mil Operation Joint Guardian Egypt U.S. forces, as part of NATO’s Multinational Task http://www.centcom.mil/egypt Force East (MNTF[E]), have been leading a peace- Eighth Army keeping operation in Kosovo since June 1999 in http://8tharmy.korea.army.mil support of wider international efforts to build peace Hawaii and stability in Kosovo. The NATO-led Kosovo http://www.25idl.army.mil Force (KFOR) deployed in the wake of a 78-day air Horn of Africa campaign in March 1999 to halt and reverse the hu- http://www.hoa.africom.mil manitarian catastrophe that was unfolding. KFOR Japan continues to conduct patrols, observation points and http://www.usarj.army.mil roving checkpoints in the MNTF(E) sector to interdict contraband and help the Kosovo Police Service reduce Korea http://www.usfk.mil crime. Today, KFOR continues to contribute to further development of a stable, democratic, multi-ethnic and Kosovo http://www.nato.int/KFOR peaceful Kosovo. Kuwait Sinai Peninsula: Multinational Force and http://www.arcent.army.mil/asg-kuwait-home.aspx Observers Multinational Force and Observers Multinational Force and Observers (MFO) is an http://www.mfo.org organization of 12 countries: Australia, Canada, Co- NATO lombia, Czech Republic, Republic of Fiji Islands, http://www.nato.int France, Hungary, Italy, New Zealand, Norway, the Qatar United States and Uruguay; the U.S. Army provides http://www.arcent.army.mil/asg-qatar-home.aspx the single largest contingent to the MFO. The oper- Saudi Arabia ation, which began on 25 April 1982, supervises the http://www.arcent.army.mil Egyptian–Israeli Treaty of Peace and aims to prevent South America violations of the treaty’s terms. MFO’s duties include http://www.usarso.army.mil the operation of checkpoints, reconnaissance patrols Units and Installations and observation posts along the international bound- http://www.army.mil/info/organization ary separating Egypt and Israel on the Sinai Peninsu- la. MFO also ensures freedom of travel through the U.S. Army Central (USARCENT) http://www.arcent.army.mil Strait of Tiran. Contingents in the MFO rotate in and out of the Sinai Peninsula using a system of progres- U.S. Army Europe (USAREUR) http://www.eur.army.mil sive personnel changeover, with the exception of the U.S. infantry battalion, which rotates as a unit. U.S. Army North (USARNO) http://www.arnorth.army.mil United States: Operation Noble Eagle U.S. Army Pacific (USARPAC) In direct response to the 11 September 2001 terror- http://www.usarpac.army.mil ist attacks on the U.S. homeland, President George W. U.S. Army South (USARSO) Bush authorized a mobilization of reserve forces for http://www.usarso.army.mil homeland defense and civil support missions. Known as Operation Noble Eagle, it allows the Secretary of Soldiers, Airmen, Sailors, Marines and Coast Guard Defense to call up to one million reserve component members for up to two years of active duty.

1 For more information, see “The U.S. Army in Europe: A Pillar of America’s Defense Strategy,” Torchbearer Issue Paper (Arlington, VA: Association of the United States Army, December 2011), http://www.ausa.org/publications/ilw/Documents/TBIP_Europe_web.pdf. 2 For more information, see “The Rationale for a Robust U.S. Army Presence in the Pacific Basin,” National Security Watch 12-2 (Arlington, VA: Association of the United States Army, March 2012), http://www.ausa.org/publications/ilw/ilw_pubs/nationalsecuritywatch/Documents/NSW_12-2_web.pdf.

The Army on Point 51 We recognize the strength of our Soldiers comes from the strength of their families. —The Army Family Covenant

52 Profile of the U.S. Army 2014/2015 7 Army Families

Heroes at Home We are committed to building a partnership with Army families have been the unsung heroes of Army families that enhances their strength and every American conflict since the War of Indepen- resilience. dence. Though the primary concern of Soldiers in We are committed to improving family readiness the field has been to accomplish the mission at hand, by: their thoughts always turn back to their families at • standardizing and funding existing family home, often thousands of miles away. Those thoughts programs and services; continue to push them forward one more day, even against overwhelming odds. • increasing accessibility and quality of health care; More than half of American Soldiers are married. More than 50 percent have children, the largest age • improving Soldier and family housing; group being five years old and younger. Enjoying a • ensuring excellence in schools, youth services lifestyle most families consider normal is almost im- and child care; and possible for the Army family because of the Soldier’s duties. Deployments, relocations, promotions and • expanding education and employment oppor- 1 training exercises can sometimes place extreme stress tunities for family members. on the Army family. When the family is stressed, it Family Readiness impacts the Soldier’s overall readiness. The Army must be combat ready at all times. Family well-being is a double-sided issue. On the Maintaining Armywide combat readiness starts with one hand, the Army strives to create secure environ- the Soldier, who must be physically fit, well-trained ments, wellness programs and many lifestyle op- in warrior skills and mentally tough. To be mentally portunities for families. On the other hand, families tough, a Soldier must focus solely on the mission. If must have and use all the tools necessary to prepare a Soldier is concerned about his or her family’s well- for and withstand deployments and other interruptive being, that disrupts mission focus and jeopardizes Ar- mission duties; afterward, they try to resume a nor- mywide combat readiness. mal routine. Studies conducted by the Walter Reed Institute and The Army Family Covenant other researchers have shown that family problems In October 2007, senior Army leaders signed the lead to troubled Soldiers and poor military perfor- Army Family Covenant, a pledge to support Army mance, whether in field training exercises or actual families while their Soldiers defend the nation: combat. No one would want his or her flank covered by a Soldier who is worried about the family back We recognize the commitment and increasing home. sacrifices that our families are making every day. Just as it provides its Soldiers with the best equip- We recognize the strength of our Soldiers comes ment possible, the Army does as much as it can to from the strength of their families. maintain combat readiness through family readiness, We are committed to providing Soldiers and fam- too. Family readiness means that Soldiers deploy ilies a quality of life that is commensurate with knowing they have done everything in their pow- their service. er to protect and care for their families during the We are committed to providing our families a separation. strong, supportive environment where they can One of the largest stressors for Army families is thrive. deployment. Though some deployments come with

Army Families 53 The Army has several programs to help families navigate the intersection of their military and civilian lives. just 48 hours’ notice, an increasing number of deploy- and their families by harnessing military and civil- ments are set and announced months in advance to ian resources already in place. AIFSN is made up of give Soldiers and families time to prepare. Even with Garrison Army Community Service, Child and Youth adequate preparation time, deployment—whether Services, Guard Family Assistance Centers, Reserve days long or more than a year, to friendly countries or Readiness Centers and civilian community agencies. hostile combat environments—is a difficult time for families. In addition to deployments for real-world Army Community Service missions, Soldiers deploy on field training exercises The Army has several programs to help families that can last for weeks. navigate the intersection of their military and civilian lives. Many of these programs fall under the um- Returning home from a deployment or extended brella of the Army Community Service (ACS) centers training exercise also can be stressful for both the found on each Army installation. These centers pro- Soldier and the family. Soldiers and families cannot vide one-on-one help and support Army families in expect to be separated for so long and have every- a variety of areas, including family relations with the thing return immediately to normal once the family unit command, integration into the Army community, is together again. Sometimes a gradual reintegration deployment readiness, family members with disabili- is necessary. Families who have been fully prepared ties, employment assistance, family advocacy, finan- before deployment are likely to reintegrate more cial counseling, relocation and volunteering. smoothly. Many resources have been created to support fam- Army Family Action Plan ilies before, during or after deployment. For a com- The Army Family Action Plan (AFAP) is a grass- plete list go to www.armyonesource.com. roots program originally developed by Army spouses to give Soldiers and family members a means to Army Family and Morale, Welfare and identify gaps in services and programs and make Recreation (FMWR) recommendations to the Army’s leadership. Some of Army FMWR, the G-9 division of the Army’s In- AFAP’s many successes include an increase in Ser- stallation Management Command, is a comprehen- vicemembers’ Group Life Insurance from $50,000 to sive network of quality support and leisure services $400,000, the institutionalization of Family Readiness that enhances the lives of Soldiers, civilians, families, Groups (FRGs) and establishment of the Army Fam- military retirees and other eligible patrons. Found un- ily Team Building (AFTB) and Better Opportunities der FMWR are Army Entertainment, Child and Youth for Single Soldiers (BOSS) programs. Services, Family Programs, Army Family Strong and The Army Family Covenant. Army Family Team Building AFTB reflects the understanding that strong families Army Integrated Family Support Services are instrumental for the development of strong Sol- The Army Integrated Family Support Network diers. Developed and led by volunteers, AFTB trains (AIFSN) is designed to deliver information, tools spouses and family members to become self-sufficient and resources to geographically dispersed Soldiers and knowledgeable about the resources available to

54 Profile of the U.S. Army 2014/2015 them and encourages them to become leaders within achieve educational and employment goals. MSEP their communities. AFTB currently has approximately is a targeted recruitment and employment resource 220 active programs worldwide with more than 20,000 for spouses and companies. MSEP partners Fortune volunteers and paid staff, all dedicated to “connecting 500 Plus companies with all military services, pro- families to the Army . . . one class at a time.” vides human resources managers with recruitment solutions, prepares military spouses to become com- Deployment Readiness petitive, “job ready” applicants and connects military Resilient, prepared and knowledgeable Army fam- spouses with employers seeking the essential 21st ilies are better able to manage the stresses of deploy- century workforce skills and attributes they possess. ment and therefore enhance unit readiness. The Army Community Service Deployment Readiness program Family Advocacy provides Soldiers and families with the tools and skills Family Advocacy is dedicated to spousal and child to help them prepare for deployment. An important re- abuse prevention within the military family. It is based source for all Army families is the Family Readiness on a strong network of education, prompt reporting, Group. FRG is a command-sponsored organization investigation, intervention and treatment of the vic- of family members, volunteers and Soldiers who join tims of domestic violence. In addition to helping vic- together to provide mutual support and form a com- tims cope with domestic violence, Family Advocacy munication network among the families, the chain provides family relationship services, including class- of command and the community. The Virtual Fami- es on marriage enrichment, couples communication ly Readiness Group (vFRG) web system provides all skills, anger management, crisis intervention, stress of the functionality of a traditional FRG in an ad hoc management, life after divorce and other relationship and online setting to meet the needs of geographically issues. dispersed units and families across all components of the Army. Financial Readiness The average Soldier earns 2.4 percent less than his Exceptional Family Member Program or her civilian counterpart. Without proper money The Exceptional Family Member Program (EFMP) management, this income level can cause financial is a mandatory enrollment program for family mem- hardships. ACS is ready at all times to advise on any bers—children and adults—with any physical, emo- monetary issues that may arise for Soldiers and their tional, developmental or intellectual disorder that families. ACS also offers financial readiness confer- requires special treatment, therapy, education, train- ences and advice on how to balance checkbooks, save ing or counseling. The program works with military money and live on a limited budget. In addition, the and civilian resources to provide education, medical Better Business Bureau Military Line provides educa- and personnel support services to member families, tion and advocacy for consumers and their families, helping to find local programs and support services as both in their communities and online. needed. EFMP works closely with state programs and medical facilities. Relocation Readiness Relocation—giving up everything familiar and Employment Readiness moving to a new place—is always stressful for fami- The Army acknowledges that employment for lies and children. Relocation Readiness services help family members is made all the more difficult by frequent moves and the pressures of deployments and other mission duties. ACS therefore has built an Em- ployment Readiness program to help military family members find work. The Employment Readiness portion of ACS can help military families by providing reliable résumé services, employment bulletin boards and training to improve job-seeking skills. Army Spouse Employment Program On 29 June 2011, the Military Spouse Employment Partnership (MSEP) was launched at the Chamber of Commerce in Washington, DC. MSEP, an expansion of the Army Spouse Employment Partnership program, focuses on helping military spouses from all branches of the military attain financial security and

Army Families 55 reduce stress as much as possible and prepare fami- • helping wounded Soldiers who wish to remain in lies by providing extensive coverage on the following the Army by educating them on their options and topics: assisting them in the application process; • housing; • helping Soldiers with future career plans and em- • changing schools; ployment opportunities beyond their Army careers; • supporting Soldiers with a staff of subject-mat- • regional information; ter experts proficient in nonmedical benefits for • the move itself; wounded Soldiers; • youth centers; • helping Soldiers obtain full Veterans Administra- • financial assistance for the move; and tion and Army benefits; • area navigation tools. • helping Soldiers and their families get health care after retiring from the Army; Army Volunteer Corps • helping Soldiers get financial counseling to buy a Volunteers are found throughout the Army commu- house; nity, and they often play an integral role in the overall Army mission. Throughout American history, volun- • helping Soldiers put food on the table for Thanks- teers have served as Minutemen, medics, seamstress- giving; and es and friends to families of fallen Soldiers. Today, • helping Soldiers receive the awards they earned ACS’s Army Volunteer Corps (AVC) can arrange (e.g., Purple Heart Award). many volunteering opportunities for military families To be considered an AW2 Soldier, he or she must: and friends. Many Army family programs rely heavily on the dedicated volunteers who give so much of their • suffer from injuries or illnesses incurred after time. Without volunteers, many of these programs 10 September 2001, in support of the war on ter- might not exist or would be greatly curtailed. rorism; and • receive or be expected to receive a 30 percent rat- U.S. Army Wounded Warrior Program ing for one or more injuries rated by the Physical The U.S. Army Wounded Warrior Program (AW2), Disability Evaluation System in categories such as: which embodies the Warrior Ethos “I will never leave ◦◦ loss of limb; a fallen comrade,” was initially established in April 2004 as the Disabled Soldier Support System (DS3). ◦◦ spinal cord injury/paralysis; The Army responds to the needs of the most severely ◦◦ permanent disfigurement; wounded, injured or ill Soldiers returning from Op- ◦◦ severe burns; eration Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Free- dom. AW2 frequently communicates with Soldiers ◦◦ traumatic brain injury; and their families to proactively address and mitigate ◦◦ post-traumatic stress; or issues they encounter. ◦◦ fatal/incurable disease. AW2 provides unique services to the most severely Many Soldiers who have experienced a severe wounded, including: wound, injury or illness choose to stay in the Army on active duty or in the reserve component. To date, most Soldiers who have requested to continue in the Army have been able to do so. AW2 Soldier Family Management Specialists assist wounded Soldiers in- terested in pursuing the Continuation on Active Duty (COAD)/Continuation on Active Reserve (COAR) process every step of the way. To be eligible, a Soldier must meet at least one of the following criteria: • has served 15–20 years of service for COAD or 15–20 qualifying years of service for nonregular retirement for COAR; • is qualified in a critical skill or shortage Military Occupational Specialty (MOS); or • has a disability as a result of combat or terrorism.2

56 Profile of the U.S. Army 2014/2015 Many Army family programs rely heavily on the dedicated volunteers who give so much of their time.

Warrior Transition Units Operation Center (CMAOC); the Army National The U.S. Army established 38 Warrior Transition Guard; and the Army Reserve. SOS standardizes Units (WTUs) in February 2007 to oversee the care of casualty services and policies across the Army and injured Soldiers requiring six months or more of med- provides additional staffing at Casualty Assistance ical care. In addition to a combat-arms squad leader, Centers (CACs) and family programs for both the Soldiers in WTUs are assigned a primary care man- active and reserve components. SOS responds to the ager and a nurse case manager to ensure that Soldiers need for specialized staff at CACs to help Casualty receive timely and appropriate medical treatment and Assistance Officers (CAOs) support survivors and to deal with paperwork problems. add staff whose sole mission is to provide continuing support to survivors. Soldier and Family Assistance Centers Traumatic Servicemembers’ Group Life The Army’s Soldier and Family Assistance Centers Insurance (SFACs) became operational in January 2008 to cater Traumatic Servicemembers’ Group Life Insurance directly to the needs of injured Soldiers and their fami- (TSGLI) helps severely injured Soldiers and their lies. SFACs provide access to entitlement and benefits families by providing a one-time payment to help counseling, military personnel services, educational cover the unforeseen financial needs that may occur services and transition and employment assistance as following injury and medical evacuation. The amount well as other counseling and referral services. There varies depending on the injury. TSGLI is bundled are currently 49 SFACs. with Servicemembers’ Group Life Insurance (SGLI); Wounded Soldier and Family Hotline an additional $1 has been added to the Soldier’s SGLI The Army’s Wounded Soldier and Family Hotline premium to cover TSGLI. call center operates 24 hours a day, seven days a week, Army Emergency Relief to help resolve medical issues and to provide medi- Army Emergency Relief (AER) is the Army’s own cal-related information to senior Army leadership to emergency financial assistance organization. For Sol- improve how the Army serves the medical needs of diers and their families who meet certain criteria, AER Soldiers and their families. The Wounded Soldier and provides emergency funds through grants and loans Family Hotline number is 1-800-984-8523. to help pay for rent, mortgages, utilities, food, car re- Survivor Outreach Services pairs, auto insurance and emergency travel expenses. AER also offers education assistance programs for Survivor Outreach Services (SOS) is an Armywide Soldiers’ children (including college-bound students) program designed to provide dedicated and compre- and spouses. hensive support to survivors of deceased Soldiers. The program is a joint effort with collaboration from Army OneSource the Installation Management Command (IMCOM); For Army families, Army OneSource is one of the the Family and Morale, Welfare and Recreation Com- most useful avenues for help and information. Army mand (FMWRC); the Casualty and Mortuary Affairs OneSource provides 24-hour, toll-free information

Army Families 57 and referral services to active and mobilized reserve (BOSS) to serve as the collective voice for single Sol- component Soldiers, deployed civilians and their fam- diers through the chain of command. BOSS has three ilies. Army OneSource also provides help in a variety key components: well-being, community service and of other areas including: recreation/leisure activities. An elected committee or • parenting and child care; council of Soldier representatives from installation units operates the BOSS program; the command ser- • education; geant major approves the committee members, who • retirement; serve for one year. Upon being elected or appointed, BOSS representatives are placed on additional duty • disabilities; orders and are expected to be at all BOSS meetings • emotional well-being; and when the unit mission does not dictate otherwise. • addiction and recovery. Committee members coordinate single-Soldier ac- Army OneSource is designed to help Soldiers and tivities and events that fall within two key components their families deal with life’s little—and sometimes of the program: community service and recreation/ not so little—issues. They are available every hour, leisure activities. They also gather input on well-be- every day with professional consultants who can be ing and quality-of-life issues—input that is worked to reached at 1-800-342-9647 or online at www.army resolution at the lowest command level. Empowered onesource.com. with this responsibility, single Soldiers feel more re- spected and bonded into the Army. Soldiers see that Better Opportunities for Single Soldiers their voices count and that they are heard on issues Recognizing that single Soldiers need commu- affecting their well-being. Currently, the Army has 48 nity support services geared especially to them, the BOSS programs within the continental United States Army started Better Opportunities for Single Soldiers and 47 programs overseas.

1 U.S. Army, “The Army Family Covenant,” http://www.tamc.amedd.army.mil/news/2008/Tripler%20Army%20Family%20Covenant%20poster.pdf. 2 U.S. Army Warrior Transition Plan, http://wtc.army.mil/aw2.

58 Profile of the U.S. Army 2014/2015 Armed Services YMCA Family Action Plan http://www.asymca.org (see http://www.myarmyonesource.com) Army Community Covenant Hiring Our Heroes–U. S. Chamber of Commerce http://www.army.mil/community http://www.uschamber.com/hiringourheroes Army Emergency Relief HOOAH 4 Health http://www.aerhq.org http://www.hooah4health.com Army Entertainment Infant and Toddler Information for Military Families http://www.armymwr.com/recleisure/entertainment http://www.zerotothree.org Army Families Installation Management Command www.army.mil/families http://www.imcom.army.mil/hq Army Family Advocacy Program (AFAP) Legal Services http://www.usarec.army.mil/hq/HRD/FAP http://www.jagcnet.army.mil/legal Army Family Readiness Group (FRG) Libraries http://www.armyfrg.org http://www.armymwr.com/recleisure/libraries Army Family Team Building Lodging (see http://www.myarmyonesource.com) http://www.armymwr.com/travel/lodging Army National Guard Family Resources Military Child Education Coalition http://www.jointservicessupport.org/FP http://www.militarychild.org Army OneSource Military Homefront http://www.myarmyonesource.com http://www.militaryhomefront.dod.mil Army Reserve Family Programs Military Impacted School Association (MISA) http://www.arfp.org http://www.militaryimpactedschoolsassociation.org Army Wounded Warrior Program Military OneSource http://www.wtc.army.mil/aw2 http://www.militaryonesource.mil Association of the United States Army (AUSA) Military Spouse Employment Partnership http://www.ausa.org https://msepjobs.militaryonesource.mil AUSA’s Your Soldier, Your Army: A Parents’ Guide Morale, Welfare and Recreation Family Page by Vicki Cody http://www.armymwr.com/family http://www.ausa.org/publications/ilw/ilw_pubs/ National Military Family Association specialreports/Pages/SR_CodyBook.aspx http://www.militaryfamily.org AUSA Family Readiness National Resource Directory http://www.ausa.org/family https://www.nationalresourcedirectory.gov Better Business Bureau Military Line Outdoor Recreation and Recreation Centers http://www.bbb.org/council/programs-services/bbb-military-line http://www.armymwr.com/recleisure/outdoors Better Opportunities for Single Soldiers (BOSS) Real Warriors (see http://www.myarmyonesource.com) http://www.realwarriors.net Child and Youth Services Relocation Readiness http://www.armymwr.com/family/childandyouth (see http://www.myarmyonesource.com) Commissaries Soldier Support Institute http://www.commissaries.com http://www.ssi.army.mil Community Service Survivor Outreach Services (see http://www.myarmyonesource.com) (see http://www.myarmyonesource.com) Department of Defense Education Activity TRICARE http://www.dodea.edu http://www.tricare.mil Deployment Readiness USO (see http://www.myarmyonesource.com) http://www.uso.org eCYBERMISSION Volunteering http://www.ecybermission.com (see http://www.myarmyonesource.com)

Army Families 59 The Army began reorganizing its commands in June 2006 to increase its global responsiveness and defense of the homeland.

60 Profile of the U.S. Army 2014/2015 Army Command 8 Structure

The Army began reorganizing its commands in commands. As an Army command, FORSCOM sup- June 2006 to increase its global responsiveness and ports joint integration, interoperability and doctrine defense of the homeland. The new structure identifies development by supporting joint transformation ac- three types of headquarters: Army command, Army tivities and providing Army forces to joint training service component command (ASCC) and direct re- and experimentation missions. porting unit (DRU) (for more information, see chapter FORSCOM generates forces by tailoring the re- 3, “Army Organization”). sources and training of its units to meet the specific Army Commands and constantly changing requirements of combatant commanders and, when directed, of U.S. civil au- U.S. Army Forces Command (FORSCOM) thorities (for more information, see chapter 3, “Army Headquarters: Fort Bragg, North Carolina Organization”). Those requirements include theater security cooperation activities, combat operations on Website: http://www.army.mil/forscom overseas battlefields, humanitarian assistance and di- Mission: FORSCOM prepares con- saster relief. ventional forces to provide a sus- The active component of FORSCOM includes two tained flow of trained and ready Army Corps headquarters: III Corps at Fort Hood, landpower to combatant commanders Texas, and XVIII Airborne Corps at Fort Bragg, North in defense of the nation at home and Carolina. FORSCOM also has eight Army division abroad. For the Army of 2025, FORSCOM provides headquarters, multiple brigade combat teams and a enhanced landpower, gaining operational depth and full range of other combat, combat support and com- versatility through a mix of fully integrated active bat service support units. FORSCOM also executes and reserve component forces prepared to operate administrative control for I Corps and other U.S. Pa- in a joint, interagency, intergovernmental and multi- cific Command assigned units at Joint Base Lewis– national environment. Organizations will be expedi- McChord, Washington. tionary, campaign-focused and adaptable to provide combatant commanders the required capabilities to be First Army at Rock Island Army Arsenal, Illinois, decisive across the range of military operations. also reports to FORSCOM. It is responsible for the training, mobilization and deployment support for Activities: FORSCOM is the Army’s largest com- reserve component units in FORSCOM. It executes mand. FORSCOM Soldiers and units are deployed to missions within the continental United States and respond to requirements across the globe, including Puerto Rico. operations in Afghanistan and the Balkans. The Army National Guard, when mobilized, pro- Following the disestablishment of U.S. Joint Forc- vides FORSCOM a balanced force of eight National es Command in 2011, the Secretary of the Army Guard combat divisions, 34 separate brigades and ex- designated FORSCOM as the Army’s service force tensive support units as potential sourcing solutions provider. In this capacity, FORSCOM acts in co- for worldwide requirements. ordination with Headquarters, Department of the Army and the Joint Staff to maintain global visibil- Units assigned to the U.S. Army Reserve Command ity of Army conventional land forces and to recom- contribute to FORSCOM’s combat power by provid- mend force sourcing solutions to satisfy combatant ing support specialties such as medical, civil affairs, command-validated requirements. FORSCOM also public affairs, transportation, maintenance and supply. exercises training and readiness oversight of re- The hallmark of FORSCOM’s readiness preparation serve component forces not assigned to combatant is the development of skilled leaders commanding

Army Command Structure 61 their formations in collective training at combat supporting, sustaining and recapitalizing the current training centers (CTCs)—the Joint Readiness Train- force. Its maintenance depots restore weapon systems ing Center (JRTC) at Fort Polk, Louisiana; and the as the Army makes its way to full transformation. The National Training Center (NTC) at Fort Irwin, Cal- command’s overhaul and modernization efforts are ifornia. CTCs present training scenarios constantly enhancing and upgrading major weapon systems— updated to reflect changing battlefield conditions and not just making them like new but inserting technolo- to incorporate lessons learned. Soldiers are present- gy to make them more effective and reliable. ed with complex, cross-cultural challenges by large AMC handles diverse missions that reach far be- numbers of role players who act as combatants and yond the Army. For example, AMC manages the mul- foreign citizens. JRTC and NTC have urban combat tibillion-dollar business of selling Army equipment landscapes and cave and tunnel complexes to simulate and services to friends and allies of the United States current and potential wartime environments. and negotiates and implements agreements for copro- FORSCOM continues to provide, prepare and sus- duction of U.S. weapon systems by foreign nations. tain ready land forces, preserve the quality of the AMC also provides numerous acquisition and logis- all-volunteer force and shape the future force to en- tics services to the other military services and many sure success as the nation’s force of decisive action. other government agencies. U.S. Army Forces Command is “Freedom’s U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command Guardian.” (TRADOC) U.S. Army Materiel Command (AMC) Headquarters: Fort Eustis (Joint Base Langley– Eustis), Virginia Headquarters: Redstone Arsenal, Alabama Websites: http://www.tradoc.army.mil Website: http://www.amc.army.mil Mission: TRADOC develops, edu- Mission: AMC is the Army’s premier cates and trains Soldiers, civilians and provider of materiel readiness—tech- leaders; supports unit training; and nology, acquisition support, materiel designs, builds and integrates a ver- development, logistics power pro- satile mix of capabilities, formations jection and sustainment—to the total and equipment to strengthen the U.S. Army. TRA- force and across the spectrum of joint DOC is leading the Army’s transition into the future military operations. As the place in the Army where by shaping the Army of 2020, developing adaptive superior technology, acquisition support and logistics leaders and organizations, modernizing equipment are integrated to assure readiness for today and tomor- and revolutionizing training to strengthen the nation’s row, AMC is heavily involved in making the Army adaptive land force. TRADOC has more than 25,000 more responsive, deployable, agile, versatile, lethal, Soldiers and 11,000 civilians working daily to accom- survivable and sustainable. From beans to bullets, plish its mission. helmets to helicopters, spare parts to spareribs, AMC touches every Soldier in the Army every day. If a Sol- Activities: TRADOC has five subordinate orga- dier shoots it, drives it, flies it, wears it or eats it, AMC nizations, six centers of excellence and 33 schools; provides it. its schools conduct more than 1,600 courses, 300 of which are language courses. TRADOC trains more Activities: AMC operates research, development and than 500,000 Soldiers a year at 26 different locations engineering centers, the Army Research Laboratory, throughout the continental United States; it provides depots, arsenals, ammunition plants and other facil- the senior commander on 12 of those installations. ities and maintains the Army’s prepositioned stocks, both on land and afloat. The command is also the To shape both today’s Army and the future combat Department of Defense Executive Agent for chemi- force, TRADOC: cal weapons stockpile and conventional ammunition. • recruits and trains Soldiers, who remain the center- To develop, buy and maintain materiel for the Army, piece of the Army. TRADOC builds the Army on a AMC works closely with program executive officers, solid foundation of quality people by transforming the Army Acquisition Executive, industry, academia, recruits into Soldiers who are physically tough the other services and other government agencies. and mentally adaptive and live according to the The command’s main effort is to achieve the de- Warrior Ethos. Soldiers are the Army’s ultimate velopment, support and sustainment of the future asymmetric advantage and cannot be matched by force in this decade. At the same time, AMC is key to any adversaries, current or future.

62 Profile of the U.S. Army 2014/2015 Army Command Structure

Headquarters, Department of the Army

Army Service Component Commands Army Commands Direct Reporting Units

U.S. Army Central/ U.S. Army Forces Military District of U.S. Army Africa U.S. Military Academy Third Army Command Washington

U.S. Army Materiel U.S. Army Europe U.S. Army Space U.S. Army Corps of U.S. Army Reserve and Missile Defense Command Engineers Command Command/Army Forces Strategic U.S. Army Training and U.S. Army Pacific U.S. Army Criminal U.S. Army Acquisition Command Doctrine Command Investigation Command Support Center

U.S. Army North/ U.S. Army Special U.S. Army Intelligence and U.S. Army Installation Fifth Army Operations Command Security Command Management Command

Military Surface U.S. Army South/ U.S. Army Network Deployment and U.S. Army Medical Sixth Army Enterprise Technology Distribution Command Command Command/9th Signal Command U.S. Army Test and Evaluation Command

• develops adaptive leaders. TRADOC trains leaders doctrine that is effective and flexible enough to for certainty and educates them for uncertainty. adapt to evolving conditions; and Leader development produces innovative, flexible, • revolution in training and education to develop culturally astute professionals expert in the art agile Soldiers, leaders and versatile units adaptable and science of the profession of arms and able to to any operational environment through lifelong quickly adapt to a wide range of conditions. learning. • designs today’s Army modular force and the future The Army of 2020 will possess the best-trained and combat force. TRADOC identifies and integrates best-educated Soldiers, civilians and leaders, who are comprehensive solutions for the Army modular organized and equipped in a versatile mix of adapt- force, both today’s and tomorrow’s. able units capable of providing decisive action in any • maximizes institutional learning and adaptation. As operation. an integral component of an innovative Generating Force, TRADOC shapes and links it seamlessly to Army Service Component Commands the operating force to maximize Army learning and Army service component commands (ASCCs) are adaptation. primarily operational organizations that serve as Army components for combatant commands. An ASCC can The commanding general’s intent is to strengthen be designated by the combatant commander as a joint America’s force of decisive action and provide the na- force land component command or joint task force. tion an adaptable Army for an uncertain future. To fulfill these goals, TRADOC has the following priorities: U.S. Army Africa (USARAF)/Southern European • leader development to develop agile, creative and Task Force (SETAF) adaptive leaders who thrive in complex, uncertain Headquarters: Vicenza, Italy and changing environments; they must be able to Website: http://www.usaraf.army.mil give their Soldiers and units meaningful, simple and clear direction; Mission: In December 2008, Southern European Task Force (SETAF) assumed • capabilities development, integration and eval- duties as the Army component head- uation to develop, evaluate and integrate capabili- quarters for United States Africa Com- ties that create an adaptive, dominant land force for mand (USAFRICOM). USARAF leads the joint force commander; U.S. Africa Command’s joint operations in Africa. In • concepts and doctrine to design innovative addition, more than a dozen Army organizations sup- concepts for the force of the future and to develop ported activities in Africa in 2013, including the U.S.

Army Command Structure 63 USARAF concentrates its strategy and efforts on helping African states build capable and professional militaries that accept civilian authority, respect human rights and adhere to the rule of law.

Army Corps of Engineers, U.S. Military Academy engagement. USARAF continues to forge cooperative and U.S. Army National Guard units from New York, relationships and enduring partnerships that contrib- California, Wyoming, Utah, North Dakota, Vermont, ute to self-sustaining African security capacity. Key to North Carolina and Michigan. USARAF concen- USARAF’s success is collaborating with both military trates its strategy and efforts on helping African states and nonmilitary partners. USARAF is fostering new build capable and professional militaries that accept partnerships and enhancing existing ones, including civilian authority, respect human rights and adhere to partnerships with other U.S. government agencies. the rule of law. It assists the United States’ African In December 2013, violence in South Sudan esca- partners in building capacities to counter transnation- lated and the U.S. embassy was threatened. Within six al threats from violent extremist organizations; stem hours of notification, an infantry platoon from Fort illicit trafficking in humans, narcotics and weapons; Riley, Kansas, trained and prepositioned in Djibouti, support peacekeeping operations; and address the deployed to reinforce the U.S. embassy in Juba, South consequences of humanitarian disasters—whether Sudan. This deployment sent strategic shockwaves man-made or natural—that displace populations and through east Africa. Not only were U.S. citizens pro- cause loss of life. tected, but African partners learned that the United The majority of the defense forces in Africa are States is committed to staying, even when times get land-based, making the U.S. Army an ideal partner. rough. The more than 2,300 U.S. Soldiers who have Training and working on the continent is beneficial deployed to Africa to support exercises, training or for USARAF, but it isn’t easy. Geographically, Africa operations in the past year have gained as much or is more than challenging—it is intimidating. Africa is more than they have given. The expeditionary condi- more than three times the size of the continental Unit- tions of all actions in Africa sharpen the skills of the ed States and covers 20.4 percent of the earth’s total U.S. Soldiers who support the activities. land area. With few roads, airports and inconsistent To resource these activities along with more than infrastructure, holding training, exercises and opera- 182 security cooperation events in 28 countries, the tions on the continent tests the skills of the Soldiers U.S. Army has relied upon a brigade from Fort Riley, called to serve there. Kansas, aligned to USAFRICOM; this ties in with Activities: USARAF is heavily involved in the pro- the fundamental strategy of the USARAF business fessional development of African land forces, which model. remain the dominant military force in most African The USARAF approach to the challenges and op- states. USARAF’s goal is to help transform its part- portunities in Africa is, while pursuing a common di- ners’ land forces into contributors to peace and sta- rection, multifaceted in its execution. USARAF uses bility with the capabilities and capacities required to sustained engagement and enduring partnerships to accomplish their missions in support of legitimate au- enable both security cooperation and operations on thority. In support of the development of African land the continent, linking activities over time to achieve forces, USARAF conducts joint and combined ex- sustained effects and balancing training for specific ercises, military-to-military efforts and senior leader missions with developing self-sustaining institutions.

64 Profile of the U.S. Army 2014/2015 USARAF activities are enhanced by operating as part world-class training support to U.S., NATO and other of a joint, interagency, multinational and Total Army partners through joint, combined training, live fire, team. USARAF remains committed to building part- force-on-force maneuver and simulations. ner security capabilities in Africa through a variety It also provides flexible forces that are able to op- of security cooperation programs, senior leader en- erate in U.S.-only or multinational coalitions, includ- gagements, bilateral, regional and multinational exer- ing major operational forces; organic, Europe-based cises, humanitarian assistance and disaster response forces—e.g. 2d Cavalry Regiment (Stryker), Vilseck, training. Germany; 173d Infantry Brigade Combat Team (Air- U.S. Army Europe (USAREUR) borne), Vicenza, Italy; 12th Combat Aviation Brigade, Ansbach, Germany; and 10th Army Air Missile De- Headquarters: Heidelberg, Germany fense Command, Kaiserslautern, Germany—capable Website: http://www.eur.army.mil of a full range of activities from major combat operations to humanitarian assistance. Mission: USAREUR trains and leads Army forces in support of U.S. Europe- Additionally, USAREUR maintains a Europe-based an Command (USEUCOM), other com- Army Contingency Response Force—a company-sized batant commands and Headquarters, force capable of responding to crisis in USEUCOM, Department of the Army by training and USAFRICOM or U.S. Central Command areas of re- preparing full-spectrum-capable forces for global em- sponsibility (AORs) as directed. ployment; strengthening alliances and building partner capacity and capability; providing Army service Regionally Aligned Forces component command and Title 10 support to U.S. USAREUR supports USEUCOM’s European Rota- forces; and continually seeking to improve the readi- tional Force and the NATO Response Force with two ness and quality of life of Soldiers, Army families and 60-day rotations from the continental United States to the civilian workforce. As a U.S. Army service com- the European theater. These forces bolster the capabil- ponent command, U.S. Army Europe is America’s ity of the NATO Response Force and serve a critical strategic forward enabler with capability to prevent role in maintaining the interoperability gains achieved conflict, shape the environment and, if necessary, win over the past 13 years with our NATO allies. decisively. USAREUR also performs the crucial role of set- Activities: USAREUR is balanced across a mix of ting theaters for U.S. global combatant commands, brigade combat teams, aviation elements and key by maintaining critical logistical, communications, theater support elements, including a theater sustain- intelligence, medical and inland ground transporta- ment command, a military intelligence brigade, a the- tion infrastructure to support operational plans and ater network command, a regionally focused medical contingencies. command and a regionally focused air and missile de- The 21st Theater Sustainment Command, head- fense command. quartered in Kaiserslautern, Germany, provides a full USAREUR supports the U.S. Defense Strategy by range of logistical capabilities including humanitar- providing trained and ready units capable of unified ian assistance, military law enforcement and more, land operations who are regionally engaged with Eu- through units such as 7th Civil Support Command, ropean allies and partners; providing flexible forces 30th Medical Brigade and 18th Military Police Bri- that are able to operate in U.S.-only or multinational gade, among others. coalitions furthering U.S. and mutual security inter- USAREUR provides key operational capabilities ests; facilitating multinational interoperability and and administers critical sites throughout its AOR, in- strengthening partnerships through security cooper- cluding the Mihail Kogalniceanu Air Base Passenger ation and capacity-building training and events; set- Transit Center in Romania—a multi-nodal hub sup- ting theaters for U.S. global combatant commands porting contingency operations such as the Afghan by providing strategic access, key forward enablers Northern Distribution Network. USAREUR also and critical logistical support; and providing a profes- provides support for the defense of Israel, adminis- sional force of strong, resilient Soldiers with engaged ters key air defense sites and maintains training and leaders. staging bases for rotational forces such as Nova Selo, USAREUR’s Joint Multinational Training Com- in Bulgaria. mand in Grafenwoehr, Germany, contributes to the No longer a heavy force focused on protecting crucial functions of facilitating multinational interop- Central Europe, approximately 30 percent of USA- erability and strengthening partnerships by providing REUR forces were deployed each year in support of

Army Command Structure 65 contingency operations during the past decade. USA- increases interoperability and develops military REUR has reduced from more than 213,000 Soldiers capacity. in 1989 to a current force of around 30,000 focused While USARPAC’s primary focus is the Indo– on the 51 countries in U.S. European Command’s Asia–Pacific region, many USARPAC Soldiers have AOR—including Russia, Ukraine, Israel, Turkey and provided operational support to Afghanistan, Iraq and the Caucasus—to advance American strategic inter- other contingency missions. In addition, USPACOM ests in Europe and Eurasia. has designated the USARPAC commander as the the- USAREUR has consolidated its footprint to be- ater joint force land component commander; a role come more efficient in providing services and support that brings together the key parts of the USPACOM to the Soldiers and families remaining in Europe. The commander’s landpower—U.S. Army Pacific, Ma- command has closed about 740 sites across Europe rine Forces Pacific and Special Operations Command in the last 25 years—everything from isolated radio Pacific. towers to large troop support compounds and housing Activities: In 2013, USARPAC Soldiers participated areas. By 2015, USAREUR will complete the return in 24 exercises in 14 countries and conducted 134 en- of four more major garrisons (Heidelberg, Mannheim, gagements in 34 countries. USARPAC’s Eighth Field Bamberg and Schweinfurt), providing $300 million Army, U.S. Army Japan (USARJ) and I Corps (For- in annual savings—all without base realignment and ward) are positioned to respond rapidly and establish closure funding. communication networks during humanitarian assis- Finally, the relationships USAREUR builds during tance and disaster response emergencies. more than 1,000 theater security cooperation events in more than 40 countries each year lead directly to sup- U.S. Army North (USARNORTH)/Fifth Army port for multinational contingency operations around Headquarters: Fort Sam Houston (Joint Base the world, strengthen regional partnerships and en- San Antonio), Texas hance global security. Website: http://www.arnorth.army.mil U.S. Army Pacific (USARPAC) Mission: USARNORTH/Fifth Army Headquarters: Fort Shafter, Hawaii became fully operational on 16 October 2006, with an AOR covering the United Website: http://www.usarpac.army.mil States (minus Hawaii), Mexico, Cana- Mission: USARPAC postures and da and the Bahamas. USARNORTH, prepares the force for unified land op- U.S. Northern Command’s (USNORTHCOM’s) joint erations, responds to threats, sustains force land component command (JFLCC) and ASCC, and protects the force and builds mili- conducts homeland defense and civil support oper- tary relationships that develop partner ations and theater security cooperation activities to defense capacity to contribute to a stable and secure protect the American people. U.S. Pacific Command (USPACOM) area of respon- Activities: As the JFLCC to USNORTHCOM, US- sibility (AOR). ARNORTH provides the USNORTHCOM com- U.S. Army Pacific is the theater army in the Pacif- mander with a single point of contact for all land ic and the Army’s largest Army service component domain security challenges across the AOR. USAR- command. USARPAC is responsible for manning, NORTH prepares a broad array of specialized forces resourcing, equipping and training throughout the Pa- for a rapid response to support the American people cific theater of operations that stretches 9,000 miles— after a disaster. They are ready to respond rapidly to approximately half of the earth’s surface—from support other federal agencies after a man-made or California to the Maldives. From its headquarters at natural disaster to save lives and protect the American Fort Shafter, Hawaii, USARPAC leverages all Army people. USARNORTH trains and educates military capabilities in Hawaii, Alaska, Guam, American forces and other interagency or international partners Samoa, Saipan, Japan and South Korea to provide to respond effectively to a disaster. The key to US- trained and ready active and reserve component com- ARNORTH’s success is its coordination with federal, bat and enabling forces in the Indo–Asia–Pacific re- tribal, state and local agencies to support civil author- gion. USARPAC’s Soldiers and civilians enhance the ities. It also develops relationships with other North Army’s ability to respond to all contingency requests American partners to build and strengthen mutual in a region that covers 16 time zones. A robust theater capacity for countering shared threats and allow for security cooperation program with allies and partners a more effective response. USARNORTH helps safe- in Asia and the Pacific builds defense relationships, guard the nation by supporting federal agencies, civil

66 Profile of the U.S. Army 2014/2015 U.S. Army North conducts homeland defense and civil support operations and theater security cooperation activities to protect the American people. law enforcement and multiple partners who protect Mission: USARSOUTH/Sixth the border and prevent terrorist attacks. Army is the ASCC for U.S. South- USARNORTH operates 10 Defense Coordinating ern Command (USSOUTHCOM). Elements geographically aligned with the 10 Federal USARSOUTH provides theater Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) regions. security cooperation to enhance These elements, each led by a Defense Coordinat- hemispheric security and stability and conducts con- ing Officer (DCO), serve as the primary liaison with tingency operations as directed by USSOUTHCOM. FEMA and other federal, tribal, state and local agen- The command’s AOR encompasses 31 nations and cies for coordination of military resources during nat- 10 territories. USARSOUTH, with a deployable con- ural and man-made disasters. tingency command post and headquarters capable of short-notice deployment to fulfill emerging joint task USARNORTH manages the training and over- force requirements, supports USSOUTHCOM in its sight of Joint Task Force–Civil Support (JTF-CS)—a efforts to counter transnational criminal organiza- standing joint task force that anticipates, plans and tions, drug trafficking, illegal human trafficking and integrates USNORTHCOM chemical, biological, ra- terrorism in its AOR. USARSOUTH has supported diological and nuclear response operations. JTF-CS missions and operations in its AOR since 1904, when commands and controls designated DoD forces to as- the first U.S. Soldiers arrived in Panama to assist with sist local, state, federal and tribal partners in saving the construction and defense of the Panama Canal. lives, preventing further injury and providing critical USARSOUTH transformed from an Army command support to enable community recovery. focused exclusively on the Panama Canal in the 1990s USARNORTH administers DoD’s “Defense Sup- to the one it is today, with a much larger role in the port of Civil Authorities” course to train military region—enhancing hemispheric security by building personnel for their civilian support role in response strong relationships, increasing mutual capabilities to attacks or disasters and civilians to assist them in and improving interoperability with the armies and obtaining a better understanding of DoD. security forces of Central and South America and the In order to ensure a vigorous and cooperative de- Caribbean. fense of North America, USARNORTH maintains ro- USARSOUTH currently has the 1-228th Aviation bust and ever-growing partnerships with the ground Regiment stationed in Honduras and the 525th Mil- forces of Mexico, Canada and the Bahamas. This is itary Police Battalion in Guantánamo Bay, Cuba, accomplished through frequent leader engagements, supporting USSOUTHCOM joint task forces and op- exchange officer programs, joint participation in exer- erations. In 2006, USARSOUTH was one of the first cises and the provision of mobile training teams. ASCCs to embrace the new structure and has the ca- U.S. Army South (USARSOUTH)/Sixth Army pability and versatility to support the joint force. This capability was successfully tested when it deployed Headquarters: Fort Sam Houston (Joint Base its contingency command post to support Operation San Antonio), Texas Unified Response and Joint Task Force–Haiti in 2010. Website: http://www.arsouth.army.mil USARSOUTH successfully provided military support

Army Command Structure 67 USARSOUTH’s mission is to shape the environment, build partner-nation capability, enhance security and ultimately sustain peace in the AOR and in the Western Hemisphere. to the international disaster relief efforts in Hai- USARSOUTH was one of the first ASCCs to plan ti following the country’s devastating January 2010 MEDRETEs and has conducted them every year earthquake. since 2006 in countries such as the Dominican Activities: In addition to having recently tested its de- Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras ployable headquarters in a real-world setting, USAR- and Paraguay. SOUTH builds partner-nation capacity by conducting • Fuerzas Aliadas Humanitarias (United Hu- several operations, exercises and activities each year. manitarian Forces). This is a regionally oriented These events focus on training with partner nations to emergency response exercise with partner-nation improve their capacity and USARSOUTH’s ability to disaster management agencies. provide humanitarian relief, civic assistance, medical • Integrated Advance. This is an exercise that tests support, emergency response and security operations. USARSOUTH’s contingency command post and These events include: ensures full preparedness to deploy to the AOR • Fuerzas Aliadas PANAMAX. PANAMAX is the and conduct a full range of operations and mis- largest exercise conducted in the Western Hemi- sions to support the joint force and the combatant sphere. It is an annual joint and combined opera- commander. tional exercise consisting of more than 19 partner On behalf of the U.S. Army, USARSOUTH con- nations that focus on the defense of the Panama ducts bilateral staff talks each year with the armies Canal and Central American region by a multina- of Brazil, Chile, Colombia and El Salvador. These tional task force. staff talks produce a strategic framework and plan for • Peacekeeping Operations. This event consists of the upcoming year to conduct subject-matter-expert more than 17 partner nations and is a multi-echelon exchanges and build partner-nation capacity. USAR- joint and combined command and control exercise SOUTH was one of the first ASCCs given authority executed at the operational and tactical levels. to conduct staff talks, and it has helped strengthen the • Beyond the Horizon. This annual humanitarian United States’ relationships with partner nations. and civic assistance operation focuses on providing Also, USARSOUTH is the U.S. Army’s executive engineering, medical and veterinary support to the agent for Phase III of reintegration for U.S. personnel people within the AOR. rescued or returned from captivity. In 2003, USAR- • Medical Readiness Training Exercises (MED- SOUTH was the first ASCC to have a formal captivity RETEs). MEDRETEs provide training for medi- reintegration program; it has successfully executed this operation seven times. cal, dental and veterinary forces and partner-nation forces. The forces provide care to the host-nation These types of operations and exercises are part of civilians and animals in the AOR. MEDRETEs not USARSOUTH’s mission to shape the environment, only provide real-world training for U.S. forces but build partner-nation capacity, enhance security and help build capacity in countries in the AOR, while ultimately sustain peace in the AOR and in the West- strengthening relationships with these countries. ern Hemisphere.

68 Profile of the U.S. Army 2014/2015 Third Army/U.S. Army Central (USARCENT) U.S. Army Space and Missile Defense Command/ Army Forces Strategic Command (USASMDC/ Headquarters: Shaw Air Force Base, ARSTRAT) South Carolina Headquarters: Redstone Arsenal, Alabama, and Website: http://www.arcent.army.mil Peterson Air Force Base, Colorado Mission: Third Army/USARCENT Website: http://www.army.mil/smdc conducts shaping operations in the Central Command (USCENTCOM) Mission: USASMDC/ARSTRAT con- area of operations to deter adversaries ducts space and missile defense opera- and to reassure and enable regional tions and provides planning, integration, partners while sustaining ongoing U.S. operations in control and coordination of Army forces established combined/joint operating areas. Concur- and capabilities in support of U.S. Stra- rently, Third Army/USARCENT transitions forces and tegic Command (USSTRATCOM) missions (strategic deterrence, integrated missile defense and space capabilities in the USCENTCOM AOR for roles antic- operations); serves as the Army force modernization ipated in the next decade of the 21st century. proponent for space, high-altitude and global missile The Third Army/USARCENT AOR encompasses defense; serves as the Army operational integrator for an area of approximately 6.5 million square miles, global missile defense; and conducts mission-related consisting of 20 countries populated by more than research and development in support of Army Title 10 650 million people speaking 12 major languages and responsibilities. representing seven major religions. Within this strate- As the Army’s force modernization proponent for gically important region lie the historical crossroads space, global missile defense and high altitude and of three continents, the majority of the world’s oil and as the Army’s operational integrator for global mis- natural gas reserves and the primary maritime link sile defense, USASMDC/ARSTRAT focuses on three between Europe and Asia. Resources, various geog- core tasks—operations for today, capability develop- raphies, religious influences and historical conflicts ment for tomorrow and materiel development for the have shaped this region for centuries and continue to day after tomorrow: do so. • to provide trained and ready space and missile Activities: Third Army/USARCENT maintains a defense forces and capabilities in service to the continued forward presence, conducts joint and co- warfighter and the nation today( ); alition exercises throughout the region, provides hu- • to build future space and missile defense forces manitarian assistance when needed, develops close (tomorrow); and partnerships with responsible nations, assists in de- mining efforts and provides support to other military • to research, test and integrate space, missile de- service components. fense, cyber, directed energy and related technologies (day after tomorrow). Third Army/USARCENT remains ready by active- USASMDC/ARSTRAT is the Army service com- ly training and preparing for any contingency while ponent command to the U.S. Strategic Command providing continuous support to the warfighters by and maintains Title 10 responsibilities. From its split- anticipating their needs. Third Army/USARCENT is based headquarters at Redstone Arsenal, Alabama, also shaping the future by building relationships with and Colorado Springs, Colorado, the command over- its partner nations. The command achieves its objec- sees a number of Army elements around the globe. It tives by optimizing its effectiveness both at Shaw Air has four priorities: Force Base and in theater. Defense of the Homeland Third Army/USARCENT is prepared to respond The 100th Missile Defense Brigade (Ground-based rapidly by developing and executing war plans and Midcourse Defense, or GMD) is a multicomponent contingency missions as required. This strategy pro- (Army National Guard and active Army) unit that op- vides the President with a wide range of options to de- erates the GMD fire control network, provides posi- ter aggression and coercion from a forward-presence tive operational control of interceptors at Fort Greely, posture and, if deterrence fails, to defeat any adver- Alaska, and Vandenberg Air Force Base, California, sary across the full spectrum of conflict. and ensures the protective security of the systems Third Army/USARCENT moved from Fort deployed there. The 100th Missile Defense Brigade McPherson, Georgia, to Shaw Air Force Base in Sum- (GMD) is composed of the brigade headquarters and ter, South Carolina, in 2011. Missile Defense Element in Colorado Springs, the

Army Command Structure 69 49th Missile Defense Battalion headquarters and Fire elements for which the Army has been designated as Direction Center at Fort Greely, Detachment One at the lead service. Additional roles performed for the Vandenberg Air Force Base and three AN/TPY-2 radar joint community include management of high-perfor- detachments that provide missile defense radar data to mance computer centers, threat scenario design, com- their respective geographic commands—Detachment mand and control engineering and Advanced Concept 10 in U.S. Pacific Command (which also provides data Technology Demonstration management. to the GMD fire control network), Detachments 11 and The Army Space Personnel Development Office 13 in U.S. European Command and Detachment 12 in oversees the Army’s Space Cadre to include the life U.S. Central Command. cycle management of Functional Area 40 space op- Support to the Warfighter erations officers. Additionally, the command provides support to NASA with an Army astronaut detachment The command’s operations team provides friendly- assigned to the Johnson Space Center in Houston, force tracking data, space tracking, satellite imagery Texas. products and geospatial intelligence. The 1st Space Brigade conducts continuous space Acceleration of Emerging Technology force enhancement, space support and space control The Technical Center in Huntsville, Alabama, fo- operations in support of combatant commanders, en- cuses on providing critical technologies that meet to- abling shaping and decisive operations. The brigade day’s requirements and address future needs, enabling comprises three subordinate battalions: the 53d Signal warfighter effectiveness in the core competencies of Battalion manages transmission control and satellite directed energy, tactical space, airships and payload, payload control of the Department of Defense Wide- cyberspace and missile defense technologies. The band Constellation by sustaining, operating and main- Technical Center plans and executes test and evalua- taining global wideband satellite communications tion programs and performs related analyses to rapid- operations centers and a defense satellite commu- ly transition technology. To accomplish its goals, the nications system certification facility; the 1st Space Technical Center also pursues numerous opportunities Battalion focuses on ballistic missile early warning, and partnerships with academia, industry and other Army space support teams and the commercial im- government organizations. agery team; and the 117th Space Battalion, Colorado The U.S. Army Kwajalein Atoll/Ronald Reagan Bal- Army National Guard, is similar to that of its active listic Missile Defense Test Site (RTS), with its unique component counterpart. The brigade comprises active geographical location in the central Pacific and its un- duty, National Guard and Reserve Soldiers. matched suite of radars, instrumentation and test support facilities, offers extensive flexibility for ballistic Preparation for the Future missile testing, space-object tracking and equatorial The Future Warfare Center, with offices in Hunts- space launch. RTS now has an operations center locat- ville, Alabama, Colorado Springs, Colorado, and ed in Huntsville (ROC-H) and is now the primary RTS Fort Eustis, Virginia, is responsible for building fu- command-and-control location for future missions. ture space and missile defense forces. The Future Warfare Center includes a Battle Lab, Directorate of U.S. Army Special Operations Command (USASOC) Capability Development, Directorate for Training and Headquarters: Fort Bragg, North Carolina Doctrine, Decision Support Directorate and a Train- ing and Doctrine Command Capability Manager for Website: http://www.soc.mil space and global missile defense. The Future Warfare Mission: USASOC is the ASCC of U.S. Center develops the Army’s space and missile defense Special Operations Command (USSO- doctrine and concepts, validates requirements and en- COM). It organizes, trains, educates, sures Armywide solution integration. The Future War- mans, equips, funds, administers, mobi- fare Center rapidly advances innovations for space, lizes, deploys and sustains Army special missile defense, high altitude and cyber to the Army operations forces (SOF) to successfully through prototype development, experimentation conduct worldwide special operations across the range and wargames, analytical assessments and modeling of military missions in support of regional combatant and simulation development. It provides institutional commanders, U.S. ambassadors and other agencies as space and missile defense training to the force and is directed. USASOC develops unique special operations the user representative to ensure vertical integration doctrine, tactics, techniques, procedures and materiel of Doctrine, Organizations, Training, Materiel, Lead- in coordination with the U.S. Army Training and Doc- ership and Education, Personnel and Facilities activi- trine Command (TRADOC), the U.S. Army Materiel ties across space and ballistic missile defense system Command (AMC) and USSOCOM.

70 Profile of the U.S. Army 2014/2015 The 75th Ranger Regiment is trained, resourced and equipped to provide an agile, responsive infantry force that can respond to emergency contingency plans in uncertain and sensitive environments.

Activities: Army special operations forces comprise realm to address civil vulnerabilities leveraged by state Special Forces (SF), Rangers, civil affairs, special op- and nonstate actors for legitimacy and influence over erations aviation (SOA), military information support relevant populations, in any environment, in support operations (MISO) and headquarters units. Special of theater special operations commanders, combatant Forces Command exercises command and control commanders and U.S. ambassadors. over five active Special Forces groups and training 528th Sustainment Brigade (Airborne). The brigade oversight of two Army National Guard SF groups. provides the mission command organization for signal, U.S. Army John F. Kennedy Special Warfare support and materiel management. It also maintains a Center and School. The Special Operations Center dedicated, regionally oriented coordination and liaison of Excellence is responsible for the development of base to provide combat and health services and com- civil affairs, psychological operations and SF Sol- munications planning in support of all Army SOF units. diers, from recruitment to retirement, to provide a professionally trained and well-educated force. This U.S. Army Special Forces Command (Airborne). organization builds the only force specifically trained The USASFC(A) mission is to organize, equip, train, and educated to shape foreign, political and military validate and deploy forces to conduct special oper- environments to prevent war. In addition to the train- ations across the spectrum of conflict, in support of ing mission, the Special Warfare Center and School USSOCOM, geographic combatant commanders, is responsible for developing and integrating doctrine American ambassadors and other governmental agen- for each special operations branch. cies as directed. Green Berets execute nine doctrinal missions: unconventional warfare, foreign internal de- 75th Ranger Regiment. The 75th Ranger Regiment fense, direct action, counterinsurgency, special recon- is the Army’s premier direct-action raid force. It is naissance, counterterrorism, information operations, capable of planning, executing and commanding and counterproliferation of weapons of mass destruction controlling large and complex joint special operations and security force assistance. throughout the range of combat missions. These operations include special reconnaissance, direct-action Military Information Support Operations Com- raids, offensive infantry operations, forcible-entry mand (Airborne). MISOC(A) is the only active-duty operations and partnerships with host-nation forces. Army psychological operations unit. The command The regiment is also trained, resourced and equipped provides fully capable Military Information Support to provide an agile, responsive infantry force that can (MIS) forces to combatant commanders, U.S. ambas- respond to emergency contingency plans in uncertain sadors and other agencies to synchronize plans and and sensitive environments. execute, inform and influence activities across the range of military operations. The 95th Civil Affairs Brigade (Airborne) (Special Operations). As a key component in the application of Army Special Operations Aviation Command. US- targeted civil affairs operations focused on the human ASOC–U.S. Army Special Operations Aviation Com- dimension, the brigade operates worldwide in the joint, mand provides aviation oversight as well as service interagency, intergovernmental and multinational and component interface to ensure system integration,

Army Command Structure 71 U.S. Army Surface Deployment and Distribution Command provides global deployment and distribution capabilities to meet the nation’s objectives. fleet modernization, materiel readiness, training and delivery of their household goods and privately-owned doctrine development. It comprises the headquarters vehicles. The command manages an average of about and four subordinate units, one of which is the 160th 520,000 booked household goods a year with about Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne), the 250,000 of those moves occurring between the months command’s combat element. This unique unit pro- of May and August. vides support to SOF worldwide; capabilities include Additionally, SDDC’s Transportation Engineer- inserting, resupplying and extracting U.S. and allied ing Agency, also at Scott Air Force Base, provides SOF personnel. They also assist in SOF search-and- the Department of Defense with engineering, policy rescue and escape-and-evasion activities. guidance, research and analytical expertise, ensuring U.S. Army Surface Deployment and Distribution U.S. military forces can respond successfully to any Command (SDDC) requirement anywhere in the world. Headquarters: Scott Air Force Base, Illinois The U.S. Army Reserve Deployment Support Com- mand (DSC), headquartered in Birmingham, Ala- Website: http://www.army.mil/sddc bama, is one of the newest operational and functional Mission: SDDC is the Army service commands borne of Army Transformation. It consol- component command to U.S. Trans- idates all Army Reserve surface mobility units under portation Command, providing global a single organization. The DSC is a direct reporting deployment and distribution capabili- command of the 377th Theater Support Command ties to meet the nation’s objectives. Its in New Orleans, Louisiana, and is operationally con- primary focus is timely and accurate support to the trolled by SDDC. warfighter along with positioning the command for the future while improving processes and measuring SDDC manages 87 percent of the cargo coming out performance. of Afghanistan, with the 595th Transportation Brigade being the critical node in the region. In its key role Activities: With approximately 2,400 people, SDDC as the air-surface integrator, SDDC orchestrates the books, ships, tracks and conducts port operations multi-modal transportation operations used to move for surface movements worldwide with a low finan- cargo in and out of Afghanistan. cial overhead by leveraging services from the best of the U.S. transportation industry. In Fiscal Year 2012, SDDC has five subordinate brigades headquartered SDDC moved more than 16.4 million measurement around the world: tons of cargo in support of U.S. forces worldwide. The 595th Transportation Brigade, Camp Arifjan, This equates to about 277,966 standard-size trailers Kuwait, conducts surface deployment and distribu- full of cargo. Lined end-to-end, these trailers would tion operations to meet national security objectives stretch 2,105 miles, or from New York City almost to within the U.S. Central Command AOR. Through a Salt Lake City, Utah. cohesive team of experts, the 595th Transportation SDDC also supports servicemembers, federal Brigade links strategic warfighter surface movement employees and their families with safe and secure requirements with commercial capability. Combining

72 Profile of the U.S. Army 2014/2015 organic, commercial and host nation capabilities, the U.S. Army Military District of Washington brigade offers maximum options and solutions to sup- (USAMDW) ported forces while delivering equipment and sustain- Headquarters: Fort Lesley J. McNair, ment on time. Washington, DC The 596th Transportation Brigade, Military Ocean Website: http://www.mdw.army.mil Terminal Sunny Point (MOTSU), North Carolina, safely provides ammunition terminal services to meet Mission: As a direct reporting unit, US- the nation’s objectives. This responsibility includes AMDW exercises geographic senior the operation of both East and West Coast ammo ter- commander responsibilities over four minals at MOTSU and at Military Ocean Terminal Army installations and one joint base; Concord (MOTCO), California, respectively, and the provides executive, operational, ceremo- U.S. Southern Command AOR. nial and musical support across a full range of worldwide responsibilities; and serves as the Army forces The 597th Transportation Brigade, Joint Base component to, and core staff element of, the Joint Langley–Eustis, Virginia, is focused on the U.S. Force Headquarters–National Capital Region (JF- Northern Command AOR. The 597th and its subor- HQ-NCR) to achieve Army and joint requirements. dinate units are responsible for meeting the surface USAMDW is also the General Court Martial Conven- deployment, redeployment and distribution needs of ing Authority for more than 400 worldwide organiza- the warfighter and Defense Transportation System tions not assigned this authority. customers in the United States. Activities: Since its inception in 2003, JFHQ-NCR has The 598th Transportation Brigade, Sembach, Ger- served as United States Northern Command’s standing many, supports U.S. European Command, U.S. Africa joint force in the National Capital Region, designed to Command and U.S. Central Command via the North- safeguard the nation’s capital in times of crisis. This ern Distribution Network. The 598th Transportation requirement is codified in a June 2003 Chairman of the Brigade enables full-spectrum operations by per- Joint Chiefs of Staff Executive Order, which directs forming movement of forces and materiel in support the command to plan, coordinate, maintain situational of the combatant commander. This unit has left its awareness and, when directed, employ forces as a joint mark in dozens of countries, distinguishing itself in task force to conduct Homeland Defense and Defense every mission and fulfilling its motto: “Warrior Lo- Support of Civil Authorities to defend and secure the gistics—in Motion.” The brigade sustains forces and NCR. Today, a robust interagency partnership exists, provides expeditionary and deliberate port (seaport of with more than 100 federal, state and local organiza- embarkation and seaport of debarkation) and surface tions supported by an incredibly strong bond among distribution operations in the USEUCOM and USA- service components and National Guard partners. Each FRICOM AORs. Additionally, the unit is prepared to organization comes to work every day in the NCR not deploy globally on short notice to conduct port and as a single entity but in a collaborative partnership, as distribution operations. part of a regional team focused on safeguarding the The 599th Transportation Brigade, Wheeler Army nation’s capital. Airfield, Wahiawa, Hawaii, is located with all U.S. Pa- USAMDW serves as the Department of the Army’s cific Command service component commands on the executive agent for official ceremonial events. It rep- island of Oahu, making the location ideal for brigade resents the armed forces on behalf of the Department members to plan and coordinate with leading support- of Defense during national-level ceremonial functions ed units. The unit’s location also allows easy access to which include, but are not limited to, presidential in- the Navy port at Pearl Harbor and Barbers Point Har- augurations, official wreath ceremonies at the Tomb bor and close access to Honolulu’s commercial ports. of the Unknowns and state funerals. Working close- The AOR for the 599th is geographically the largest in ly with Arlington National Cemetery, the command the world: 52 percent of the earth’s surface, equal to conducts official ceremonies and memorial affairs about 105 million square miles. operations on the most hallowed burial ground of our Direct Reporting Units nation’s fallen. Direct reporting units (DRUs) consist of one or The command’s Army Air Operations Group more units with institutional or operational functions. (AAOG) provides executive support to Army leader- These units provide broad, general support to the ship, regionally through rotary-wing assets assigned Army in a single, unique discipline not available else- to the 12th Aviation Battalion and globally through where in the Army. fixed-wing aircraft operated by the U.S. Army Priority

Army Command Structure 73 Air Transport Battalion. The AAOG operates Davison construction, strategic mobility and international Army Airfield and provides air traffic services to the activities in nine divisions in the United States and Pentagon helipad. Additionally, the Aviation Battalion 43 subordinate districts in the United States, Asia, has the 911th Technical Rescue Engineer Company, a Middle East and Europe. USACE also provides real unique, one-of-a-kind capability modeled after a Fed- estate acquisition, management and disposal for the eral Emergency Management Agency Urban Search Army and Air Force. and Rescue Heavy Task Force. The command’s civil works program includes nav- Assigned to USAMDW are the White House Trans- igation, flood risk management, environmental pro- portation Agency—which executes motor vehicle tection, disaster response, hydropower, recreation and operations in support of the White House and first other missions. USACE owns and operates 75 hydro- family, as directed by the White House Military Of- power projects (comprising 24 percent of all U.S. hy- fice—and the U.S. Army Field Band. The Field Band dropower capacity), operates and maintains more than is the premier touring musical representative for the 700 dams and has various authorities for about 14,500 U.S. Army, traveling thousands of miles each year, miles of levees, which are integral to flood risk man- presenting a variety of music to audiences throughout agement and critical to watershed management for the nation. many communities across the nation. USACE’s main- The 3d U.S. Infantry Regiment (The Old Guard) tenance of navigation channels for America’s harbors and The U.S. Army Band (Pershing’s Own) are the and inland waterways is essential to commerce and Army’s official ceremonial units. The Old Guard is strategic mobility. In the United States and around the the oldest active-duty infantry unit in the Army and world, USACE has repeatedly demonstrated an im- is the Army’s official ceremonial unit and escort to pressive capability for responding to natural disasters the President of the United States. In that capacity, and other contingencies. 3d U.S. Infantry Regiment Soldiers are responsible The USACE research and development communi- for conducting memorial affairs missions and official ty, including six main engineering, research and de- military ceremonies at the White House, the Penta- velopment, finance and technical centers, provides gon, national memorials and elsewhere in the nation’s agile support to military operations and civil disaster capital. Pershing’s Own is the Army’s premier musi- relief operations with an array of technical products cal organization and the most diverse of its kind in the and services as well as reach-back to the laboratories world. Its 5,500 missions per year support the leader- through a tele-engineering operations center. USACE ship of the United States of America while conduct- provides technical and construction support to more ing memorial affairs operations honoring our fallen at than 130 countries; assisting with these efforts is the Arlington National Cemetery and supporting a wide 249th Engineer Battalion (Prime Power)—the com- spectrum of national and international events. Con- mand’s one active component—and the command’s certs and recitals by Pershing’s Own and exhibitions two reserve components, the 412th and 416th Theater by The Old Guard units, such as the U.S. Army Drill Engineer Commands. Team and Fife and Drum Corps, preserve the earned By providing innovative engineering and prob- trust of the American people and their confidence in lem-solving expertise to federal agencies, state and lo- the Army. cal governments and friendly nations, the U.S. Army U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Corps of Engineers is Building Strong and proud to be a part of America’s Army: The Strength of a Nation. Headquarters: Washington, DC U.S. Army Criminal Investigation Command (CID) Website: http://www.usace.army.mil Mission: USACE delivers vital en- Headquarters: Quantico, Virginia gineering solutions in collaboration Website: http://www.cid.army.mil with its partners to secure the nation, Mission: CID investigates felony energize the economy and reduce violations of the Uniform Code of risk from disaster. Military Justice (UCMJ) and other Activities: USACE supports the nation’s joint force criminal provisions of the U.S. Code through a versatile military program that includes in which the Army has an interest. the construction of Army and Air Force facilities, The command supports field commanders and com- base realignment and closure activities, installation munities in solving major felony-level crimes and also support, adaptive military contingency support, en- provides protective services for senior Department of vironmental restoration and sustainable design and Defense and Army leaders.

74 Profile of the U.S. Army 2014/2015 The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers delivers vital engineering solutions in collaboration with its partners to secure the nation, energize the economy and reduce risk from disaster.

Activities: As the Army’s primary provider of crimi- Activities: INSCOM, the Army’s operational intelli- nal investigations, CID operates a forensic laboratory, gence force, synchronizes its elements to ensure mul- criminal records repository, major procurement fraud tidiscipline intelligence support to theater/component unit and computer crimes unit. It solves crimes, assess- warfighters, the intelligence community and other es the potential for crime and prevents felony crimes national agencies. INSCOM is a strategic organiza- against the Army, its Soldiers and their families and tion of 17,000 Soldiers, civilians and contractors at its employees. CID also provides forces for peace- more than 180 locations around the globe. INSCOM time and battlefield investigations, including logistics is the Army’s one-stop shop for intelligence, operat- security, criminal intelligence collection, criminal ing across all intelligence disciplines and leveraging investigations, protective services and war crimes in- strong relationships with physical and virtual pres- vestigations. Using modern investigative techniques, ence in all theaters around the globe. equipment and systems, CID handles criminal activity at every level of the Army throughout the world. CID U.S. Army Medical Command (MEDCOM) investigates the full facts of a situation, organizes the Headquarters: Fort Sam Houston (Joint Base facts into a logical summary of investigative data and San Antonio), Texas presents this data to the responsible command or to a U.S. attorney as appropriate. Website: http://www.armymedicine.mil Mission: MEDCOM provides respon- U.S. Army Intelligence and Security Command sive and reliable health services and (INSCOM) influences health to improve readiness, Headquarters: Fort Belvoir, Virginia save lives and advance wellness in sup- Website: http://www.inscom.army.mil port of the force, military families and all people entrusted to its care. Mission: Charged with providing the warfighter the actionable intelligence Army Medicine’s priorities include: needed to understand the battlefield • Combat Casualty Care: The U.S. Army Medical and to focus and leverage combat pow- Department (AMEDD) personnel, services and er, INSCOM conducts multidiscipline doctrine save servicemembers’ and DoD civilians’ and all-source intelligence operations. Included in its lives and maintain their health in all operational operations are collection, analysis, production and dis- environments. semination; network warfare operations; information • Readiness and Health of the Force: AMEDD operations; and knowledge management for the Army personnel and services maintain, restore and im- intelligence enterprise. INSCOM delivers specialized prove the deployability, resiliency and performance quick-reaction capabilities, advanced skills training of servicemembers. and linguistic support for deploying forces, enabling battle command in support of full-spectrum Army, • Ready and Deployable Medical Force: AMEDD joint, coalition and interagency worldwide operations. personnel are professionally developed and

Army Command Structure 75 Army Medicine is a learning organization with a rich history of anticipating and adapting to challenges.

resilient and, with their units, are responsive in Soldiers are America’s pride and most sacred deter- providing the highest level of health care in all minant of force projection. MEDCOM continues to operational environments. collaborate with Army leadership to optimize the • Health of Families and Retirees: AMEDD health, wellness, readiness and resilience of the force. personnel and services optimize the health and Army medical research has played a major role in the resilience of families and retirees. The foundation progress of public health and medical science. MED- COM’s goal is to provide innovative methods that of health is well-being, which encompasses much promote health and wellness to those it serves and more than simply not manifesting illness; it also to lead the nation in transforming from a health care includes physical, mental and social aspects. system to a System for Health. MEDCOM’s responsi- Activities: MEDCOM is commanded by a lieutenant bility today and tomorrow remains the readiness and general who also serves as the Army Surgeon Gener- health of U.S. men and women in uniform as they al and is charged with the responsibility of advising selflessly answer the nation’s call. the Army’s senior leaders on all health matters. The Surgeon General manages one of the largest, most U.S. Army Test and Evaluation Command (ATEC) complex health care delivery systems in the world. Headquarters: Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland MEDCOM includes the Army’s fixed hospitals and Website: http://www.atec.army.mil dental facilities and oversees preventive health, medical research, development and medical training in- Mission: ATEC plans, conducts and institutions. MEDCOM provides food inspection and tegrates developmental testing, indepen- animal-care services for the entire Department of De- dent operational testing and independent evaluations, assessments and experi- fense. The command also provides trained health care ments to provide essential information specialists (combat medics) to the Army’s combat to acquisition decisionmakers in support of the Amer- medical units, which are assigned directly to combat- ican warfighter. ATEC ensures it sends the nation’s ant commanders. Soldiers to war with weapon systems that work. ATEC AMEDD is a trusted health care organization driven upholds its vision to determine the true capability pro- by an unwavering commitment to excellence and to vided to warfighters through developmental, integrat- responsive, reliable and relevant quality health care. ed and operational testing evaluated in an independent The department maintains the courage to do the right and objective manner. ATEC executes its mission in a thing, the confidence to lead and a commitment to collaborative environment and invests in both people meeting the rapidly evolving operational and clinical and infrastructure. ATEC seeks the voice of its cus- demands of the 21st century while serving its Sol- tomers while continuously improving to become more diers, their families and its employees with constant, interdependent, affordable, effective and efficient. unwavering compassion and support. Activities: ATEC was established 1 October 1999 Army Medicine is a learning organization with a in Alexandria, Virginia, following the redesignation rich history of anticipating and adapting to challenges. of the Operational Test and Evaluation Command.

76 Profile of the U.S. Army 2014/2015 Central to the consolidation was ATEC’s assumption The 10,000 military, civilian and contract employ- of overall responsibility for all Army developmen- ees are highly skilled test officers, engineers, scien- tal and operational testing. The Operational Test and tists, technicians, researchers and evaluators who are Evaluation Command became a subordinate com- involved in more than 1,100 daily tests. ATEC em- mand of ATEC and was redesignated the U.S. Army ployees collaborate with individuals across multiple Developmental Test Command (DTC), with head- disciplines in other government agencies and private quarters remaining at Aberdeen Proving Ground. The industry. They also receive hands-on experience with U.S. Army Evaluation Center (AEC) became the third the most sophisticated and advanced technologies in subordinate command, encompassing both the Opera- the world. The staff design and use highly accurate tional Evaluation Command and the Evaluation Anal- and precise instrumentation to test sophisticated mil- ysis Center. This consolidation moved developmental itary systems under controlled conditions at testing and operational evaluation into a single integrated facilities located around the country. command. The Test and Experimentation Command was redesignated the U.S. Army Operational Test U.S. Military Academy (USMA) Command (OTC), with headquarters remaining at Headquarters: West Point, New York Fort Hood, Texas. In 2010, ATEC headquarters in Website: http://www.usma.edu Alexandria moved to Aberdeen Proving Ground and consolidated with DTC and AEC in accordance with Mission: USMA educates, trains and the 2005 Base Realignment and Closure. During this inspires the Corps of Cadets so that consolidation and reorganization, DTC cased its col- each graduate is a commissioned leader ors and transferred its personnel to the new ATEC of character, committed to the values of headquarters and AEC. Now ATEC serves as head- duty, honor, country and prepared for a quarters to AEC, OTC and its test centers. career of professional excellence and service to the nation as an officer in the U.S. Army. Under the 1999 consolidation, ATEC received responsibility for installation management of White Activities: Since its founding more than two centuries Sands Missile Range, New Mexico; Dugway Proving ago, USMA has accomplished its mission by devel- Ground, Utah; and Yuma Proving Ground, Arizona. oping cadets in four critical areas: intellectual, phys- However, on 1 October 2002, the respective Instal- ical, military and moral–ethical—a four-year process lation Management Activity regional offices assumed called the “West Point Experience.” Specific develop- responsibility for these installations. mental goals are addressed through several fully coor- dinated and integrated programs. Also under ATEC are the Aberdeen Test Center (ATC), Aberdeen Proving Ground; Redstone Test A challenging academic program that consists of Center (RTC), Redstone Arsenal, Alabama; Electronic 31 core courses provides a balanced education in the Proving Ground (EPG), Fort Huachuca, Arizona; Cold arts and sciences. This core curriculum establishes the Regions Test Center (CRTC), Fort Greely, Alaska; and foundation for elective courses that permit cadets to the Tropic Regions Test Center (TRTC), headquartered explore in greater depth a field of study or an optional at Yuma Proving Ground with testing in Hawaii and major. All cadets receive a Bachelor of Science degree other locations. With 29 locations in 17 states, ATEC designed specifically to meet the intellectual require- has an annual budget exceeding $500 million. ATEC ments of a commissioned officer in today’s Army. personnel rigorously test and evaluate everything from Admission is open to all young men and women and individual weapons to the National Missile Defense is extremely competitive. Candidates must receive a ground-based midcourse defense systems. nomination from a member of Congress or from the Since its formation, ATEC has played a major role Department of the Army. They are then evaluated on in Army transformation. In December 1999 ATEC their academic, physical and leadership potential. evaluated medium-weight armor at Fort Knox, Ken- Those candidates who are fully qualified receive ap- tucky, during the Platform Performance Demonstra- pointments to the academy. tion; it conducted the Interim Armored Vehicle Bid From the day of its founding on 16 March 1802, the Sample Event at ATC; compared the M113 and the military academy has grown in size and stature, and Stryker at Fort Lewis, Washington, for Congress; and it remains committed to the task of producing com- conducted operational tests of the Stryker during the missioned leaders of character for America’s Army. summer of 2003 at Fort Knox. Since 2011, ATEC has Today the academy graduates approximately 900 new been a critical component in the Network Integration officers annually and represents about 20 percent of Evaluation program to help the Army transform its the new lieutenants required by the Army each year. acquisition process. The student body, or Corps of Cadets, numbers 4,000.

Army Command Structure 77 U.S. Army Reserve Command (USARC) property, mitigating damage and saving lives here at Headquarters: Fort Bragg, North Carolina home. Many of these lifesaving capabilities are almost exclusively resident in the Army’s federal Re- Website: http://www.usar.army.mil serve force. Mission: U.S. Army Reserve Com- The Army Reserve also provides all of the Depart- mand’s mission is to provide trained ment of Defense Emergency Preparedness Liaison and ready Soldiers and units to sup- Officers (EPLOs), who act as the conduits between port the national strategy during FEMA and DoD when coordinating active and federal peacetime, contingencies and war. Reserve military forces in support of disaster opera- As the second largest command in the Army—ex- tions. Along with EPLOs, the Army Reserve assigns ceeded only by its higher headquarters, U.S. Army Active Guard–Reserve Deputy Defense Coordinating Forces Command—USARC provides critical combat Officers as “tip of the spear” Title 10 responders for service support and combat support capabilities both disasters and national emergencies. at home and abroad. The Army Reserve and corporate America share a Activities: The Army Reserve is the premier life- mutual interest in enhancing the career and leader de- saving, life-sustaining force for the Army and the velopment of Citizen–Soldiers, whose civilian skills nation, prepared to operate in a joint, interagency, in- and military capabilities make them a sought-after tal- tergovernmental and multinational environment. The ent pool for both sectors. Employer Partnership lever- Army’s focused investment in the development of ages cooperation with industry to help sustain and specialized capabilities and expertise for a challeng- improve individual, leader and unit readiness. Citi- ing and complex global environment is well-served zen–Soldiers are doctors, lawyers, academics, scien- by the operational Army Reserve. With total assigned tists, engineers and information technology specialists strength of 205,000 Soldiers and 12,600 civilians, ar- on the leading edge of their fields. Their profession- rayed under numerous general officer (GO) theater al expertise makes them invaluable to the Army Re- commands, USARC can quickly tailor any enabling serve, the total force and the private sector. capability, ranging from individuals to large formations, in support of global joint missions or in service The Army Reserve provides trained, equipped and to the homeland. ready Soldiers and cohesive units to meet the nation’s requirements at home and abroad. Expeditionary for- The Army Reserve is both an Army component and mations offer versatile, available and effective ca- a single command, making it a flexible and tailorable pabilities at reduced costs for combat missions and force able to quickly scale its organizations to support contingency operations and for saving lives and pro- any number of missions. As the operational reserve tecting property at home. The Army Reserve provides force for the Army, the Army Reserve provides the 20 percent of the force for 6 percent of the Army’s majority of the Army’s combat support and combat budget, making the critical skills and depth of the life- service support capability. The Army Reserve is a fed- saving, life-sustaining Citizen–Soldier force for the eral force under federal control, ready and accessible nation a true value in today’s rapidly changing, accel- 24/7 with unique capabilities not found in the Regular erating and evolving global environment. Army, the Army National Guard and, in some cases, sister services. U.S. Army Acquisition Support Center (USAASC) The Army Reserve is comprised of seven functional Headquarters: Fort Belvoir, Virginia commands, eight operational commands, 10 training http://asc.army.mil commands and 13 support commands. Expeditionary Website: sustainment commands deploy to locations devoid of Mission: USAASC supports the infrastructure and quickly open seaports and airports, Army acquisition community at all while logistics and supply-chain personnel are experts levels by shaping and developing at moving lifesaving materiel and services into affect- world-class professionals and pro- ed areas. viding superior support to assigned The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Program Executive Officers (PEOs) and Direct Re- Year 2014 recently allowed access to the lifesaving porting Program Managers (DRPMs) in an environ- and life-sustaining capabilities of the Army Reserve at ment of continuous performance improvement. home. Essential to missions abroad, Citizen–Soldiers Activities: USAASC was established in 2002 and be- can now provide support and assistance to citizens came a DRU to the Office of the Assistant Secretary and communities during domestic emergencies, serv- of the Army (Acquisition, Logistics and Technolo- ing as an optimum “dual-use” force for preserving gy)—ASA(ALT)—in 2006. The governing authority

78 Profile of the U.S. Army 2014/2015 As the second largest command in the Army, USARC provides critical combat service support and combat support capabilities both at home and abroad. for this designation is General Order 33, effective oversight for the execution of the force protection 16 October 2006. Now in its sixth year of serving the mission by the PEOs and DRPMs. Army and Army acquisition workforce (AAWF), US- • Subject matter expertise and analytical support AASC is committed to premier support of the Army’s to the ASA(ALT) and various DoD elements. acquisition mission. These include the Under Secretary of Defense USAASC’s core functions and competencies nec- for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics— essary to achieve its mission comprise institutional USD(ATL)—and the Missile Defense Agency, management of the U.S. Army Acquisition Corps among others. (AAC) and customer service and support to PEOs • Acquisition career management and develop- and DRPMs in the areas of human resources, resource ment support to the AAWF. This support is in management (manpower and budget), program struc- the form of plans, policies, programs and direct ture and acquisition information management. Also, support to acquisition organizations, supervisors USAASC provides oversight for the execution of the and individual members of the AAWF. force protection mission by the PEOs/DRPMs, sub- • Communication of the Army Acquisition Corps’ ject-matter expertise and analytical support to various vision and mission within the acquisition com- DoD elements and acquisition career management munity and the Army. The primary vehicles are support to the AAWF. USAASC performs several Army AL&T magazine, Access AL&T (previously core functions for its stakeholders, as defined below: AL&T Online) and convention displays (e.g., the • Policy, guidance and support. USAASC provides Association of the United States Army’s Annual services regarding acquisition issues and initiatives Meeting and Exposition). USAASC also communi- to the Army Acquisition Executive (AAE), Direc- cates its mission and capabilities to the acquisition tor of Acquisition Career Management (DACM), community through various outreach/marketing ASA(ALT) staff and the Army acquisition techniques and tools (e.g., website, brochures, etc.). community. U.S. Army Installation Management Command • Institutional management of the AAC and the (IMCOM) AAWF. This function serves as the schoolhouse proponent. The Director of HQ USAASC is also Headquarters: Fort Sam Houston (Joint Base the Deputy Director, Acquisition Career Manage- San Antonio), Texas ment (D-DACM). HQ USAASC works with the Website: http://www.imcom.army.mil Principal Military Deputy to the ASA(ALT), who Mission: The IMCOM mission is to also serves as the DACM, to oversee the AAWF. provide Soldiers, Army civilians and • Customer service and support to PEOs and their families with a quality of life DRPMs. This is provided in the areas of human commensurate with the quality of resources, resource management (manpower and their service. Army installations are budget), program structure and acquisition in- the Department of Defense standard for infrastructure formation management. USAASC also provides quality and are the providers of consistent, quality

Army Command Structure 79 Army installations materially enhance Soldier and family well-being and readiness. services that act as a force multiplier in supported or- high-risk behaviors and building a warrior ethos with ganizations’ mission accomplishments. Army installa- resilience in mind, body and spirit. tions materially enhance Soldier and family well-being U.S. Army Environmental Command (USAEC), and readiness. a major subordinate command of IMCOM, supports Activities: IMCOM is the face of the Army’s commit- the Army’s Environmental Program by promoting ment to Soldiers and families. By providing world- and supporting sound environmental stewardship that class customer service and demonstrating inspired enables training and maximizes readiness. The com- leadership, IMCOM provides standardized services, mand acknowledges the past by restoring Army lands facilities and infrastructure on more than 70 installa- to usable condition and preserving important cultur- tions around the globe. IMCOM provides environmen- al and historical resources. It engages the present by tal stewardship, sustainable energy initiatives, housing, meeting environmental standards, enabling operations emergency services, child care, youth programs, sports and protecting Soldiers, families and communities. It and recreation, religious support and much more. charts the future by leveraging both best practices and Under the Army Family Covenant, IMCOM pro- emerging technology to ensure future environmental vides services such as financial readiness, Master Re- resiliency. siliency Training, the New Parent Support Program USAEC supports the total force with emerging en- and sponsorship for relocating personnel. All of these vironmental challenges, promotes a sustainable Army services are designed to build resilience through edu- Environmental Program—engaged and forward look- cation, life skills development and supportive counseling to reduce costs and enable Army training—while ing. In addition, IMCOM provides essential services providing Soldiers, their families, Army civilians and and support to transition Soldiers to their pursuit of surrounding communities with safe and sustainable higher education or civilian employment. places to live and work. Through the Army Career and Alumni Program U.S. Army Network Enterprise Technology Command/ (ACAP), IMCOM supports “Soldier for Life” initia- 9th Signal Command (Army) (NETCOM/9thSC[A]) tives long after a Soldier’s military service ends. Sur- vivor Outreach Services are designed to support those Headquarters: Fort Huachuca, Arizona Army families who have experienced the ultimate Website: http://netcom.army.mil loss and sacrifice by maintaining a connection to the larger Army support network. Mission: NETCOM is the Army’s single information technology service provider Through the Army Community Covenant, IMCOM for all network communications. It plans, connects America to its Army by strengthening part- engineers, installs, integrates, protects, nerships between Army installations and local busi- operates, maintains and defends the Ar- nesses, civic leaders and the general public. my’s Networks, enabling mission command through These programs embody the Army’s proactive and all phases of joint, interagency, intergovernmental and holistic approach to promoting health, preventing multinational (JIIM) operations.

80 Profile of the U.S. Army 2014/2015 Activities: NETCOM has the expertise of more than • integrating vertically with Army Cyber Com- 15,800 Soldiers and civilians supporting every Army mand/2d U.S. Army and horizontally with support- command, Army service component command and ed commands; direct reporting unit in more than 20 countries. The • leading and synchronizing the execution of Net- command’s focus is to always accomplish its mission work Modernization efforts within the Army to while always taking care of its people and families. build one inherently joint network based on central- The command’s primary objective is to ensure Army ized management and decentralized execution; and network communications enable U.S forces and coali- • rapidly building and employing Cyber Mission tion partners at all levels of execution. To that end, the Forces and capabilities—setting and then balanc- command focuses on the following priorities: ing teams, matching resources to mission. • operationalizing the command and establish- NETCOM’s Soldiers, side-by-side with Army ci- ing clear roles and responsibilities within the vilians and contractors, are on point for the nation command; around the globe. The physical, mental, spiritual and • standardizing operational and technical processes material well-being of the force is the linchpin to mis- across the command; sion success.

Army Command Structure 81 82 Profile of the U.S. Army 2014/2015 9 Army Installations

The Army operates bases, camps, posts, stations • to adjust their support functions to meet the needs and other installations worldwide. At each location, of the Army; and the Army is, effectively, running a city with such mu- • to support the well-being of all Soldiers and their nicipal services as street maintenance, utilities and families. sewage. Installations also have family programs and audiovisual and base communication services. In addi- The last includes Army Community Service, re- tion, the Army must run environmental protection ser- serve component family programs and a network of vices for installations and maintain security—“force support services that directly impact Soldier readi- protection”—for the property, the equipment, Army ness and retention and help families adapt to military civilians, Soldiers and their families. Army installa- life and all phases of mobilization, deployment and tions’ primary purpose is to provide a place where demobilization. Soldiers train, mobilize and deploy to fight and to The U.S. Army posts below are categorized by support the forces once they have deployed. state or country and list, when available, the nearest The Army has designated three essential tasks for community, the post’s website, the commercial phone installations: number and the Defense Switched Network (DSN) • to serve as deployment platforms with capabilities phone number for the main operator or Public Affairs to resupply forward-based and in-theater forces Office (calls to the DSN number must be made from quickly and efficiently; a DSN phone).

United States JFTC – Joint Forces Training Center JTC – Joint Training Center USAG – U.S. Army Garrison JMTC – Joint Maneuver Training Center MTC – Maneuver Training Center

Alabama Anniston Army Depot Fort Rucker Redstone Arsenal Anniston Daleville Huntsville http://www.anad.army.mil http://www.rucker.army.mil http://www.garrison.redstone.army.mil 256-235-7501 (DSN: 571-1110) 334-255-1110 (DSN: 558-1110) 256-876-2151 (DSN: 746-0011)

Alaska Fort Greely Joint Base Elmendorf–Richardson Fort Wainwright Delta Junction Anchorage Fairbanks http://www.greely.army.mil http://www.usarak.army.mil http://www.wainwright.army.mil 907-378-5000 (DSN: 259-9000) 907-384-1110 (DSN: 317-552-8151) 907-353-1110 (DSN: 317-353-1110)

Arizona Camp Navajo Fort Huachuca Yuma Proving Ground Bellemont Sierra Vista Yuma http://www.campnavajo.com http://www.huachuca.army.mil http://www.yuma.army.mil 928-773-3152 (DSN: 312-853-3238) 520-538-7111 (DSN: 821-7111) 928-328-2151 (DSN: 899-2151)

Army Installations 83 Arkansas Fort Chaffee MTC Pine Bluff Arsenal Camp Robinson MTC Fort Smith Pine Bluff North Little Rock http://www.arguard.org http://www.pba.army.mil http://www.arguard.org/isu 479-484-2121 870-540-3000 (DSN: 966-3000) 501-212-5100 (DSN: 962-5100)

California Parks Reserve Forces Training Area Camp Roberts MTC Camp San Luis Obispo Dublin San Miguel San Luis Obispo http://www.parks.army.mil http://www.calguard.ca.gov/cr http://www.calguard.ca.gov/cslo 925-875-4650 805-238-3100 (DSN: 949-8000) 916-854-3000 USAG–Fort Hunter Liggett Fort Irwin Los Alamitos Army Airfield King City Barstow Los Alamitos http://www.liggett.army.mil http://www.irwin.army.mil 562-795-2151 (DSN: 312-972-2000) 831-386-2505 760-380-1111 (DSN: 470-1111) USAG–Presidio of Monterey Sierra Army Depot Monterey Herlong http://www.monterey.army.mil http://www.sierra.army.mil 831-242-5000 (DSN: 768-5000) 530-827-4343 (DSN: 855-4252)

Colorado Fort Carson Pueblo Chemical Depot Rocky Mountain Arsenal Colorado Springs Pueblo Commerce City http://www.carson.army.mil http://www.cma.army.mil/pueblo.aspx http://www.pmrma.army.mil 719-526-5811 (DSN: 691-5811) 719-549-4111 (DSN: 749-4111) 303-289-0300 (DSN: 749-2300)

District of Columbia Fort Lesley J. McNair (Joint Base Myer–Henderson Hall) Washington http://www.army.mil/jbmhh 703-545-6700 (DSN: 703-695-0441)

Florida Camp Blanding Starke http://www.floridaguard.army.mil 904-682-3421 (DSN: 822-3421)

Georgia Fort Benning Fort Gordon Fort Stewart/Hunter Army Airfield Columbus Augusta Hinesville/Savannah http://www.benning.army.mil http://www.gordon.army.mil http://www.stewart.army.mil 706-545-2011 (DSN: 835-2011) 706-791-0110 (DSN: 760-0110) 912-315-5617 (DSN: 729-5617)

Hawaii USAG–Hawaii Fort Shafter Schofield Barracks Oahu Honolulu Honolulu http://www.garrison.hawaii.army.mil http://www.usarpac.army.mil http://www.25idl.army.mil 808-449-7110 808-449-7110 (DSN: 315-449-7110) 808-449-7110 (DSN: 315-449-7110) Tripler Army Medical Center Honolulu http://www.tamc.amedd.army.mil 808-433-6661 (DSN: 315-433-6661)

84 Profile of the U.S. Army 2014/2015 Idaho Gowen Field Boise http://www.idahoarmyguard.org/GowenField/GowenField.asp 208-422-5755 (DSN: 422-5755)

Illinois Construction Engineering Research Rock Island Arsenal Garrison Laboratory Moline Champaign http://www.usagria.army.mil http://www.erdc.usace.army.mil/Locations/ 309-782-6001 (DSN: 793-6001) ConstructionEngineeringResearch Laboratory.aspx 217-352-6511 (DSN: 643-6511)

Indiana Camp Atterbury Edinburgh http://www.campatterbury.in.ng.mil 812-526-1499 (DSN: 569-2499)

Iowa Camp Dodge Johnston http://www.iowanationalguard.com/camp%20dodge 515-252-4567 (DSN: 431-4567)

Kansas Fort Leavenworth Fort Riley Leavenworth Junction City http://usacac.army.mil/ http://www.riley.army.mil 913-684-4021 (DSN: 552-4021) 785-239-3911 (DSN: 856-3911)

Kentucky Blue Grass Army Depot Fort Campbell Fort Knox Richmond Hopkinsville Louisville http://www.cma.army.mil/bluegrass.aspx http://www.campbell.army.mil http://www.knox.army.mil 859-779-6221 (DSN: 745-6221) 270-798-3025 (DSN: 635-1110) 502-624-1000 (DSN: 464-1000)

Louisiana Fort Polk Leesville http://www.jrtc-polk.army.mil 337-531-2911 (DSN: 863-1110)

Maine Camp Keyes Augusta http://www.me.ngb.army.mil 207-626-4274 (DSN: 626-4274)

Army Installations 85 Maryland Aberdeen Proving Ground Fort Detrick Fort George G. Meade Aberdeen Frederick Laurel http://www.apg.army.mil http://www.detrick.army.mil http://www.ftmeade.army.mil 410-278-5201 (DSN: 298-5201) 301-619-8000 (DSN: 343-8000) 301-677-7128 (DSN: 622-7128) Walter Reed National Military Medical Center Bethesda http://www.wrnmmc.capmed.mil 301-295-4000 (DSN: 295-4000)

Massachusetts Camp Edwards Fort Devens Natick Soldier Systems Center Bourne Ayer Natick http://states.ng.mil/sites/ma/about/ https://www.devens.army.mil http://www.army.mil/natick installations/edwards 978-796-2126 (DSN: 256-2126) 508-233-4300 (DSN: 256-4300) 508-968-5885 (DSN: 557-5885)

Michigan Camp Grayling JMTC USAG–Detroit Arsenal Grayling Warren http://grayling.minationalguard.com http://garrison-michigan.army.mil 989-344-6100 (DSN: 623-3100) 586-282-5000 (DSN: 786-5000)

Minnesota Camp Ripley Little Falls http://www.minnesotanationalguard.org/camp_ripley 320-616-2699 (DSN: 871-3122)

Mississippi Camp Shelby JFTC Waterways Experiment Station Hattiesburg Vicksburg http://ms.ng.mil/aboutus/installations/shelby http://www.erdc.usace.army.mil 601-558-2000 (DSN: 558-2000) 601-634-3188

Missouri Fort Leonard Wood Waynesville http://www.wood.army.mil 573-596-0131 (DSN: 886-0131)

Nebraska Camp Ashland Ashland http://ne.ng.mil/netrng/cats 402-309-7600 (DSN: 279-7600)

New Hampshire Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory Hanover http://www.crrel.usace.army.mil 603-646-4100 (DSN: 220-4100)

86 Profile of the U.S. Army 2014/2015 New Jersey Joint Base McGuire–Dix–Lakehurst Picatinny Arsenal Wrightstown Picatinny http://http://www.jointbasemdl.af.mil http://www.pica.army.mil/picatinnypublic 609-754-1100 (DSN: 650-1100) 973-724-4021 (DSN: 880-4021)

New Mexico White Sands Missile Range Las Cruces http://www.wsmr.army.mil 575-678-2121 (DSN: 258-2121)

New York Camp Smith Fort Drum Fort Hamilton Cortlandt Manor Watertown Brooklyn http://dmna.ny.gov/campsmith http://www.drum.army.mil http://www.hamilton.army.mil 914-788-7330 (DSN: 489-4500) 315-772-6011 (DSN: 772-6011) 718-630-4101 (DSN: 232-4101) U.S. Military Academy Watervliet Arsenal West Point Albany http://www.usma.edu 518-266-5111 (DSN: 374-5111) 845-938-4011 (DSN: 688-1110)

North Carolina Fort Bragg Fayetteville http://www.bragg.army.mil 910-396-0011 (DSN: 236-0011)

North Dakota Camp G. C. Grafton Devils Lake http://www.ndguard.ngb.army.mil/ armyguard/cgtc 701-662-0200 (DSN: 422-0200)

Ohio Camp Perry JTC Camp Ravenna JMTC Camp Sherman JTC Port Clinton Newton Falls Chillicothe http://www.ong.ohio.gov/campperry www.rvaap.org 614-336-6460 614-336-6214 614-336-6660

Oklahoma Camp Gruber JMTC Fort Sill McAlester Army Ammunition Plant Muskogee Lawton McAlester http://www.ok.ngb.army.mil/cgts http://sill-www.army.mil http://www.mcaap.army.mil 918-549-6001 (DSN: 628-6001) 580-442-8111 (DSN: 639-8111) 918-420-6591 (DSN: 956-7200)

Oregon Umatilla Chemical Depot Camp Rilea Hermiston Warrenton http://www.cma.army.mil/umatilla.aspx http://www.camp-rilea.org 541-564-5312 503-836-4052 (DSN: 355-4052)

Army Installations 87 Pennsylvania Carlisle Barracks Letterkenny Army Depot Tobyhanna Army Depot Carlisle Chambersburg Tobyhanna http://carlislebarracks.carlisle.army.mil http://www.letterkenny.army.mil http://www.tobyhanna.army.mil 717-245-3131 (DSN: 242-3131) 717-267-8111 (DSN: 570-8111) 570-615-7000 (DSN: 795-6223) Fort Indiantown Gap Annville 717-861-8500 (DSN: 491-8500)

Puerto Rico USAG–Fort Buchanan Camp Santiago JMTC San Juan Salinas http://www.buchanan.army.mil https://www.pr.ngb.army.mil 787-707-3403 (DSN: 740-3403) 787-724-1295

South Carolina Fort Jackson Columbia http://www.jackson.army.mil 803-751-1110 (DSN: 734-1110)

Texas Biggs Army Airfield Camp Swift Corpus Christi Army Depot El Paso Bastrop Corpus Christi https://www.bliss.army.mil/biggs http://www.txarng.com http://www.ccad.army.mil 915-568-2121 (DSN: 978-2121) 512-321-2497 361-961-3627 (DSN: 861-3627) Fort Bliss Fort Hood Fort Sam Houston El Paso Killeen (Joint Base San Antonio) http://www.bliss.army.mil http://www.hood.army.mil San Antonio 915-568-2121 (DSN: 978-2121) 254-287-3832 (DSN: 737-3832) http://www.samhouston.army.mil 210-221-1211 (DSN: 471-1211) Red River Army Depot Camp Bowie Military Training Center Texarkana Brownwood http://www.redriver.army.mil 512-782-7362 903-334-2141 (DSN: 829-2141)

Utah Deseret Chemical Depot Dugway Proving Ground Tooele Army Depot Tooele Dugway Tooele http://www.cma.army.mil/tooele.aspx https://www.dugway.army.mil http://www.tead.army.mil 435-833-4295 (DSN: 790-4295) 435-831-2116 (DSN: 789-2116) 435-833-2211 (DSN: 790-2211) Camp W. G. Williams Riverton http://www.ut.ngb.army.mil/campwilliams 801-878-5400 (DSN: 438-8621)

Virginia Joint Base Myer–Henderson Hall Joint Base Langley–Eustis Joint Expeditionary Base Little Creek– Arlington Newport News Fort Story http://www.army.mil/jbmhh http://www.jble.af.mil Virginia Beach 703-614-2014 (DSN: 224-2014) 757-878-5251 (DSN: 826-5251) http://www.cnic.navy.mil/jeblcfs 757-462-7385 (DSN: 253-7385)

88 Profile of the U.S. Army 2014/2015 Fort A. P. Hill Fort Belvoir Fort Lee Bowling Green Fairfax Petersburg http://www.aphill.army.mil http://www.belvoir.army.mil http://www.lee.army.mil 804-633-8324 (DSN: 578-8324) 703-805-5001 (DSN: 685-5001) 804-765-3000 (DSN: 539-3000) Fort Pickett ARNG MTC Pentagon Army Geospatial Center Blackstone Arlington Alexandria http://vko.va.ngb.army.mil/fortpickett http://pentagon.afis.osd.mil http://www.agc.army.mil 434-292-8621 (DSN: 438-8621) 703-545-6700 (DSN: 227-0101) 703-428-3736 (DSN: 328-3736)

Washington Joint Base Lewis–McChord Yakima Training Center Tacoma Yakima http://www.lewis-mcchord.army.mil http://www.lewis-mcchord.army.mil/yakima 253-967-1110 (DSN: 357-1110) 509-577-3201 (DSN: 638-3201)

West Virginia Camp Dawson Kingwood http://www.wv.ngb.army.mil/campdawson 304-791-4308 (DSN: 623-4308)

Wisconsin Fort McCoy Sparta http://www.mccoy.army.mil 608-388-2222 (DSN: 280-1110)

Wyoming Camp Guernsey JTC Guernsey http://wyomilitary.wyo.gov/camp-guernsey 307-836-7810 (DSN: 344-7810)

Overseas The commercial phone numbers below include, in order: •• the international access code from the United States (011); •• the country code, which must be dialed when calling from overseas; •• the city code (the zero in parenthesis is NOT dialed when calling from outside the country but is used when calling within the country); and •• the customer phone number.

Belgium USAG–Benelux Chièvres Air Base (USAG–Benelux) Supreme Headquarters Allied Chièvres Chièvres Powers Europe (USAG–Benelux) http://www.usagbenelux.eur.army.mil http://www.usagbenelux.eur.army.mil Mons 011-32-(0)68-27-5111 011-32-(0)68-27-5111 http://www.aco.nato.int/shape.aspx (DSN: 314-371-110) 011-32-(0)65-44-7111 (DSN: 423-7111)

Army Installations 89 USAG–Brussels (USAG–Benelux) Brussels http://www.usagbenelux.eur.army.mil 011-32-(0)28-717-9769 (DSN: 368-9769)

Germany Army operator for Germany: 011-32-(0)2-717-9693 Germersheim Army Depot USAG–Mannheim USAG–Ansbach (USAG–Baden–Württemberg) http://www.rp.army.mil http://www.ansbach.army.mil http://www.heidelberg.army.mil USAG–Illesheim (Storck Barracks) USAG–Bamberg USAG–Baumholder (USAG–Ansbach) http://www.bamberg.army.mil http://www.baumholder.army.mil http://www.ansbach.army.mil Joint Multinational Readiness Center USAG–Grafenwoehr USAG–Kaiserslautern Hohenfels http://www.grafenwoehr.army.mil http://www.rp.army.mil http://www.eur.army.mil/jmrc Landstuhl Regional Medical Center USAG–Schweinfurt USAG–Stuttgart http://ermc.amedd.army.mil/landstuhl http://www.schweinfurt.army.mil http://www.stuttgart.army.mil 011-32-(0)63-71-94-644100 USAG–Wiesbaden U.S. Army MEDDAC Bavaria http://www.wiesbaden.army.mil Vilseck http://ermc.amedd.army.mil/Bavaria

Italy USAG–Livorno USAG–Vicenza Camp Darby http://www.usag.vicenza.army.mil http://www.usag.livorno.army.mil 011-39-(0)444-71-113 011-39-(0)50-54-7111 (DSN: 633-7229) (DSN: 314-634-7500)

Japan Camp Zama Tokyo http://www.usarj.army.mil 011-81-46-407-4357 (DSN: 263-4357)

Korea Military operator for Korea: 011-82-2-7913-1110 (DSN: 723-1110)

USAG–Humphreys USAG–Red Cloud USAG–Daegu Pyongtaek Uijongbu Daegu http://www.army.mil/humphreys http://www.army.mil/redcloudcasey http://www.army.mil/daegu USAG–Yongsan Seoul http://www.army.mil/yongsan

The Netherlands NATO Allied Joint Force Command USAG–Schinnen (USAG–Benelux) Brunssum Schinnen http://www.jfcbs.nato.int http://www.usagbenelux.eur.army.mil 011-31-(0)45-526-2222 011-31-(0)46-443-7199

90 Profile of the U.S. Army 2014/2015 G Glossary

1LT First Lieutenant AFATDS Advanced Field Artillery Tactical Data System 1SG First Sergeant AFRICOM (U.S.) Africa Command 2LT Second Lieutenant AFTB Army Family Team Building AA Administrative Assistant AGR Active Guard and Reserve AAC Army Acquisition Corps AIFSN Army Integrated Family Support Network AAE Army Acquisition Executive AIT Advanced Individual Training AAFES Army and Air Force Exchange Service ALT Acquisition, Logistics and Technology AAG Army Auditor General ALTFCM Army Long-Term Family Case Management AAOG Army Air Operations Group AMC Army Materiel Command AAR After-Action Review AMD Air and Missile Defense AAWF Army Acquisition Workforce AMEDD U.S. Army Medical Department ABCS Army Battle Command System AMPV Armored Multi-Purpose Vehicle ABCT Armored (formerly Heavy) Brigade AOR Area of Responsibility Combat Team AOT Assignment-Oriented Training ABN Airborne APS Army Prepositioned Stocks; Afloat Prepositioning Ships AC Active Component AR Army Regulation AC/RC Active Component/Reserve Component ARCENT Army Central Command ACAP Army Career and Alumni Program ARFORGEN Army Force Generation ACR Armored Cavalry Regiment ARH Armed Reconnaissance Helicopter ACS Assistant Chief of Staff; Army Community ARNG Army National Guard Service ARSTRAT Army Strategic Command ACSIM Assistant Chief of Staff, Installation Management ASA Assistant Secretary of the Army ACTD Advanced Concept Technology ASA(ALT) Assistant Secretary of the Army for Demonstration Acquisition, Logistics and Technology ACU Army Combat Uniform ASA(CW) Assistant Secretary of the Army for Civil Works ACU-A Army Combat Uniform–Alternate ASA(FMC) Assistant Secretary of the Army for ACU-P Army Combat Uniform–Permethrin Financial Management and Comptroller AD Armored Division; Active Duty; Air Defense ASA(IE) Assistant Secretary of the Army for ADA Air Defense Artillery Installations and Environment ADDS Army Data Distribution System ASA(MRA) Assistant Secretary of the Army for ADL Advanced Distributive Learning Manpower and Reserve Affairs ADT Agribusiness Development Team ASCC Army Service Component Command AEC Army Evaluation Center ASEP Army Spouse Employment Partnership AER Army Emergency Relief ASU Army Service Uniform AFAP Army Family Action Plan; Army Family ATC Aberdeen Test Center Advocacy Program ATEC Army Test and Evaluation Command

Table of Contents 91 ATRRS Army Training Requirements and Resource CFC Combined Forces Command System CFLCC Coalition Forces Land Component AUSA Association of the United States Army Command AVC Army Volunteer Corps CFSC (U.S. Army) Community and Family Support AW2 Army Wounded Warrior Program Center AWACS Airborne Warning and Control System CG Commanding General BA Budget Activity CGSC Command and General Staff College BAH Basic Allowance for Housing CGSOC Command and General Staff Officers BAS Basic Allowance for Subsistence Course BCA Budget Control Act CID (U.S. Army) Criminal Investigation Command BCT Brigade Combat Team CIO/G-6 Chief Information Officer BDA Battle Damage Assessment CJCS Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff BDU Battledress Uniform CJFLCC Combined Joint Force Land Component BG Brigadier General Command BLIN Budget Line Item Number CJOA Combined Joint Operating Area BLOS Beyond-Line-of-Sight CJTF Combined Joint Task Force BMD Ballistic Missile Defense CJTF-HOA Combined Joint Task Force–Horn of Africa BNCOC Basic NCO Course CLL Chief, Legislative Liaison BOS Battlefield Operating System CLU Command Launch Unit BOSS Better Opportunities for Single Soldiers CMAOC Casualty and Mortuary Affairs Operation BRAC Base Realignment and Closure Center C2 Command and Control CMO Civil–Military Operations C2I Command, Control and Intelligence CMTC Combat Maneuver Training Center C3 Command, Control and Communications CNGB Chief, National Guard Bureau C3D2 Camouflage, Cover, Concealment, COAD Continuation on Active Duty Deception and Denial COAR Continuation on Active Reserve C4ISR Command, Control, Communications, COIN Counterinsurgency Computers, Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance COL Colonel CA Civil Affairs COMCAM Combat Camera CAB Combat Aviation Brigade COMEUR Commander, U.S. European Command CAC Casualty Assistance Center CONOPS Concept of Operations CALL Center for Army Lessons Learned CONUS Continental United States CAO Casualty Assistance Officer COP Common Operating Picture CAOC Combined Air Operations Center CoS Continuum of Service CAR Chief, Army Reserve COSIS Care of Supplies in Storage CAS Close Air Support COTS Commercial Off-the-Shelf CAS3 Combined Arms and Services Staff School CPA Chief, Public Affairs CBM Confidence-Building Measure CPL Corporal CBP (U.S.) Customs and Border Patrol CPR Capability Portfolio Review CBRNE Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear CPT Captain and High-Yield Explosive CRTC Cold Regions Test Center CCC Captains’ Career Course CSA Chief of Staff, Army CCH Chief of Chaplains CSIB Combat Service Identification Badge CDC Child Development Center CSM Command Sergeant Major CEF Contingency Expeditionary Force CST Civil Support Team CENTCOM (U.S.) Central Command CT Counterterrorism CERFP CBRN Enhanced Response Force Package CTC Combat Training Center

92 Profile of the U.S. Army 2014/2015 CTG Command Training Guidance E-6 Staff Sergeant (SSG) CV Commander’s Vehicle E-7 Sergeant First Class (SFC) CW2 Chief Warrant Officer 2 E-8 Master Sergeant (MSG) or First Sergeant CW3 Chief Warrant Officer 3 (1SG) CW4 Chief Warrant Officer 4 E-9 Sergeant Major (SGM), Command Sergeant Major (CSM) or Sergeant Major of the Army CW5 Chief Warrant Officer (SMA) D-DACM Deputy Director, Acquisition Career ECM Electronic Countermeasures Management EETAF Eastern European Task Force DA Department of the Army EFMP Exceptional Family Member Program DACM Director of Acquisition Career Management EOD Explosive Ordnance Disposal DARPA Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency EPAA European Phased Adaptive Approach DART Domestic All-hazards Response Team EPG Electronic Proving Ground DAS Director, Army Staff EPLO Emergency Preparedness Liaison Officer DCGS-A Distributed Common Ground System–Army ER/MP Extended Range/Multipurpose DCO Defense Coordinating Officer ES2 Every Soldier is a Sensor DCS Deputy Chief of Staff ESB Enhanced Separate Brigade ESV Engineer Squad Vehicle DeCA Defense Commissary Agency ETAC Enlisted Tactical Air Control DEERS Defense Enrollment Eligibility Reporting System EUCOM (U.S.) European Command DEP Delayed Entry Program FA Field Artillery DFAS Defense Finance and Accounting Service FAC Forward Air Controller DHS Department of Homeland Security FCR Fire Control Radar DIA Defense Intelligence Agency FDC Fire Direction Center DISCOM (U.S. Army) Division Support Command FEMA Federal Emergency Management Agency DIVARTY Division Artillery FFE Field Force Engineering DMZ Demilitarized Zone FHIF Family Housing Improvement Fund DoD Department of Defense FHP Flying Hour Program DOTMLPF Doctrine, Organization, Training, Materiel, FHTV Family of Heavy Tactical Vehicles Leadership and education, Personnel and FLO (Army) Family Liaison Office Facilities FM Field Manual DRPM Direct Reporting Project Manager FMEAP Family Member Employment Assistance DRU Direct Reporting Unit Program DS3 Disabled Soldier Support System FMTV Family of Medium Tactical Vehicles DSCA Defense Support of Civil Authorities FMWRC (U.S. Army) Family and Morale, Welfare and DSCS Defense Satellite Communication System Recreation Command DSN Defense Switched Network FO Forward Observer DSS/OPM Defense Security Service/Office of FORSCOM (U.S. Army) Forces Command Personnel Management FoS Family of Systems DTC (U.S. Army) Developmental Test Command FR Flame-Resistant DUSA Deputy Under Secretary of the Army FRACU Flame-Resistant Army Combat Uniform DUSA(OR) Deputy Under Secretary of the Army for FRG Family Readiness Group Operations Research FRS Forward Repair System E-1 Private (PVT) FSA Force Structure Allowance E-2 Private (PV2) FSC First Sergeants’ Course E-3 Private First Class (PFC) FSV Fire Support Vehicle E-4 Specialist (SPC) or Corporal (CPL) FUDS Formerly Used Defense Sites E-5 Sergeant (SGT) FWC Future Warfare Center

Table of Contents 93 FY Fiscal Year IED Improvised Explosive Device G-1 Personnel (Army Staff) IET Initial Entry Training G-2 Intelligence (Army Staff) IF Indirect Fires G-3/5/7 Operations and Plans (Army Staff) IFOR Implementation Force G-4 Logistics (Army Staff) IG Inspector General G-6 Information (Army Staff) ILE Intermediate-Level Education G-8 Programming, Materiel Integration and ILW (AUSA’s) Institute of Land Warfare Management (Army Staff) IMA Individual Mobilization Augmentee GA General of the Army IMCOM (U.S. Army) Installation Management GBI Ground-Based Interceptor Command GC General Counsel ING Inactive National Guard GCCS-A Global Command and Control System–Army INSCOM (U.S. Army) Intelligence and Security GCV Ground Combat Vehicle Command GEN General IO Information Officer; Information Operations GF Generating Force IOC Initial Operational Capability GFAC Ground Forward Air Controller IR Infrared GFAP General Framework Agreement for Peace IRR Individual Ready Reserve (Dayton Accord) ISAF International Security Assistance Force GFE Government-Furnished Equipment ISR Intelligence, Surveillance and GIG Global Information Grid Reconnaissance GMD Ground-based Midcourse Defense IT Information Technology GMLRS Guided Multiple Launch Rocket System J-1 Manpower and Personnel (Joint Staff) GMV Ground Mobility Vehicle J-2 Intelligence (Joint Staff) GNEC Global Network Enterprise Construct J-3 Operations (Joint Staff) GO General Officer J-4 Logistics (Joint Staff) GOTS Government Off-the-Shelf J-5 Strategic Plans and Policy (Joint Staff) GS General Service J-6 Command, Control, Communications and Computer Systems (Joint Staff) GTMO Joint Task Force Guantánamo J-7 Operational Plans and Interoperability GWOT Global War on Terrorism (Joint Staff) HA Humanitarian Assistance J-8 Force Structure, Resources and Assessment HE High Explosive (Joint Staff) HELSTF High Energy Laser Systems Test Facility JAG Judge Advocate General HEMTT Heavy Expanded Mobility Tactical Truck JAGC Joint Air Ground Center HMMWV High-Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle JBC-P Joint Battle Command–Platforms (Humvee) JCIDS Joint Capabilities Integration Development HOA Horn of Africa System HQ Headquarters JCS Joint Chiefs of Staff HQDA Headquarters, Department of the Army JFHQ Joint Force Headquarters HRAP Hometown Recruiter Assistance Program JFHQ-NCR Joint Force Headquarters–National Capital HRC (U.S. Army) Human Resources Command Region HRF Homeland Response Force JFLCC Joint Force Land Component Command HST Home-Station Training JFTC Joint Force Training Center HUMINT Human Intelligence JIIM Joint, Interagency, Intergovernmental and IAP IRR Affiliation Program Multinational IBCT Infantry Brigade Combat Team JLTV Joint Light Tactical Vehicle ICS Integrated Computer System JMD Joint Manning Document ICV Infantry Carrier Vehicle JMTC Joint Multinational Training Command ID Infantry Division; Identification JNTC Joint National Training Capability

94 Profile of the U.S. Army 2014/2015 JOC Joint Observer Controller MG Major General JPO Joint Program Office MGS Mobile Gun System JROC Joint Requirements Oversight Council MI Military Intelligence JRTC Joint Readiness Training Center MIA Missing in Action JSOTF Joint Special Operations Task Force MILCON Military Construction JSTARS Joint Surveillance Target Attack Radar MILPER Military Personnel System MILSTAR Military Strategic/Tactical Relay JTAGS Joint Tactical Ground Station MIS Military Information Support JTC Joint Training Center MISO Military Information Support Operation JTF Joint Task Force MISOC(A) Military Information Support Operation JTF-CS Joint Task Force–Civil Support Command (Airborne) JTF-GTMO Joint Task Force–Guantánamo MLRS Multiple Launch Rocket System JTF-HD Joint Task Force–Homeland Defense MNTF(E) Multinational Task Force (East) JTRS Joint Tactical Radio System MOOTW Military Operations Other Than War JTRS-GMR Joint Tactical Radio System–Ground MOS Military Occupational Specialty Mobile Radio MOT&E Multiservice Operational Test and JWO Joint Warfare Officer Evaluation KFOR Kosovo Force MOTCO Military Ocean Terminal Concord KIA Killed in Action MOTSU Military Ocean Terminal Sunny Point LAW Light Antitank Weapon MOUT Military Operations in Urban Terrain LCC Land Component Commander MP Military Police LHS Load-Handling System MQS Military Qualification Standards LIC Low-Intensity Conflict MRAP Mine-Resistant Ambush Protected LMTV Light Medium Tactical Vehicle MRE Meal Ready to Eat; Mission Rehearsal LOC Lines of Communication Exercise LTC Lieutenant Colonel MSEP Military Spouse Employment Partnership LTG Lieutenant General MSG Master Sergeant LUH Light Utility Helicopter MTC Maneuver Training Center MACOM Major Army Command MTOE Modified Table of Organization and MAIL Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation and Equipment Livestock MTP Mission Training Plan MAJ Major MTS Movement Tracking System MAV Micro-Air Vehicle MTV Medium Tactical Vehicle MC Mortar Carrier MTW Major Theater of War MCO Major Combat Operation MWR Morale, Welfare and Recreation MCS Maneuver Control System MY Man Year MDMP Military Decision Making Process NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization MDW (U.S. Army) Military District of Washington NBC Nuclear, Biological and Chemical MEADS Medium Extended Air Defense System NBCRV NBC Reconnaissance Vehicle MEDCOM (U.S. Army) Medical Command NCO Noncommissioned Officer MEDDAC Medical Department Activity NCOES Noncommissioned Officer Education System MEDRETE Medical Readiness Training Exercise NDAA National Defense Authorization Act METL Mission-Essential Task List NEO Noncombatant Evacuation Operation METT-TC Mission, Enemy, Terrain and Weather, Time, NETCOM (U.S. Army) Network Enterprise Technology Troops Available and Civilian Command MEV Medical Evacuation Vehicle NGB National Guard Bureau MFO Multinational Force and Observers NGO Nongovernmental Organization MFOM MLRS Family of Munitions NLOS-LS Non-Line-of-Sight Launch System

Table of Contents 95 NMD National Missile Defense PEO Program Executive Office NMS National Military Strategy PFC Private First Class NRO National Reconnaissance Office PGM Precision-Guided Munitions NSA National Security Agency PGMM Precision-Guided Mortar Munitions NSC Network Service Centers PIM Paladin Integrated Management NSPS National Security Personnel System PKO Peacekeeping Operations NTC National Training Center PKSOI (U.S. Army) Peacekeeping and Stability NVG Night-Vision Goggle Operations Institute O&M Operation and Maintenance PLDC Primary Leadership Development Course O-1 Second Lieutenant (2LT) PME Professional Military Education O-2 First Lieutenant (1LT) POI Program of Instruction O-3 Captain (CPT) POW Prisoner of War O-4 Major (MAJ) PPB Planning, Programming and Budgeting O-5 Lieutenant Colonel (LTC) PSO Peace Support Operations O-6 Colonel (COL) PSYOP Psychological Operations O-7 Brigadier General (BG) PV2 Private O-8 Major General (MG) PVT Private O-9 Lieutenant General (LTG) QDR Quadrennial Defense Review O-10 General (GEN) R&D Research and Development OAS Organization of American States; Officer R&R Rest and Recuperation; Resource and Accession Students Referral OCAR Office of the Chief, Army Reserve R2 Refuel and Rearm OCO Overseas Contingency Operations RC Reserve Component OCONUS Outside the Continental United States RDA Research, Development and Acquisition OCP Operation Enduring Freedom Camouflage RDT&E Research, Development, Test and Pattern Evaluation OCS Officer Candidate School RFF Request for Forces OEF Operation Enduring Freedom RFI Rapid Fielding Initiative OES Officer Education System ROC-H RTS Operations Center–Huntsville OIF Operation Iraqi Freedom ROE Rules of Engagement OJE Operation Joint Endeavor ROK Republic of Korea (South Korea) OJT On-the-Job Training ROTC Reserve Officer Training Corps OMB Office of Management and Budget RPG Rocket-Propelled Grenade OP Observation Post RSOI Reception, Staging, Onward Movement and Integration OPFOR Opposing Force RSTA Reconnaissance, Surveillance and Target OPMS Officer Personnel Management System Acquisition OPTEMPO Operating Tempo RTC Redstone Test Center OR Operational Readiness RTS Ronald Reagan Ballistic Missile Defense OSD Office of the Secretary of Defense Test Site OSINT Open Source Intelligence RV Reconnaissance Vehicle OTC (U.S. Army) Operational Test Command S&T Science and Technology OTRA Other-than-Regular Army SA Secretary of the Army; Situational OUR Operation Unified Response Awareness PACOM (U.S.) Pacific Command SAMS School for Advanced Military Studies PAO Public Affairs Officer SAR Search and Rescue PCS Permanent Change of Station SASO Stability and Support Operation (see SOSO) PDOS Professional Development of Officers Study SAW Squad Automatic Weapon; Senior Army PDW Personal Defense Weapon Workforce

96 Profile of the U.S. Army 2014/2015 SBCT Stryker Brigade Combat Team TJAG The Judge Advocate General SDDC (U.S. Army Military) Surface Deployment TMD Theater Missile Defense and Distribution Command TOA Transfer of Authority; Total Obligational SEP Safety Enhancement Program Authority SES Senior Executive Service TOC Tactical Operations Center SETAF Southern European Task Force TOE Table of Organization and Equipment SF Special Forces TOT Time on Target SFAC Soldier and Family Assistance Center TP Target Practice SFC Sergeant First Class TPU Troop Program Unit SFOR Stabilization Force TRADOC (U.S. Army) Training and Doctrine Command SGLI Servicemembers’ Group Life Insurance TRC Training Readiness Code SGM Sergeant Major TRICARE Triple-option Health Care Program SGT Sergeant (Department of Defense) SIMEX Simulation Exercise TRTC Tropic Regions Test Center SMA Sergeant Major of the Army TSC Theater Security Cooperation SMDC (U.S. Army) Space and Missile Defense TSG The Surgeon General Command TSGLI Traumatic Servicemembers’ Group Life SMI Soldier–Machine Interface Insurance SNS Sniper Night Sight TSM GMD TRADOC System Manager Ground-based Midcourse Defense SOA Special Operations Aviation TTHS Trainees, Transients, Holdees and Students SOAR Special Operations Aviation Regiment TTP Tactics, Techniques and Procedures SOF Special Operations Forces TUAV Tactical Unmanned Aerial Vehicle SOP Standard Operating Procedure UA Unit of Action SOS Survivor Outreach Services UAS Unmanned Aircraft System SoSCOE System-of-Systems Common Operating Environment UAV Unmanned Aerial Vehicle SOSO Stability Operation and Support Operation UCAR Unmanned Combat Armed Rotorcraft (see SASO) UCMJ Uniform Code of Military Justice SPC Specialist UCP Universal Camouflage Pattern SRM Sustainment, Restoration and UE Unit of Employment Modernization UGV Unmanned Ground Vehicle SRP Soldier Readiness Processing UIC Unit Identification Code SSC Small-Scale Contingency UID Unique Identification SSD System Development and Demonstration UN United Nations SSG Staff Sergeant UNC United Nations Command STX Situational Training Exercises USA U.S. Army TACMS Tactical Missile System USAAC U.S. Army Accessions Command TADS Tactical Air Defense System; Target USAASC U.S. Army Acquisition Support Center Acquisition Designation Sight USACAPOC U.S. Army Civil Affairs and Psychological TAPS Tragedy Assistance Program for Survivors Operations Command TASS Total Army School System USACE U.S. Army Corps of Engineers TC Technical Center USAFRICOM United States Africa Command TDA Table of Distribution and Allowances USAG U.S. Army Garrison TDY Temporary Duty USAID U.S. Agency for International Development TF Task Force USAMDW U.S. Army Military District of Washington TFE Task Force Eagle USARAF U.S. Army Africa TIG The Inspector General USARC U.S. Army Reserve Command TIMC Technical Interoperability and Matrix Center USARCENT U.S. Army Central

Table of Contents 97 USAREUR U.S. Army Europe USNORTHCOM U.S. Northern Command USARJ U.S. Army Japan USPACOM U.S. Pacific Command USARNORTH U.S. Army North USPFO U.S. Property and Fiscal Office USARPAC U.S. Army Pacific USSOCOM U.S. Special Operations Command USARSO U.S. Army South USSOUTHCOM U.S. Southern Command USASFC(A) U.S. Army Special Forces Command USSTRATCOM U.S. Strategic Command (Airborne) USTRANSCOM U.S. Transportation Command USASMA U.S. Army Sergeants Major Academy UW Unconventional Warfare USASMDC U.S. Army Space and Missile Defense VA Veterans Affairs Command VCSA Vice Chief of Staff, Army USASOC U.S. Army Special Operations Command vFRG Virtual Family Readiness Group USC U.S. Code WIN-T Warfighter Information Network–Tactical USCENTCOM U.S. Central Command USD(ATL) Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, WMD Weapon of Mass Destruction Technology and Logistics WO Warrant Officer USEUCOM U.S. European Command WO1 Warrant Officer 1 USFJ U.S. Forces Japan WTCV Weapons and Tracked Combat Vehicles USFK U.S. Forces Korea WTU Warrior Transition Unit USMA U.S. Military Academy YTG Yearly Training Guidance

98 Profile of the U.S. Army 2014/2015 M Maps

U.S. Army Combat Corps and Divisions

15 20

14 18 16 9 6

22 3

19 21

2 8 4 5

17 Corps Armored Division Headquarters

Cavalry Division Headquarters 7 Airborne Division Headquarters 12 Mountain Division Headquarters

Infantry Division Headquarters Hawaii South Korea

1 I Corps 7 2d Infantry Division 13 28th Infantry Division 19 40th Infantry Division Joint Base Lewis−McChord, WA Uijeongbu, South Korea Harrisburg, PA Los Alamitos, CA

3d Infantry Division 29th Infantry Division 42d Infantry Division 2 III Corps 8 14 20 Fort Hood, TX Fort Stewart, GA Fort Belvoir, VA Troy, NY

XVIII Airborne Corps 4th Infantry Division 34th Infantry Division 3 9 15 21 82d Airborne Division Fort Bragg, NC Fort Carson, CO Rosemount, MN Fort Bragg, NC

1st Armored Division 7th Infantry Division 35th Infantry Division 101st Airborne Division 4 10 16 22 Fort Bliss, TX Joint Base Lewis−McChord, WA Fort Leavenworth, KS (Air Assault) Fort Campbell, KY

5 1st Cavalry Division 11 10th Mountain Division 17 36th Infantry Division Fort Hood, TX Fort Drum, NY Austin, TX

1st Infantry Division 38th Infantry Division 6 12 25th Infantry Division 18 Fort Riley, KS Schoﬁeld Barracks, HI Indianapolis, IN

Maps 99 U.S. Army National Guard Divisions and Brigade Combat Teams

26 9 2 7 17

1 3 20 8 12 5

10 27 13 22

23 30 6 15 18 14 28 19

11 29

21 Division Headquarters Infantry Brigade Combat Team 4 Armored Brigade Combat Team*

Cavalry Brigade Combat Team Hawaii * Formerly Heavy Brigade Combat Team

2d Infantry Brigade Combat Team 36th Infantry Division 1 11 22 76th Infantry Brigade Combat Team Boone, IA 56th Infantry Brigade Combat Team Lawrence, IN 72d Infantry Brigade Combat Team 27th Infantry Brigade Combat Team Austin, TX 2 23 79th Infantry Brigade Combat Team Syracuse, NY San Diego, CA 12 37th Infantry Brigade Combat Team 28th Infantry Division Columbus, OH 3 24 81st Armored Brigade Combat Team 2d Infantry Brigade Combat Team Seattle, WA 55th Armored Brigade Combat Team 13 38th Infantry Division Indianapolis, IN 56th Stryker Brigade Combat Team 86th Infantry Brigade Combat Team Harrisburg, PA 25 39th Infantry Brigade Combat Team (Mountain) 14 Jericho, VT Little Rock, AK 4 29th Infantry Brigade Combat Team Honolulu, HI 116th Cavalry Brigade Combat Team 15 40th Infantry Division 26 Los Alamitos, CA Boise, ID 5 29th Infantry Division Fort Belvoir, VA 116th Infantry Brigade Combat Team 16 41st Infantry Brigade Combat Team 27 Clackamas, OR Staunton, VA 6 30th Armored Brigade Combat Team Clinton, NC 155th Heavy Brigade Combat Team 17 42d Infantry Division 28 Troy, NY Tupelo, MS 7 32d Infantry Brigade Combat Team Camp Douglas, WI 256th Infantry Brigade Combat Team 18 45th Infantry Brigade Combat Team 29 Norman, OK Lafayette, LA 8 33d Infantry Brigade Combat Team Urbana, IL 19 48th Infantry Brigade Combat Team 30 278th Armored Brigade Combat Team Macon, GA Knoxville, TN 9 34th Infantry Division 1st Armored Brigade Combat Team 20 50th Infantry Brigade Combat Team Rosemount, MN Joint Base McGuire−Dix−Lakehurst, NJ

10 35th Infantry Division 21 53d Infantry Brigade Combat Team Fort Leavenworth, KS Pinellas Park, FL

100 Profile of the U.S. Army 2014/2015 U.S. Army Reserve Operational and Functional Commands

15 22 9 49 14 51 38 33 40 25 29 30 44 7 23 52 11 6 19 18 39 24 13 50 8 31 27 47 10 16 2 20 48 12 43 34

41 46 5 37 21 32 53 Hawaii 8 36 3 28 Operational and Functional Commands 42 4 Combat Service Support Commands 1

Training Commands Puerto Rico Germany

1 1st Mission Support Command 19 94th Training Division (Force Sustainment) 37 412th Theater Engineer Command Fort Buchanan, PR Fort Lee, VA Vicksburg, MS 3d Medical Command (Deployment Support) 2 20 95th Training Division (Initial Entry Training) 38 416th Theater Engineer Command Forest Park, GA Oklahoma City, OK Darien, IL 4th Expeditionary Sustainment Command 98th Training Division (Initial Entry Training) 3 21 39 451st Expeditionary Sustainment Command San Antonio, TX Fort Benning, GA Wichita, KS 7th Civil Support Command 99th Regional Support Command 4 22 40 807th Medical Command (Deployment Support) Kaiserslautern, Germany Joint Base McGuire−Dix−Lakehurst, NJ Fort Douglas, UT 9th Mission Support Command 100th Training Division (Operational Support) 5 23 41 Army Reserve Sustainment Command Honolulu, HI Fort Knox, KY Birmingham, AL 11th Theater Aviation Command 102d Training Division (Maneuver Support) 6 24 42 Army Reserve Medical Command Fort Knox, KY Fort Leonard Wood, MO Pinellas Park, FL

7 63d Regional Support Command 103d Expeditionary Sustainment Command Deployment Support Command Mountain View, CA 25 43 Des Moines, IA Birmingham, AL 75th Training Division (Mission Command) 8 104th Training Division (Leader Training) Military Intelligence Readiness Command Houston, TX 26 44 Joint Base Lewis−McChord, WA Fort Belvoir, VA 78th Training Division 9 108th Training Command (Initial Entry Training) Army Support Activity–Dix Joint Base McGuire−Dix−Lakehurst, NJ 27 45 Charlotte, NC Joint Base McGuire−Dix−Lakehurst, NJ 79th Sustainment Support Command 10 143d Sustainment Command (Expeditionary) Los Alamitos, CA 28 46 Army Reserve Careers Division Orlando, FL Gillem Enclave, GA 80th Training Command 11 200th Military Police Command (Total Army School System) 29 47 U.S. Army Civil Affairs and Psychological Richmond, VA Fort Meade, MD Operations Command Fort Bragg, NC 81st Regional Support Command 30 310th Expeditionary Sustainment Command 12 Indianapolis, IN Fort Jackson, SC 48 U.S. Army Reserve Augmentation Unit Fort Bragg, NC 311th Expeditionary Sustainment Command 13 84th Training Command (Unit Readiness) 31 Fort Knox, KY Los Angeles, CA U.S. Army Reserve Joint and Special Troops 49 Support Command 311th Signal Command Salt Lake City, UT 14 85th U.S. Army Reserve Support Command (West) 32 Arlington Heights, IL Fort Shafter, HI 50 U.S. Army Reserve Readiness Training Center 316th Expeditionary Sustainment Command Fort Knox, KY 15 86th Training Division (Operations) 33 Fort McCoy, WI Coraopolis, PA 51 U.S. Army Reserve Support Command 1st Army 335th Signal Command (Theater) Rock Island Arsenal, IL 16 87th U.S. Army Reserve Support Command (East) 34 Birmingham, AL East Point, GA U.S. Army Reserve Support Command 1st Army 364th Expeditionary Sustainment Command 52 17 88th Regional Support Command 35 Division East Fort McCoy, WI Marysville, WA Fort Meade, MD

18 91st Training Division (Operations) 36 377th Theater Support Command 53 U.S. Army Reserve Support Command 1st Army Fort Hunter Liggett, CA Belle Chasse, LA Division West Fort Hood, TX

Maps 101 Association of the United States Army Institute of Land Warfare 2425 Wilson Blvd. Arlington, VA 22201 800.336.4570 www.ausa.org