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Death of a Companion Cat Or Dog and Human Bereavement: Psychosocial Variables

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Death of a Companion Cat Or Dog and Human Bereavement: Psychosocial Variables Lynn A. Planchon,Donald I.Templer, 1 Shelley Stokes, and Jacqueline Keller Death of a Companion Cat or Dog and Human Bereavement: Psychosocial Variables ABSTRACT This study found that death depression, general depression, and positive attitudes toward, and attachment to, companion animals were associated with greater grief following the death of cats and dogs both in a veterinary client groupwho had recently lost their companion animals and in a college student group with a history of companion animal loss. The correlations of both the above variables and the demographic and death circumstance variables tended to be higher with the veterinary clients. Death of a dog by accident as opposed to illness correlated .81 with extended grief in the veterinary clients. Not having their dogs euthanized correlated .70 with extended grief in this group as well. Humans appear to have an emotional bond or attachment to their companion animals that is not unlike what they experience with their family and friends. People often perceive their companion ani- mals as friends or as part of the family (Gosse & Barnes, 1994; Katcher, 1989). Stallones, Marx, Garrity, and Johnson (1988) found that 95% of companion animal guardians regarded their pets as friends. In Society & Animals 10:1 ©Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, 2002 a survey done by Cain (1983), 87% of r espondents considered their com- panion animals members of the family; in another study, 99% of dog or cat guardians entering a university veterinary clinic identied their companion animals as family members (Voith, 1985). As a result of these perceptions, what do these people experience when they lose one of their beloved companion animals? Grieving the loss of an animal is not merely a modern-day or North American experience. Herodotus said that the Egyptians mourned when dogs or cats passed away (Fogle, 1995; Netting, Netting, Wilson, & New, 1984). In central Japan, there are currently 465 companion animal memorial temples wher e companion animal guardians can bury and memorialize their beloved companion animals in specialized ritual services (Knight, 1996). It is conceivable that the death of a companion animal can be just as devas- tating as the loss of a human signicant other (Anderson, 1994; Avanzino, 1996; Hart, Hart, & Mader, 1990). Sife (1993) believed that “the mourning for a pet can be far more intense than for a human” (p. 2). Gerwolls and Labott (1994) maintained that psychological and physical problems typically asso- ciated with grief over human deaths also seem to occur in companion ani- mal guardians. Rajaram, Garrity, Stallones, and Marx (1993) found that participants who experienced the death of a companion animal did not have as severe depressive symptoms as those who had lost a signicant human, especially a spouse or a family member. However, Gerwolls and Labott (1994) found that subjects at 2, 8, and 26 weeks following the death of a compan- ion animal did not score signicantly lower (indicating less grief) on the Grief Experience Inventory than did those who had suffered a human loss. The present study extended the ndings of Planchon and Templer (1996) who reported that persons who grieved more after the death of a cat or dog had higher death depression (negative mood pertaining to one’s own death and death more generally) and more favorable pet attitude. The present study included a measure of general depression in addition to the measure of death depression used by Planchon and Templer. Because death depression cor- relates positively with general depression, it was decided to obtain a more comprehensive perspective by using a measure of general depression. Also included in this study was the scale of pet attitude employed by Planchon and Templer and another pet attitude instrument. The former is more of a 94 Lynn A.Planchon,Donald I.Templer,Shelley Stokes, and Jacqueline Keller generic instr ument measuring attitude toward companion animals while the latter pertains more to human-companion animal bonding. Additionally, the present study assessed demographic and companion animal death situational variables that, for the most part, did not yield a denitive picture in the Planchon and T empler study. Furthermore, the Planchon and Templer study assessed only intensity of grief symptoms, whereas the current study assessed both intensity and duration of grief symptoms. This study appeared to have importance not only to veterinarians and those who come in contact with bereaved companion animal guardians but also to mental health professionals. Because there are so many companion animal guardians who will inevitably face separation from their companion animals, clinicians are in a position to offer support and empathy to their grieving clients. Their support could legitimize further the grief of companion animal guardians in the eyes of the general public. Method Participants There were two groups of participants, veterinary clients and college stu- dents. Sixty-three companion animal guardians from two local veterinarian hospitals participated in the study. Forty-eight were female and 15 were male. They ranged in age from 9 to 85, with a mean age of 45.43 and a standard deviation of 14.43. One was African American; one, Asian American; and one, Hispanic American. Fifty-nine were White, and one did not specify ethnic- ity. Twenty-eight veterinary clients had a cat who died, and 35 veterinary clients had a dog who died. Atotal of 391 San Jose State University introductory psychology students who had a cat or dog who died participated in the study. Of the students, 217 were female and 174, male. They ranged in age from 14 to 73, with a mean age of 20.56 and a standard deviation of 5.15. Thirty were African American; 3, American Indian; 180, Asian American; 67, Hispanic American; 107, White; and 4 did not specify ethnicity. Of the college students, 112 had a cat who died, 272 had a dog who died, and 7 did not specify the type of animal who died. Psychosocial Variables 95 Measures All participants were administered the 21-item self-report Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) (Beck, Ward, Mendelson, Mock, & Erbaugh, 1961); the 27- item self-report Censhare Pet Attachment Survey (Holcomb, Williams, & Richards, 1985) that contains two subscales, Relationship Maintenance and Intimacy; the 17-item self-report Death Depression Scale (DDS) (Templer, Lavoie, Chalgujian, & Thomas-Dobson, 1990); and the 18-item self-report Pet Attitude Scale (Templer, Salter, Dickey, Baldwin, & Veleber, 1981). Participants also completed the Pet Loss Questionnaire, which contains subject demo- graphics, pet loss information, and grief symptoms (see Table 1). Table 1. Pet Loss Questionnaire Age: _____Gender: _____Female _____ Male Ethnicity: _____African American _____American Indian or Alaskan Native _____Asian American or Pacic Islander _____Hispanic American _____ White 1. What was the nature of the most recent loss of your companion animal? Please check only one. _____Accident _____Illness 2. Did the death involve euthanasia? _____ Yes _____ No 3. What type of companion animal did you have? Please check only one to indicate the type of animal that you lost most recently. _____ Cat _____ Dog 4. Please specify the amount of time that has passed since the loss occurred. ____________________ 5. Please specify the amount of time that you had the animal. ____________________ 6. At the time of the loss, were there other pets present in the household? _____ Yes _____ No 96 Lynn A.Planchon,Donald I.Templer,Shelley Stokes, and Jacqueline Keller Table (cont.) 7. After your companion animal died, did you. .. (Please check all that apply and indicate the duration of each.) _____ feel a lump in your throat? _____hours _____days _____weeks _____months _____years _____ cry? _____hours _____days _____weeks _____months _____years _____ feel a need to be alone? _____hours _____days _____weeks _____months _____years _____ have difculty sleeping? _____hours _____days _____weeks _____months _____years _____ yell at someone? _____hours _____days _____weeks _____months _____years _____ need an alcoholic drink? _____hours _____days _____weeks _____months _____years _____ feel guilty? _____hours _____days _____weeks _____months _____years _____ feel depressed? _____hours _____days _____weeks _____months _____years _____ feel angry? _____hours _____days _____weeks _____months _____years _____ feel a sense of failure? _____hours _____days _____weeks _____months _____years _____ feel a sense of relief? _____hours _____days _____weeks _____months _____years Procedure Aletter announcing the study was sent to 33 veterinarians from local small animal practices to elicit their help in obtaining potential participants for this study. Astamped acceptance postcard was included with the letter. Approxim- ately two to three weeks later, those who had not returned the acceptancecard were telephoned. Two veterinarians who wished to participate were provided with a detailed description of the methodology and procedures to be followed. The principal researcher sent letters signed by the veterinarians briey describ- ing the study to clients who had lost a companion animal through death Psychosocial Variables 97 within the last year . Companion animal guardians who wished to participate returned a pre-addressed, stamped postcard to the researcher. The senior author then sent a consent form and instr uments to the companion animal guardians. Each participant signed the consent form, completed the measures described above, and r eturned them and
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