CHINA IN NUMBES By 2013 weighted fractional count, China is the second leading country for high-quality science output. Where that research takes place, and who China collaborates with, are shown below.

COUNTRY COLLABORATIONS The diagram shows the leading countries by WFC, along with the distribution of their subject strengths and the CHINA'S WFC proportion of their WFC derived from collaborations with . In the centre, the size and proportion of TOTAL: 5,206 China's WFC and subject strengths are also shown. Note, this diagram shows all instances of bilateral connections, CHINA-ONLY PAPERS: 4,05  therefore papers that involve collaborators from more than one country will be double-counted for China. INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATIONS: ,55

UNITED STATES Circle area WFC: 8,643 sized to WFC

Chemistry Shape represents distribution of country's WFC across the P h four subject areas y s s

e i c c

a

n

l

e

i s

c c

s i e

Sector represents WFC n e

f

i

20% c

e

L derived from collaborations s 40% involving China

60% E l a ta rth en & environm

Respective WFC for collaborating country and for China (in red) GERMANY WFC: 4,077

ISRAEL WFC: 472 ,005 WFC: 483 746 49 0 WFC: 3,37 28 73 3 SWEDEN CHINA WFC: 502 63 6 3 05 45 WFC: 543 36 3 2 03 UNITED KINGDOM WFC: 3,290 23 NETHERLANDS 20

WFC: 763 6 58 5 52 78 63 INDIA 59 5 FRANCE 7 WFC: 852 36 22 60 WFC: 2,238 5 5 32 27 WFC: 944

CANADA Weighted fractional WFC: ,483 count (WFC) ITALY apportions credit WFC: ,075 based on the relative SPAIN contribution of SOUTH KOREA SWITZERLAND WFC: ,80 authors from each WFC: ,15 WFC: ,75 country to a paper

S52 | NATURE INDEX 2014 | CHINA © 2014 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved CHINA NATURE INDEX

Changchun's WFC: 68 WFC is 69% CITY STORY INSTITUTIONS: 9 higher when The ten leading cities by WFC are shown for mainland Page: S74 CAS institutes China. The solid bubbles are scaled to the combined WFC are included for all the city's research institutions, including the institutes of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). Shown for WFC: 224 comparison are the WFCs without the CAS institutes CHANG- INSTITUTIONS:  (circle outlines). For an analysis of CAS, see page S56. CHUN Page: S72

WFC: 30 INSTITUTIONS: 30 WFC with CAS consolidated WFC: ,329 Page: S66 to Beijing INSTITUTIONS: 50 Page: S60 WFC with CAS split out. All gures quoted refer to this bubble

WFC: 72 20 INSTITUTIONS: 63 Page: S62 When CAS's WFC is counted at its headquarters in Beijing, 15 the city has a WFC of 2,052 and 111 research institutions WFC: 78 INSTITUTIONS: 7 10 Page: S69

HEFEI WFC: 22 INSTITUTIONS: 7 None of the 5 GUANG- Page: S68 CAS institutes

Average WFC per institution ZHOU HONG in Hangzhou WFC: 70 KONG appeared in INSTITUTIONS: 27 the index 0 Page: S73 WFC: 27

50) INSTITUTIONS: 33

(1 WFC: 24 Page: S67 INSTITUTIONS: 7 Page: S64

Changchun (11) (17) (9) (6) City (1) (number (8) (17) Shanghai (63) Hangzhou (17) (9) of Nanjing (30) institutions) (9) Yangling (1) (2) Beijing (11) Tianjin (19) (1) (3) (1) (27) Wuhan (33)

TIANJIN CHANGCHUN GUANGZHOU

WFC: 20 WFC:

WFC: WFC: HANGZHOU WFC:30 HEFEI

 WFC: 8 WFC:  , 2 7633 WUHAN  WFC: 30 6 Number of articles INTERCITY with at least one Chinese researcher. COLLABORATIONS HONG KONG Shown are WFC scores WFC: 55 from all the papers that involve collaborations between institutions in the top ten cities. Papers that are written entirely by researchers from one NANJING institution are excluded. WFC: 58

SHANGHAI  Hong Kong has WFC: 9 more external than internal collaborations

BEIJING WFC: 858 More than half of collaborations The number of by Beijing Hefei–Beijing researchers are collaborations is with institutions unusually high in the same city

NATURE INDEX 2014 | CHINA | S53 © 2014 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved