( ,
\\ MINUTE lh::M 21 -06i30/87 w 23e._i.s Lane APPROVAL OF SALVAGE PERMIT Calendar Item 2l was deferred until the July 16, ~987 Commissionpermit. Meeting to clarify the royalty provisions of ~he
Withpu.t_ ~b~ection, action on Calendar Item 21 was ~eFerred.
Attachm~nt: Calendar Item 21.
CALEND.\R PAGE MINUTE PACE 2UU5 '1\ e CAl.ENDAR IT~~M 06/30/87 A 9 w 23816 J..ane s 3 i~PPROVAL OF SALVAGE PERMIT
APPLlCANT: Ro~ert F. Marx . dba Phoenician South Seas Tr•easures. Ltd. 205 Orlando 'Blud. Indiatlanti~. Florida 32903
AREA, TVP£ LAND AND LOCATION: A 20.0-acre parcel of ungranted' tide a·nd submerged land. located in t:.he Pacifiq Ocean, orakets Bay, Marin county.
LAND USE: Retrieval and salvage of a s~nken vessel and the contents thereof. TERMS OF PROPOSED PERMIT: Initial period: One year beginning September 1. 1987. Rer>,ewal options: One successive period of one year. Public liability insur~nce: Combined single limit coverage of $500,000.
cor.iSIOF.RAT·.toN: $500 land rental; and 25 percent of the net sal~age value of $25,000 or less, and 50 percent of the net salvage ualue in, excess of $25,000; said sum shall be due on th€ first of the month following the sale and bear 18 percent in~erest per ~nnum, if nat paid within 1~ days of the due date.
BASIS FOR CONSIDERA1TION: Pursuant to 2 Cal. Adm. Code 2003.
e (ADDED 06/25/87) -1-
CAl.fNOAR PACE \J CALENDAR_ ITEM NO: 2'1 (CON~ 1 0) -· PREREQUISITE CONDITION~'· FEES ANO EXPENSES: Filing fee and enuironmenta·! costs haue been teceiued. '.
STATUTORY AND OTHER RE~ERENCES: A. P.R. C. : Di~'. 6, Parts 1 and 2·: Diu. 13. 6. Cal. Adm. Code: Title 2, Oiu. 3: Title t~. O:iu. 6.
AB 884: 04/28/87. OTHER PERTINENT INFORMATION: 1. This project inuolues the potenti~1 retrieual and saluage of the remains and contents of the "San Augustin", a Manila Galleon purrortedly sunk in Drake's Bay in 1S9S. The Applic~nt is a well known underwater archaeoiogist who has many scientific undarwater explorations and recoueries to his credit. His speciali?.ation t-0 ~aual and Maritime history with an emphas±s on the Spanish Colonial period in the Caribbean and the Spanish Maritim~ trade between lS00-1600. Terms of the Permit require the Applicant to prouide the Commission with an acceptable archaeological recouery plan prior to recouery of ~- i terns. The plan .must furnish a detailed description of .recovery information and specific methods for conserua~ion. This permit is also subject to the terms and conditions of a Memorandum of Agreement between State Lands Comission. State Historic Preseruation Office, and the Applicant ensuring certain mea$ures are carried out. A copy of this agreement is contained in Exhibit "I"·
(ADDED 06/25/tJ'7) -2-
~ ~ ...... C'\lfNDU PAGE - i .; L. • } MINUTI PAGE 2 l} !) 7 CALENDAR ITEM NO. 21' (CONT'D)
All items removed from the site will be inspected.and appraised by competent appraisers. Whether the items are sold or retained by the permittee, the State will be compensated according to terms of the Sa~vage Permit. For any items retained by thq State, the Permittee wil.l be credited ~gainst percentage rentals otherwise due the State.
2. The salvage area ia located within an area over which the National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration has claimed ju~isdiction, even though it is within_th~,~tate's three-mile ownership. Th~· ~OAfA and the ~pplicant ~re currently ~isc~~sing the necessity of a permit; hpwe~~r. they have advised him to secure a S.t~·te per'tli t prior t~ applying for Federal approval. The Applica1t ·bas been advl~~d that the Commission's permit is conditioned upon obtaining all other necessary permits.
The Point Reyes National Seashore, o~~r whi'r.h the Legislature granted jurisdi,ttion oyer the firs~ quarter m~ie, is als9 an area. of concern. It is t.it;e Appl~canl: • s belref tt,at u,·e salvage area i:s OHtside of this area.
3. Purs-!Aant to th;C! .Commission's delegati.on of authority and crt~ State GEQA Gui~e1ines (14 Cal. Adm. Code 1S02S), the staff has prepared a Proposed Negative Oec~~ration identif±ed as EIR ND 41L. State Clearinghouse No. 861104410. Such Proposed ·Negative Declaration was prepared and circulated for public review pursuant to the prouisions of CEQA. Based upon the Inttial Study, the Proposed Negative Declaration. and the comments receiued. in response thereto, there is no substantial evidence that the project will haue a significant effe~~ on the t!04.'-ironment. ( 14 Cal. A'clm. Cod\! 1'5074(b).)
(ADDED 06/25/87-) -3- ,,. - ,.., CAlENDAP. #ACE I _. '.• 2 p 'J: :>P-'"7!"'-. _, MIN,QT: P~CE 2: x 't' l5! CALENDAR ITEM NO. 21 (CONT'D)
This activity, invol~HJS lands identified as • 4." possessing significant environmental values pursuant to P.R.C. 6370, e,t seq. The project, as ?roposed, is consistent with its use classification.
FURTHER APPROV~lS REQUIRED: Gulf of the .f-arallor.e,< National Ma~ine S{ltnctuary ;f NOAA' s M'arine and 'Estuarine Man~gement Division, Calirornia Coastal Commission. EXHIB·rrs: A. Site Map. B. Memorandum of Agreement. C. Negative Declaration. IT IS RECOMMENDED THAX THE COtoiMISSION:
1. _CE~TIFY THAT A NEGATIVE DECLA~ATION, EIR ND 411, S1'ATE , O~EARINGHOUSE r.tp. 861104410, WAS PREPARED FOR THIS· PROJ1ECT PURSUANT TO TttE PROVISIONS OF THE CEQA ANO THAT THE COMMISSION HAS REVIEWED ~NO CON~IDERED THE INFORMATION _CONTAINED THEREIN. - .2. DETERMINE THAT THE PROJECT, AS APPROVED, WILL NOT HAVE A S!~IFICANT EFFECT ON THE ENVIRONMENT.
3. FIND THAT THIS ACTIVITY IS CQNSIS-TENT WITH 1'HE USE CLASSIFICATION DESIGNATED FOR THE LANO PURSUANT TO P.R.C. 6370, ET SEQ.
4.. AUTHORIZE ISSUANCE TO ROBERT f. MARX OBA PHOENICIAN, SOUTH SEAS TREASURES, LTO OF A ONE-YEAR SALVAGE PERMIT, AS,ON FILE IN THE MAIN OFFICE OF THE STATE LANDS COMMISSION, BEGINNING SEPTEMBtR 1, 1987; WITH AN OPTION OF ONE ADDITIONAL YEAR EXTENSION AT THE DISCRETION OF THE SY
(ADDEO 06/25/81) -4- Jt ~ "- CAU:NDAR~AGE _.! ,,; C: • 3 MINUTE PACE 2 Q'Q $ .J •
. W2~816 EXHIBIT ,"A"
• f ': .....,...... ,...... EXHIBIT "~"
lllJIORAl1J)lJH Qll AG~~~
WBEREAS. th~ State Lands comnission {the Colillission) pcofioses _ to, issue a salvage pecmit for the archeoloqical inv~stigition and recovery of possible carqo f~o• the wreck of the vessel San Agustin. -lc~ated in t~e Pacific Ocean at Drake's Bay. Mart~ county. WHEREAS. the state Lanus- Coliiiilission.. i:n consui:tat-ion wi-th the California State Histcicic Pcesecvation Offi.c~.r: (SHPO). has deterained that the proposed salva,qe may i:e&uit in advecse effects to a si-qnificant archeoloqical tesource which is potentially eligible for inclusion in the National Reqistec of Historic Places; NOW. THEREPORE. the State Lands comaission. the SlnlO. and Robert Marx (Applicant). aqree t~:vu; the proposed salvaqe wii'.l be conducted acct. ~ding. to the followinq stipulations: STIQLATlQJIS The Collllission shall condition the salvaqe permit tQ ensure that the following measures are carried out by the Applicant:
I. ~cheoiogical Data Recover!
A. Within thirty (30) days after the date accompanying ~h~ last signatuce on this agreement. an initial archeoloqical data ::ecovery plan foe investigating the San Agustin shipwreck site. as depicted in accordance irith Pa~ts I and I H of the Advisor~· ~ouncil on Historic Preservation• s handbook. Treatment of Acchaeoloqical _Properties (Attachment 11) will be sub~itted by the applicant to the Commission anci SHPO. The plan wi 11 provide for a pbased pcoqraa of: archeoloqical investigation which will inclu~e a detailed discussion of:
Investigations to ascertain the precise bound~cies. coaposition. an~ state of preservation of the reaains of t~e San Augustin and its other ~hacactecis.tics/~ 2. Detailed procf:duces for accheoloqical data recovecy addcessinq :-?articu1ariy significant subareas. f eatui:es o car~o. or wreek;iqe-:
- 1 r ,.. 5 CAUNEMtitPAGE ,,; ,;. 1!\INUT£ P,\CE 2 i) 1 1 3. Methods -to be used in the implementation of such a plan: and 4. conservation. analysis. reportinq. and publi-t: display of recovered materials and data. B. The initial data recovery plan and each subsequent plan shal.l be prepared by the Applicant in consultation with the co-ission and the $HPO. If. upon reviewinq the- plan.. no party objects within a fifteen (1.5) day period. it will be implemented. If any party objects. the commission. the SHPO, and other concerned public aqencies will conve~e with the Applicant to resolve any objections.
II. Pe~formance Standards A. The Applicant will provide to the SHPO and the Commission documentary pi:oof of financial i:esponsibility. capability. and solvency. including adequate fundinq to cover insur~nce and/or bondinq. As part of this Memorandum of Agree~_ent the Applicant shall fui:nish a corporate surety bond to the benefit of a ~u::ety ~~ceptabl2 to the Commission and SHPO to quarantee the f&ithful performance of all covenants and stipulations of "'.·his :agreement. This bond· shall be in a sum negotiated between the Applicant and th~ Commission.
~. The Applicant will provide to the SHPO and the Commis~ion evidence of havinq the appropriate resources (fu~di,!!g. staff. equi,:>ment) ·to accomplish documentary research. divinq operation. archeological work. ec;uiservatio_n_. art.ifact 1rnd other data analysis. public display and reporting ,consistent with the data recovery plan.
c. All archeoloqical work will be cond~c.ted in a manner -c:,ons·istent with the standar:ds and principles contained in tl\e A~visory Council on Historic Preservation's handbook. T~atment ~- Archaeo·1ogica 1 Propec.t ies. , D. All archeoloqical work. including [l\arine s1:1rvey and un~ecwa-tec data t.ecovecy. will be conducted under the direct field supervision of a person or persons meeting. at a minimum. the fo.llowinq qualifications:
1.. Equi.~alent to- certification by i:he society of .. Professional Archaeologists (SOPA'); and.
2. A demonstrated familiari~y with: techniques of underwater accheoloqical survey. includinq the operation of electronic remote sensing devices. standard diving operation practices relevant to aaciire accheo'l.oqica-1 data r~covery and r.:ecordinq, certification by NAU!. PAD!, or other accredited
.. __,._,. u~xac::::w--,.. ... ,,.,-
CALENDAR PACE A ,; ' • 6 MINUTE PACE 2 Q·1 2 certifying institution. and interim techniques for consecvinq a.ctifacts and othe.c recove.ced materials from a ma.cine environment. In add-ition. the principal investigator shall have at least th.e miniaua acceptable professional qual,ifications contained in 36 CFR. Part 61.3(b) (Attachment III).
E. All recovered accheoloqical materials havinq ~he potential to yield siqnif ie~nt scientific information will be conserved in. accordance with tlfo archeoloqical recovery plan. wi-ll be stabilized and preserved against damage and deterioration. will be fu'l.ly desc,ibeci and .analyz,~a. and will be retained by the Applicant for the Commission foe a sufficient length of time to permit scientific study before beinq sold or transferred t0, other parties. The period allowed for such study shall uot exceed on.e . (,l) year.
F. A plan foe public display and interpr,etation of the results of acc~eoloqical investigations. in the form of exhibits and publica\:ions for the qanecal public. or other:. means aqreed upon by all responsible patties will be submit~ed by the Applicant to SHPO and the Corumission staff and ottier .agencies as required.
G. A copy of all final ar'Cheological reports •. includinq A, technical pa--pers. will be submitted tc the Commissiun. the W SHPO. and the University of California. A copy o~ all field notes. maps. drawings, photoqcaphs. photographic negatives. and other ~photoqr~phic records. alonq witt all historical documentation. will be placed in a resear:ch archive approved· by the SHPO. .
llt. Monitoring and Coocdination
A. The Applicant will provide the Commission and 't.be SHPO proqtess reports ~very 60 days for all project. operat'ions. includinq surface op~cations. diving. and laboratory activities.
B.. The Appl;icant will permit cequla~ on,-site inspections and unannounced visits &uring the course of all field work. analysis. and conser,... atlon pha~es of the plan to monitor the Applicant• s pecfocmance under the permit. such visits will be made only by staff of the Commission or SHPO. or such persons authoi:ized in writinq to perform ln~pections· foe the staff.
~- The App.licant will submit proposals for chanqes in supervisory pecsonnel. deviations in the agreed-upon plan(sh oc alternative equipment or procedures to the contmission at le~st 30 days before implementing s~ch changes. deviations. or alternatives¥ 'The Applicant aqree·s to· not iaaplement any such A changes lfit.hout the consent of the' ~~ssi?n and the SHPO~ ln ~
CAltNDi\Q 5"AGE MINUTE PAGE 2013 e the event that the above stipulation cannot be r:tet. owinq to the disability or death of a principal. summary resiqnaticm. or eaecqency changes in opecations to enst~re the safety of the investigators or the public. the Applic~nt. the commission. and the SHPO will convene a~ soon as practicable to confirm that such changes are acceptable to all parties. D. Should the Commission. tt;le Applicant. and the SHPO be ~nable to resolve any disputes arising 'frQ,m actions· taken under this aqreement. the permit will be held in suspension by the coamission until all parties agree that the dispute han been cesolved to their mutual satisfaction.
E. All histocfa:al and· accheological investigation sucvey. data rec:;ovei:y. material& analysi~. and conservati'on shall be ceported in a final report. The final xeport shall be subai-:tted to all parties by the APPLicant foe ~eview and .~cceptance. An acceptable final report should be certified not more than one ci> year after compl9ti~n of archeological field and ,laboratory work- Up to so percent of the Applicant 1 s share of 'recovered -material will be held in trust for the CQmmission u~ti1 the final report is accepted. Failure by the Applicant to produce an acceptable and certifiable final report within the one-year period f\)rfei.ts the Applicant Is .eight to the r:ecove!:ed materials held in trust. Forfeited materials held in trust by the Commission will be-- examined by the SHPO for suitability for public display. F. Tnis document may be amended durinq the lif~ of the aalvaqe permit it is appended to with the consent of the applicant. the Col!lmission. and SHPO. Other responsible agencies may be consulted in regard to proposed changes. Execut·ion of. this Memorandum of Agreement evidences that the SHPO and commission have taken into account trie effects of tlle permit to sal,vage materia·ls f com t-he San Agustin shipwreck site. an~ concur that the adverse effects can be mitigated· by petfocmance of the Memocandum of Agreement,.
FOR STATE LANDS COMMISSION
ISTORIC PRESERVATION OFFICER I J.)
'L23ZS
1 ... .,..·-s· CALENDAR PA~E _,; L• MINUTE PJ\Cl 2.Q1A rq.at
Gtateof . Onthlsthekdayof --~IJ."-~----19~ before me •
County of the undersigned Notary Public, personally app'eared
.. ~.-- -·· -·- -··
; - Notary's Signature ... • •w _.... •• ...... !•:-:·:·• ....·.; •• ·:·· .:.=.:·;·;· ..... :·::· :-:~:-:.-.-·~ •.• ;":,.. .. ···~ ... \",·· ......
~· ...... -
.. : ... '! ••••• ~ . . . the event that the above stipulation cannot be aet.. owinq to the disabi,,d.ty oc death of a -pcincipal. su-acy ces~qnation. _or emerqency ~~nqes J,n operations to ensure the safety of the investigatocs or the public. the Applicant. the· comaission. and the SHPO will convene as soon as practicable to confirm that such changes are acceptable to all parties.
D. Should the commission. the Applicant. and t~e SHPO be unable to resolve an?: disputes arising from actlons taken under this aqreeaant. the permit will be h&ld in suspension by the co-ission until all parties aqree tha~ th.~ dispute has been resolved to their mutua·l satisfaction. E. All historical &nd accheoloqica·l investiqation. su~vey. data recovery. materials analysis. and conservation shall be reported in a final report. ~he final report shall be subaitted to all parties by the Applicant for review and acceptance. An acceptable !inal report should be certified not •or• than one (1) yea~ after coapletion of archeological field and labocatory work. Up to so percent of the Applicant's share of recovered material will be held in trust for the commission until the final ceport j.13, accepted. Pailu.ce by the Applicant to produce an acceptable and cectif iable final rsport within the one-year ,pecic:nl forfeits the Applicant• s riqht to the recovered mater.ials held in trust. Forfeited 1'at~tials held in trust by the couission· will be examined by ~he SHPO for suitability for pubiic display. F. Tnis docmment may be amended during the life of the salvaqe pecmit it is appended to with the consent of ~he applicant, tne commissir;n, and saPo. Other .cesponsible a~~cies may be consu'l ted in -reqard to p.coposed changes.
Execution of this Memorandum of Agreeae~t evidences that the SHPO and comaisaion have taken into account the eff eets of the permit to salvaqe materials from tha San Aqustin shipwreck site. and concur that the adver111e ~f:!~cts can be aitiqateci by pect.oi:aance of the Meaorandum of Aij~e11~'nt.
FOR STATE LANDS COMMISSION
PERMIT APPLICANT 1232$
" ... ,.· s CALENDAR P,4GE t,_;,h· MINUTE PAGE 2014 1. EXHIBIT "C't .,' S'fATE OF CALIFORNIA-STATE LANDS COMMISSION GEORGE k:IEUKMEJIAN. Go~ma' STATE i.Ai.~ COMMISSION 1I07 13THSTffEET SACRJ\ME.~VO, CAUFORNiA 95814 PROPOSED NEGATIVE DJl!C7.ARATIOH - +•. BI1 ~- 411 File Raf.: 23816
Salli 861.104410
1 rroject Title: Salvage P~rmits for Remains of the "§en Agustin1 fl'Oject Proponeat; Mr. Robert Marx and Phoenician Explorations, Inc. In Drakes Bay, off the coast of Marin County •
Mr. Marx Will attempt to determine the preci~e location and condition of the remains of the galleon ~ Aml!tin," and will attempt a salvage of the vessel an fier contents if feasible. e·
•• Contact PersOD: Goodyear K. Walker Telephcae; (9i6) 322-0530 ..
lhia docUMlkt 1a prapued purauant to the r•quireMDta of the Calif~mia !Ddrm-taJ.. ~ty Ac:t (Section 21000 !t ••q•• Public Jluourcu Code) • .cbe State CEQA ~dttli1aea (Sectiaia 15000 •t ••ti•• Title 14 9 Califo~a Adld.niatrative Cece), ad the State IAnds eo.d.acim ra~atioa~ (Secti°" 2901 et ..q. 1 'tttle 2 1 C&lifoma Adrdniatrad.ve Code),,:
lued up CAlfNDARPAGI i ...; L.10 .-. .- MINUTEPAC.~...... _:<::l~)=1=.6:!:==:J Form 13.17 (lO/e6) INTROO\Je-1"ION """ Ou er 70 percent of the earth 1 s surface is covered by water. Only recently.•.nas man begun... to plumb the depths of his watery planet, and countless trac!es of the past await ttl~ underwater archaeologist. Li~e the artifacts painstakingly unearthed from land sites, shipwrecks furnish clues to help archaeologists and historians reconstruct our past. Underwater a~haeology is a ~elatiuely new discipline, but one of the fastest growing around the world. Underwater sites ar~ generally far less disturbed than those on land. With tha exceptions of a few sites such as Pompeii, ~erculane~m and Thera, entombed in a fiery flood of laua, land sites typically pre$ent stratum after stratum of oc~upation. One stte often spans thous~nds of yesrs and frequently artifacts from one period. become 1nixed in with those of another period when the site is disturbed, making it difficult for the archaeologist to assign precise dates to the findings. n sunken ship, howeuer, is often an encapsulal:ed un:t~t. At the moment when disaster struck 1 time stood still: ln~ uessel sank to the bottom and lies there, represl::f.hting a. r.ingle unpolluted moment of a bygone era. There are exceptions: Ships which sunk in port areas ~here other uessels sank on top of them, wrecks i-i.ttered by trash from ships anchored aboue 0 their.a and shipw~ecks on whieh saluors haue left traces of a later time. - --From a shipwreck the underwater archaeologist can recover uirt~allY• every artifact 'that might 'be found on a land si.te of the same era. And sometimes he finds objects neuer s~an before. Everything from the ·smal1es-t coin to marble column~ ._ weighing seuaral tons haue been found, euen such seemingly perishable items as foodstuffs, cloth and paper. A shipwreck can be a time capsule from which the archaeologist gains important information about construction, rigging and armament. ~ shipwreck can sometimes be the 9ply source for reuealin9 historical data on a particul:ar type of ship and period of nauigation. such is the case with the famed Manila G~lleons. In 194-!>, the United States was forced to bomb a section of Manila where the Japanese were M)trenched and in s~ doing. totally obliterated the National Archives of the Philippines. Unfortunat~xy, this archiues::? contained three centuries of documents relevant to just about euery aspect of the Manila Galleons from the manner in which they were constructed to the actual logbook~ cgmptled d~ring the - :: ... -i- e ~ . .-. -~· CALENDAR PAGE a .., /... • l,l MINUTE PA!' _ _!2=:::Q::'::1 =z=:J uoya9~s. The documentation concerning Manila Galleons which can be found today in the Spanish and Mexican archives is j~st a drQp in the bucket of what was lost in the Manila archives. Thus, in order to learn more about the history of the$e fabulous ships we must resort to underwater archaeology! . ~, •• - -tg.- CALENDAR PAGE 'i :., Z. .12 MINUTE PAGf 2 i) 1, 8 TABLE OF G:ZNTENTS PAGE I. HISTORIC~l SACiCROUND 1 A. The Manila Galleons 1 B. Drake's Bay Manila Galleon 4 C. Preuious Attempt~ to Locate the San Agustin 7 0. Analysis~f Locational Information 9 II. FUNDING, PERSONNEL, AND EXPEDITION RESEARCH UESS~L 11 A. Phoeniciah Exploration~imited 11 8. Key Personnel 12 C. The !!g Gr,ande llJ. III. SEARCH PHASE 16 IV. EXCAVATION OF THE SAN AGUSTIN '.2 u. ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS 24 A. Environmental Setting 24 D. Geology 24 c. O~eanoqraphy 25 o. Climate and Weather 27 E. Marine Biol~gy 2,7 F. Transportation and Use 29 UI. ENVIRONMENTAL• EFFECTS 30 UII. APPENDICES Appendix A: Phoencian Explorations Partners Appendix B: Resumes of P~incipals Appendix C': High Sensiuitity Metal De~ector -iii- ..... , ·- ·,. GU!iNDAR PAGE hl '! 13 MINUltPAGE 2019 THE MANILA GALLEONS The first of the fabled Manila Galleons c~ossed the Pacific in 1565. The last one p1Jt into port in 18 lS. When the line began, Philip the Second ~was king of ~11 the Spains f~nd his enemy, Elizabeth Tudor. was queen of England. Hernan Cortes, conqueror of Mexico, had been dead but eig~teen years. The same year Pedro Menende~ de Aviles laid tho foundations of St. Augustine i.r1 Florida. When :he last Man'ila !=" galleon sailed it was alr~~~Y fiue years since Miguel Hide11go had begun the revolt agair;s~ Spain which was to create the Republ±c of Mexico. The United States had been a nation for forty years and Andrew Jackson had just. won the battle of New Orleans. Yearly, for the two and a half centuries that lay between, the galleons made the long and lonely voyage betuiee.n Manila in the Philippines and Acapulco in fo1exico. No other line of ships has euer en(:lured so long. No othe1" regular navigation has been so tryinr and dangerous -as this. for in its~ two hundred and fifty years the sea claimed dozens of ships, thousands of men and many mill~~ns in traasure. As the richest '°hips i.n. all the oceans, ttrey \JJera the mo~t coueted pri.ze of pirate and privateer. The English took four of t~em, - the "Santa Ane!" in 1'587, the "E1\'ea:.rnacio11i• in 1709, the 11 Couadonga" in, 1743, and ·i.:he "Sat:i;sima Tl'"inidad, 11 largest ship of her 1!ime, in• 1762. n -To- the pe~·ples of Spanish America. they were the Chir1a Sh~ps or Manila Galleons that brought them cargoes of silks an~ sp~ces and other precious merchandise of the East. To those of the Orient, they UJere silver ar~os ies. laden with the Mexican arid ,Peruvian pe~os that werr to become the standard of ualue a'~ong its coasts. To California. they ~urnished the first dccasion and motiue for the exploration of its coast. To .. ~pain, they ~ere the link that bound the Philippines - and, for ~· t, time, the Moluccas - to her, and it ~as the comings and 1oin9s that gaue some substance of reality to the Spanish dream 1bf empire ouer the Pacific. The Manila Galleons UJere the largest ships tha Spanish used. In the sixteenth century they averaged abo~t 700 tons; in the seventeenth century the auera~e was 1. 500 :tons; and in the 1!ighteenth centurj they were between 1,700 and 2,000 tons. Thre~ or four of these s~ips sailed annuall~ in each direction until 1S93, when a law was passed kaeping the number of sailings of down to two a year in each direction. -l- The uoyage from Acapulco to Manila was usually pleasant enough, with only an occassl.onal stor unse'ttling the routtne 8 sailing from eight to ten weeks. On the other hand, the ~oyage from Manila to Acapulco was known as the most treachero4s nauigation in the world. Because the winds in the Philippine latitudes are from the east, the Manila Galleons had to beat their way as far 11orth as J'a,1an before reaching the belt of westerly winds which would car~~ them acro$S the Pacific unttl 1'they made landfcill on the coast of Cali.fornia and then worked their way down to Acapulco. This uoyage took from four to eight months, depending on luck. Counting the crews, from 300 to 600 persons sail~d on each galleon with an auerag& of from 100 to 150 of them perishing enroute from epidemics, scuruy, thirst, staruation1 or the cold. On one of two Manila Galleons sailing jointly in 1657, all 450 persons aboard succ,umbed to a sqiallpox epidemic. About half the 400 aboard the othe~ galleon also died. Not1:11:t.thstanding the great risks to life, ships, and property in~olued ~n this na~igation. ~he financial gain accruing to those inuolved tn the Manila galleon trade and to.... the Royal CrOllJn seemed well worth the hardships. The cargoes carried f."rom Acapulco to M_anila were basically the s&me as th.ose carried on the flotas between Spain and· the Indies ports, except that silver specie and bullio11 were also carried on these galleons, coming from the mines of Paru and Mexico tQ pa~ for the cargoes sent to Manila. The Crown restricted the amount to be sent to Manila at soo.ooo pesos a year, but like many oth~r la~s. this was almost always disregarded so that an auere:tg9 of 3 ·to 5 million pesos were sent t9 Manila annually. In 1597, the fantastic amount of 12 million pesos reac~ed the Asian' port. The cargoes plying the~rGute from Manila to Acapulco were of a more exotic and diuersirl.ed nature. The m;:dn item was silk from China and Japan of uaried types. There were crepes, ueluets, 9au2es, taffetas. damasks, and ,grosgrains. P~c~ed iri chests were silks in every stage of ~ariufacture from lengths of raw silk to finished apparel - robes, kimonos, skirts and stockings. Finely emb~'"oidered Chinese religious uestmants, 1ilken tapestries and bedcouerings were also shipped. Fine ~ottons from the Mogul En~pire of India comprised a good part of the cargoes during the .latter part of the trad~ as were Persian carpets, imported into.the Philippines uia India. ~ In addition,, the Manila Galleons carried .e~quisite jewelry including pendants, earrings, bracelets and ring~. There were gem studded sword hilts, rugs, fans, combs and a ... -2- •• r - CA~£NDAR PAGE ~..JC:..15 Ml NUTE PAGE 2o2t wide ran~e ~f precious spices and dnµgs (inc1uding rhubarb which was mu~h sought after in Europe;}. The sh~ps carried a great de~;l. of beautiful Chinese por-cela\\nware, 9bj ects carved of iuo~y and ~andalwoo~, gold bells, ~opper cuspidors and exquisite and unusual d'euotional pieces such as crucifixes, reliquaries. rosaries ,arrd rel~ious sculptures in wood, ivory and gold, crafted in th~ Orient for Roman Catholics. Considerable gold in the form of bullion or manu·factured articles 11.1as exported to Mexico. Though there was1 legal ban on the importation of jewelry from the Orient, in a· large consignment confiscated at Acapulco in 1767 there are enumerated hundred~ of rings. many of which were set with diamonds and rubies~. brace le.ts, pendants, earri·:HJ!l and rl3Ckl:aces and a numbet' of gold religious articles including a cros~ set with eight d~amonds. On the same occasion offtcials also seized "a golden bird from China," some jewel-ttufJded sword hilts, and se~eral alligator teeth capped ~ith ~old. Many unset or uncut gems were also carried to ~~xico by· the Manila galleon. Henry Hawks,, an Engli'sh merchant who .1Spe11t fiue years in Mexico in the $ixteenth century wrote: V•there was a mariner that brought a pearl as big a~ a doues egg~ from~ ttience. and a stone for which the Viceroy would haue gii'u(\!m 3000 duckets." · When the richly laden Manila Galleons reached A'capulco, merchants arrived from as far· away as Peru and a fair was held at which the bulk of the goods were sold. F'erµuian mercha.1ts would carry their newly acquired merchandise down to Panama City and sail home later i~ the year on the ships of the Armada of tlle South Seas. Mexica?l merchants had their goods carrif1d ouer the mountains by mules. The ~gents who •"epresented the merchants in far off Seuille also used mules and travel led all ~he way to Veracruz to board~~he New Spain Flota back to Spain. More than 90 percent of all the Manila Galleons lost over the centuries went dowri in Philippine waters. Ships sailing ...~ for Mexico foundered on treacherous reefs or- fell victim to typh~ons before they were far frcm Manila and euen though the Acapulco-Manila route was less hazardous ouerall than the roµte east to the New World, once the heauily laden galleons entered th~ waters around the Philippines they were in dangerous territory. Dozens of Manila valleons lie beneath- the seas around the Phil-;ppines. Unlike ~so many of the trea9ure galleons lost in the New World, none has euer been found or saluaged. They sunk in deep water. beyond the reach of Spani~h Cclonial saluors but well within the ~each of modern saluage efforts • • -3- CAU:NDA'ii PACE . "1 J /...• 16 ·.. MINUTE PAGE ' 0 2 2 DRAKEjS BAY MANILA GALLtON Drake's Bay, located appro~imately 24 nautical mtles west-northwest of the entrance to San F~ancisco Bay, is 30 named because it is belieued '€that Sir Fram::is O.rake stopped there to careen his ships during h~s renowned circ~mnauigAtion of the world in -1578. He dub-bed the surrounding coastline Noua Albion and took possession for England - a mo~e that infuriated, the Spanish who resentad intrusion into tHeir territory. On J'uly S, 159S·, four Manila Galleons ...ere di"patched from Manila enroute to Acapulco. their crowded holds1 crammed with. tPea,sures. The smallest ship· of th• fl,•t was the San Agustin, ·commanded by Captain Sebastian lodr-ituez Cermeno. And.' alth()ugh she was only 200 tons, 1he carried 130 tons in valuable oriental cargo - silks. spices. porcelain and soM chests of gold. siluer. iuory. jade and •bony objects., in addition to an un~etermined amount o..f precious stones. unlike the three larger ships which were to proceed direc.tly to Acapulco, the San Agus.t.i.!l h•d orders to stop alonf · the coast of California for purpo••• of ex,lorat1on. Th• 11&in objective was to locate one or 90re ••fe tt.v1n1 ..ttere Manf,la Ga1leons could stop to ••k• ne-ces1art re,.ir1 and tall• on (reth water and firewood before continuint Oft to Ac•1H11co. On Nou~mber 6, 1595. after • diffi~ul\ cre11i"9. tlte th1- anchored in Drake• s Bay. Mhil• 110it of the ~,.._. ~nc ,..,.,...,., wt-~ ashor:a, a sudden sto,.. struck causint tfte •"SP to 1inll. 'rery 'Tittle of her cargo was saved. .._.ver. t.M tltU'• lMtnctt 1.».11s spared and the 1n&jor~ty of peo,1• ..nat•d t~ reach t~ port of Chacala,, Mexico aft.er a ha.zardo~a vo1•1• of Mr• tNtt two months. Most of tho infor.. tion concerning th• loss of ~an .>Agustin comes f'ro• CerMncs own account. which tt~anslated by Henrr- ~agner in 1924 and publishead in £!1ifornia Historis•l .au1rttr\l. The following is from, the original account of Se~astian Rodrguez Cer•eno and is ~igned by him. . . • As the weathitr was seuere we kept gett.:ing near the land. and~ hauing reached it1 a ~rro was discouered. which makes a high land and s~emed like ~he Punta del Brazil of Tercera. Running along a m~sket-shot from the land. we ~aw a point which bore, .. not~thW•• t, and entering by this we ~ay that there was a large bay. Here I went on casting the lead., -4- CAU'"'DAfC PACE MINUTE P.'\GE 2023 t:Ji th the bow headed north a quarter northeat t, with the bottom of the sea of sand, and went on to seven· fathoms, where I anchored. The point on th• west side bore southwest quarter west, and the one on the east, south-southeast. The bay is ffry larte and shaped like a horseshoe,.-:and a riuer runs into it, and ~n the bar at high tide there •re three fathoms c.lf wa~~r. and from the bar outside to th• entran~• of the ancho~ag~ there is a distanc• of two ahots of an arquebus. Having anchored in this bay, WO ,.., in the middle of it three s11all itlands which ..bore south-south-west. and to the south a tMll isl•rid of "half a league in size. The i•l•ndt trended not"'thwest-southeast. The land is bare. The riuer aboiue referred to enters into the land thr"ee leagues and has a narrow mouth, while aboue tri so.. ·P•rts tt is ~ l~ague in width. and in oth•rs • half a lea~1ue. on the west side it has t.wo tlr"anches. of half a league each, and on the east side one, the entrance cf which is -a matter of a quartet!" of a league from the bar .. ..J~agner 1924) . • . The land seems fertile as far as th~•• 1"*&9U•-a inland. according to what: I saw and what the 'other Spani . • . On Friday morning the 8th of Oece•b•r, ~ l•ft _the bay and port of San francisco--or as its oth•r name is.. Bahia Grande--{J.!here we wer, shipwreck•~· This ba1y is in the 38 213° and the i'sland• which are in the mouth (of the ~ay) are in 33· 1/20, •nd from om' point of the .. t}ay to the other there lief b• a distance of t~enty-five. leagues .•• \lb!~) The Following i·s from a Declaration Nd• br <;erMno ~n ..... Nouember 30, aft•r he and the exp~diti9n surviuors arrived in Chacala. In \-i:he port and bay of the new d11eouerw of Cape Menr.l.ocinQ in the camp of Santa F•, th• JOttt ~f Nouramber I 1S9S, before me, Pedro d• Lute. •sc~tlNno of the King our ..:master, Captain S•bast1•n Rodrituez Serine no. chief ~pi lo~ of the said dis~ovci"y. said that the reason of having lollt. lillhtl• at cnchor in the port, the ship San AquJtin which h• brov1ht aftd which Capt:ain Pedro Sarmento h•d of'f@r•4 t.• ttt. Kin•g in Manila, without beinCJ abl• to JaY," anr of the suppli('s and other properl;1J tllh'!ch •• on tHNN. -s- Lastly.. the Balanos-nscensi9n Oerrotoro. which was translated by Wagner (1926). but ~hich we haue taken fro• Aker ( 1965), states~ ""'... It is calle~ 11 L~ Punta de los Reyes" and is ,. steep mo~ro. On its northeast:-.side this furnishes ~ uery good shelter, making it a good port for all ships. It is in the latitude of 38 1120. Note that in anchoring in this port., called · "San Francisco," for shelter from tho south and southeast winds. you haue to do so at the end of tho beach in the corner on th41.Alest-southwest side ••• • . • Here it was that the ship San AqusS;in ""4S lo~t in 1595, c;oming on a uoya9e of exploration. The loss wa~ c~used more by the man commanding her than by the force of the wind ... The only additional piece of inforMation that is auailable in a primary source is a comment ifi the Declaracion of Cermeno before Pedro de Lugo, Scriuener of the King. Although most of the releu~nt text is repetition of his "account" quoted aboue, one significant comment is added: "The $hip ancho,.ed in the bay and port about a quarter of a league from sho~e" (Aker 1695 as taken from Wagner 1926). As can ~e seen, these accounts giue only a brief mention of the actual sinking. Tnis may be d~e to ~ separate declaration having been taken to couer the loss of che ship. Such c. dtJt:ument has nauer shown up. but it is 1.ikely to haue ~been -considered a "State secret, 11 both because of ths value of the ship and the ctimment above that the loss IAl&S • J •• c&used more by ·~he man commanding ·her ••• ," and it 111111 anost likeiy neuer be fourtd. The approximate location of the §!n Agustin, within seueral hundred yards. has b~an ~nowo ,by schol.ars f!Jr years. Since 194!>. more than 800 artifacts, primarily porcelain sherds, have washed ashorl!!! on the '>each adjacent to the wreck site. Among the artifacts are, other ceramic o_~j•~ts, iron nails and spikes, pieces· of ships rigging and .a br~ss mortar. An amateur diuer reportedly ·recovered a small bronze cannon.• soueral harquebuses and ~ few pieces of intact porcelainware. Oue to the fact that the San Agust:rh is not: only th~ oldest.. but possibly the riches.t shipwreck _lost on th& west coa$t of North America, it has beert the subject of' a great number of scholarly reports nnd po~ula~ articles. -6- .-. PRIOR ATTEMPTS T9 LOCATE THE SAN AGUSTIN: ..,.The area of Poi~t Reyes and Drake's Bay are stra~e9ically located and offer saf& haven from n J>he step-by-step r~tionale that Aker deuel~ps to justiFy his conclusion is well-thought-out and unfortunat:ely anay be proven correct. It would ~e unfortuna~e beca~se it would place the uessel within or uery ~ear the existing ~reaker zone at th~ mouth of the estero. This area ""ould be ex_tremely difficult to survey adequately. and ·next to impossible to excauate for the purpose of ground-truthing any remote sensing anomalies. AnaJ.ysis of this data by the National park Seruice, howeue--r, put the wreck as much as 1.5 miles west of Aker's projections. and out of the, present breaker zqne. The logic for this conclu$i9n is based on some wary slight differenc-es. of interp~etation of the documentary euiden~e. Other analysis haue produced st.ill other lo-Cations. but thes.e two appear to be ·-the 6est grounded in the few murky facts available . • In December 1~63, discussions ~er~ held between John Huston of San Francisco (one of the founders of the .. Council of Underwater Archaeology), Adan Treganza of San Franciso State Unuiersity. and Paul Schumacher who was then the National Park S~rvice Regional Archaeologist, about the noed for an underwater archaeological survey of Drake's Bay. Two years later in March 1965, a survey was undertaken. using a rubidium magnetometer owned by Varian Associates of Palo 'Alto and supervised by John Huston. Their main objectiue iams'· to locate the remains of' the San Agustin. Hus:ton reported ob.taining a number of "s'trong anomalies 11 in the area 1A1here the San Agustin was presumed lost but no axcsuations were eueJi' undertaken t~ identify the tar.gets. Hus.ton 1A1as known to haue ~arried on a great deal of historical ;.esearch on the San Agustin but failed to write a report on his wo~k before his death in 1968. -7- .... ~. G\U:NDAS PACiE ·• ..; 20 MINUTE P,\GE 2c.2c In 1982, between August 23 and Septambe~ S, and October- 4 '11i.r• to 14, the National Park Seruice conducted a survey of Drak~'~ ~ Bay using remota sensing instruments. A magnetometer ·was me..c;t to couer an area of 2. S square miles and "they obtained 686 anomalies. These anomalies were analyzed, and 49 clusters of anomalies were indicated for priority test cxcauation. The majority of these no doubt. we-r;e from modern-day wreckage arii::t debris. Side scan s9nar was also used couering an area of io square miles in Drake• s Bay to locate any tArgets which were pro~ruding. aboue the sea floor. A sub-bottom profiler i;onar unit was also used couerir.g 30 linear miles to ob~~in an .,,... accurate picture of the bay geology. It was learned that the depth of sediment in the bay ranged from a few inches to seuen meters in some areas. The NPS produced an exc8llent report on their work in this bay but unfortunately were unable to follow up LLlith excavations. Some of their magnetometers anomalies were in the area where the San Agustin was presumed lost and they may haue located some sections of this shipwreck. There haue been numerous reports of sports divers and treasure hunters conducting unauthorized searches in Drake's Say and there are unconfi.rmed reports that both ai.'rlifts and. blasters haue been used in some cases. There are also reporti~ of divers rinding two bronze cannons, numerous intatt pi.eces of pqrcelain, seueral muskets and a ~rass mortar - similar to the one located on land by archaeologists. --· '"-:;• -8- • ~'LYSIS Over the years a great deal has been written about the loss of the San Agustin in Drake's Bay and the explorations in this area undertaken by Cermei10 and his men. Some accounts st'!te that the ship was anchorad in five fathoms and others state the depth as seven fathoms. All agree that the location was a quilrter league offshore but few authors agree on the ex~pt measurements of a league. My own research indicates that ,,.. a league was three and a half nautical miles during this period. This would - put the anchorage at • 875 nautical miles offshore. However, there is geological evidence pointing to the fact that the shoreline has receded over the years and this would put the anchorage euen further offshore today. We know that a storm arose while most of the crew of the ship was ashore and 11 the ship was lo$t. 11 Some authors assert that the ship was driven ashore and went to pieces but his~orical information does not confirm this fact. No doubt her masts and rigging, as 1.1.1e.ll as a part of her superstruc.ture. went ashore 1 but the main section of her hull and all of her·· armament, ballast, cargo probably remains further offshore. The fact that the suruivors were not able to recover any of her cargo and very little of her stores substantiates this fact. One of the main differences in analysis of the 1.1.1reck' s location is to what degre~ the ship was blown.from her mooring location before sinking. The Park Service analysis combines an oceaSL swell from t&1est-northwest and a southeast wind to push the San Agustin directly onshore from her anchorage. Aker argues against ,the southeast wind, believing that und.er such conditions the crew could have tacked out to safety. But with the cas:.tain and the bulk of .~.he crew ashore, and an incompetent (?) in charge. the logic of very little eastward drift could be ualid. Information from the Spanish Archives. however, would indicate that ~he ship actually sunk at her moorings. and ~ didn't drift at ~11. The Drake Navigators Guild published a report entitled, The Cermeno Exeedi tion at Oraka •·s_JtaJL by Raymond Aker in 19.65 and hf! has the follo1.11ing to s·ay on page 12: "Cermano' s own caccour1t:, of which the.re are .two original copies not in hi's hmndwriting but signe,d· by him. also omits a deposition on tho loss of the uhip. .the reason for not including information concerning the loss of the San Agustin can only be conjecture. but the most compelling apparent reason was that the wreck represented saluage po~f!ntial. The possibility that this was the case i'S suggested ir1 Father de la Ascension's account o·f' -9- ,'I. CALENDAR t'ACE l '"'..:. 22 MINUTE P,\CE 2u2.S the Viscaino expedition in which he wrote that Uiscaino had put into orak~ 's Bay to see if he could find any :trace of the San Agustin and a quantity of wax and silks that had been ief~ on shore: In this ligM~ there may have been deliberate intent on the part of the persons having a vested intere~t in the ship and goods to keep the true nlll:t;ure of the loss from becQming know~ to others who might attempt to saluage the wreck." The fact is that if {:he ship had tota:tly broken up and gone ashore as some historians and authors believ~d. there would not have been any FOs=sibil:Lty of future saluage operations and everything wo~ld haue been scattered ouer a wide area and covered ouer by shifting sands. Likewise. Cermeno and his people would haue been able to obtain baldy needed food suppli~s and some of her ~aluable cargo - Which did not occur. R-.cently obtained histor"ical documents from the Spanish Archiue~ indicate that the ship sank in the general uicinity of b@r anchorage and only some of her upper-b.lorks and deck cargo (Such as the wax and silks) were cast upon the· shore. This analysis. then. a~sumes that ~~~ main section of the San Agus;tin sank at h•r mooring, or close to it, and lays in· waters under the jurisdiction of t;he State of California and not in the zone closer ~o shore controlled by the National Park Service. - .._, 0 -10- lCALENDAR PACI l d ;;,. i3 'MINUTE PAGE 2. Q2 9 FUNDING, PERSONNEL AND EXPEDITION RESEARCH VESSEL Phoenieiap_Exploration Limited -4:' There is still a great deal of preliminary work to be dona bef'ore the total cost of this project can be· determined, but it is expected to cost somewhere between one and three mill1,on dollars to f'irst locat~ and tl:len carry out a proper underwater archaeological excauation of the San Agustin. If wooden remains are located, which is one of the main obj~ctiu~s of this project, additional f~nds will also haue to be spent on the proper treatment and proseruation of these wo6den r~mains. We could have another 11 Mary Rose" on our _hands with the San Agustin and this could re~ul t in the cons.true ti on of a major museum to display the ship's hu~l and her car90. Phoenician Ex~loration, which is a Canadian limi~ed partnership, has been conducting underwater ~rchaoelo~±cal w6rk for the past eight ·Yi:.ars, under the . dir_ection o~. Robert F. Marx. They haue worked in Noua Scoti•. f J.Orida, the·· Bahamas, Brazil, Mauritius Island in the I.idtan Ocean and i.n other areas. Recent1y, this group bas fQr_!!'.!Pd another limited partnership named Phoenician South ~eas 'for the purpo~e of locating and exO.:uating Manila Ga1leons i.n the Philippines arid, hopefully~ in Drake•s Bay. One of the main objecti~es of this group is to o~tai~ enough data to enable them to reconstruet an authentic replica of a. Manila Galleon and then undertake a , uoyage in the r.:-pli.ca between Manila an~. Acapul:co, with stops along the coast of California, as part of the 1992 celebration·.. ,... of Columbus's SOO year anniversary of the disco9ery of the New World. Phoenician South Seas will provide a11 of the necessary fundings for this project .... Attached as ~9pendix A here is . a list of the limited partner~ of Phoenician Exploration, wh9 are also the ·General Parnters of Phoenician South Seas, as well as a brief resume of some ·of those inuolued. ~ It is a.~ticipated that a large numbe.rt" of peop~e will be inuolued in this project. We plan to inuite archa~ol'ogi:sts and diuers from the National Park Seruice to p.articipat~,. as well as other scholars from California and e1sewhere. 'Hqpefully, John Foster and one or more assistants will be as~igned to the project by the Diuisioh o'f Parks Cincl Recreation. The resea..-ch pha~e which is under._way at this time is being undertaken -by Or. Nicholas Cushner and .Robert F. Marx. After· the shiP\l!r'eck has been .located Dr. Maria-Lusia de Brito Pi~1heiro Blot tA.ill also join the team as both a historian, draftspers~n~ and ~ lA!.EN~ PAC£ 1MlN'.J!.f..P."aG~ c ~ith the assistance of Dr. Harole E. Edgerton of 'M.I.T. ~nd also per$onnel Df various seism-:igraphic firms. The ou41rall 9 excauation will be Gonducted under the direction of RobeGi: F. Marx. Dr. ·Ian O. Spnuner and· Dr. Jean-Yu es Blot wi 11 serve as assi-stan~. archae:~l.ogis.ts to Robert F. Marx. Ms. Jenifer G. ~at:') will serue ~·. as artifacts offi-cer. Mr •.Ma·i"C Ii. Wulf ~nd Mr. James E. Hill, J'r. will serue as chief of diving operations. AdditiQnal diuers and qualified experts in clea:~~ing and presaruation of the artifacts recovered will also be hired as needed. - Uuring the search phase of ~~e project,. a suitable uessel c.id.11 be 1C:harter~.ti fro.rn the local ar-ea. Af't:er the shiP"'reck h(-.s been loeated, the research uessel Rio Grande, whic~ is ~ne~ uy Phoenician Exploraticms, will be util:l:zed. See at;t:ached description and photograph of the Rio Grande. KEY PERSONNEL. Detailed' resumes of .the principal inufli~tigato~s in this propo$al are i~cluded as Appen~ix 9. Robert F. Marx Mr. Marx has be~n managing ·11ar'!ne archeological ~acoueries since 1957, including work on tha u.s.s. "°nitor the galleon filueatra Se-nora de los Mil!gros. the ~ubmerged Roman cities of carteg~ and Bolonia, the French Solej.l Royal, and Greek and Phoencian uiessels from tf'lit 5th . and 4th century 8. c. • ,An accoMplished diuer. -Mr. Marx is well equiped to le&d an expedition i.µch as th1J on&. ' Dr. lean-Yues Blot Dr. Blot has his Doctorate in underwater arche~l~gy from th_e Sorbonne in· Paris in addition to a Masters dngree i~ anthrQpology. He has auer ~s year$ experience ns a diuer on lircheological sites all ouer :the world. He i's currently employed as an archeologi~t for the lluseu• of Archeology in Belem, Portli:gal. Or. Maria~Luisa de Brito Pinheiro Blot Dr. Blot has her doctorate in history·~rom- the Uniuersitj. of Coimbra, Portu~al. Sh9 is an accomp~ished research&r. with many ye~rs of experience cbecking out wrecks in Europe, India, and Ind~nes ia and. the Unl. ted Statas. She : also diues and is an expert unden.tJater photographer~,. '' -.:.-· -12- .-. J'.enifer G. Marx ...-. A 1L -er and writer of many years,,, Ms. Marx is the math'.or .a. or e.,.:..author of seueral books and articles on hi~'~ory ~nd. ;; marine archeol~gy. t~ Ian O. Spooner A diuer with t'·ull archeological training,, Mr. Spooner obtained s post graduate· diploma with distinction in Maritiwne Arctr\,1'ology. He i~ on co®."Gittees for maritime archeology in Britain. and Austral:ta\' and has published several findings. Mark H. Wolf ouer 12 years experience diving in marine construction and saluage, beginning as a diuer aboard a· $Ubmarine tender. Mr. woif recentl~ performed as a contract diver for NASA on tha Challenger shuttle recouery team. James E. Htil. Jr. Mr. Hill has been a diver and diuing supervisor for many years. His enperience includes work at up to l,000 foot depths. pipelaying and maintenance L1JOr,k, and drill·ing support. as well as ar-eheological dives since 1983. ... ·. {'" \_, - ..... , -13.;.. .-. 26, CAUNPAR PACI 1 .; l.. MINUTE PAGE 2032 1-:_· DESCRIPTION OF THE""RESE~RCH UESSEL ~ RIO GRANQE The Rio Grande is a well equipped rf:'search uessel for accomplishing shipui'r.,ck search and recovery operations. fhe Rio Grande is valued at U..S. $2,000.000 and her .replacement cost is much greater. The ues"fel has an ouerall length of 100 feet. weights 61 net tons, has an all aluminum hull and is e>cean-going certified b~ the ·u.s. Coast Guard. She h~s four water tight bulkheads, m~king. her nearly unsinkable. ohe uessel is powered· by three large General Motors Detroit diesel engines, carries 7, 500 gallons ·of fuel {and c~n also carry partable bladder fuel tanks fot" long ocean .:rossings} and cr~ises at 22 knots. She is fully hydraulic powered throughout the uessel, has two large electrical generators and is completel~ air conditioned for maximum liuing comfort. At sea, tho Rio Grand_!! is totally self-sufficient bJith t~o salt water to fresh water conuersion units ~hich produce 1.000 gallons of fresh ...,.ter dai'ly. Her large storage ar~as, two large d~ep· freezers and refrigerator enable cre~s to stay at sea for munths at a time. The uesse1 accommodates ten persons comfortably, but has the capm:ity to berth twice that number. •":.· The Rio Grande• s navigation alectronits and other equipment has been duplicated ti;,· .pre,ient breakdO&a1ns from· hindering any operation at t\ea. Amortg the• e'lectronic equipment in th• pilo~ house are: a Sperry autopilot Ritchie compass Furano radar with perimeter defense scanner two Furano satelli~e navigators Micrologic Loran C position indicator~ Te> -14- .. -~--~,.-...... r<'~·. - .. I ..,. L , 2Z CUENDARPACI 2033 MINUTE PACI - equipmen~ and spare parts. the Rio Grand_! can stay at ssa or on a site for up to three month•. a vital factor to be cqnsidered when inuolued in offshore operations. All types of diving equipment are carried on board the .B.!9. Grande. from standard Scubt; gear- to the more sophis tica-ted Kir.,y-Morgan gear used for deep- diving. Both high and low pressure compressors are aboard for shallow and deep diuin9. The ue-.Ssel is outfitted with two large 11 blaste·rs" er "prop-washes." the prirtl~lry tool ~sed in excavating $hip11.1recks. "Airlift" and "water jets." which are also used in excavations. ar0 al1:o carried on board. E11en more important is the fact that Hr. Marx has recently developed and produi;:~d a pqrtable underwater "blaster.. which is hand-held ar.d controll~d O!'I t;he bottom b1 a dic:er. This will enable the Joint Ventu't'e to excavate at ~uch deeper depth:i than the conventiqnal 11 blas.ters" which require ·t;ho uessel to be directly ovi'tr the shipwre;ck. •nd which c:an operate only up to depths of app~"'o> - • -15- ,. .. ,. CAlCl'mAR PACE l •• i' 28 MINUTE PAGE 2034 ~EARCH PHASE OF THE PROJECT During the last a~d present centuries thousands of uessels of all sizes haue used Drake 1 s B~y as an anchorag". During storms when anchors are dragged and even in lowering and lifting anchors it is a well EfStablished fact that the remains of old sunken ships are disturbed and in so~e cases destroyed. Hopefully, the San Agustin is buried in one of t~e deeper areas of the bay where there is substantially sand couering the site to protect h6r. Yet ther• is the pos~ibility tha~ she has been damaged or destroyed by the dr.agging anchors or by a later ~~~eek ran sground ouer her remains. Thus. this is another valid reason why the ~an Agu~t±n, which is without a doubt the me~t important shipwreck in California waters, should be located and e~cauat&d at this time. One of the most difficult aspects of underwa-cer archaeological work is the actual detection and locating of a shipwreck site. A good recent examp!e is the 1622 Spanish galleon ATOCHA which tcok fifteen years and $16,000,000 to locate. over the years !" have worked closely blith man!l·.. scientists and organizations trying to overcome this major proble•. Problems in Unden.iJater Ship1JJreck Oetecti.ori The basic tool used in the location of shipwrecks in the Western Hemisphere is ·the magnetometer · which has its limitations. The magnetometer will only detec.t the presence of ferrous materials such as iron or steel. In certain instances i.t will not euen locate materials mad& of these metals. In some cases where large bodies of ferrous metals are in close proximity t:he different :i.nd~·riduals objer:ts may null o.ut the magentic properties of one another. It has also been found that some indiuidual large ferrous Gbjects give no· magnetic anomalies: when cannon or anchors were cast and the metal ..:.. cooled on ~ particula~ polar axis something causes the object not to show magnetic properties if this object lays on the s,a bottom within a 15 degree axis either ea.st or west of the original position the object wh~n cas·t. Co"s·equently. ~ast iron objects haue one chance in twelve '°f not exhibiting: any magnetic propert1es whieh can be detected by magnetometer. Contrary to popular belief most ships did not sink, but rather were wrec&!ed on a lee shore or h±t. upon a ~eef or shoal ·· in relatively shallow w.ter. During the age of tail pr .1oably less than two percent of the ships 1&1ere lost... in deep &&1ater: ._ -16- ,. . ,,.. 2 C\l:CNDA!l PACI L--"'-E' • 9 MINUTE PAGE 2'03s usually as a result of fires aboard or sea battles, In mo,-st cases. euen when a ship capsiu!d at sea. i't wol!ld drift in tu shallow water before breaking up. Deep water shipwrecks (over 100 Feet deep) generally haue all of their armament and c~rgo situated in a relatively small area unless they exploded before sinking. However. rarely are~these ships sought as pc-t(:tntial target~ by archeologists or saluors because their locations are generally uer~ vague in contemporary historical documents and their are a great deal more costly to locate and salvage. A good e~ample is the Spanish galleon San jose which blew up in 1708 and sank in , 800 to 2,000 feet of w~ter off Cartegena. Colombia during JA. sea batt-le with the British, To data. various oceanograf)hic and treasur-·e hunting firms haue spent over '25 mil.lion ir. the search for this rich tar9e~ with negative results. , In most cases the ship.» struck a shoal or reef and was scattered o~er a wide area. sometimes euen ouer mil~s. Usually the bottom of the ship containing the ship's ballast would stay in th& area of the initial impact while the se-as and currents would carry the remaining P'U"t of the ship to other areas. In some cases, only a large hole would resul:t from the i.nitiaf"' impac-t and the ship wuuld keep mouing with not only its bal·last fallt -~ out but also a great deal of its cargo. I haue s~en this latter event result in a 1733 spanish galleon ~catt,ering its remains along a six mile stretch from its original impact; area to its final resting place. resulting in i-ts contents being so badly scattered that most of it was impossible to lo~ate either by contemporary or modern day saluors. Hurricanes which occurred e.uen years after a ship was wreeked coulctcause a ship's contsnts to be widely scattered. - So nol.l!i. we must go back to the magnetometer and what i.t can accomplish. on old s.ailing ships a sounding lead was always used at least ance ari·~our so the mar~ners on those old ~hips generally kne~ when they were getting intQ shallow water euen if land could not be seen because of dar~ne~ or a storm. ~ If unable to bear away from shoal water ·the captain would order anchors dropped and sails taken in to avert a disaster. In many cases, count,less anchor.s were dropped and when they ran out of anchors as the anchor cat·les sanpped in storms or were cut on reefs, cannon were euen used ~s anchors. Thus, ~n many cases, the final resting place of a- sh1PL\lreck might not -have a single anchor lef't on·:·it and when anchors are located in the general area o'f a sqdpwreck they can be miles from the ships location. Naturally, finding- a lost anchor doesn • t alway.s signify a ship- was 1-ost in the area as the ship which lost; the anchor may haue managed tc escape dis~ster . .. -17- £,'\tENOAlt PAGf Mll'turE .~1\CE So this leaves us with the- only remaining target which can be located by a magnetmeter - the cannon. Generally. the important ships used bronze cannon and these cannot be found with~ magnetometer, so if the shipwreck does not have any of her anchors still on or near her, st~ will go undetected unless the cannon can be located visually. or some other part of her. A good example is Mel Fisher"' s 16"22 spanish galleon Atocha. Six of her bronze cannon were located when a sal.uage boats ,:mchor was snagged on the bottom and a diver went down to free the anchor and spotted the nld guns. Just tw~ weeks ago, eight ye.._ "'S after the fi'rst six bronze cannon were found on this wre k, Fisher located still another bronze cannon ouer two miles from the ~ocat:;ton of' the first six. This UJas accomplished by conducting a visual search from a sme,11 plane and videotaping the sea .floor f'rom an elevation of 500 f~et.. The Atoe ha is a very good ex~mple of the difficulties ~dern salvors face in trying to salvage an old shipwreck -11.1hich has been wi'd·ely scattered over a large area and in 11.1hich most of her carg0, is buried ~nder deep sand. Despi;te the wide amount of publ~~tty that Fisher has received since 1970 11.1hen he found a part of ths Atocha, to date he has not found the main part of the wreck or the treasures she carrie~. To date he cl-aints to haue spent somewhere between six and ten million dollars in this search, sometimes using as ~any a six search uessels using the ~est equipment auaila~le. This still 1eaues us with iron cannon as potent.ial' ft!a9netic targets. h':hen ships blere dashed to pieces on a lee shore d14ring a hurricane, such as occurred with some- of the _ 1715 -ships los{:. on Florida'''s East Coast, the iron 9uns -generally were deposited in the vicinity of the remainder of the u.1reclr - but not always. On one of the wrecks the sh.ip struck nottom albout t:hree miles offshore and her top deck apd superstructure broke off and drifted right. on shore in the .. breakers. whereas her main hull ~nd ~argo are located somewhere in between. On some of the 1715 wrecks the ships and cargoes also went. into shore in the breaker zone and ,-,lthough the cannon can be easily found (if iron) her cargo can be spread up and down the coast for several miles. The remains of the Capi~ of this fleet are spread; along the. shore for four miles to the north and one und a ·half miles to the south of where most of her guns lav. During the pa~t two decade.s modern day salvors first worked"'" the area where ·the cannon lay and, after exhau_s'ting the area. worked up and doQn the coastline id hopes of finding more treasur>es from this.... a.1re~k. Objects coming '~hore in recent hurricanes general~y g1itJe a vague locatior. of other parts of th~ wreck bidden un1:Jer" the deep sands. ~ -18- .-. The same problem occurs 1.a.'11.en shi~~ are wrecked far ft"Olft shore. The, ~sides of the ship,~ f,dith the cannon and anchors. if any remai11_! are - gA)tneraily swept far ·away f'rom the main part of' Vhe wrecr~. making. it uery di'ff'icul t to find the sW.aller non-ferrous 1J.tems whith- ~re usuall~ buried under sand, mud or reef or a comti1-~ation of th~m all. • Added ~o the problem is the fact that on many shipwrecks-. the cannon and anchor$ which are the $,~gnpost of a shipwreck. no long,er exists. They were saluaged byi contemporary or modern saluors. During W&:-ld War II f' or exam~~e. when there was • great demand for all kinds of metals. lllC)ny salvage companies scoured the sen floors up and down the U.S. East Coast '9nd, throughout the Bahamas and Car.. ibean. re~ouering euer-ything which could be found. In recent years. this has also been dona. and the most recent example on a big_ stale took place on t.he Little 8ai1ama Bank wher-e a Bahamian Gouernment bouy tender was employed for months t:o pick up aLl cannon and anchors uisable. The reason it was done. according to gouernment spokesman. was to preuent their being pirated by unauthorized divers and saluors. The fact is that many of these sites will be lost foreuer unless some other method is deuelqped to fir.' -19- .-. C.'\t.£NDAR PACE these objects ~re laying in a big".mass or ar~ uev·y clo~~ to the surface of the sea flo6r and only a few feet from the magentQmetar head sensor, no anomal.ies can be detected, which is the case in most instances. A hand-held metal d1etector wi 11 locate metals of a11 "t·ypes but agai.n thq objec.ts must be uery close co the detector or. no readiiig will be obt~~~.ned .. If a larg~ anchor or cannon (bronze or iron) is more thqm six feet ~ep in the bottom sediment. no readings will be Qb,tained. 9n sm•J,ler objects such as hand weapons, tools or coins. the det~c~1gn r~nge is usually less than a f~ot. This is fine ~f the site is only .cQ1:i'ered by a foot of" sand, mud or coral, n1.at -~ni,o only occurs in uery f~ im:~tances. The auerage shal:~ow wailer shipwreck has six to eight feet of sand over it and sot.he, espe\':ial.ly in the Bahamas or Cal-ifornia.~ haue as much as 2.5 feet of sand couering them. In one case. ~ re~,ntl.y f ou~1d . a sitia ""°'1th ouer 30 feet of sit..nd covering it ar::ad blere ne11er ·able to identify it because we could not dig deeper with either th~ prop-washe~ or .airlifts. T~e previous three page$ all lead up to the most aifficult problem ws face in location of shiP"'reck remains - that of findin~ the smallPr· itelris on each site. It is too expensive and t.ime cons~ing to tr·y and dig up sever-al square mi1es of ocean bottom ~rtd at the moment, with what equipfilent is presently auailabla. ~hat would be the only solution. I should &}.so mention at this time that in Florida, th• Baha~s. Bermu'-'a and iiome parts of the Caribbean the tna9-~ntome~.rs 1And me~~l detectors work we,},J.. because they are b~infl_used ifl'i are~~ of sedimentary· rock. ~it·C>Weuar, elsewhere ~-'they are roore W~ ~lan to first utilize the standard equipment for locating the remains of t:he San. Agusti.!l magnetometers. ~ub-bott~m profiling sonar, metal detectors and visual search. There its little likelihood that any ~f her remains will be &boue '2he sea floor so Wt; will excluc;fa the use of side-scan 1sonar ~ especial~~ since this w&s alre4dy unde~taken by the NPS ~ 19~~ After the visual and electrq11ic suruey is completed. we . wil11!. th~n make small test holes <'in each tct"get using ~ smalll al,rlift ,'to determine the identity, t)f ea~h one. lf we fail to lt..i~ate t•le main rem~ins of the ~a,·l i\gu~.£1..n bl using, the aboue tAagation,-ti, met~ods, I ud.11 then tuse a uerj special instrl,111~ Colfttich i.~· boing de,7eloped b'y SR.! Internation~ in Menlo Park. See a 1ttached letter in Appendix. c written by_... -20- .-. F'aw_ _,_~--...... - 1C."l•~r•.Jt'AR.PAGE ·1i.:t1TEPM:iE ' ' . \" . ' : " ... . ' , ,. • ' > ·~· ,__ . • ----: __ .. ____ _ .. Dr. ·Lambert Dolphin. Thi~ instr'"':''.nent is capable of l'i>cati~_g uery small c>bj .-,c ls under 20, l:o 25 feet of sand. Pho•nician S~uth Seils has agreet! to provide the fundil?.g for the deueiopmeht and construction of this instrument and the initial work on this instrumettt will comnren~ :i.ri the uery near ~tur:• . ..- • v ' -2J.- '"" , ,... ~ •' r ,,. .. , O\LENDAIC~ACE 'va ·-i1..:. , MINUTE PAGE U. .. . z 1 . f!CAUAT Until t~e remains of the San Agustin. are actually located it is very difficult to deter~ne th-a exact methods 1.1.1hi·ch 1.1.1i 11 be us~d in properly excava~ing the site. One thin~ i~ c8rtai~; the best aM:haeological techniques and equipment 1.1.1ill be used on this project and the maximum effort 1.1.1ill be utilized in r.ollecting a:q. 1.'ertinent ·archaeological data. Likewise. the ~· '· operation will l;>e conducted in a mainner which protects the0 -gatherin9 of th~ archaeological data and prot,.c.tion of the art~f'acts an~ wooden remains - iF any remain - of the ship's hull. The staff and equipment of. Phoen:Lcian Explorations, Limited, are as well prepar.£1d as anyone in the· world toda~ to do as professional a job as can be done on t.&Srecks of this vintage. There arr.1 two ·different poss ibi:li ties to cofts,ider. One that the ship; remains and cargo are sc&ttered over a wide area, whic-h 11.~ul~ make i::he proj ec.ot mq_re difficult and expensive to, .. undertake. However, I do not contemplate this being the case· 1.1.1ith 'the San Agµ..,!tin. The other that the shiP1.&.1reck is more or lass confined to & srtall area. If thi Once the m~thoctS and degree of saluage are agreed to, we ..:an dis~uss at'ld draw up plans for the proper conserua\:.ion and display of the recouered mat~ri~.l i·. .Again, it would - be premilture to draw up such plans t.tntil we know what we haue. to (AlOl",k with, but it is conceivable tha~ an on-site llUSlllua t."'-.)uld -22- CAP.Cll!DAll PACE MINUTE PAGE .. be built. as part of the Nationa1; S~shore. or thGt 1.nstitutiom: in the San· Francisco area could share funding of the conseruation effort in exchange for displ:eiying the11. As we prepi!re the excauation plans, and before major excauat.ion be9iJ1s. we w:!.11 consult with State and Federal experts anrc:t presnmt our detail.ad proposalS' !:o archeol·ogis ts frum these agen~ies for approual. :tf I.\.~ find that the remains of the shipwreck lay in an area of heauy sea swells. making the excauation difficult. we may haue to resort to building a cofferdam around the shipta;~eck and working inside it. such a$ they are presently doing on .one of t'1e Revolutionary war shtpwre~ks off V.orktown, Virginia. a.,ndeiMAla·t.er ~i~ibili-;;y is anot·her problem i~ Ora·ke' ~ Say 1and this too may be solued with the use of a cofferdam. It is also knc..wn that Drake's Ba~ is the breeding grounds for the Whi. te. Sharks and the cofferdam might aJ.so eliminate the dangers from - tho1ut predators. If a c,offerdam ir• not required. we u.ai. l'1 probably have to erect nets arou1d the site to keep the sharks out .of the area. No WO"k will -commence -on l:he site until a .proper place~·.: has been established for the storage and conservation of the artifacts. A laboratory will haue to be set up with qualified personnel to operate it. I also plan to establish a group of ad~isor~ w'.10 ~i 11 supervise th,e ~uerall excavation of the site. Some of these will come from the State of California. tha National Park Servi~ as auail~ble, and others will be people knowl~dgea"&>le in different a$pects of the history of the site such as Raymond Aker and E~ward P. Von Der Porterr. At this time it i~ imp~ssible to determine the amount ~fJ time that th~s project will tak~ bue I think we should count on a mj:nimum of three years and it .could take as much as twice that: amoun~ of time. Weathe..-. and working conditions will be ~ th$ ~ain factors that will decide this issue. ,-, -23- CAi.ENL'AK PACE MINJJTE P,\(iE ' . . . ~ .... , . ~ . ._,.. ,. .- ENUI!O!MENTAL C~SIQERATI()i!!S ... 0 Enuironmental S~tting ~- t;. ~rake's Bay, is located on the southern edge of the Point Re-yes peninsul'a. approximately 24 nautical iqi.les west-northwest from the entr~nce to San Francisco Bay. The Point Rey~.s peninst!la is roughly triangular in shape. Yr!th the longest side lying on the east, along the San Andreas ,:-ault Zone. The angle opposite juts out into the Pacif'~c Occiln, forming Point Reyes and its 21sso,ciated headlands. T:-te tnast prominent feature of the area is the Inuerness Ridge. a forested line of hills reaching a maximum el,e,uation of about L 400 feet abou,e sea leuel. This ridge drops steeply on its ~ast0rn face. to the San Andrea$, Fault Zone. which is exp~essed here by Tomales Bay, Olema Valley. and Bolinas Lagool'l. The western slopes of tha ridge are gentle. and drainea b..Y many stream1~ cut into canyons. Ti'fe, curue: of Drake's Bay itself i~ shelJtered, by Point Reyes* and is generally a gently shelving sandy beach. Dr-ake 1 -s Es.tero projects tiorth from the Bay into the center ef k- th~ Ftminsula. It is separatei;:t from Drake's Bay b1 a long -sand spit. Litutntout" spi.t* which has a uariable entrance tQ the A, ocean. 19' --GeolOJ!.?f Certainly the most. pr.eminent 9eQlogic fe~ture in the Point Reye.s area is tho San Andrea" Fault.-. Thi$ f'Ault and its rift zone c~n be trace~ for hul'ldreds of miles from the Mendocino County coast north of Point Re~es to the desert ·- regions north and ea~t of Los Angeles. The north1.11ard movement of the Pacific plate-* of whicn Point Reyes is a part, was graphieallg illustrated during the 1906 San Francisco earthq~ak~. During that euent. Tomales Point. the northern~ost point ~thin the Point Reyes Peninsula. 1R0ued approximatel:i--,:\O feet n~rthwllrd in relationship to the adjacent ·continental ~1 mass cm the east nid~ of the fault.. Eu en the present Shilpe of Point 'Reyes seems to illustrate the north-,.nort~st di:re,,ction of mouement, for it seems to be bent tu fore es from tfU!t nor,ttro!Jest, contorting tl"e peninsula into tfie hook that 'forms, ( Drake• s Bay. .~ The backbone 0£ the Pot~t Reyes Peninsula is formed by a co~~ Qf igneous (granitic) rock. ~ich giues structure and defin'ition to Inverness Ridge. This core is ().,erlai~n -'by &-· ... series. of metamor::i:hic and sedimen,tar1 s't;rata. The stratigraphy of these rocks is generally uniform and extends laterally from Inu•rness Ridge toward th~ south, west and northwest. At the Po:!-f'l~ Reyes headlands, the ;rani tic r,ore or basemeilt rock of the peninsula is ag&in exposed. Here th~ igneous rod< l_s oi.•er1il.in by ~ consolidated, conglomlrata of well-cemented s:and, g~~uel. cobble and boulder-s~zed m~teria1s. The hard ~nd resistant natur.1e of the gran1·te and conglomerate alon9 this uplif"ting 'fault has crea-ted a uery improssiue and dramatic series of headland cliffs. ilH" Eebseen the headlands and Inverness Ridge. the uar•io~-s sedimentary rocks, marine shales, sandstones·, silts tones~ &~rid claystone f'orin a shallow dish with its c~nterline runni·:ig northwest-:>outhwest through the wes~rn part of ·ora-ke t.s Es·tero. These s·edimentary rocks end ahr,tptly at Oral!e' s Bay, forming a seri~s of cli'ffs. On ths more .exposed side of the peninsula (~oint Reyes Beach) a long, narrew. and uniform beach ') .t.."i.~~ hi«d ijunes has been formed. The shore of Drake's Bay has a rmrrow beach, and a sand spit that lies between- Orak&' s £,;tero (a flooded stream ualley) and the bay also helps define Limantotir Estero. which lies behind the spit. Both estercs drain th~ough a bre~k in the spit~ ~hos~ locat1on shifts continuously east and· wesi due to seilsona.1 stOl".!J,ls. 0 The c:li f-Fs faci.ng Drake's S'a?J are clay stones &nd '*'I siltst?ne$ o-f the Drake's Bay form~tion. and sandy shales 9f. the Mont~rey Strale Formation. These f"ormatior.s are general'ly po¢rl;; csmented and erode rapidly~ in some pla~es the tliff faces- are receding at a rate of 12 inches or .....W~re a year. Wit:t1ri Drake's Bay, thl?l imme~iate ntarine substrata are beli~ed to be the Monterey Shale Formation and the lo~er sections of the Drake's Bay F<1rmation. Ouerly.ing. these .. substrata is a lay~r of uncons~lidated rnar~ne sands of ua~ying and unknown thickness. Oceanograehv The :.ontinental shelf in the project area extends farth~r s.eawarc:f than it does along any other port:fo.!1 of the west coast:.. This arP.a of the continent~ shelf, known as the Gulf of the Farallons. reaches ~ ..jJ.dt.h of 26 ·ri'\utical miles (4'€J· km). The gulf r.ont&ins t~o major currt~nts that representt s:±gu±ficant components of the northe·a~,t .Pacific O~ean 's circulation ~yst~m. One current flows~:! southward (th'e California Current), the other (Oauidson Current) f'low~ nof"thward, and there are a number of localiz.ed eddy current sy;stems. The 'California Current has a broad southerly Flow. is ,, c;,. ·' .•. ,G\:.cNDA~PA.CE ~ :J 2 • 3S MINUTE Pff-.._.:.,__,.:2::;0::4=4==J t•enel;'~ily ·close to the coast, and supplies water which is toP.rler and less saline than the t;.t:rt.ers farther offshore~ This rdrrent normally flows along the caast from August or ~~ptember thrOYSh mid-November. +.. Toward mid-November, dominant: northwest winds 'decline sharply. With this change in wind pattern, the cold0 surface ,_ Cl.Ulter sinks and is replaced at the surface by a thin layer of' warmer ~ater. The warmer waters belong to the normally deeper Dau id son Current, lAlhich runs counter to the California current. once it syrfaces, the Davidson current forms a wedge betwe.AJn the car!.if'o'rnia Current and the main1and cout. The inshore, nortt.Ward, and dota.."'!'.Ll.!elling mouement of the Davidson current ,usue1rlly lasts well into the winter, t>ringing IAlith it relatiuely high sur,face temperatures. However, by mid-February., prevailing winds shift from the south to th~ northwest, thus diminishing or reuersing the northt.1Jard flow of surface water. As ii -.f"asutt, tfie Calif'orni.a Current .flows southward.. carrying surface water offshore, and deeper ~ter lhat is cold and dense rises up to'replace it. Our'!ng aach of the seasons, local geogr~phy arid topography influence local ~urrent patterns. The dominant influences of the California Current ~nd the prevailing northwest 11.dnds have a.1 effect on the movement of sediment in .c the survey area that is the reuerse of what would be expacted. As it flows pa~t the Poi.nt Reyes ·headlands, the California .. current sets up an eddying effect within Drake's Bay, and ~ onshore waues. clriuen by prevailing northlAlest winds, meet the headlands and deflect., bending east and northwarci into Drake• s -_Bay.--The overall effect is a localized south and east to north and wast.transportation syst~m for sediment. . . The movement of sediment along the PDint Reyes Beach .. (Pacific coast area) is altogether diff~rent. While the south-flowing California Current is the domina,ting ele~nt, the eddying effect caused by the Bodega headlands seams to be an effective trap for most of t:he ~ediment from the north. In comparison to the California Current, th'e prevailing northwest winds· have a much greater effect on nearshore sediment movement. Hol.119ver, because of the north-northeast to -so!Jth-southwest orientation of the Point Reye$ Beach .;;;~d t.h,.e· preuailing surface north-northwest winds, there seems to ~ no significant movement of sediment. And 1A1hat sediment transpor\ there is ~esults in material being moued"· past the western ex:tent of the Point Reyes ·headlands where ~~ is increct,$ingly influence~ by the California current and ultimately carried into dee~er water off thtt headlands. Ouer•l1'.. , little sedi111ent i6 carried to the Drake• s Bay c.rea from the north, the sands here are dcriued ftAom local 1:and southern sources. , .. ~. (\ -26- 0 .-. .... ~ C.UENDAR PACE 1 C' 39 2045 • • Climate and Weather The !!limate of the Point Re.yes Peninsula and its immeOd.ate enuirons is characteriz~d by cool, dry, fQ'll'JY summers ~nd cool, rainy win~ers. Bacause~ there are upwellings of~ ~older waters during the summer, cool temperatures and fog are uery common along the coast and se31A.lard. Th,e reverse is generally the cas~ during the winter months, wit'h clear but cool weather that is occasionally interrupted by storms from the southwest. High winds are common in this area, which is generally considere:-d to be both t~~ foggiest and windie~t location of the Pacific coast. Wio~s of more that 100 mph are occasionally - re~orded. This extr,ame is due in .part to the topography' of the Point Reyes headlands. Howeuer, gale force winds ~long the .Point Reyes Beach are also common. These high winds are most characteristic of late and early winter, and 9 1an!!rally or:cur out of the north and nor-thwest. Winter storms 'with accompanying winds usually confront the coast from the southeast. and '!lS the storm system mo,ues inland. th~ 11o1inq~ moue to the northwast. End-of-storm winds out of the nort~west are usually tha most uiolent. Drake's Bay prouides ships .a safe refuge during the strong northwest winds, but this area has the potential for unexpected changes in ~ind direction, due to eddying conditions. Ocean temperatures generally show 11ttle annual uariation. For example, the mean mc-1·1";hly surface water temperatures at the Golden Gate Bridge (Fort Point, San Francisco) and at North Farallon Island range from S0."90F to 60.2CF and s2.20F to S6.20F respectiuely, from January -:-to December (1926-19/SO). Marine Biolo9JL .. Th9 area proposed for this permit lies within the Point Reyes/farallon islands Marine Sanctuar!f. and has haci its biology studied extensiuely. One of the most spectacular components of the area's - wildlife is the concentration of nesting seabirds, with a population e-xceeaing 100,000 pairs. T'ha largest concentration OT these p~irs exist in the Farr~lon Islands. far remoued from the project Jite, but the Point Reyes headlands, Drake's f Estero, and Estero de Limantour are als~. important nestinf areas. fhe Point Reyes headlands provides nesting loc~ti·ons for the Common Murre, Brandt ''s corn\Jrant. Pelagic:: Cormorant, Pl:geon Guillemot, Western Gull, and the Black Oystercatcher. The '~·· ., -27- ,, .-. • population Qf a~1. these species has b~en i~creasing over the recent pa.st and they ~re not thre~t'ened by the :prop~sed project . .-~ra'IC-e 's E~_tero and the, Es tero de Limantour pro~:i:de estauri~e ~:--eas fen·· v•riot.rs di ing birds,, especially the Black .3rant. ·· l°" Within sight of the project area twenty thr~~ species of mai:rine mammals haue been sighted, including fiue pinniped species, 17 cetaceans, and one fissiped (tn.. Sea Otter). Most of the pinnipeds ;:,.-(seals and s~,,~ lions) are year-round inhabitants. A.gain, the most impor·tant part of the sanctuary f'or these !tF"8Cies is the Far~11on Islands, where maj-0r bree:!ing, pupping, and haul-out ,areas have been established. Within Drake's Bay, only the' Harbor Seal has established hawl-out a1•eas, mostly along Linv.tnto,ur Spit. In contra~,t. the cet~cean (whale) species are all migratory thrpu9h this area., especially the ,California -Srey Wh&.'.!~ which are usual,ly obs1erued each year from late No~:ember thr_qugh Juno or J'uly. None 9f ~he cetace<1P species n9t~~ with the Sanctuary spends time in t:he shallow waters propo~ed f'or this project. Fish resources are abundant ouer a wide porti!6n 1'tf' the Point Reyes and f'arallon Islands areas. The are~ has t11any factors which ""'~e it vital to the health and exist~n~e of many species. The area :h&s man!j• diverse habitats. but ,as this project ·-is res-tricte".f' Ito the nE!rJrshore part of Drake'~, Bay. this study focuses !>" , 1this par~.icul~r environment. Several studies describiws '.. !'·~, f~,.sh re~ources of the entir& area can be found in the "t-S:nal Envir.•onmental Impact.ment Statement on the ·. Praposed PoiRt Reyes-f:aral/lon Islands Mari;ne Sanctuary" put out by the Federal ~ffice of Coastal Zone Man~gewJJ!nt iu 1980. 1 OrA?\ke '5 Bay is important as a1 feeaing spatl!ning, and nurser~ area for many fin-fish. In ,aJ:lditi..on, vrake's Estero and ~n& Estoro de Limantour proui~e nurseries for f~cific Herri;ng, smelt. Starry Flounder. Sur:f'perch am.I Siluer salmon.• Var:it.lus bottom fish., such as Cali{iornia Halibut. Rex Sol'e, atiult Starry flounder and occasionally other soles migrate , to the1 Bay at different time~ of the y,~ar. §.harks and rays us' t~1e Bay .as a feeding ground throughout the year. - Kelp beds, an important marine community, are established ~/Jithin Drake's Bay. The dominent species near the project area is the Bull Kelp (t<:erocystis luct:.keana), which is an annual, 4 ~' ,, -28- .-. l , \ OLcNDr'?. rAGE JMINIJTE p,\(;f species. Its Winter beds represe,et only one tn fiue percent of its summer extent. It does not provide the de~se substructµre or canopy that its better known counterpart, the Giant .Kelp, does-?- •. The benthic fauna differs greatlyt~ according to habitat type. T~e project site and surrounding a~ea is smooth, featurless, sandy bottom, wi.th. lrttle or no relief. Dependi119 on the sauerity of the Winter sto~ms, the effect oJ.: waue sur~-e can often be fell t~ the bottom. As a result there is little benthic actiui'ty, -"i:fi th btArrowing animals predom~naot. Sand dollars and sea urchin~ haue been noted in the area. but not in tha numb~rs th4t exist in ~ecper water. . · - !r·ansportation and Use Drake •·s Bay is out-side of the main shipping lanes for San Francisco, but is a sheltered anchorage for many· smallel" uess~ls t~~~iting the ar~&. TherG is also con~~~erable traffic from coats visiting ·the ~t'ional Seashore. While there is little CQmm~rciai fishing done within the Bay, there :ls ·exteh,"'iue use of t::he area by paO"'ty bQ·at anglers ancl priv~te fisherperso~s. The area is in~uded in the Faral·lon - Point 'Reyes Marine Sanctuar"y . • ._, • ("\ 0 ·- _/ , ... -2.9- .~. C/,J.t:NJJ,\;t P.\CE MINU"lE P.lc;E ., ···~· • • ~+. • ~ ...... • : ~. • ·~ ' . ~ ENU~RONM~~l EFFECTS ~ This project will have no significant environmental effects on the area, and will, if successful, have a beneficial effect (Class IV) on the cul.tural artifacts. ~ During the ir·itial search phase small boats using non-destructive instruments will cross the ~r~~. Si.ace many priuate or party boats are already in the area tfiis will not be a significant disturbance to ei-ther seabirds or marine mammals t.. in the ar~a. If this se~rch ~iues good indications small test holr.s will be made, .using small airlifts. While this will disturb benthic inuertebr,ates at the actual site of the holes, the small diamqter ( 6-18 inches) in ~he relation to the whole of Drake's Bay ~akes this effect insignificant~ If the ship is found and j.dentified, major excavation could begin. A detailed plan u.dll' be filed wiJ;.h the perm)...uio.9.. agencies when the site details.. are kno11.1n well enough to make _!Uch i-1~n·nin9 mea~9fi!XI.:-however. ana~ysis... oF s"imilar-Pr-oje"cts fiid1.tate't:fiat- t!lere 1s no dan~er of envirqnmental effects. ., ... The fir-st step 11.1ould be to rr..-mo~/4 the· sand ouerburden fror.n the main body of the wre,ck, USl4ng directed prop~.llor w~ih. This will disturb the benthic 'enuir.,nment ouer a few hun~red squaro m~ters at most, !nclua-1ng are~s effected by the removed sand. Exp~ri.~nce in othf'r areas indicates th~t the inuertGbrate fauna wili reestablisn itself within 6 to 9 mo"ths follow;"ng the end o-f' the project. Under certain r··nditior.s; it may M advisable to establish a cofferdam aro-..- ~ the s~lte b~fore starting wo~k. This would ensure that no· fi'n-fis.h- or marine mammals would inaduertantly enter the site while work 11.1as in progress. and wouid further limit potent;ial damag_e t.o the benthos. ~- .The proposed project ~qcation is not within any of the ... kelp beds ±n Drake's Say. .... The Maximum 1.1.1ork fc·i.-"":> tJJould include one major recovery uessel (100 feet long), yp to two srnall skiffs, and pos~ibly a barge. Most of this equipment would be anchored the majority of the time. all are fully self-conta.ined. There will be no discharges to disrupt.:. the water quality of the .site. No onshore activity- is p~oposed at this time which ·could· disturb either seabirds· or /thE# Harbor Seals. The remaining issue is the protettion and conservation of the §!n Agustin herself; if she is found. "fhe fundjng and staff proposed for thi~ project are unquu~tioably -30- 2u~ ~~ .43 prof ~$sionally able to extract the maximum amGunt of archeological data from the site with a minimum amount of damage. By requiring d~_t.ail.eLplans._f.or.-Prafessior.a.l. review once the s1te rs, precisely located. we are protecting the pub!1C-tr"Ust:--r~e people of California and the nation deserve to have a site of this im~orta~e professionally evaluated. The final phase of this proposal. conseruati ~~s probably the most important. Again. the applicant has .,.gre~\ to remove nothing from the si'te until specific provisions for 1>1· conservation and display or storage are agreed to b" the permitting, agenc~es. It is very rare that we are prewnted tA1i-th an applic~c:ion with the funding_ and e~pertise to pr.ou1 e for a full p~eseruati,on effort. Staff believes that. if the t1Jreek ±s f~¢='.d in go~.d condition. a perman~nt di.sp].ay c;an be establishe~ that rne•ts the needs of State and Federal agencies. and returns a priceless part of California's hP,~i"tage to public uiet.11. 106'15 APPENDL~ A MAJOR OCCUPATIONS AND DIRECTORSHIPS OF CERTAIN OF THE - PARTNERS 11' PHOENICIAN EXDLORATIONS INC. RALPH M. ~RFORO. TORONTO ... President. Valleydana Corp. Ltd •• 501, 161 Egll~ton Ave. E•• Toronto, Ontario H~P 1J5; Chm.; Canadian Appliance ,.,.nufac~uring Co. Ltd •• GSW Ltd.; Vice-President and Di~actor. Natior;al Trust to. Ltde; Director of: Canadian General Investments Ltd • ., Harding Carpets Ltd., Sonor lnvftstments Ltd., Telemadia· (~uabec) Ltee., Thiokol Ch•ic:al Corp., Union Gas Ltd •• ~sk's Ltd •• Massey Pe:vwscn Lt4. Homa: Valleyanna Drtve, Tdronto, Ontario M!tN 1J7 RICHA~D A. N. !ONNYCASTLE. CALGARY 2300 9 3SS '4th Ave. s.w~. talgary, Alberta T2P OJl~ Chairman and Presi'dent. Cavendish Investing Ltd. (private investment company); Chairman. H111rlequin Enterprises Ltd·. (pub lishing house); President, Bonnycastle & Assoc. Ltd.; Vice-Prasident i Director, Univer! Gas Ca. Ltd.; Director of: &ralsaman Petroleums Ltd., Pa~ian Cc:pcrai:.icm 1-i=i~ed: ., Renn Industries Inc., S.8. Capital Corp. Ltd., Sulpetre of Canada Ltd., Sulpetro International Ltd., Torstar Corp., ~teward Jockey Club of Canada. Home: R. R. #5, C.lgary, A!berta T2P 2G6 . DR. MICHAEL C. J. COWPLAND. OTTAWA President, Hitel Corooration Ltd~, P.O. Box l3n89~ Kanata, Ctntario K2K t>;'3.(a la!ge publicly traded telac:orrnunications ccmpany). ~ JOHN C. EATON. TORONTO Cha1-i"man, "Eittcn•s of Canada Ltd. {Canada's largest department store c~ain)_ 1 Dunda~- St: W.,. Toronto, Ontario H5B lCS; Director of: Eaton's Financial Servi~es· Ltd., Eaten Insurance Co., Eaton Life Assurance Co., Eaton's Hutual Funds, Eai:on Trust Co. ·. Heme: 70 Ardwold Gat~. Toronto, Ontario MSR 2W2 RICHARD H. IVEY. LONDON. ONTARIO Partner, 1vey' t>c:iwle?, 2100, 380 W.llinSton Street, london, Ontario N6A SBS; Chairman. Allpak Products Ltd. (pub1lc operating and investment ccmpa~y). Director of: lank of l'iOntreal, Dashwood Industries Ltd., Eaton Corp., Eaton Yale Ltd •• Livingstone Industries Ltd., The Northern Life Assurance Co. of Cana~. Pranor Group Ltd., T. I. Industries, The Counsel for Business and the Arts i.n Cana~a. Richard ~ J ..n Ivey Fund, Worldwide Life Fund (C..nada); M~r of eo.11\i of Go;11erncrs, University of Western Ontario; Directer, Ro¥a.l Ontario :iuseUlll (Torcnto, Canada); President. Richard Ivey Foundation: .~ Home: ~90 Welli~gton Street, London, Ontario N6A 31'2 MICHAEL M. KOERNER, TORONTO President. Canada 0¥--.rseas Investments Ltdo (private investment company), P.O. Box 117, Toronto-Dominion Centre, Toronto. Ontario M5K lGS; Dtrector of: C.B.A. Engineeri~g.Ltd •• C•nadian Entarpr1se Cev~lopments Corp. Ltd •• Chaparral Steel ~ Co. (U.S.). CO'N'nercia 1 Union .Assurance Co. of Canada. Co· Steel International Ltd., W CUC Ltd., Cullman Ventures' Inc. (U.S.), Dilworth, Se~~rd. Keagt:ier and Associates Ltd •• Huron Chemicals Ltd •• Lake Ontario Steel Comp~ny Ltd •• PlanNed Investments Management Ltd., Planned Investments Corp., Pr~tt -& Whitney Aircraft Cafiada Ltd.~ Rand Capital Corporation (U.S.). Ronalds-Federated Ltd., Sheer~"°'-si:u~l:e;PiiM~-Wi~.... t..JL.45 - 2 - MICHAEL H. KOERNER. TORONTO (CONT'D) Tauras Fund Ltd., £ntcrpri se Oeve lopment<-·Soard; Governor. Yf:>rk Univers i-ty. Home: 14 Ridgefield Road, Toronto, Ontario H~N 3H8 R·. JAC~ LAWRENCE. TOROKTO ~-- r~ President, Burns Fry Limited, P.O. ~x 39, Toronto-Dominion Centre, Tor~nto, Ontario H5K JCS (a major Canadian in¥estment banking and brokerage firm). CHARLES B. LOEWEN. TORONTO ChairtNln and C.E.O., Loi~n, Qndaatje & HcCutcheon & Co., ~td., 5th fl0f1r, 335 Bay Street, Toronto, Ontario HSH 2R3.(a major Canadian investment banking and brokerage finn). MICHAEL J. NE£DHAM. TORONTO Executive Committee Phoenician Explorations Inc.; President, Sterisystems Ltd .. , 47 Baywood Road, Toronto, Ontario H9V 3Y9 (a puclic hospital equipment and phanuceut i cal company); Senior V,i ce•Pres ident, H~l ix Investments Ltd.; Pari:nel", 1'ang Management Ltd.; Dire~tor of: Applied Digital Data Systems Inc. (New York), Hovainetr\x Inc. (Hartford, Connecticut), Stewart-Riess Laboratori-.s Inc. (California). Helix Investments Ltd. Home: 238 Inglewood Drive, Toronto, Ontario H4T lJl NORMAN J. SHORT. TORONTO Executive Committee Phoenici~n Explorations Inc.; Preaident, Guardian Growth Fund Ltd. {public Canadian mut~al fund}, ;oo, 4800 Vonge St •• Toronto, ~ntario HSE 1G6; Chai~n of: Grouped Income Shares Ltd., Guardian Capital Investment Counsel Ltd., "MutYal -F"unds Management Co~poration of Canada Ltd.; President of: Auric Resources Ltd., Guard~n Capital Group Ltd., Guardian Compound Income Fund Ltd., Guardian Growth Financial Seryic:es Ltd., Guardian Gr~th Fund lnternar\ional Ltd.; Vice-President and Director, GDN Ventures Ltd.; Treasurer and· Director, Safe Caot;al lncCiJ:e Venture Ltd.; Director, Ripley lntern~tional Ltd. Home! 4 Hay Street, Toronto, Ontario M4W 2Yl WILLIAM W. SIEBEHS. CALGARY President, Siebens Oil & Gas Ltd. (oil and gas operating company), 300 Three Calgary Place, Calgary, Alberta T2P OJl; ttanatger Director, St~bens on 5 Gas (U.·K.) Ltd. Herne·; 102 Reixboro Road S.W., Calgary, Alberta T2S ORl DONALD C. WEBSTER. TORONTO Gener.al Partner, Phoenician Explorations Inc:.; President, Helix Investments Ltd-. (o private investment company), 2400, 401 Bay Street, Toronto, Ontario MSH 2Y4; Chai~n of: Sterisystems Ltd., Huxley Institute for Bio-Social Research; President, W~ight-Hargrcaves Hines Ltd.; Vice-President ~nd Director of: East Malartic Hines ltd., Lakeshore Hines ltd.; Director of: Applied Digital Data Systems Ltd •. , Canadian General Investments Ltd •• Cas~ North America Ltd •• Claude Neon Industries Ltd., Energy Conversion Devices Inc., EuroCanadian Shipholrlinas Ltd., lntercilSt, S.A •• Pagw:ian Corpciration !.J.mited , .Little Lon~ Lac Gold Hines Ltd •• Lundor Mines Ltd., Ha1artic Gold Fields (Quebec) Ltd., The Personal Insurance Company of Canada Ltd., ••. ' .. µ ..,..... t i(.·,u:.N=->Al< ~\CE ! ~ -4 • 4 § ••• J IMl:\'IJTE"P,\Gt 2:i_!:l 2 d - 3 - DONALD C. \.IEBSTER. TORONTO (CONT'D) Polycom Sysums Ltd •• Ram Petroleum Lta-: ~ \Ii l1 rc;rMines Ltd •• Riede: Dir..i.l.lory t.-:.ce Mi~ Co~ra:.ion~Past Director, Royal Ontario Huseum (Toronto. Canada). · home: 12~ Dunvegan Road, Toronto. Ontario H4V 2R2 .a. LORNE C. WEBSTER. MONTREAt (P. ENG.) t: President. Prenor Grouo Ltd. (a public insurance ccmoany), 202, 801 Sherbrookr St. E., Montreal, Quebec H2L 1K7; Chairman of: The Canacian Provident-General lnsur~nce Co., The Northern Life Ass~rance to. of Canada, The Personal Insurance Co. of Canada Ltd.; Vice•Chainnan,.,,,,.. Montreal t~pos Baseball Club ltd.; President of~ Canabam Ltd., · · Planned Resources Fund, Tauras Fund, Windsor Hotel; Director of: Bank of Montreal, Canadian Fur Investments, Canadian Properties Trust. Cartier Tower Ltd., Champlain Power Products Ltd., Cull~n VentureG Inc., (U.S.), Dale-Ross Holdings Ltd., Formula Growth Ltd •• H. 8. Fuller Co. (U.S.). Haydet.' Enterprises Ltd., Helix Investments Ltd., lrmiobilaire Canada Ltdq The Imperial -r,~ust Co., Kativo Chemical Industries Ltd. (Costa Rica). Murphy Oil Co. Ltd., The Permanent-Westminster Insurance Group (Australia), Quebecair, Quebecor Inc., Sallingbury Ltd. (U~K.), Strathacona lnvest~nts Ltd., Bluss Point Golf & Country Club (U.S.), R. H. Web~ter Poundation; Trustee, Stan5tead College; PresJdent, Julius Richardson tonv~lescent Hospital. Heme: 56 Belvedere Circle. Montreal, Qu~ec H3Y 168 R. HOWARD Wt!BSTER. MONTREAL th~inr~n. Imperial Trust Co. (a private investment company), 2912, 1155 Dorchester Slvd. w., Montreal, Quebec H)B 2LS; Chairman and President, The Globe & Kail ~ Ltd •• (Canada's only nation~l newspaper); Chairman of: Penobscot Building (U.S.),.., Quebeca i r, \Ii ndsor Hote 1 Ltd. ;' President of:· Annis Furs Cu. S. ) , Canadian Fur Investments Ltd~. Detroit Karine Terminal Inc.~ Durand r.orp.; Oir&ctor of: ~Burnsl="oods Ltd., Holt-Renfrew & Co. Ltd. Home: 19 South Ridge Road, Ile Bizard, Quebec H9E 183 .. P:uidmit, C::&bb • .Comp&riy I.t:d., P:ericlen~, Mcnt:ose lnves=i&nt COmpany~, 170 ~ve St::aet, Winnipeg, Ma.nitcl:aa R3C 3B4: Dir~i:tcr of: P&gu::ian Ccr.pcr~ticm l.imitet\ Ihm ~.= .-. ~ ,.. .- C\t::!.OA:l \'-'CE . I'- 47 MIN'.fic P.\CE .; e PHO:.:NICIAN EXPU>RATIONS Hr. blph Barford, Predclen: V&lleyd~ne Cc.rpor&:ion L:d. 161 Eglin:on Avenue Eas: Suice 501 -ti: Toru~:o, Onc~rio M4P l~S Mr. Sryau M. hn1c: Valwyn, Scodgell, Cochran & Murray L:d. Mtlu~ Bouse 107 e&=on '$:ree: London ~C4N .SAD EuJl;and •Mr. Rober: Burns Suiee 301 1166 Bay S:Re: Toronco, Oa:ario MSS 2B4 Ms .. Bo&eher Cooper But11S Cooper Bynes Lim:ed io -!:ice Scree~ · 'l'O?:O'DCO t Oncario MW 1Z4 1Jr. Y'1chaal Cowplan.d President !Ut:al Corporation P.O. Box 13069 -Xanaca, Onearto X2K 1X3 Prince Michel de B~urbo: de Parme 69 Boulevard Suzu:-Ant,~~ne 78000 Venaillu - France Ms. P-.h Mauran Su.ice 1004 1166 lay Streec Toron:o, Ontario Mr. John c. Ea:on Chai.run ..:. Ea:on's of CaMda L1111:ed l DUndaa Scree: Ves: toron:o, On:ario M.5~ lCS .... Mr. !nan M. Flood Tory, TO-:"?, desLauriers & !iuningtou Jlo7al Bank P~ Suu 3400, P.O. &x ZO Toronco, On:arto M.5.1 2Kl: Mr. Ronald Gunn. Director lurns ~ Fry I.imited. 1 First ~nadi&n Place Suite 5000. P.O., Box 150 Toronto, Ontario MSX 143 . ~· Allen· and Victor~a Hodgson 523 Ar11le Avenu~ Va:aounc, Quebec H3t 3B8 ~· Mr. Christopher Oddaatje· . Loeven, Onc:iutje, McCutcheou & Company Ltd. 7 Xin1 Street Eat 20th Fl:oor Toronto, Ontario MSC 1A2 Mr. ~.l.. Matthews Burns F't'Y t.im.ted 1 First Canadian Pl&ce Suite 5000, P.O. Box l~O ;•.. Toronto~ Ontano MSX lR3 Mr. Michael M. Xe.mer Canada Overseas Invest1:11euta Li111ted P.O. ~ 61, Stiite 2901 , Soui:.1 Tower, Ro7al, Bank Pl.ua Toronto, Ontario M5;1 2.12 Mr. Michael J. NeedhQ!. e/o Hel.1.X lnv9staants Li.mite~ 401 Bay Stree~ SW.te 2'JOO Toronto, Ontario MSR 2Y4-- Mr. Michael Nesbi:t ...... , Crabb i Company Ltd. Su.it• 97~, lloya1 Trust Buil.clin; 330 St.. Mary Ave=e Vizmipeg, Manitoba t3C 3%5 Rewsco l~vea~n~ Limited c/0 Mr.. a.. Howard llebster Imperial Trust: Coapa,ny Suite 2912 ilSS Dorchester Boulevard Yest Montreal, Quebec JO! 2LS Mr. Robert Ope~r, President Jla1I Petroleuas I.iaited - SW.te 918, P.O. ,Box 17 ~30 Adelaide Street Veet Toronto, Ontario MSR 3PS • C.\L;:NOl\R PAGE ~ ~ 2.. 49 . ' MINUTE l',\(;E 2055 _. M:r. Johann l.upert P.and Merchant Bank Ltd. Marshall Place 66 fiarsh&ll Street .Joh&nm.sburg South Af rtca ~· Mr. Norman Shore Cap-Man 1.1a1ted c/o Guardian Capital GrGup Li111t•d 48 Yonse Scree'! To~onto, Ontario MSE lta Mr• Stu.art Hubert lilallace 1588 v.. brcok Cre•cent Vancouver ldei'sh Columbia V6T 1V8 Mr. Richard Bomiycastle Chairan - ,·.... ~vendish ~nveseing Ltd. 3300 J.ow Vallay 5'1uare 2. 20S - 7ifth Avenue S.~. Cal;ary, Alberta 'r2P 2.V7 Mr. Carnet Watchorn 'txecutive Vice0 President Cav~nclish Inve~ting Ltd. The Coneinen.tal Bank Building Suite 2210 130 Adelaide S~reet·Ye~t Toronto. Ontario MSB 3~5 Mr. G.H. Soloway .. SoloYay and Yylde .... ltOl Bay Street Suite 2112 Toronto, Oneario Mr. Louis P. klly, President Eurpac Service ~any 170 Mason Street lox 187 -.: Creeavich, Ccnnecticut o.s.A. 06830 Mr. R• .J. L&Yr11nce President Burns, Fry Limited l First Canadi:an Place Suite 5000, P.Ot Bo: lSO Toronto, 'Ontari.o M5X 1H3 ' ;s .- r~\L:.:l ::::;,\:?PAGE ' ..,, c:.. 50 :.,INIJTE P.\GE 2056 Mr. Peter Bu1gler Pree1dan: literalliam Bank (Zuridl) A.G. Stadthauaqua1 • .. e_,Ol Zur:Lch •··... t fi.t:arland Mr. c.v. Rebater Fro•~t Bold.inga Ltd. 4999 Ste. ,~eri.ne Street Vemt Suite 504 Montreal •.Quebec lt3Z 1T3 Mr. Frank llolph JS.Ye 1.olph Bo14i,np Ltd. 1245 Sherbrooke Street V*st Su1t:e 1060 Montreal. Quebec R3G 1G2 Mr. Charles B. Loewen Loewen, Onclaatjs, HcCutcheon & Company Lt.cl., 7 lCing Street £&st 20th Floor Toron~o, Ontano MSC lA2 Mr. Rich&rd·M. Ivey Ivey & J>ow~~r 2100, 380-W•!~_Dl1!0D St~eet London, Ontario H6A 535 ·1fr. v.w. Siebens President ·Candor Investments l.td. l •• 300 - Th?'ee Calgary P1ace 3SS - 4th Avenue· s.w. Calgary, Alberu T2P CJ'l Mr. .lnald t.inds•Y P.O. Boz 227 V~nderbijlpark, 1900 Transvaal. South Afri.ca Mr. Chd.lstoffer Naesa ~lo Arne 'Maus (11.L) Limited 84 ~aker Scree~ · Londcm lllM' lDL Ens~and Alan and J>iana Quuha :· 130 ~t 79~h Avenue Bev YoJ:>k, Nev York U.S.A. 10021 .-. !MINUTE P.\(;E ~' APPENDIX B ·ROBERT f. MARX ·oate· r>f Blrth: 8 December 1936, Pittsburgh, Penr.sylvania USA Present Address: 330 Thyme Street-r. Satellite Beach, Florida 32937 Telephone: 3os-m-20&1 EDUCATION L"s Angeles City College, June 1951 - September 195~; Sept~_r 1956- February 1957 (~vening classes). University of Maryland estension ~urses (during military servic\l December 1953 - June 1956 with 90 undergraduate credit haars in total. Major: Anthropalogy and Archaeology FIEl.DS OF SPEUALIZAT·ION Marine Ar.~eology, with particular reference to the Spanish colonial r>ttri~ 1n the Caribbean. Hay~! ~ Maritime history, with particular reference to Spanish maritime tY.-ade .. 1500 - 1800. MILITARY SERVICE US Marine Ccrps 1953-56 • in charge of USMC marin~ salvage operations, East Coast, U.S. 1953-55 • • Directr~ qf USMC Diving ~-h~'), Vi!!Ques, Puerto Rico, 1955-56 (training of over 5;ooo ~rines in use of scuba diving am1 its use in ampliibi'ous warfare). ... • Hcmorable Dischar3e Septar.t>er 1956; USMC Reserves (inactive} 1953-62 • ______ARCHAEOLOGtCAL , EXPLORATIONS--- &...... ~ECOVERIES -...... -.. 1. Location of severa-1 Civil War blockade runners and recovery of artifacts, under auspices of North Carolina Oevelof)ment Board, 1953-54. 2. Location of Civil War ironclad. USS Mon:tor, Cape Hatteras, N.C., 1955. 3. Location of a nUlftber of Spanish and English wreck sites fran period f650.;.1800, Puerto""Rico and Virgin Is:ands, 1955-56. ,: "-· ••• 12 ~· CALENDAR PACI 52 - 2 - 4. Discovery of a number of previously unknown Mayan temple si~~s, cenotes. zacbes (ceremonial causeways), an~ cave tombs in ~ritish AOnduras, Quintana Roo, Isla Cozmel. Mexico; mapping of Tulum9 Coba. Xelha. and ..:.~ther little known Mayan. :i:ties on the east coast of Quintana Roo, Isla Cozumel~and Isla Mujeres. in cooperation with the Mexican Department of Anthropology and History; first exploration and recovery of artifacts from Mayan cenote at Dzibilchaltun, under direction of Tulane linivers!ty Departmen~ of Archaeology; AssiStant Professor John Goggin, University of Florida, in excavation of Spanish ~lonial sites, Yucatan: February 1957 - September 1959. '$. P,iscovery of remains of Spanish galleon, Huestra Senora de los Milagros '(sunk in 1741); organization of three series of excavations on the site, the last sponsored by the official Mexican underwater exploration society (CEDAM), which resulted in the recovery of over 200,000 artif~cts, Quintana Roo, Mexico, 1957 - 1959. 6. Disco~ery and iqentification of earl~ Spanish wrec~ sites: La Nicolasa. su?-ply ship of ~man Cortes• expediti~ (sunk in 1526); and two snips burned and scuttled by F~anctsco de Montejo (1526), Quintana Roe. 1957~ 7. Exploration of Caribbean-waters off coasts of Central and South Am~rica. Leeward and Windward Islands and the Bahamas. with location of Spanish French, English, Dutch and Portuguese wreck si'tes f'i"Olll,~ariod 1sso-1soo, 1960. 8. Underwater snrvey of submerged Roman cities of Carteya and Bolonia ~ (southern Spain); location and exploration of wreck sites in Cadiz harbou,.., · and off Tarifa, Za~ara, and Sanlucar oe Barrameda, under auspices of t~e Museo Provincial de Cadiz, Spain, 1960-62. -9. Participation in archaeological excavation~ sponsored by the Srnith~cnian Institution, of 16th century Spanish wreck site. Bermuda, Augu~ 1963. 10. Organization and direct~on of exploratory expeditions to Serrana. Seranilla. Roncador and Quitasueno Banks Isla Provtdencia (western Caribbean), which resulted in the location~o£ a nUftlber of important Spanish colonial wreck sites and exploration of four of the princ:ipal' sites, June-July, 1963 and May-November, 1965. ..,,._ 11. Directici of program of mapping and excavatior. of the sunken city of Port Royal. underta~tn by th~ Institute of Jamaica. Hoveilber 1965 -·June 1968. 12. Discovery of two shipwrecks of Christopher COllpllb:.:s which were lost !n St. Anne's-Bay. J1111ica. in 1504. Plans are underway to excavate ti1e1>e two shipwrecks in.~ near future. February 1968. .. CALENDAR PAGE MINUTE PACE - 3 - 13. Director of Research and Salvage operations for the Real Eight Co. Inc. of Melbourne, Florida Sull'lner months ~pent excavating various shipwrecks of a fleet which was lost in 1715 off the coast of Florida. The remainder of each year spent locating and salvaging ancient shipwrecks in the Bahama~, Mexico and Columbia. Jc.ie 1968 - January 1~71. 1~. Archaeological survey on 'fome ancient sunken walls and buildings off Bimini and Andros Island in the Bah~s. August 1969, July 1971 and December t9iG. 15. Excavation of three Civil War blockade runners off Charleston and S~llivan Island, South Carolina. January ° February ~~70. 16. Archaeological exploraUons on l3nd -!nd underwater at various sites in the Yucatan Peninsula under the auspices of C:DAM of Mexico. January, April and May 1971 and February • March 1976. 17. Exploration for ~~rine a;;haeological sites around nine different Caribbean Islands in the Windward and Leeward Island group under the aus~ices of the Minnesota Historical Society. February 1971. 18. Arc~aeological survey in Lake Toluca, Mexico for pre-Colurrtbian artifacts under the auspices of CEDAM of Hexico. June 1971. 19. Underwater exploration -for maf'ine archaeologt~!!_sites on both sides of the Isthmus of Panama under the auspices of ~he P,anama Institute of Tourism. December 1971 - January t972. Al)rU t973 and March 1975. 20. Participation in exploration 1bo1n:t the ALCOA !£APR .. -- CAU:NDAR PACE i ..J C.:. • 5 4 MINUTE PACE 2 iJ s 0 - 4 - ~~. Exploration around the Turks~~d Caicos Islands at the invitatio~ of ~ the Turks and Caicos Historical Society, to determi~e if one of these islands was the original l~nding place of Columbus on his first voyage • .a. Eleven shipwrecks were also discovered, dating fran the early 17th to the middle of the 19th century. Nox~er 1971, March 1973 antl March 1977. 25. Exploration of waters surrolinding Ascension Island in the South Atlantic at the invitation of the British Government in which four shipwrecks dating fran the middle of the 16th century to the beginning of the 18th century were discovered and investigated. March f 973. 26. Magnetometer"'·-a:nd visual search covering a 20- square mile area in the Florida Keys in which nine shipwrecks were discovered. explored and identified. May - October 1973. . 27. Exploration of wat~~s surround!r.g Grand Cayman Island at the lnvlta~ion cf the local govemlf:nt in "!ilich a nllDber of shipwrecks were discovered. November 1973 and Februc:ry 1978. 28. Explorati.on of a sunken city which was submerged In 1687 off Orangstaad. St. Et:statlus Island in the Caribbean under the auspices of the &Jtdl Government. In addition to loc1ting and •pping tM visual sUblllrged structures of the site. a nllllber of old shll*nteks were 1lso dtscovared and investiga~ed. December 1973. 29. Participation in underwater arc:haeologlcal SUIWJS and uavattons •de along the northern coast of Israel under tM direction of r.r. Elisha Linder of the University of Haifa. Most of the excavations tMN concentrated in the area of Acre on harbOur worts Ind a Crusader shipwreck. In this area and also at Athllt Ind Shivel Zion four Phoenician and several Hellenistic and Roan Shipwrecks WIN located b.)1 a team lead by myself. September u C>ctober 1975 and ._Y 1971. 30v Exploration of both the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of P1n1111 under the 8uspices of the Panama Government. Very extensive YISWtl Ind •gnetcmeter searches were made around the Pera! Isllnds on the Padflc side of the Istmrus and on the Atlantic side arc!Jnd tm llouth of"tA1 ChegNs River. · Porto Bello. Hombre de Dios and in the Sin Ila' lsJlftds~ A total of 44 old ship~ecks pre dating 1800 were dlscoverede test hole excavations were made on a nllnber of the sites. dune - llov111ler 1916 and February July 1977. 31. Underw1"ter exploration 11ade In the wr.m off ~ c.tn..'\ Allertcan cOLl1try of Belize. Seven virgin wreck sites wre di~,.. and~ proved to be 17th centur.y Spanish Mlrchanc.t. April 1171., .t •••/5 ... e· .-. - 5 - 32. At the i~vJtation of the Australian Government, I explored four 1.7th and 18th c~,~ury Dutch shipwrecks, plus others of other date periods and national itJ,es off t-tie west coa~t of Australia. August-September 1977. 33. Underwater.archaeobgical•' ·survey~- made at the invitaticn of the Dutch Antilles Government around the islands of St. Martin's, Saba and St. Eustatius. Wreck sites were discover~ off each island and recorrcnendations for their eventual excavation wc:-re 111de to the government. oetober - Hovember 19n. 34. Seare-ta and excavation of nlllerouS wrecks located in the Florida Keys be~ Marathon and Key L1irgo. t.ang the llOst important sites worked were three of the 1733 ~alleons, a 1622 Mrchant.Nn and a French merchantman 1750. ~rch - July 1978e 35. Extensive magn~t.'met~r and visual su~ey 111de off Cape Cinaveral and surrounding waters. A number of shtpvretks wert discovered but poor working conditions prevented thena frc11 being extavtted. July - September 1978. 36. Aerial, visual and magnet~ter of the Little Blhllll Bink, covering scme 40 square miles in 'flhich l total of 28 shipwrecks were located dating fran the mid sixteenth to ~ate 19th century. 'October 1978 1nd July - September 1979. 37. Working under the a~spices of UNESCO alld the Dept. of Education of the Mauritius Government, I conducted an extensive aerial and visual survey of the reefs surrounding this island~ locati~ a total of 18 old shipwrecks .ta which predate 1800; including four Portuguese East ll'idiltlln of ~ 16th century and seven other East lndiamen (French, Dutch and English) ~f· the 17th and 18th centuries. During this same expedition, I was a consu1tant to the teari1 e~cavating the French me~chant vessel St. ~ran which ~a~ lost 'in 1744. A vast number of artifacts were recovered and after pteserva)}lon, were placed on display in the island's Maritime Museum. February-April~1979 38. Under the direction of the Naval 1'i.1seum of Rio de Janeiro, I conducted an underwater visual survey in the waters surroundi~ Salvador (Bahia} and located 13 shi~wrecks from the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries, including the flagship of the Dutch priYateer, Piet Heyn, lost during his att3ck on that p!ace in 1627. May ~979. 39. One Greek and two Rorr.an a~hDr~a--carrying galleys were discovered in waters surrounding the port of Palma de Mallorca, Spain. In other areas, five large l~d ~n anchors were discovered, Which were not as$oci·ated with a shipwr~;..~. June 1979. ~. :t 40. Underwater archaeologicill survey along the $guthem C.Ofl~ of Portugal in, search of Classical period shi~So In tne harbour ~f Portima~. a Punic and a Roman shipwreck were discovered. October -'ltbvellber 1979 • ••• /6 "" ... - .-. :UlillDA~ PACE I ,, .; , 5 6 l•MINUTE PAGE 2... Q... 6:::..=2,______, - 6 - 41. Underwater archaeological sur.vey made in the Azores around the Islands e of Sao Miguel and Santa Maria~ Twelve different 16th to 18th century s.hipwrecks were surveyed. Decent>er 1979 • .- 42. Extensive magnetometer and visual survey made along a, thirty mil~ area of the sollthern and e~stcrr shor~s of Cape Breton Island (Nova ~cotia) Canada. More tnan 40 shipwrecks dateing from the 17th to 20th century were discovered; amongst the most important were the British tt1S Tilbury (1749) arid an unknown section of the French warship Chameau (1725). Test excavations were made on the above two and several other 18th century shipwrecks. June - October 1980 • ...... 43. Under the direction of the Naval "'1set11 of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, two 17th c~ry Dutch wa~ships were partly ~cavated; the flagship of Piet heyn {Hollandia) lost quring his attack on the place in 162'7 and the Utrecht lost in 1648. Both sites were located near the. harbour of 5alv~dor in the Bay of All Saints. The Portuguese East lndt~n, 5anta Clara, lost in 1573 was alsu discovered 30 miles north of this Bay. Noveinber 1980 - March 1981. .. 44. Underwater archae:ological survey made along the eastern and southern co~st of Santiago Island in the Cape VeJ"de l5lands and seven 15th to 18th century shipwrecks were discovered; the two mast important being two Po~uese rnerchantmen dattng f~ the mid-16th ce~ry off the f ishlng villag~ of Cidade V~lha. On a beach on the Island of Sal remains of a Phoenician shipwreck dating from the 5th century e.c. was also discovered • .t May 1981. 45. Extensive magnetaneter and visual survey made. covering an area of 150 ~ square Qiles on the Great Bahama Bank, Bahamas with more than so shipwreelr dating fran the 16th to 19th centuries being located .. June - November 1981. April - October 1983, August - October 1984. 46. Aerial, sonar, magnetometer and visual ~earch conducted along the coast, flar'oours and ~iver mouths of the State (lf Pernambuco, Brazil. under the auspices of the Naval lt!seum of Rio de.Janeiro, Brazil. E~gtrteen 16th to 19th century shipwrecks were discovered (Portuguese •. Spanish, Dutch and French); the majority of which were 17th century ships lost during the Dutch occupation of this area. Two Dutch East Indiamen were also located. February - April t282. 47. Under the auspices of the Hµsee de Marine (Paris) a sonar and Mgne~tP.r sur1ey was conducted off the coast of Brittany, France, and nine 16th to 18th century shipwrecks were discovered, inclucling three French; warships frcm the famous Battle cf Quiber'on Bay .(1759). Also partic'ipated ln the excavation of ttie French warship Soleil Royal ( 1759) off .Le Croisic. June - July 1982. ~- -~ . "'· ••• n • .-. CAlENllAR PMil '1 :;, 2_ • S7 MINUTE PAGE a!J 6 3 - 7 - 48. Underwater archaE">logical survey ~onducted in Baia de Guanabara (Rio de Janeiro), Brazil under the auspices of the Naval .Museum .- ~f Rio de Janeiro, o~ wh~t is believed to be a possible Roman amphora ~arr'ler from tf'._~ 2nd f.entury 8.C. Three other shipwrecks were found and surved on this site (16th, 17th and 20th centuries}. September 1982 - February 1983. 49. Magnetometer and side-scan sonar survey and visual search conducted along the East Coast of Fiorica between Yero Baacn and Cape .Canaveral during "ili~!l a number of shipwrecks from the 17th and 1~h centuries were located. Several new sections af the flagship of the 1715 fleet, known as the •CABIN SITE• were located and excavated du~ing the-sumner of 1985. HISTORICAL RESEARCH History of Spanis~ flotas and galleons. 1504-177p; European rivalry in the Caribbeanv 1550-1825; Naval warfare, 1500-1825; shipwre~ks frO.m Cape Hatteras to Rio de la Plata, 1492-1825; pre-~olumbian voyages to Am1!rica.; early history of diving and salvage. a. SeptentJer 1959 - February 1960: Library of Congress,, ~c!damy of Franciscan Bistory, ·Washington, D.C.; liispanic FGUndation,. N. Y. b. F~ruary 1961 -· July 1962: Arch-ivo de la Indtas, Seville; Archivo de lo~. ,Duqu2s de Medina-Sidonia, Sanlu~ar de Barramed~; Museo Naval, Real ,Academia de la Histo~ia, and Biblioteca Nacional. Madrid; Arehivo Hl~rtca de la Marina, Yiso del Marques; Museo Naval, B~rcelona; Vtttican Archives, Vatican Library and J~suit Historical Institsite. Rome. _ c. September 1963 - March 1964: fl'.useo Naval, Madrid; Archtva, de 'Simancas, ·Simancas; Arquivo Historico de Ultramar; Arquivo Nacional da 1orre do •Tombo, Lisbon; Museu da Marinha, Belem; Library Cif the University of Coimbra. Coimbra; Osterreichische Nationalbibliothek9 Vienna; •. Bibliotheque Natianale a~d Musee de la Marine, P~ris. d~ May 1964 - April 1965, June 1981 and March 1982: British Museum, Lloyd's of London, Pt.:~Hc Record Office, ·London; National Mar.itime Mus~, Greenwich; Nederlandisch Historisch Sclleepvart Muset111, Msten:fam; Netherlands Royal Archives, The Hague. e. ""4gust "" 5eptember 1968: British Musellft;. National Maritime f'Alset11t; Mus.0 {Cava!, Madrid. f. July 1969: Arcbtvo de Simancas. Simanc:as. Spain. ...'.· •.•• /8 .-. •t ,,_ ,-- ~ CAltNOt\R PACE ~ ..., .!.- 58 - 8 - g. August - Ocotber 1971: British MuselJl'I, Lloyd's of London, London; Musen Naval Biblioteca Nactonal, Madrid; Archive de las lndi~s. Seville. h. May - June 1975, April 1951 and December 1981: Arehivo de las tndias, Seville; ~ritish ~sei.a, London; Public Records Office, London. i~ Septerber - October 1917, November 1978 and January 1979: Archivo de las lndias. Seville. j. Hovellber - Decell!ber 1978 and August 1982: Biblioteque Nationale, Parts. k. Marcil - Apr~l 1S83: Hetherl~nds Royal Archives, The Hague; Public Records Office and the British Library, London. 1. Nov~r - December 1983, February .. March 1984, November - December 1984 and February - March 1985: Archivo ~e las IncJias, Seville; Museo Naval, Madrid; tilsee de la Marine, JSaris. VOYAGES Co-organi%er and navigator-;- voyage ~f Nina II~ replica of Columbus' .~aravel, froA Palos, S?a!n to San 5alvador, August - December 1962. Was made a Knight C~n Organizer and captain, voyage Gf a replica of 10th centu""Y Gok.st~d Viking ship fer the saMe parpose as previous voyage in 1964. Voyage started tn Li•rick. Ireland. and endr::d 4,400 miles later at Qibraltar. April - June 1969. -- .. - 9 - OTHER EMPLOYMENT International Minerals and chemicals Corporation (Skokie, Illinots), oteanograpi'iic Consultant. December 1959 - Decei1ber 1060. 4"- Saturday Evening Post, Adventure Editor, January - Sept•er 1963. Argosy Magazine. Archaeology Editor, Dec~r 1967 - December 1978. Dive 111gazine. Contributing Editor, January 1965· - ~ust 1974. ,... Re~l Eight ca.pany Inc •• Director of research and salv!ge. June 1968 - J.anuary !971. , Seafinders, Inc •• Vi~e President, Man 1971 - May 1974. _ Gc~an Industry ln~ure~ Ltd. (London), Consultant'on deep ~iving systellS and sublersibles. Ocotber 1971. ~ripps Institution of ~eanography. visiting Lecturer irr underwater art~Iogy. January - F~ruary 1974. · SH World Enterprises. Inc •• President, August 1974 - _June 1976. .... ~~ Planet Ocean (Intematiort~l Oceanograph.~c Foundation~-. Consultant, October 1974. Aquai'ius Magazine, Conu-ibut!ng Editor. 1972 • 1976. ~iversity of talifGmia at San ll!ego. 'lisiting Lecturer in underwater archaeology • -January - March 1914 and February 1975. L.o.s. T. rnc.. Expetitlon .Leader. February .. October 1978. _Phoenician Explorations, Director of Operations. January 1979 to present. - Ovel'" .COO scientific reports,. popular articles and reports. - .... /10 -. (' Icm::'mAR PACE ~ilNUTE P.\CE - 10 - omWtIZATICJNS • .... Escuela de Estudi~ .. ~spano-Allericano, Seville, 1962. Council of Underwater1Archaeulogy,*san FrancJsco, ~963. Academia Real de la Hi$ri~. Madrid. 1963. Club de Exploraciones Deport,tvas Acuaticas de MeXico (.r.£OM), Mexico City, 1959. CEDAM Intemational, \llshington., o.c. 1963. Caribbean Reserch institute, St. Themas. Virgin Islands, 1967. lnstituto del Caribe, university tlf Puerto Rico, 1964. The International Oceanographic Foundation, Miami, 1964. American Institute of Nautical Archaeology, Cyprus, 1973. American Littoral Society, Sandy Hook, Hew Jersey, 1974. National Mariti11e Historical Society, New York. 1971. Jauican.Historical Society. Kingston, 1965. Society for Nautical Research, Greenwich, England, 1958. Exj#lorer•s Club, New York, Q5!i. Adventurer's Club, Los Angeles. 1972. '4nerican Scandiriavian F~;xlation, Hew York, 19E3. underwater Society of ·America. Phil,~elphla, 1960, _ -Sceiety ~i>r Historical ArcttaeologylJ Wash'ington, ·o.c. 1971. SE.J•Research Soci·ety, Mount Pleasant, South tarolin~~ 1972. .. Underwater Exploratie?n Society of Israel, 1975. Save the Dolphin Foundation, San Franclsc6, 19~5. :The Epigtaphlc Society (ele!:ted as a Fellow in 1982), San· D~o. Gro~ Pour Le Recherche et L'Inventaire des Epaves, Paris, 1978. ·~. ..../11 ·.. .-. C.\lO:NDAR PACi MINUTE PA(if - 11 - <> B()()f(S .._ Historia de la Isla de Cozumel, Merida, Yucatan, 1959. Voyage of the Mina II. .World Publf:cations Co. Cleveland-Mew York 1963. Following Colunbus, World, 1964 (Juvenile). The Battle of the Annada, 1588, World 1965 {juvenile). The Battle of Lepanto, 1571, World, 1965 (juvenile). They Dared tt.erueep: A History of Diving. World, 1967. History of the Sun~en City of Port Royal, Wqrld, 1967. Always Another Adventure, World, 1967. Treasure Fleets of the Spanish Main, World, 19680 Shipwretks in Florida Waters, Real Eight Co. I~co, 1969. Shipwrecks in Mexican Waters, CEDAM, Mexico City, 1971. Sh\pwrecks of the Westent Hemisphere, World, 1971. Sea' :Fever: Famous Underwater Explorers, Doubleday, 1912. Port Royal Rediscovered, Doubleday, 19~. The Lu~ of Sunken Treasure, David McKay, 1973. Underwater Dig: Manual of Underwater Archaeology. David McKay, 1975. Shipwrecks of the Westent Hemisphere (New Revised Edition}, David McKay, 1975. Secrets Beneath the sea, BellllOnt-Tower, 1975. -- Capture of the Spanish Plate Fleet: 1628, David McKay, 1916. Di"V'lng for Aeventure, David McKay. 1979. Spanish Treasures in Florida Waters, Mariner Press, Boston, 1978. .. Still More Adventures~ Mason Charter. 1976. Buried Treasures of the United States, David McKa~. 1978. Deep: Reinhold,lnto the 1978. A History of Man's Underwater Explorations. Yan Nostr~nd Qu•st for Tre,sure (Djscovery of the galleon Maravillas). Ral!l,Publlshing Co.~ D&l las, Texas9 1982. ~- .-. CAW<~A•PACEo.ww•-~ l :-= MINUTE P,\GE 6 8 ": ... 20 - 12 - BOOKS TO BE PUBLISHED ... Gold: From the ~wn of Time to the Fall of Rome, with Jenifer Marx. Gold: From the Fail of the Roman tmpire to the Present, with Jenifer Marx. · Buried Treasures of the Spanish Mdn. David McKay. Pre-Columbi~n Voyages to America~ Pirates, Privateers &Bucaneers of the Spanish Main, with Jenifer Marx. MOVIES 9/er a period of sane twenty odd years I have been involved in 'the filming or production e~d of over 30 documentary films, the majofi~Y of which were shown on nationwide television. Among the most important films was "The Adventurous Voyage of the Nina" which was a two hour f!lm on CBS-TV shown in February 1963, •viking Voyage• shown on NBC-TV as a one hour special in August 1964, and "Treasure GaUeon" narrated by Rod Sterling and shown on natioilWide television as a two hour MOvie during 1975 and 1976. Most recent films ude were •tn lECTU~,, I have lectured proi"ssionally for more tn1n t\\n years throughout the United States and in .,re than ten foreign coun.~ri1s on the sUbjects of underwater archaeology, martttme history, treasure hunting and travel • .. Speaking: English ~~d Spanish. Readir.;! Spanish (including old Spanish), Italian, Portuguese and Frencn. ~. .-. CALO:NDA:l PACE Mi NU\£ P,\Gf DR. JEAN - YVES PLOT ••• t:. -Age,; 34 Citizenship: Freneh Dr. Jean-Yves Blot is a recognized underwater archaeologist and has hts doctorate degree in underwater archaeology from the Sarbonne in Ports and also has a m~sters degree in anthropology. Mr. Blot has been diving on Shipwrecks as his main employment since 1970 and has participated in Qr led underwater archaeological expeditions off Iceland. France. Portugal, Kenya, Madeira, Mauritania, Mauritius Island, the Bahamas and Florida. Amcng his notable finds are the French East Indiaman Saint Geran. lost in 17-44 off Mauritius Island in the Indian ocean; the Meduse, lost in 1807 off Mauritania; and the Soleil Royal. lost in 1i59 off the coast of Qtliberon, France. ·Hr-~ Blot is the author of two books dealing with ~ls work on ship;."!"eeks, has four 111ajor docmentary ftlllS and has lectured - extensively thrcughOut Europe and the united States. currtnt1Y he is • eniployeed as an underwater archaeologist for the Musllll of Archaeology ·- in Belem, Portugal. ' ' ... .-. DR. MA.RIA-LUISA DE BRITO PINHEIRO BLOT 38 Ctttzenship: Portuguese D~. Maria-Luis~ De Brito Pinheiro Bl~t h~s her doctorate degree in history frctU tbe University of C~tmbra in Portugal. She has spent ~ m~'i>er of years doing archival research relevant to shipwrecks in all of the major depositories of Europe, the United, States, India and Indonesia. In addition to -being a -historian, she ts a diver and i·•• amderwater archaeologist ~nd has pdrticipated in all of ·the expeditions) of her husband, JC'Jn-Yves Blot. She has wri~ •n1 articles and ts .an expert sttll p~ltOgrapher. Both she lnd her h:isblnd have worked· in numerous countries vUh Mr. Ro~rt Marx duri~ th~ past 10 years. Cun"ef\tly she ls GRplo1aed ·as an \tnderwot•r archaaologist for. the- Muse.-s . .-of Archaeology in Belen, ='ortugal. -··' ., ,- ·--. CAl£NDA!lPACE l :J L. 65 MINUTE PAGE 2 Q 71 CURRICULUM VITAE Nicholas P. Cushner • Data and Place of !irth: Dece:sber 6, 1932 Nev York City Aeada:ic: Achievee?it: Pb.D. Uuiva~i~ of London, Universitj' C0Ue1cll 1968. Latin American History Tcachin! Soccial!zat!cu: Social Hiscory cf Colonial Latin AJ:le:ica Cou:-nt t:aught: C()louial Latin America Mode:u Lati~ America Hoderu Mexico Literature and SocieCj in Latin America western Civilization Social Effects of Coloni:atiou:: Latin AJ!!flrica ~c. the Philippines Co:pared Lane and Society iu Colonial Peru (G:-a~.,} Spanish A::iarlcan Paleography (G:ad.) s·•• Research S~ecia!!:a:ice: Social effects of land te~ure p~t:e~ in ccloe!al •• • Ct Latiu America .Academic Experience: 1968-1970. Asst. Prof. of lli.story, Ateneo cie· 1"..mil& e. Univeniey, Manila., Philippines l9i0-1974_. Assc .. Prof. of P.istcry, Canisiul!I College, Buffalo, N.Y. 197L-1975. Visi~i~g Research Scholar (~~th teac:h!:S) in Bisto"tY, State Un~ve=sity of Nev York &t 5u!!alo 1975-1977. Asst. Prof • ., E::pire State College, S.tate ...~ ~~ersity of New York 197i-=1lr•••~· Assoc. Prof., I.:::lpire Stat~ College (3uffalo); tenured'"'' 1980 • • 197~-Preseu:~ Adjunct Professor of History, Dept. Qf History; State Univ~rnicy of Nev York st Buffalo . il Ot~~er Positions: Nev tork State Educa'Cion Depar~ent, Mem:,ei- of Sele1:t.ion ~~ Ccn:mittee for Nev York Regents Fellovship~ for Doctoral Study, 1971- State UnLversity of Nev Yo:k 5 unive:si~ A~arcs Co:=.itteev Chairperson fer Non-~es::ern 'Eisto"tY, 1978- A~a:dsl'Eonors: 19i9 £:::pire State College (SUNY) Faculty Lectureship k~~rd~for significant scholarly achiev,~ents " ~ "'l u· W.OA!< PACE "i .• ./. • 66 Ml~U'l'£ l'ACE 2072 1981-1982. Praside~t of cbe Nev York State .Latin Aa&rlcmttsu c.-:-- 1~84-196 • Selsc:ed and appoinced by Chancellor ~ St'?lY Dis.i:lgll~hed L&c:turer ~.. • . t."· ~ersh~'D in Professional 0!"!ani%ations: Fellov of the 'loyal Historical Society. elected May 13, 1968 Coufer:CUc:e of La1:i~ men.can Ri!ltoi:y {t~ Yor~ State Latin Axaericauists (President. 1981-1982) Cr~ts tt.aeeived: after 19i6: 1978. Slnt"'!, University A~ards Prog~am. $2800 for research in Quito, 'Ecuador 1980. A:l4:ev _.. Mtllon Fou-i!da:iou 'Fell0t.1sb.ip, $1800 for research in m.crofil.i:; c:ollec:tion in St. Loui~ tlnive:si:Y Vatican Library section StJNY, Uu.ive:si~ A~a:ds Prog:am. $3000 for resear:h i~ 1981. - 'I..i=&. Pe:u "o 1983. ~ulbriaht A~ard -for Jesaarcb in Peru '· 1983. National Endet."Cl&nt for tn• Rumanitias Su:=er Sti~eud A~a:d. for research in Paru 'Pcl:licad011s Jesuit Ranches and the A«<:arian De~elo'Dm•nt of_Cclcnial Ar~ene-t..na. 1650-176i. Albany: Stn.'l Press, 1963. -· 'F&:':l and Fac:orv. T"ne Jesui:s and i:he Deii'el(J!)c1tnt of Acarlae Ca'Di.talisc in Colonial Oui~. 1600-176i. Albany: SU?\'? Press, 1962. l.ord.3 of tb~Land. Su~ar ~ine. ~n~ Jesuit ~i:ai:es of Coas:al Peru. "1600-176:.:. Albany: Stih"! ?ress, 1960. -t.a:.ded .Estates 121 the Colonial Philin'Cines. Nev t;aven: Tale Utd..v. Soutbaas: CM::NDAR PACE Asian Studies. 1976. Spain in the Pbil~~o~tnes. Free Conaues: to Revolutior.. !6.aaila: Atcieo de Manila Univ. Press. 19il. Doc:Ul:ents- Illus:ra:in2 the B~::!.sh Conc:nes: o~~.ani!.a...... , 1761-176~1 London: Royal. Histor!.cal S~ciety. 19il. :r:~~v#.1 WH-, s;:~9 ~ v?'r~Mr PU~:,,. ~/'5'7.3 S~lec: At'ti.C'les "Slave Hor:ality and Reprod~ction on Jesuit Haciendas in ~olocial Peru." Hi.St>a.nic Amzrican B.ist:o\dcal Revie~. May. 19i6. lZi-99. "Heysapan: Tb~ Formation and ~o~iety Effeets of a Landed Estate in tne Coloni•l Philippines." .Journal of >...s!a.1n Ristorv. July. 19iJ, 30-53. • "Merchants and Missionaries.'' HisnEic ~ti.can Histor.ical Reviav. Augus~. 1967 • 360-69.. Since 1971 l have been a regular reviever for the R!snafnic Aml!=ican 'EistoT ieal RL"l'iev. the Jouriial of Asian S:ud:!.es, and revie"s of &iee have also ap peared 1ti. the Times Lit:era"' Su-ooll!J:lent (London)• Bulle:in of !!:isna~d.c Studi41s, Iudicit H:Ltcrlco 'E.Sl>anol. anci l'hil.i?>'Cine Studies • .Address~ H~ - 344 .Ubl.and Ava., 'BU::a!o, Ne'il Yo~k 1'6222 (716) 88%-1453 Office - 564 Fraukl.J,n St:eet (E::.tpire State Calie1e) luffalo, Y~ York 142.02 (7l6'-886-8020} --~ "'.~ 2 CAU:NOAR P..\CE 1 x-68 MINUTE ~,\(if 2074' ..lEHif:iR 6. MARX +.. Date of Birth: ; ,May f940 t·. Present Address: 330 Th~ Street. SatelUte Beach. Florida 32937 Telephone: ~ 3os-m-2061 · Jenifer G. Marx is a hi:.:torical writer and the wife and associate of Robert Marx in his unden;3ter archaeology projects. A graduate of Mount HolyOke College with a B.A. in 1961. she also studied at the University of Florence in I~ly. Mrse ~rx was a ~r of the first U.S. Peace Corps contingent in tha Philippines. She tl&ught in Hegr0s Oriental and also worked. at the Uni verstty Qf t~ Phil ipp1nes in Mani la. ~ In 1962~ she was ~ppointed volunteer leader and trave)Jed throughout the archipelago as 1iaison between. the Peace Corf>s and local gover l'lllll\nts. e She was involved in establishing the National Peace Corps T;atning center -near Zamt>ci3nga on Mindanaoo Suf>sequently, Mrs. M~trx was associated with ·--the. International Labor Organization in Africa, J1111ica and Indonesia. She began di'llng in the Pht£Ii:itnes in 1961 and since 1966 has worked .. with Mr. Rober '1arx as a diver and archival researcher in Jamaica. Mexico. Indonesia, the Bahamas, Florida. Br~zil~ ·Panama~ France. Portugal. England. Ireland. tanada and the,.Caribbean. 'Mrs. Marx is the Guthor of several books and many Articles on topics ranging from the histo1"1 of gold to •r.tt!• and colonial Mstory. ... : . .-. IAltu. SPOONER, Address: Church Cottage, St. Clenent Cornwall, England TRI ISZ .... ~ Citl%~~ship: British ACADEMIC QUALIFICATIONS,. 1~ - 1966 D!Sl~-oma in Estate Management. and surveytnv. 1908 - 1971 Bachelor's Degree in Architeeture. 1980 - 1981 ~ost-Gra'1uate DiplOllll in Maritime Archaed\\~. 1,1i"th dlstinctton .. QUALlFICATIONS RELEYAtt7 TO MARITIME ~RCHAEOLOGY 19.St SCuba Diving NQS/CM."5 2 Star. Australian C!ve Diving Federation Class 2. HSE (British Governmant) Part 4 (Comnerical) Diving Management Certificate. , Re-compression Chamber Operator's Certificate. Royal Instituu Ch~rtered Survey, Royal Institute ol British Ar\jlf tecture, prcJfessional exe1111>tions. COURSES ATTENDED 1957 surrey Archaeological Society. Archaeological AJ:preciati6n and Field Technt·ques. Clrericeste,r Sunrner Archaeologic~·t SChool (six weeks excavation of a Saxon site). Prehistoric Archaeology Field Schoo: .• Warminister. Yoluhtary Service Overseas F~rnham Castle Managmnent for Oversea's Prof e~sional ApJ?Dintees. Young Men's Christian Association of New Zealand Management and .. Financial Courses. 1978 P.A .. New Enterprise Course. OXFAM Resource Management, Personnel Management and Financial Management Courses. PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITIES iH MARfJIME ARCHAEOLOGY 1. Ccaitee member aQCI Pro.jects Officer for Nautical ~haology Societ,y , of Britain. · 1 2. Ca.itee IMll!ber and represe,ntative fra11 Vic;toria. Australia for ~raM&n Institute of Maritt• Archaeology. ~- , · , 3. West of England Ml1'1t1me Museu111. _ ·/ <.- , · \ , ;-., ..... - 2 - PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS IN MARITIM£ ARCHAEOLOGY 1~ •same Notes on an Old Topic .... Boat an,d Sh!p Building Methods of the Far £ast• Indonesia Journal; Spoorier. 1975. 2. "A Report of the 1980 Exca'tlCtion of 'The Hadda' Wrecksite in the Houtun ~rolt10s• (Directed by I. Spooner- and L. Vickery) . Spooner and Vickery; AtMA Bulletin HO. 4. '3. "Classical Mediterr~n ShipbUUdfHg• •nem Australian f'Alsrtt• Publications. 1980. •· •fh,ld ConHrY~tion ft>r RtllOte Wrecksites• Spoo."r, AlMA Bullettiil Ho. s. ·,. "The Wlllt• 5althou!·e ... A Pnll•tnary Report• AlMA l~llettn No. 6. 6. "file W.\111• Salthouse" (Direeted by I. Spooner, State ~ritime Archa~1logtst, Victoria, Australia) Spooner, Staniforth and Vickery; AIMA Bulletin (in preparation). 7. "The Unde~(ter Cultural ..,fleritage•, lo Spooner. 1983 • < •' PAPERS PRESEHTED AT MRITIME ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONFERENCES 1. Untve:-slty of Western Australia~ 1980; Boa~ildlng Technology ln the Far East and in tile Eure>Pean Bronze Age Pertod: 1 cCJ111p1rison. 2. ~rtington Conference on Maritt• Archaeology 1982: A Maritt• Musua e for the SOUth•West. 3. Bri;tish Nautical Archaeology Symposim 1982: Laten DeveloJJMntS in - Maritt• Archaeology in ,Australia. 4. The Mlr'itie Herl~ge: OCEANS 1983, Australia (N.A.S. Conference). S. Nautical Archaeology SOciety Conference 1984: GovemEJt Participation and Support for Maritime·Ar~haeology. RESEARCH IN MARITIME ARCHAEOLOGY AND MARITIME HISTORY 1. Survey a~d re<:ording of Thalles Birge building yards and barge hUlks, Yantlet Cretk. Essex. 1,957. 2. Res-toration of tra41~J~l Thames or~stsin yld'lt. 1958. , 3. Voyages with Tristan Jortes (Royal GeoQrapblcal Society). assiStlnt wiitt-- hls ~&arches info aarly Celtic Seafartnsi. 1962. / •••/3 .. " • CAl".. DMCPACi MINUTE P~\Cf - 3 - 4. Study of West African Ship and boat building techniques ana. underwa~er search for Germnn submarine in the Gambia River. 1966-1~8. 5. Study of Indonesian ship and boat building techniQ~s fl\~ prehisto~i~ times to the present day including building a tradi~i~na~ 'Sugis Pinisi and the restoration and reebrding of an Indonesian Edc~J \":or the Westem Australian Hcaritime Musel.Ill. 1971-1981. 6. Organization with local government authorities and in collaboration with th 1. Survey and recording of un1denti£ied stone circles in The Gambia. 1~6-1968. 2. Expedition to the Tassili and Ahaggar,regions of the Sahara for a photographic study of the cave paintings and in the search for the remaining cedar trees (subsequently discovered). 1968. , 3. Salamis, Cyprus: Investigation of the renains of the city land site ,in the shallow ~aters offshore. 1969. · • 4. Kyrenia, Cyprus: Observation of the excavation of ttle 400 B.C. shipwreck site. 196~. 5. Investigation of several prehistorit Donsong sites ·tn Eastern tndonesta. ,, Location of several previously unknown Hindu sites in the eastern islands. Collection of ethno-at(!haeological material and the establishment Of a Musel.Ill in Timor and a museum collection in the island of Rote. 1971-1982. DIRECTIG;l OF MARITIME ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXPEDITIONS 1. The Hadda, Houtman Abrolhos. An expedition to locate, excavate and record ~ ~ the remains dl a 19tb certury ship. 1980. 2. The St. Anthony, Corn~~ll ,{continuing); survey and excavation of a· 1527 wreck of a Port~guese ~arr,ach owned by the King of Portugal. 1981. ~~ 3. The Schiedam, Cornwall (continuing); sur-1ey and exc4vatlon of ·a 1676 ship wreck of a Dutch fly-boat captured by the British at Tange~. 1981. 4. The Ccotulundra Shoals Survey, Arafura Sea-Timer. Deputy leader and chief diver of a rujor expedition to the Timar Sea to investigate prehtstoric and ..geC110rpbOlogtcal surveys. British SUb-Aqua Club ~•ltion Awlrd. Diving to 60 •te~ Patron, Hts Royal tfighnesse Prince CMrles. , 1¥2• ••• /4 --~,..._...... ____ ~~;·~~----~ OtWOARrACE 'x'·z2, MIN1.:re P,\CE 2.0Z~ - 4 - 5. The Loch Ard, V!c.tor!a, Austrlffl•· Rescue and r&o1'dlll!I of artlflctS • fr Jlft the exposed site of an 1871 wreckSite. 1S83. -s. The Willilll Saltl1lnl•e, vtctoria. Australia. 1' major excavation of tlle first direct cargo shipnoent fi-om Canada to Australia • ...... ,ked In 11141. 19tl3· ~·· 7. The t•vuegenshart. Horth Sea. !IOliancl (in progress). £lli:&vatlll!I tile wred ~ ••• .:> .. - ·. - .. ( .' <• 0 ·~- •• .-. ., • <_ Add\·ess: 19§·ry1er. Apt. 17 t· ~ tg?e ~anty.era.i. Florida 32920' Date of Birth: July 30t 1953. B~y Shere. Long .Isi'i-~. ~-York OSA ;, EDUCATIOtt U.S. Navy Eragineman Class A, Great L~es. Illinois 1971. U.S. Navy Deep sea Diving School, Key' West, Florida 1972. CorresJ)pndence Courses in Oceanography. Advance Salvage and Deep Diving ·rechnique.s 191l - 1974. RCA Management Seminar November 1979. PROF£SSIONAL EXPERIENCE 1971 - 1975 Spent four years active duty in the United State$ Navy9 honorably 0dischargod. Primary duties as .a diver abOard a subma1·rne tender engaged in underwater maintenance and and repairs on nuclear powered sublllrines; also the operation and maintenance of a 55 foot divir.g sup~rt boat. 1975 - 1975 Woriced on var,ous short term jobs such as diving, Nrine mechanic work and connercial fishing. COllpany names and locations furnished. upon request. 1976> - 1981 RCA Atlantic Undersea T~sting and -Evaluation Center, Andros Islands, Bahamas. Position was Diving Superintendent in complete chirge of eight divers with resppnsibilities which included equipment inventory, research and planning for all diving operatlons from start to finish; a recQ11pression chamber with crew available 24 hours; also the setting up of bot."a training and maintenance programs, s•i annual employee evaluations, and annual budgeting for uterials and operating cgst. Diving won consistld of inspection, maintenance, installation, and npair of all underwater equi1J111!11t - i.e. electronic ~rr1ys, offshore towers, cable laying, research and development projects, T«Q11Pressl0rj. , ,, chlllber operations. and maintaintftg 1 flttet Of r,ange , suppc>~ vessels ranging in size f"!I 30 to 200 fei't. , ... n-- ·e . -- - -,.-·-. ,...., .-. - 1 ... ,. 74 20 :"?'Q, 1981 - 1985 Master diver for Circle Bar Salvage CQ1tPany. a Florida based firm engaged in the discovery and excav~tton of old shipwrecks in Florida and the Bah~s. Also experienced in operation o.f sonar. •gneto!leters and other detection equipment. I alsc have a ·trntted States Coast Guard 100 ~ Ocean captain's licens~.. , 1986 My li'Dst r,!Cent diving expertenc~ bas been es a ctvil~1n contract diver employed i>y the Hation11 Aeftmlutics and Space Adl!tinistration (NASA) of the United suus to ncover wreckage from the Challenger space snuttle disaster. · SU*ARY· I have ~welve years diversified marine construction experience tneluc!ing ~cmnerical diving. rigging, welding, cutting and mascnary and c:arpentry work, diesel mechanics. heavy equipment operation arsd bigh seas oper~~lons ~s botti a seasHn and ship captain. During thiS UDt period I pariticipated *n mnerous connercial salvage operations such as r.ai-stng mdelf'n fishing vessels. During the past five years 111 work has IMteft in the fiel~ of ~rwater"'archaeology and camerical salvaging. · ,._. LETTERS OF C(M£HDATION AND APPRECIAT·ION FRCU MAJOR CfM>ANIEs MD THE .Y!,ITED STATES Gtri~ FOR DIVING OPERATIONS MD Ut:£ SAYill& l&TS,,1,, FURNISHED UPON REQUEST. -- ,,,. - ,. ~lWt'A~ flACiE • ; )t' ' 0 7 5 - Mt NUT£ PACI 2 aa 1 > •• ' JAMES E. HILL. JR. Age: 46 ;•. James E. HUI, Jr. has bee:1 a diving supervisor with the John W'~ Mecl'llll c~any in Florida and the Bahamas since April of 1983. In this capa~ity. Mr. HHI has worked under the dlrectton of Mr. Robert Marx dur~ng 1983 through 1985 searching for ~pec_iff c sunken ships. Prior to his e11ployt11ent with the Mecan Company. Mr. Hill worked for McDermott International ts a supervisor on a barg,..cffshore the Brazilian coast laying. ptpeli~s. Pr:!or to this, he was the lead diver and superviser on '4c:DerMOtt Jet·'·· Barge II for Oc&an Systems Do Brazil out of Rio de Ja~eiro. In this capacity, he supervised and inspected underwater pipeline conn"TUctton. Mr. Hill has also been employed supervising bo1111ce and Hturatinn-dives Of up to 1.000 f~t fer drilling support. He has i'!achelDr of Business Administration degree from the University of T~as. He h~ also attended _the School of Drilling Practices at the University of Southern Loui.siani"t\ and taken courses in underwater photography at the B•~~z. _Institute in ~,ata Barbara, California, and ccmnercial diving at the O:..n:ial Ohdng ~ in Wilmington, Califomia. ·~· -~ · . · · •"T.... • '\;.. ~ .. , .. ' . ·" \ . ' ·,. • ~. .~:.' .f:' " • ,-~; .. " " I ,• ' ' ~ • .- ' \~¥. .. ~ * ·' ' ' . /' .f .. ~-. ...~. :. "7•,) ·: • . ": -~ ~-.- . • . • ' " .. I .. Or.HatokiE.£dG_rton ______.. ______ !none way or another, the inventions of Or. Huotd E. Edgerton :ouch our lives daily. His perfection of the stroboscope in 1930 produced ultra-high .$Deed photograph-/; today, the strobe and his other discoveries are indispensable ~"many areas. of science.. medicine, and industry. Sil\~ 1936. awards and ci~t1ons have recognizud his uniQue t~len1~ -a11tl e1g6'fnesa ~o share his disciweries with col!agt.• and thouands of stuckmf.s at M~~utetts Institute ofTechnology where he taught for more than.fifty yars. r\.~ MIT Professor Emeritus, Or. Edguton continun tC\ shape the l11tes ~I (':\!J..,. \fl"I '~ ~11rf•ntC' ·Childhood h'ternt and experie~ "on the job" in an electrical plant in his hometoWn, Avront, Nebraska. pniceded Or. Edgerton's studies at ~he Universitv of Nebraska '"'~ MIT. His arrival in 1926 as a gradu.1te student presa~ed a new era in electric:DI 6-ngineering research. fii.$e 1930s. his stf\ibe was adapted fov nighttime r1KC>nnaissanc.-., by the U.S:.Air Force, enabl{ng round·tM-ctock air· photo surveiUaneit of enemy fc;m:.u in ~Id WEA II. Later/Or. Edgerton and hli two former stuc»nts. Kenneth Germeshausen.and Hhbert E. Grier, developed equipment te> film nuclMI' e>eP1Riments. This pannt~ 1Hs the foreatnner of..EG&G. =-- -.:- Or. Edgerton's 13ioneermg ~~arch producad outstanding ach~ftients ... in the Whale hil1 ~ ~nius continues to break harriers m reseuch. Or. ~dgerton githers new frionds and ~ll~aguft in the diverse fields of oceanography, nauncat arc:haeofogy, and art ·- - j I \\ .· '--"- -~J " ~ 9 -- -.! ... \.~ \' '\ \,,, ,. \\,, ...... -~-.....--.4~,----...... --~---- C·\lZ:m.\:il'·'Gt' t ~ ~ •7j l ft&ti'UJT£ r,\CE ,2 l) 8 3 - ·l • APPENDIX C 10 September 1965 1jI' "jir Mr. loberc ·Marx, Diractor Phoenician Explorations 330 thy:rae Street Satellite Buch. nonda 32937 near 3ob. Enclosed is our reneved proposal. as 9er your request. The price of this proposal is signif ic:antly higher than ~uoted in our J'rftViOJJs proposaL. Only a small pa~t of chis increase is due to salarv }·~· changes and other aru.'Ual case. chanKcs. We all felt we wacced ~o iru:rea•• our ~evel of effort in devd.o~nt work and testing to b111J.d a meh better instrument and do the best possible job we can. r•chni~;1y what we prq pose to do is verv difficult and we feel we should devQ~e extra effort to the task. Actual t•Hting .on site in l:be .. _.bamas has nor. been irtcluded as part of dtis present prapasali we SUKgest that you or one gf your associates 1oin u:rhere in Menlo Park during our final testing before deliverv. We al.$0 s~ggest that a follow-on contract would be appropriate in order to permit two members of our suff to accompmt)· you during your next season's· war'.t, to aain pperienc:e in the use of this inst?UlNnt. This will help us to build il:lprO'\•ed m9C1els and to acta· i~cer refinements increasing the 0 utility and cost-effectiveness of the instrument. We believe this will - make 1:: a marketable item others wil.l wish to purchase and ulile fc~ their ~ own applications. ' · ·. \le greatly appreei.ate your i'lteresc and· a.re anxioua to do a ~ood job fer you. ~cerelyit ----·\- ,..., I '~~l 1:1 ~~~·":_ ert Dolohin Aaai.Seanc n1roccor Radio Phy•ics Labor~tQry .. pdy Enclosure .. SRI International .• ••. • ·.. ,,. ..:. ~· • •.'!-• , "''! .. - a.:.:. • .; ·- • <· ' • ,, 10 Septeeber 198~ ,.. boee Explcn•d.t.'IDIJ 330 Str.. t SatelUi:~ leach, Florida 32937 Attn: ~Ht? F. Marx, Dirac.tor ·te: SRI: tnt:~m.tioual Proposal for R.eaearch No. !SC 85-179 "SEMStTIV! !CTAL DETEctOR ~ll LOCATING DEEPLY BU&tED A&TIFACTS" J)ear Mt'. Marx: .... '. in ~~o•ber of 1983 you explained to '1111 in a tele~hone convers•tion the practical probl... frequently encountered in galleon salvage operations in the 14~. You iudica~ad that wrecks "'re frequently scattered orre.~ large areas, and chat sand depth 9ver the sites coul~ be . u 9UCh as 20 t.o 25 tc. ~e discuHed various •Cal-locator sc~i and ._. their lJ.Jd,tations At that tifle and-agreed on the va~iou1 equip.enc now -- avail~bie. Your lectsr of resinder of 10 July 1984 st:i9Ulated us to look &t both ~rrent and inaovmtive equipmenc design to see if ve could uke a iujor "illprove11ent in ,.ocating unde_NJl~er •eel~, nonqgnetic mtal objeccs (b•%.•· silver, bronze, and the like'). In f1f !Att~r of 17 July 1984! I -:>ention<~ that Bill Edson and Ro,~r Vickers, both of our Labor,.cory, r~~!'':Wended a largti horizontal loop rto increase th~ depth of detec:ion capability of a -cal detector. u ,.,,u kn°':'• a:>st _.cal detectors are intended for coi~hQ"ting on land or 1'1 ...... shallcv uatar. The -aa*et is CC>a?>etitive: the fldce est be kept d~ aad ct. u'Zliu nnd to be light veight and easy co wse. The ·••arch ,:011 di... ter 1a uaually 8 to 12 in., and Che power C')UC):Nt 1a ,a fw vatu., A fev '~lat'le coil (approxi.. tely 3-ft dia.cter), dee~ ••arch" G'ete~tQr/J hav~ been 8&Uuf acturad, ~t as you pointed in our first telephone converuation, no one has been able to achi•~• 7.0ra 'than 6 to 8 ft of ..seful penetratio1le (For ixasple, the 1'Geatni ll Dee~oarch" acal detector by fisher &••ea1:Ch Laboraco?'y has an adv~~ieed -..msitiviey of 3 ft for a jar of coillS~ S ft for a tm8-inch di... ter pipe, 10 ft for a large, Mtu chut:, and 20 ft for a "!:lneral deposit.") The sensitivity of a loop-type Mt:a_l dete~tor d~creues invcr•ely u the sixth paver of ... tl\tt diacanca f roa the coil; thia ••ns tlmt -doubli.nc the diacaGce froa the coil decreases the instrtnient sensitiviey b)' a factor of 64. lncraasing the tranallit~4d P-!N•r in a given sy:•-4:11 is thus not nearly as .. SRI htemational m ~Aw. • Mtn10 P1tk. e>. 94025 • ,,,~ ~ • TWX t1G-l13-20ta ._ TMex: 3:SC. • F-=-- 41! !l'll-9112 tolpful &a increuing th• loop lif.a.etier. and this is vhy ve sugseste• coil cize of 25 to 30 ft in ~iu.ter. Ho ..cter how 11Uch ve inc:reas• the pc;ver or are ·clever vith ou~ u.H of d.rcu1try. we shall not in practice succEed in locating ...... 11 objects buri~o 20 to 25 ft in s•nc vith~t a large coil. ~ As we explained in our proposal. Sll P:-oposal ESC 84-197. to yo& l••t 1•~. • 1ood am111ary analy•i• of· 11etal detector•. ·radars. ••i•aJ sounders, upeto.eters, resi•t1"1ty •th.~•. and elcccro.apecic !.::· utectoH bu baa vrit:ta by .J. .Jeffrey •an Ee of the Ad•tallCed Kollitorinc Syac... D1Vi1ioa. !GYironmencal Konitorinc Syat... Laboratory, Lu Ve1u., ReYata. u pan of ~heir 1983 aon~t stud1 "Ceophysical Technique• for SenaillS Buried Wastes and'Vute 1t1cration Their recent •tudJ of the 1111itat1oas of 11etal-ditectors .. vttll •• ocher aethods is in •ubetantial '~e... nt vi.th our 011n experieec•. an yours. Hy collupas Bill Ed•on, ·ttoger Vickers, and I IMlve bd several scod discuscions to coepl... nt the aatheaatical analysi• .Joseph Moani clid for ~ a year qo rec~lng coil configurations ad calClJl&tin .. _ the ,sansit!Yicy 'Gf a lar1a, horizontal-loop ..cal detector. One .ad•antage ctn vodtiq in aca vai:cr u that noi•e •isnal• froa th• siurf vill not be det•cted by the ay•tt:.'.!, and thus a vary ••naitive receive _., be 139ed. A lara• l.oop al•e> cover:s au~ area per pass, leHening Ci• required to ••arch a large wreck •1te. 'l'houlh Yery lar1•. the l• can be liahweight and dui&ned for use.of toviq froa a hydrodynni~ point of T1~ev. We &l.co •uauted and etill raco•••nd equippiq the syat.. vi.ch a Slial·l ~tta.-finding :lOnar so that the detector unit ca1 ~ "fl°"°" a f., feat above the ••a floor• .our ~culacions indicate that ve can expect a detector vith a 20-ft coil ·diaaeter to be capable of detectins a single gold b•t at a depth of 20 to 2S ft. Origi~~lly. ve ehought in teras of one tr«t1Sllitt1n: coil and a large ~uaber of receiving coils. bt.Jt further analysi• has shown us that ve can do juse u well With a fw eo1l1...... ~olid-scace components now allow us co build a very •ensitive and ve?'l' ..all receiver, a::d ve su11asc a 110derately hig~owered cransaiceer (seTtral kilowatts), vhich is also uov readily available. Ve T.fOUJ.d like to hereby ranev lut year'"'• proposal in reapon11e to YOU1' phone eal1 on 28 Aucust. Our basi~ technical approach hu n~c su~stAntially changed ~ince laat year'"'• proposal, 10 ve feel we st&nd ~ood chance of bein;g able eo deliver a working large-scale very umsitive •tal detector in ti• for your su-r 1986 di"ling aeuon, 'rovicled va can· •tan work in the nttxt 30 to 60 days. As before" we proJM)se co build a develo~tal 11adel of th• detector fGr oce&n cesti (locally) for dedgn opt1111J~~ion. After testing. we vould then be prepared co build a 110re ru11•d, durable version. 1ncorporat1n1 ch•ftle Chae prove co be desirable u a result of the tesC1n,c. 'hcau••· Che iusc~nt vill fallOll an entirely nei.r design, ~r research pr4~r••• vill be kept proprietary.,. 2 c.u::~JL'l,\:\ r ACl 1 ~4 2. ao MINUTE P,'\GE 2086 ~ propose on a best-effort basis to design and construct: a vork~;nft ._. aodel of che nev dececto~ system eighc (8) 11e>nths after the start of ~ work. The syste• would include the foll011in~: {l) TOPable. \t)rdrod~allically designed coil package, pressure dasisn•d and vacerproof,~uippcd with built-in sonar depth finder afid 1Uide fins. Approxi.. te diaaeter 25 ft. (2) Suppori:ing aleccroilica and power supply includin1 generator, trataa111tter, receiver and display unit with t.oth raaJ.~1.. and recorded data colleccio~. (Various data collection schetlo!!e o:-. poc.tible.) (3) All aKUS&?:Y cable, hardware, and the like. (4) Detailed operating aanual. The objecciva would be to produce sensitivity vb1ch would allow detecciOD of a ..t.!l object presenting a cr~ss-sectton of approxi.. tely ten (10) squsre ini:hes at depths of 20 to.25 ft. ~ctual testing on •ite in the Bah.... baa .not t;een in~luded a.. pare of thij present .effort:; 111ie suggest that you or one •of your usocia~es join WI here in Menlo Pa?\~ during our final testing before delive?:Y• Total cost of the vor\~ as outlined vill be $195.000. Our develop.-.ant and building of the prDpoaed detecting s;Jtflll will require an 1-diate expenditure of funds, and it is our policy on t!U• type of celi9erci.al contract to receive a:i advance pa,,.ent bafor~ comtencing ~ork &ad a lecter of credit for the balance. A down pay1Mnt of $100,()00 (Flus a letter of credit for the balance) accoapanyinR one copy of the euclcned signed agrffMnt is all we need to coemence ~rk on this proj•~t. The second copy of ~he agree11ent i.s for your Tecord. Secaw:i'.l of the experi•ntal nature of this development vork, SllI caunot guara:itee that we will be·successful in producing a d~tector that will Met your specifications.. Therefore, we will only do the work oa a be~t effOrt3 bu is. To di•cu::ls ce~haical sacters, specifications, and test and delivery •ch"°'-ulea, pl3a9e ~ontact me at (415) 859-4858. Questions concernias co~Jtraccwtl Sltters 9J1:1 be addre9aed co BIU:'~ara c..lph at (415) 859-4328. ~~ proposal as priced rtt11ains in effect unttl 31 Deceaber 1985. Pleue concact • ahould you wish .an euensicn. ... 3 ••) ·----~M-_.,.~------..., ..... C\L.::·:t'\.\?! rJ\CE ~ w' ,:, • S 1 MINUTE rM;E 2 D B7